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TOWOLDMONOOQ6004 TOWOLDMONOOQ6005 ^fic/iewo/td This booklet is prepared for the purpose of setting forth the essential characteristics of certain plasticizers and resins made bv Monsanto Chemical Company. On account of the diversity of basic raw materials used as plastics and the almost unlimited uses of the finished articles, it is obvious that there is not likely to be a uni versal plasticizer. A knowledge of the properties imparted by each of several plasticizers, however, gives a working basis for selecting the right one for any par ticular purpose or making the correct combinations. We believe that the data and suggestions presented here will enable the manufacturer of articles requiring these products to make a proper selection with a mini mum of time and testing. :* Ubl^l TOWOLDMONOOO6OO6 General................. Page ................................. ............... 5 Suggested Uses for Plasticizers........................ .. 6-9 The Phogphateg..... ...................... Tricresyl Phosphate ............. Specific Gravity (Graph).... ........ Vapor Pressure (Graph)..... .................... Triphenyl Phosphate.... 10-13 10-12 .......29 .....30 12-13 The Santieizers........... .................... 14-22 Santicizer 3 Santicizer 8 ......... ........................ 14 13-16 Softening Effect on Shellac of Santieizers 8 and 9 (Graph) .................... 16 Santicizer 9 .......... 17 Santicizer 10 .................. 18 Santicizer E-15 ................. 18-19 Santicizer B-16 . 20-21 Santicizer M-17..... 21-22 Vapor Pressure-Phthalyl decollates (Graph) 31 General Data.... Flash Points (Chari).. Viscosites and Pour Points (Chart) . Solubility of Liquid Plasticizers (Chart) Solubility of Solid Plasticizers (Chart) . Solubility of Waxes and Resins (Chart) . Suggested Plasticizer Applications (Chart) Table of Characteristics . The Santolites General Properties Santolite MS . Santolite MS-Butyl Acetate Santolite MHP................. Santolite K...... Santolite K-5 .............. Solubility (Chart).... Table of Characteristics (Chart) Par ^ % 37 3K 3't KM I 12-13 It-111 H-l*> C 13-I6 K 1-6- IT L IK 13 The Phthalates... Dimethvl Phthalate................... Specific Gravity (Graph) Diethyl Phthalate ..... Dibutvl Phthalate Specific Gravity (Graph)... Vapor Pressure-Phthalates (Graph) . Diphenyl Phthalate . 23-26 23 32 ....21 ) - ...33 31 ............ 26 Hii-40 .26-27 Ortho-Nitrobiphenyl Vapor Pressure (Graph)........... ..................... 27-23 .35 The Aroclors . 19-50 General Properties I'1 Physical Properties (Chart) . Chlorine Content of Pure Compounds (("hart) Specific Volume of Aroclor 1248 (Graph) Compatibilities with Plastics .">2 Solubilities (Chart)........... 53 Lacquer Composition Diagrams 51-5.* Vapor Pressures (Graph).. 56 Suggested Uses........ >7 Density of Aroclor 1248 (Graph) 4 0619922 TOWOLDMONOOQ6007 General ( >llulo-c ilcri\ ati\ and practicalB all resins, both s\ ntlu tie ami nalmal. have a brittleness wliich increases will) ape. To counteract this characteristic, as well as to give workability and flexibility, and to overcome shrinking which causes cracking and shattering, plas ticizers arc added. Plasticizers came into particular prominence with the development of pvrowlin and the subsequent growth of the lacquer and molded synthetic products indus tries. Camphor was the first satisfactory plasticizer, and it was its use with nitrocellulose that made cellu loid and molded pyroxylin articles possible. On account of the fire hazard involved in the use of articles made of nitrocellulose, a fire retarder was necessary, and Tricresyl Phosphate came to play that role. In spite of numberless attempts to produce other compounds for the purpose, Triereevl Phosphate still retains its place, although with improvements in nitrocellulose stabiliza tion it is not as essential in most compositions as lorinerh. Alter the \\ orld \\ ar, the availability of large stocks of bulvl alcohol and a process for making phthalic anhy dride cheaply, opened the way for Dibutyl Phthalate as a component of the new nitrocellulose lacquers just becoming so important. The combination of Tricrcsvl Phosphate ami Dibutyl Phthalate was quite 6atisfacl(,r\ until a host of new molding and coating materials, 'oinposed largely of synthetic resins, were developed a"d requirements became much more exacting. These ''onipositions required new plasticizers, or to he more properties not imparted by the older plasticizers, hstrcinc light stability, water resistance, grease resistai"c, non-toxicity, greater compatibility with special r,'Miis, gloss, smoothness of working, flexibility at low temperatures, non-softening at high temperatures, st a hi li t y toward acids and alkalies, and numerous other properties were demanded. Cellulose acetate came actively into the plastic field and required entirely new plasticizers because, while most of the compounds pro posed were compatible with nitrocellulose, very few were sufficiently so with acetate. Thus, for Tricresyl Phosphate, which is not at all compatible with acetate, must be substituted Triphenvl Phosphate which has good compatibility. Dibutyl Phthalate is not com patible in amounts sufficient to give the desired proper ties, and therefore Dimethvl Phthalate and Diethvl Phthalate, in spite of relatively high evaporation rate*, were used. Plasticizers are required to impart such a multiplicity of properties that it is not reasonable to expect any one of them to do everything. We often recommend that mixtures of several plasticizers he used, selecting the components of the mixture on the basis of the physical and chemical properties of each plasticizer. But this means one can frequently make use of the excellent properties of a relatively incompatible plasticizer, which by itself would be unusable. Monsanto Chemical Company is prepared to supply a line of plasticizers covering most of the essential require ments. Standard products of proven value have been selected and additional ones developed to fit those requirements not fulfilled bv the older materials. In all these products the usual high standard of quality of Monsanto products is maintained. The requirements for resins are as exacting as for plasticizers. Two important factors in many specialty combinations are compatibility with cellulose acetate and lack of color. The Santolite resins possess both these features, as well as manv others which make them outstanding in the resin field. . Obi'll TOWOLDMONOOO6OO8 Suggested Uses for Plasticizers Acrylic Type Resins Dibutyl Phtbalate and Santicizer B-16 are recom mended. The solid plasticizers produce less softening effect but also less flexibility. Alkyd Resins Santicizers B-16, -15 and M-17 are recommended as plasticizers in amounts of from 5% to 40% of the resin. Tricresyl Phosphate and Dibutyl Phthalate may also be used. Ortho-Nitrobiphenyl may be used in alkyd resin varnishes in amounts up to 10% without effect upon the drying time. The Santolites are of value for increasing moisture resistance and compatibility in lacquers. The Aroclors are compatible with alkyd resins and can be used in conjunction with them for lacquers, varnishes and enamels. Benzyl Cellulose Diphenyl Phthalate is recommended. Santicizers B-16 and E-15 and Tricresyl Phosphate are also excellent for many purposes. 25 PHR* are sufficient for normal purposes. The Aroclors are compatible and aid alkali resistance and reduce moisture and gas permeability. The liquid and soft resinous Aroclors give greatest flexibility. Cellulose Acetate Dimethyl Phthalate, Diethyl Phthalate, Ortho-Nitrobiphcnyl, Triphenyl Phosphate, Santicizers 3, 8, 10, M-17, E-15 and, for some types of acetate, B-16, are all of value. Dimethyl Phthalate and Diethyl Phthalate produce great flexibility and are relatively cheap. A rather high evaporation rate and poor moisture resistance are the chief defects. *P1IR = parts per 100 parts resin. * Ortbo-Nitrobiphenyl is very compatible and give* cle*r workable compositions of good flexibility. Triphenyl Phosphate provides non-flammability (ftm. with 20 parts per 100 of acetate will not support com. bustion) and produces firm, flexible films of high tensile strength. Santicizer 8 produces tough, flexible compositions of high gloss and smooth working properties. It* fight stability is better than Triphenyl Phosphate but not equal to the phthalate derivatives. Santicizers M-17 and E-15 give products of high qualm as regards all characteristics. They do not affect th> burning rate. These plasticizers are recommended over most other compounds for general use. M-17 is a better solvent than E-15 for cellulose acetate. Santicizer B-16 is not a solvent for cellulose acetate and its retentivity varies over a wide range, being greaie-i with the more highly acetylated acetates. Although not recommended for general acetate work its 1**"' bilities should not be overlooked when the me of * permanent, light-stable, water-insoluble, alkah-re-i-i ant, odorless and tasteless plasticizer is required. The Santolites are especially valuable in cellul"1 acetate compositions, adding gloss, adhesion and 11,01 ture resistance. They should be used with pla^H'1/1 r to produce flexibility, Santolite K requiring tin I'3 amount of plasticizer. The Aroclors are of little value in cellulose acta because of their low compatibility. Cellulose Acetobutyrate Dibutyl Phthalate, Tricresyl Phosphate and Shu*' ^ 10, B-16, E-15 and M-17 and Ortho-Nitrolip|lfn' ^ all efficient plasticizers. Suitability will depend 1^ the intended use of the finished goods. About ^ of plasticizer (by weight) to 100 parts of the a< et rate is usually required. 6 TOWOLDMONOOQ6009 IVlInloM' Aeetopropionate vanlj,8. j-;.|5. and M-17 and Ortho-Nitrobiphenyl arr rcmiiimomlcd. Triphenyl and Tricresyl Phosphates, | )il>iii \ 1Phthalate and the Aroolors are also useful. Chlorinated llubber Samirims B-16. K-15 and M-17 have special merit. !*antici/.(T B-16 increases the adhesion and is usually preferred, although Santicizer M-17 produces greater lle\ildlih and is not affected by petroleum hydrocar* I >< hi-. 1 roin 5 to 25 PI IK are suggested although more < nil III used, the retentivitx of Santicizer M-17 being slmuM 200 P11K in chlorinated rubber. I he Aroelors -both liquid and solid--are valuable for pi' ing a 'vide range of properties between flexibility and liardnoK, Aroelor 1260 is recommended for flexibility and tonglmess combined with water and alkali resistfl!"1. I sually from 20 to 50 parts of Aroelor to 100 parih of chlorinated rubber are required. The Aroolors ar< especially useful where alkali resistance is desired. Natural llestns DAMAR--Diphenyl Phthalate in amounts from 5 to 25 parts per 100 of damar is recommended. KAURI--Santicizer B-16 and Dibutvl Phthalate arc suggested. MANILA--Santicizer K-15 and Dibutyl Phthalate are suggested. ROSIN - -Tricresyl Phosphate. Santicizer B-16 and the Aroelors are suggested. SHELLAC--SanticizersS, 9 and B-16 are recommended. Santicizer 8 produces great flexibility but softens the shellac. Santicizer 9 produces harder compositions. 10 parts of Santicizer 8 per 100 of shellac produces about the same degree of softness as 30 parts of Santicizer 9. Neither affects the heat curing of the shcllar. Santicizer 8 is best for mixing into melted shellac but where solutions are used. Santicizer B-16 has about the same efficiency. * Ethyl Cellulose *miiei/er M-l, produces maximum flexibility. Amounts *d",'i ,.> PIIK produce tacky compositions. Santicizer ' 'B-16 and 8, Dibutyl Phthalate, Tricresyl and I ri|d)ctiv | Phosphates. Ortho-Nitrobiphenvl. and IIB- ^a'"'dite resins produce flexible, tough coinposill"|i- if execll,.,,, properties. n \rui |()rs ur,. ^ (Ty (.ompaiible and afford a means of ,j.| aillllls ai1' desired degree of flexibility or hardness. I Aroelors, sueh as 1242, produce great flexi^ | ,'u' hrd, resinous Aroelors, such as 5460, ( ' ' ^lar^ compositions of unusual weathering [ ( ` ^ Aroelors are highly recommended for rcM lt'ns good water resistance, gloss, alkali- u flexibility, adhesion and weathering qualities. Neoprene From 10% to 25% of Aroelor 1270 acts as a flame retarder when milled into Neoprene. Nitrocellulose Tricresyl Phosphate is recommended for fire retarding and also imparts good flexibility, permanence, tough ness and water resistance. Dibuty! Phthalate and Santicizers B-16, K-15 and M-17 are best for color stability, high flexibility and praeticallv all properties except fire retardation. Santicizer B-16 gives the greatest film strength and Santicizer M-17 the greatest flexibility. Dibutyl Phthalate is a low-cost, general purpose plasticizer. Santicizer 8 produces high flexibility, gloss, brilliance and smooth working qualities in lacquers. Its color 0614425 TOWOLDMONOOO6OI0 stability is of tin* same order as that of Tricresvl Phosphate. Santicizer 10 and Diphenyl Phthalate impart water resistance and gloss. They produce hard compositions when used alone, so are most frequently used in combi* nation with other plasticizers or resins to aid flexibility. Ortho-Nitrobiphenyl produces results similar to cam phor. in molded plastics it may be used alone, or with camphor or camphor oil. In lacquers it produces hard, tough, resistant compositions and seems to aid solvent release. The Arociors act both as plasticizers and resins in nitrocellulose lacquers. Compatibility decreases as. the chlorine content of the Aroclor increases. Arociors 1212, 1231, 1260 and 5142 are most suitable and aid water resistance, adhesion, gloss and reduce the burn ing rate. They reduce gas permeability and tend to eliminate "corona" effect when used in high tension cable coatings. The Arociors yellow somewhat in ultra violet light. The Santolite resins are valuable in all lacquers not intended for severe exposure to weathering. Thev are highly compatible, produce solutions of low viscosity ami impart high gloss, good flow and moisture resistance and are essentially colorless. Thev may be used with any of the plasticizers, either liquid or solid. Amounts of Santolite MHP suggested are up to a weight equal to the nitrocellulose, and the quantity of plasticizer for such mixtures will be the same as that required if the Santolite were not present. Santolite K gives more water resistance than the other Santolites and produces some flexibility of itself. The Santolite resins, like the sulfonamide plasticizers, lend to accelerate the decomposition of nitrocellulose at elevated temperatures and so should not be employed in nitrocellulose compositions that may be heated much over 80 C. Phenolic Resins Santicizer M-17 and Tricresvl Phosphate give the greatest flexibility. Dibutvl Phthalate, Santicizers B-16 and E-15, and Diphenyl Phthalate may also he used. .None give great flexibilitv to the completely cured (C stage) resin. Santicizer 9 in amounts of from 2( to 5^, (1 will improve the workability and curing of phenolic molding compositions. The Arociors may be used in special cases as lubricants or in coating com positions. Polystyrene Santicizers B-16 and 10. Ortho-Nitrobiphenyl and Di phenyl Phthalate are recommended. Santicizers E-15 and 9 are also suggested hut are not so generally appli cable. The Arociors are compatible, the liquids having some solvent action when warm. Polyvinyl Acetate Mixtures of plasticizers usually give the best results. Santicizers M-17, E-15 and B-16 are recommended as liquid plasticizers. Ortho-Nitrobiphenvl. Dibutvl Phthalate and Tricresvl Phosphate are also useful. If excessive softening is to be avoided, the solid plasticizers --Santicizer 10 and Diphenyl Phthalate--are of value. The Santolites either alone or in combination with a solid or liquid plasticizer improve workability, flexi bility and adhesion. The liquid or semi-solid Arociors give tough, flexible compositions of improved water resistance and electrical properties. The resinous Arociors give harder, more brittle compositions. Polyvinyl Butyral Dibutvl Phthalate and Ortho-Nitrobiphenyl are es pecially recommended, but Santicizers 8, B-16, K-15 and M-17, Tricresvl Phosphate and the Arociors mar also be used to obtain special properties. TOWOLDMONOOO6O11 Polyvinyl Chloride Santieizers M-17, K-15 and Ortho-.'Nitrobiphenvl are efficient plasticizers. Tricresyl Phosphate, Dibutyl Phthalate and Santieizer H-16 also have good com patibility. The Aroclors are compatible but do not produce great flexibility'. Santieizer 140 produces com positions having lire resistant qualities similar to TCP but more flexible. Polyvinyl Formal Diethyl Phthalate, Ortho-ISitrobiphenyl and Santiciiers 8, 11-16, E-15 and M-17 are recommended. Santicizers 10 and Tricresyl and Triphenyl Phosphate are also useful. Protein Compounds (Soybean or Corn Protein, Casein, Glue) Santieizers 8 and 9 are compatible with and give a temporary plasticizing action to most protein com pounds. For more permanent results we suggest a combination of Santolite resin with a plasticizer. Polyhydric alcohols (such as glycerine or ethylene glvcol) may be used with the Santieizers and Santolites without materially increasing susceptibility to water. Addition of Santieizer 8 to glue-glycerine mixtures improves the flexibility and water resistance. Santolite Resins All of the plasticizers--both liquid and solid -may be used: one part of a liquid plasticizer to four parts of Santolite MHP will be verv soft. The solid plasticizers also produce a softening effect but to a lesser degree. Combinations of solid plasticizers and the Santolites make efficient plasticizers for cellulose esters and ethers and polvvinvl resins. Diphenvl Phthalate and Santicizer 10 are recommended for such combinations. Equal parts by weight of Diphenyl Phthalate or Santicizer 10 and Santolite MHP will be liquid at ordinary temperatures. Increasing the proportion of Santolite hardens the combination. Urea Formaldehyde Resins Santieizer 9 improves the uniformity and workability of resins of this class. OblW? TOWOLDMONOOQ6012 The Phosphates Tricresyl Phosphate Technical ^cwteunekA 55-gallon one time shippers (inch) (approx. 500 lbs.) Form ...... Clear, practically colorless. oilv liquid. Color API! \ 10 max. Km* Phenols (Permanganate Test) A distinct purple color to he present after 30 minutes (10 gram sample -- 40 ec. \ 100 KAlnOO. Acidity (as H,P04) 0.01% max. Specific Gravity at 25 25 C....................... 1.166*0.007 Ester Value .............................................Essentially 100% Tricresyl Phosphate is a practically colorless, odorless liquid weighing about 9.7 pounds per gallon. It has a high boiling point and an evaporation loss of onlv 0.2% in 100 hours at 100 C. Its viscosity increases rapidlv at temperatures below normal until at --35 C. it G a solid, transparent mass without crystalline structure. This product is miscible with all the common solvents and thinners, and with linseed, china wood, and castor oils. Its solubility in water is less than 0.002% at 85 C. and it imparts good moisture resistance to nitrocellulose films. Being a solvent for nitrocellulose, it has a high relentivity and can be used in large proportions without danger of sweating or separation. It imparts excellent flexibility and increased amounts do not cause propor tionately as great a decrease in tensile strength as most oilier plasticizers. Tricresyl Phosphate is the standard fire retarding plasticizer for nitrocellulose. It is compatible with most lacquer resins and gives firm, tough, flexible films of excellent weathering qualities. Although Tricres\l Phosphate has an inherent tendency to vellow in nitro cellulose lacquers when exposed to heat or light. e\erv precaution is taken in the manufacture of Tricre*vl Phosphate Monsanto to eliminate impurities \liicli might aggravate such discoloration. Tricresyl Phosphate has a low compatibility with cellu lose acetate so when extreme fire resistance is desired in acetate compositions Triphenyl Phosphate should be used. Small amounts of Trieresvl Phosphate inav he 10 06i4A<;a TOWOLDMONOOO6OI3 n-r<| efl'cctb cI' how c\ rr. ill mixture* u itli marc com|,.ilil>l-' |ila-li'i/n-. Tricrcsxl Phosphate lias good lubricating properties M ]iirli, in addition to its stability and fire resistance, make it valuable as a special lubricant, cutting oil coinjHinent. and pump seal. Three isomers of Tricresyl Phosphate are possible-the tri-ortho--, tri-nieta--, and tri-para cresvl phos phates, and the technical grades usually contain all three isomers with the rneta- and para-derivatives pre dominating. The structural formula for the para compound is J lie orllio compound is also a liquid: ch3 I ch8 I 0 CH, -- ` CHS -- 0V Obviously it is possible to have ail three in a single molecule, thus-- CH,-- Ibis isomer is a solid, melting point 77-78 C., boiling |K>int at 10 mm. 250-25S C. In the meta-compound the methyl group occupies the position: CHS 'lhis isomer is a liquid at normal temperatures, with a boiling point at 10 mm. of 240c,*243 C. This matter of isomers explains whv there ma\ be minor differences in physical constants, such as specific gravity, refractive index, etc., between various produc tion lots of Tricresyl Phosphate. These variations do no t. however, in volvedifferencesin plasticizing proper ties. The ortho isomer, which is reputed to be the toxic element in normal Tricresvl Phosphate, has been virtually eliminated from Tricresvl Phosphate Mon santo. thereby reducing toxicity dangers to a minimum and making the product more suitable for many applications. 11 06UH2V TOWOLDMONOOQ6014 The following table of physical and chemical properties gives values that are accurate for the particular samples upon which the tests were run, or are averages of a great many samples, but are not intended to be con sidered as the arbitrary limits for all Tricresyl Phos phate. .' Triphenyl Phosphate Empirical Formula . Molecular Weight Specific Gravity . llefractivc Index Polling Point CnlloAP ....... 368.358 1.162 at 20V200 C. 1.556 at 25 C. 235 C. at 4 nun. 295 C. at 13 mm. 420 C. at 760 mm. Flash Point 235 C. (455 F.) Cleveland Open Cup Crystallizing Point Non-crystalline solid at --35 C. Pour Point --26 C. Specific Heat 0.47--0.02 Solubility 0.002*^ at 85 C. in water. Miscible with alt common organic solvents. Viscosity---at 3.0 C. 6.5 C.... 10.0 C. 20.0 C. 25.0 C. 30.0 C. 40.0 C. 50.0 C. ...................1100. centipoises 755. centipoises 460. centipoises 160. centipoises 113. centipoises 74.4 centipoises 39.2 centipoises 23.7 centipoises Heat of Vaporization . . 21120 Cals. mol. 57 Cals. gni. 103 BTU. lb. 0 Appearance___.. \\ bile Flakes Odor................. Verv faintlv aromatic Melting Point... . 18.5 C. min. start Solution in Alcohol (10 gms. in 50cc.) Not more than faintlv opalescent Permanganate Test............ Distinct purple color to be present after 80 minutes. Free Phenol - 0.1' \ max. Acidity (as II3PO4) 0.003' t max. 225 lb. I.everpaks. Triphenvl Phosphate is a white crystalline solid inching at about 48.5 C. and boiling at 2I59 C. at 11 nun. pres sure. Its evaporation rate is of the same order as Tri* cresvl Phosphate. 12 06l<t<t30 TOWOLDMONOOO6OI5 This product is soluble in the common solvents and tliinncrs and with vegetable oils. Its solubility in water is 0.001(i at 34 C. and 0.002rT at 54 C. and it imparts some moisture resistance to cellulose acetate films. Its retentivitv in cellulose acetate varies between 40 and 80 PHR depending upon the type of acetate, the method of incorporation, the conditions under which the end product is used, and the age of the end product. In most formulations the amount of Triphenyl Phosphate used is less than 4ft PHR. It imparts good flexibility and gives clear, tough compositions without tendency toward tackiness. Triphenyl Phosphate is toxic ami should not be used in articles, such as foil, which are to come in contact with foodstuffs. Its light stability is rather poor but tlx- rate of discoloration of Triphenyl Phosphatecellulose acetate compositions is much less than that of Iricresyl Phosphate-nitrocellulose mixtures. Due valuable property of Triphenvl Phosphate is that of fire retarding. When used alone in cellulose acetate fdms an amount of Triphenvl Phosphate equal to 2ft I'HR produces films w hich will not support combustion. W hen other plasticizers are used with it, a greater amount of Triphenvl Phosphate is necessary to retard die burning rate. Iriphenyl Phosphate has fair softening action upon most synthetic rubbers and is essentially insoluble in gasoline and mineral oils, which combination of proper* lies makes it a valuable ingredient of manv synthetic rubber formulations. The amount used is generally in die range of j to 20r< hv weight. Iriphenyl Phosphate mixed with Santicizer M-17 dis solves cellulose acetate when heated to temperatures above 120 C. Such mixtures, with or without the addi tion of pigments, may he used for making flexible sheets, either alone or on a fiber base. The pigmented sheets are especially fire resistant. The addition of a small amount of one of the Santolitc resins is usually beneficial in aiding solution and increasing flexibility. As a suggestion for the relative amounts to he used. 10 parts by weight of cellulose acetate, 8 parts of Santi cizer M-17, 8 parts of Triphenvl Phosphate and 1.3 parts of Santolite MHP gives a verv flexible product. If a pigment or filler is to be used, it should first be ground with a portion of the plasticizer and rnav then be mixed directly into the hot solution. Following are some of the chemical and physical proper ties of Triphenyl Phosphate-- Empirical Formula Molecular Weight Specific Gravity... Refractive Index Melting Point Boiling Point Flash PointSpecific Heat . CulMU* 32(i.28 1.268 at GO' 20 C. 1.330 at 60 C.. 18.3 C. 213 C. at II mm. 223 C 0.30 =*=0.02 Solubility in: Water . 0.001fat 34 C. 0.002r; at 34 C. Gasoline . 2.7 grams TPP,100 ec. solvent Benzene 230. grams TPP TOO cc. solvent Ethy 1 Alcohol 160. grams TPP TOO cr. solvent EtlivI Acetate .270. grams TPP 100 or. solvent Acetone 340. grams TPP 100 cr. solvent Ethy lene Dichloride 400. grams TPP 100 ee. solvent Linseed Oil (Raw) 13. grams TPP 100 ee. solvent Turpentine.... 36. grams TPP 100 cr. solvent Triphenvl Phosphate imparts excellent properties, but because of its rather low compatibility with inanv plasties its true value will appear when it is used as one component of a plasticizer mixture. 13 C6U431 TOWOLDMONOOO6OI6 The Santfcizers (Sulfonamides, Sulfonates, Phthalyl Glycollates) Santicizer 3 IS'-elhyl para toluene sulfonamide common plastics is limited and its greatest value is obtained in conjunction with other plasticizers. When used either in such combination or as the sole plasticizer Santicizer 3 imparts high gloss, toughness and hardness. It also seems to sharpen the softening point of some thermoplastic compositions, especially the cellulose esters. 0H /--x I i CH, -- < >-S-N-C,H, 0 Santicizer 3 imparts desirable properties to cellulose acetate although the compatibility is less than 30 PIIR. In addition to gloss, toughness, and hardness, it improves the flow of molding compositions. Its compatibility with nitrocellulose is low but it does improve the film properties of coating compositions, although not recommended for outdoor exposure or temperatures above 80 C. Appearance Odor ... Color (Melt) APHA Melting Point Acidity (as lhSO<) White Solid Slight, Characteristic 50 max. 59.0 C. min. 0.10% max. Santicizer 3 has very limited compatibility with cellu lose acetate-propionate and cellulose acetate-butyrate. With ethyl cellulose, Santicizer 3 is compatible only in low concentrations but it improves the gloss, tough ness and general film properties. Santicizer 3 is not recommended for use with polyvinyl chloride or polyvinyl chloride-acetate. Fiber Containers Approx. 400 lbs. net Santicizer 3 is a white, solid sulfonamide plasticizer, melting at about 60 C. Its compatibility with the With polyvinyl formal, Santicizer 3 imparts good flow and excellent gloss although the compatibility is less than 50 PHR. For best results it should be used in combination with other plasticizers. This is a general characteristic of Santicizer 3. It maintains it6 good effects even when used in amounts of 5 to 20 PHR and in mixture with other plasticizers even though these are used in much higher proportions. 14 0 61 3 2 TOWOLDMONOOO6OI7 Santicizer 8 (Mixture of ortho and para IV-ethyl toluene sulfonamides) 0H II I CH, S-N-CjH, II 0 Appearance................. .Light yellow, viscous liquid Odor................................................... Slight, characteristic Free Amide....................................................... 9%> to 13% Acidity (as acetic acid)............... ...... 0.1%, max. 9pcniaifiete 475 lbs. (approx.) drums (extra, but returnable) 45 lbs. (approx.) tins (incl.) Santicizer 8 is a light yellow colored liquid that is readily soluble in all common organic solvents except the petroleum hydrocarbons, in which it is only very slightly soluble. It is soluble in castor oil. slightly soluble in china wood oil and insoluble in linseed oil. In water it is soluble to the extent of about 0.13% at 23 C. and 0.21%- at 48 C. Its solubilitv in water is decreased by the presence of ammonia but is increased by other alkalies. Its retentivitv in cellulose acetate is about 90 PIIR and it imparts a high degree of plasticity. It is a solvent for both nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate. Santicizer 8 is an excellent plasticizer for cellulose acetate, giving a brilliance and polish not obtainable with other plasticizers. Although the light stability of Santicizer 8 in nitrocellulose is not of the highest order, this plasticizer does improve the workability and gloss. It mav be used in such compositions either alone or preferably mixed with other plasticizers, solid or liquid. In cellulose acetate, however, its light stability is sufficient to meet most of the ordinary requirements of molding compositions. This product, being practically insoluble in petroleum hydrocarbons, is a valuable plasticizer for coatings designed to withstand gasoline and related products. It can be used in combination with Santolite resins for that purpose; to illustrate, a lacquer made from l part Santicizer 8, 2 parts nitrocellulose and 6 parts of Santo* lite MHP was found to be unaffected bv gasoline and, also, to prevent corrosion of iron panels exposed to a salt solution of from 3%, to saturation over a period of ten weeks. Some of the chemical and physical properties of Santi cizer 8 are:-- Empirical Formula . Molecular Weight CoIIuCLNS 199.262 15 06 IAA33 TOWOLDMONOOO6OI8 Specific Gravity Refractive Index Hash Point 1.190 at 25 25 C. 1.540 at 25 C. 174 C. Solubility in water gasoline turpentine castor oil tung oil .................. linseed oil common organic solvent 0.13% at 23 C. 0.213% at 48 C. insoluble cold very slightly soluble hot 15 gins, per 100 cc. turps. .................... .soluble slightk soluble cold soluble hot insoluble cold soluble hot soluble Viscosity (approx.) at 10 C.--3170 eentipoises at 20 C.- 750 eentipoises The accompanying graph shows the relative softening effect on shellac of Santicizers 8 and 9 when incorpo rated at the rate of 10. 20. 30 and 40 parts per 100 parts (by weight) of the resin. The softening effect was measured by the load (in grams) required to cause a steel point to scratch the surface of the composition at 95 K. (35 C.). Santicizer 8 is also useful with vinyl resins especially polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl acetal. Fig. 1 Joften/no Effect On Ehcllac Of 3ANT/C12EF5 3 ANO 3 Santicizer 8 has some plasticizing action on such protein compounds as casein, glue, soybean protein and corn protein. Jt may be used alone or in conjunction with other materials such as glycerine or similar compounds. The use of from 10' , to 40' ( on the protein weight is suggested. Santicizer 8 great!) increases the flexibility of shellac, having at the same time a considerable softening effect. An amount equal to 10% of the shellac produces very pronounced results. It may be incorporated either by direct fusion or by means of solvents. It does not destroy the adhesion of the shellac nor affect the heat curing qualities. 14* 0614434 TOWOLDMONOOO6OI9 Santicizer 9 (Mixture of ortho and para toluene sulfonamides) Appearance .. Melting Point Melt Acidity Fine granular particles ... 105 C. min. .........Liquid, clear and light yellow pH 4.6 min. in dilute acetone (2 gram sample in 15 cc. A. R. Acetone and 35 cc. of CO; free distilled water). (^on/ayine'tA 275 lbs. Leverpaks SWcbi/Uicvn San timer 9 is a white solid, melting at about 105 C. Its solubility is quite low in coahlar hydrocarbons and negligible in petroleum hydrocarbons. It is readilv soluble in most other solvents, and in hot linseed, china wood, and castor oils. It is soluble in water to the extent of only about 1.0<' < at 34 C. Its solubility in water is increased bv the presence of alkali, being about 5% at 20 C. for a mixture of equal volumes of water and con* rentrated ammonia solution. It is the least soluble of our plasticizers in ethylene dichloride and in benzene, its solubility in ethylene dichloride being about 4% at 30 C. and in benzene about 1.5% at 30 C. Santicizer 9 has a retentivitv in cellulose esters of only about 30 PHR and does not impart great flexibility. Nitrocellulose compositions containing Santicizer 9 should not be subjected to prolonged heating above about 80 C. The sulfonamide may accelerate decompo sition of the nitrocellulose and disintegration of the entire composition. , Santicizer 9 differs materially from other plasticizers in its action. Relatively small amounts impart a gloss to polished articles and gives smooth working and uniform curing of molded products. It blends readily with most synthetic resins and does not impart the softening action of liquid plasticizers. Because of its adaptability to a wide variety of materials Santicizer 9 is particularly valuable to the makers of all sorts of molding com positions. In some phenoLaldehyde resins Santicizer 9 appears to act not only as a lubricant but also as a promoter, giving more uniform and thorough curing when from 2 to 5% is used. Santicizer 9 in amounts of about 20 parts per 100, has a temporary plasticizing action on protein compounds such as corn protein and soybean protein. It may be mixed in either, alone, or in conjunction with some other material such as glycerine or a related product. It* increased solubility in slightly alkaline solutions may also be of use in incorporating it into certain com|K>unds where such solutions are used as swelling agents or actual solvents for the plastic material. Santicizer 9 is a plasticizer for shellac but its action is less pronounced than that of Santicizer 8. It does not have as great a softening effect, 30 parts of Santicizer 9 producing about the same degree of softening as 10 parts of Santicizer 8. See Figure I for comparative effects of Santicizer 8 and 9 on shellac. Empirical Formula Molecular Weight Specific Gravity.... Melting Point . Solubility in: Water__ Benzene Ethylene Dichloride Turpentine . Linseed Oil C7H9OAS ........171.21 1.313 at 25 25 C. ..105 C. (approx.) 1.0%, at 34 C. 1.5% at 30 C. 4.0% at 30 C. 2.5% at 20 C. . Insoluble at 20 C. 17 06 3 5 TOWOLDMONOOO6O2O Santicizer 10 (Orlho-cr<*yl para-toluene sulfonate) CH, -- 0 II 0-- S- 0 -- 1 0 Appearance Melt....................... Crystallizing Point___ Acidity (as acetic acid) ....... White crystals Practically colorless '..... 51 C. ...0.03%. max. Santicizer 8 or Santicizer 9. Some of its physical and chemical properties are: Empirical Formula............. Molecular Weight......... Specific Gravity..................... Crystallizing Point.......... Flash Point --....................... Solubility in: Water................ Organic Solvents ....... C,,H,0,S .262.312 1.207 at 15 C. 51.0 C. 182 C. 0.0008% at 30 C. ..See Chart, Page 37 Santicizer E-15 (Ethyl phthalyl ethyl glycollate) o II O-CH.-C -- 0 - C,H, 0-C.H, 200-lb. barrels (inch) ^be&c'ufUUm Santicizer 10 is a solid plasticizer for cellulose esters and many resins. Its retentivity in nitrocellulose is about 50 and in cellulose acetate 30 PHR. From 15 to 20 PHR are required to give added flexibility to cellu lose acetate. Santicizer 10 is quite stable toward heat and is resistant to hydrolysis. It is soluble in all the common organic solvents but insoluble in water. When used with cellu lose esters, Santicizer 10 imparts gloss, hardness and moisture resistance. In such compositions it is best used with small amounts of liquid plasticizers. Santi cizer 10 is suggested also as a plasticizer for phenolaldehyde, vinyl and polystyrene resins. It is compatible with shellac but produces less flexibility than either Color (API I A)........................... Specific Gravity at 2S/25 C. Refractive Index at 25 C...... Acidity (as acetic acid).... Odor...................................... Sulfur (copper strip test)-- .20 max. .1.180*0.005 ..0.02% max. Slight None 55-gallon drums (approx. 500 lbs.), (incl.) 5-gallon cans (approx. 50 lbs.), (incl.) Santicizer E-15 is a practically colorless liquid with a boiling point of 190 C. at 5 mm. and a crystallizing point of 20 C. 18 061^436 TOWOLDMONOOQ6021 This product is miscible with the common organic solvents except the petroleum hydrocarbons. It is miscible with vegetable oils when heated hut partially separates on cooling. Its solubility in water is 0.0175% at 30 C. ' Santicizcr E-15 is a solvent for both nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate and for most resins. It is light-fast, and relatively nonvolatile even from the thinnest films. With both acetyl and nitrocellulose it gives clear, tough, flexible films which have greatly increased resistance to moisture penetration. This is an efficient plasticizer which gives practically all the desirable qualities except fire resistance. It is an active solvent and the amount which may he incorporated in cellulose esters depends only upon the degree of plasticity desired. Santicizcr E-15 is highly recommended for use with cellulose acetate and with vinyl resins. It imparts slightly less flexibility than Santicizer M-17 but has less softening effect and produces somewhat tougher compositions. Santicizer E-15 partakes of the properties of both B-16 and M-17 although mixtures of these probably cannot be relied upon to give results identical with those obtained by the use of E-15. For vapor pressures of Santicizer E-15, see Figure 4. Some of its physical and chemical properties are: Empirical Formula ........................................ CulligOs Molecular Weight...................................................280.301 Specific Gravity 1.180 at 25 C. Refractive Index .1.498 at 25 C. Boiling Point___ 190 C. at 5 mm. 320 C. at 790 mm. (approx.) Crystallizing Point 20 C. Flash Point................. 193 C. Effect of heating at atmospheric pressures-- Up to 300 C............... Slight color change After boiling at 320 C. . Light vellow Heat of Vaporization 37430 Cals. mol. 134 Cals. gm. 241 BTU. lb. Viscositv in centipoises at .................... . 0 c. 10 C. 25 C. Flash Points ................ *Tensile Strengths (in Kg Cm?) of cellulose acetate films 0 PIIK (control) 25 PHB (control) 50 PIIR (control) 75 PHR (control) *Elongation (in per cent) of cellulose acetate films . 0 PHR (control) 25 PHR (control) 50 PHR (control) 75 PHR (control) Increase in color rating (AP1IA) due to heating at 100 C. for four hours ........................................ % Plasticizer decomposed bv 10% NaOH solution in 20 minutes at . 32 C. 80 C. -------------------------- 1-----";;-' ,--...... icueuc Biicugui auu ciuugauvu values ait iui tump In no sense are they to be considered absolute values. B-16 295.3 136.5 51.3 380 F. 528 420 315 243 2.3 6. 12.3 13.3 5 max. 0 0 E-15 611.1 215.7 63.0 380 F. 528 472 256 136 2.3 57 14.7 28. 5 max. 0.93 11.19 M-17 1671.4 454.8 100.3 375 F. 528 468 266 144 2.3 10. 24.7 35.3 5 max. 7.09 21.28 10 Ubl'tbJ? TOWOLDMONOOQ6022 Santicizer B-16 (Butyl pbthalyl butyl glycollate) . 00 II 1 , -- C - 0 -- CH,-C -0 -- C.H, J --C- 0-C.H. I 0 Color (APHA) 45 max. Specific Gravity at 25 25 C. 1.097*0.005 Refractive Index 1.490*0.002 Aciditx (as acetic acid) 0.02% max. Odor............................ Characteristic slight odor Sulfur (copper strip test) None 55-gallon drums (approx. 500 lb6.), (inch) 5-gallon cans (45 lbs.), (inch) Santicizer B-16 is a practically colorless liquid which boils at 219 C. at 5 mm. and doe6 not crystallize at temperatures as lox\ as - 35 C. Its water solubility is 0.0012( , at 30 C. It is extremely light stable. Some of its physical and chemical properties are: Kmpirical Formula Molecular Weight Specific Gravity Refractive Index Cull :<( ig 1.097 at 25 C. 1.490 at 25 C. Boiling Point ... Crystallizing Point Heat of Vaporization 219 C. at 5 mm. 345 C. at 760 mm. (approx.) --35 C. 11570 Cals. mol. 124 Cals? gm. 223 BTC. lb. Santicizer B-16 is a solvent for nitrocellulose and is compatible w'ith most resins, imparting a good flexi bility. Its compatibility with cellulose acetate seems to depend greatly upon the aeetxl content of the latter: the retentivity value for one sample of cellulose acetate of about 52% combined acetic acid content was around 40 PIIR while for another sample of 56f) combined acetic acid content the retentivitv was 100 PHK. Wiili nitrocellulose it gives clear, brilliant films which are flexible, tough, moisture resistant and have good weathering qualities. Santicizer B-16 probable em bodies more desirable properties than any other single nitrocellulose plasticizer, fire retarding action being about the only property it does not have. It imparls about the same degree of flexibility as Dibutxl Phthalate but produces less softening of the film. Santicizer B-16 is a solvent for and imparl* plasticitx to many synthetic resins. It has especially interesting properties when used with those resins of the glvcerolphthalate and phenol-aldehyde types, in which it max be incorporated at various stages of resin formation. ^ hen added to a simple glvcerine-phthalic anhydride resin at anv stage before the final gel formation, it retards the rate of thickening and permits the acid number of the resin to be lowered without completclx destroying solubility. If such a resin is heated bexond the gel stage, the product mav still be thermoplastic although its solubility will be radically changed. Santicizer B-16 has an unusually xvide range of u*e. covering not only the synthetic plastic materials hut also the natural resins. Its solvent properties, light stability, low volatilitx' and loxx pour point are impor tant factors to be considered. Santicizer B-16 is miscible xvith castor, linccd and china wood oils and somexvhat retards gel formation in the latter on heating. 20 06 1 38 TOWOLDMONOOQ6023 Santieizer B-16 -well- cr-cpr rubber 1ml appear?- to have no effect on vulcanized ruliUt. It ii- an excellent plasticizer for chlorinated rubber, from 10 to 25 PUR usually being required. Santieizer B-16 is an exceptionally good plasticizer for polvstvrene. whether for molding or coating uses. It maintains the excellent properties of the resins and in coatings greatly retards weathering failure. 15*20 FUR is recommended. Mixtures of Santieizer B-16 and Santolitc resins (MS preferred) may be used to plasticize certain compounds such as casein and corn proteins, being incorporated either as solutions in some organic solvent or in the form of emulsions. '1'he proportions of the several components can be varied between wide limits: 1 part of B-16 with 2 to 10 parts of Santolitc and 1 part of such mixture added to from 0.5 to 1.5 parts of the protein compound grcatlv increase water resistance. It should he noted that B-16 alone is not a plasticizer for protein compounds. Santieizer R-I6 darkens and then decomposes on heat* ing to high temperatures at atmospheric pressure. The approximate temperatures and the effects obtained are given below: Tp to 200 C. From 200 to 300 C. From 340 lo 350 C. Verv slight color change Darkens rapidly Boils with decomposi tion, p h t h a 1 i o anhydride is given off and the product becomes very dark. The addition of water causes Santieizer B-16 to be thrown out of solution from those organic solvents which are miscible "with water. Santieizer B-16 solubility in ethanol-water mixtures increases slowlv to 10% in 72% ethanol; rapidly to 60% in 81% ethanol and 100% in 84% ethanol. Vapor pressures of Santieizer B-16 are shown in Figure 4. Santieizer B-16 is an excellent plasticizer for shellac when incorporated into solutions of that resin. From 5 to 30 FUR are suggested depending upon the degree of softness and flexibility desired. It is compatible with m<i-i natural resins. 25 FUR in rosin gives a combina tion that is flexible at 0 0. 30 FUR gives good pla>licitv to kauri Gitin. Santieizer B-16 has a fair compatibility with paraffin about 35 FUR at normal temperatures and a greater amount when warmed. It is a good plasticizer for chlorinated rubber and appears to promote adhesion. It does not give as great flexibility as docs Santieizer M-17 but produces more than Dibutyl Phthalate. \bout 40 PHR is recom mended. Santieizer M-17 (Methyl phthalyl ethyl glycollate) j' "j -- C -- 0 -CH2 -- C - O - - CjH, >y/-C-0--CH, 6 SP/ieeificafamA Color (APIIA) Specific Gravity at 25 25 C. Refractive Index at 25 C. Aeiditv (as acetic acid) Odor Sulfur (copper strip test) 20 max. 1.220*0.005 1.504*0.002 0.02f f max. Slight, characteristic None 55-gallon drums (approx. 550 lbs.), (inch) 5-gallon cans (approx. 50 lbs.), (inch) 21 061<i<i3S TOWOLDMONOOQ6024 Q)cA ctf/t/imt Santicizer M-17 is a practically colorless liquid with a boiling point of 189 C. at 5 mm. It remains liquid at temperatures as low as --35 C. and is a solvent for both nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate. It imparts a high degree of plasticity which is maintained undimin ished even in extremely thin films exposed to air cur rents for a long time. It is very light-stable and may be used in transparent or tinted articles without danger of yellowing. Some of the chemical and physical properties of Santi cizer M-17 are: Empirical Formula Molecular Weight Specific Gravity... Refractive Index Roiling Point Cr\stalli/,ing Point Flash Point CuIInOe 266.262 1.220 at 25 C. ...1.504 at 25 C. ....189 C. at 5 mm. 310 C. at 760 mm. (approx.) . Less than --35 C. 190 C. Effect of heating at atmospheric pressures -- I'p to 190 C. Slight vellow color 250 C. Light yellow 310 C. Yellow Heat of Vaporization . .35170 Cals. mol. 133 Cals. gm. 239 BTU. lb. Santicizer M-17 is not soluble in castor, linseed, or china wood oil or petroleum hydrocarbons, but is readily soluble in most other organic solvents. Its solubility in water is 0.09% at 30 C. but it imparts a considerable degree of resistance to moisture penetra tion in both nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate films. Santicizer M-17 is probablv the best cellulose acetate plasticizer available. Where it is desired to use a hot mix and avoid the use of volatile solvents, cellulose acetate mav be dissolved directly in Santicizer M-17 by the aid of heat. By employing acetate of the proper acetyl content and viscosity, and amounts of M-17 equal to from 1 to 2 times the weight of acetate, it is possible to make solutions which will flow or be workable at temperatures of from 120 to 180 C. and which will set to a tough, transparent product on cooling. The character of the product may be varied bv additions of Triphenvl Phosphate and Santolite resins. The retentivitv of Santicizer M-17, like that of Santi cizer B-16, varies with the acetvl content of cellulose acetate. Thus the use of 2 parts of Santicizer M-17 with 1 part of cellulose acetate having a combined acetic acid content of 52% produced marked exudation of the plasticizers whereas when the same proportions were used with an acetate of 56% combined acetic acid content there was no exudation. This phenomenon of exudation, caused by the use of too large a proportion of plasticizer, can frequently be overcome bv the addi tion of small percentages of Santolite resins. Santicizer M-17 affect6 synthetic resins in a manner similar to Santicizers B-16 and E-15 but usually it gives a greater degree of flexibility. Its action is pronounced with alkvd, vinyl, polvstvrene and many phenolic resins and with chlorinated rubber. Often as little as 5 PHR produces marked flexibility. It is not compatible with resins of the urea-formaldehyde type or with protein compounds such as corn protein, soy bean protein or casein. It mav be used with some of these compounds, however, when mixed with Santolite resins in the manner outlined under Santicizer B-16. Santicizer M-17 dissolves Santolite resins, and since both are very resistant to petroleum products and also compatible with so many film-forming materials they make an excellent combination for producing naphtharesistant coatings. By varying the proportions of each of the three components--Santicizer M-17. Santolite resin and film material, (which is usually a cellulose ester) a practically complete range of properties can he obtained from hard to soft, from solid to liquid at slightly elevated temperatures, sticky or entirely nontacky, brittle or flexible. Such compositions can be applied to a wide varietv of uses. Vapor pressures of Santicizer M-17 are given in Figure 4. 22 061<t`t40 TOWOLDMONOOQ6025 The Phthalates Dimethyl Phtlialate 0 f - C-O-CH, - C O CHj 0 Appearance Clear, water-white, oily liquid Color (API! A) 10 max. Odor Not more than slightly aromatic Acidity (as phthalic acid) 0.01r; max. SjH-cifie Gravity at 25 25 C. .1.190*0.001 Refractive Index at 20 C. 1.5155*0.001 Pnritv essentially 100(, Sulfur (Copper strip test) .None 55-gallon (approx. 500 Ihs.). (inch) Ihmetlixl Phtlialate is a colorless, liquid solventplasticizer for cellnlose acetate. It is completely com patible with nitrocellulose, but is seldom used with dial material because it does not impart the desired qualities. Its boiling point is 282 C., its crystallizing point 0 C. and its weight about 10 pounds per gallon, d is soluble in all common organic solvents and with oiF (except petroleum oil>) and has a *oluhilitv in water of 0.1' , at 32 C. It lias excellent light stability. Dimethyl Phthalate, having a rather low boiling point and high evaporation rate is apt to be lost from plastic compositions, leaving, them brittle. This is especially true in the case of thin films or those objects where the ratio of surface to volume is high. In certain cases too. where the finished article will be exposed to severe cold, there is danger of the Dimethyl Phthalate ervstaili/ing. causing not only brittleness but also a whitening and lack of transparency which ma< lie at least partly permanent. Dimethv I Phthalate is wideh used hut cannot he >aid to meet very rigid plasticizer requirements. Its use i> restricted almost entirely to the cellulose acetate field, and, there, as a general rule, it is used in combination with Diethyl Phthalate or some other plasticizer. It should he noted, however, that although Dicthvl Phthalate has a slightly higher boiling point and lower vapor pressure than Dimethyl Phthalate. its loss hv evaporation from cellulose acetate compositions is equal to that of DimethvI Phthalate. In addition to its use as a plasticizer. DimethvI Phlhalate is a very efficient insect repellent. It appears to he quite harmless when applied to the skin and main tains its effectiveness for several hours. For vapor pressures of DimethvI Phtlialate m*c f igure 7. Some of its chemical and physical properties are: Fmpirieal Formula Molecular \\ eight Specific Gravity Refractive Index Boiling Point Crystallizing Point Pour Point Flash Point Flame Point Specific Heat Heat of combustion ilcat of Vaporization c,fln,,o, 191.18 1.190 at 25 25p C. 1.515 at 20f C. 282 C. n <:. 20 C. ySuper-eoob) i io 172 C. 0.27 5,709 (ial. grams 27000 Cals. mol. 130 Cals. gin. 251 BIT. II-. 23 TOWOLDMONOOQ6026 Uiefhyl Plitlialate Phthalate as a plasticizer for cellulose acetate. Its boiling point is about 295 C. and its weight about 9.35 lbs. per gallon. It is miscible with all the common organic solvents and diluents. Its chemical constitution places it between Dimethyl and Dibutyl Phthalates and its properties fall into that position, although it is more nearly like the former than the latter. 0 r ! C -0- CM, l, , -C- 0- c,h5 o The evaporation rate of Diethyl Phthalate is too high for successful use as a regular nitrocellulose plasticizer. Mixtures of Diethyl and Dimethyl Phthalates usually give better results than can be obtained by either one alone, the proportions generally used being approxi mately equal parts by weight. Sfifiectficaticiib Appearance Clear, water-white, oilv liquid Color (APHA) Not darker than 10 Odor Yerv slightlv aromatic \ciditx (as phthalic acid) .0.01' ( max. Specific Gravity at 25 25 C. ,1.120*0.005 Kofractixe Index at 20 C. 1.5030*0.001 Assav (ester content) 90r, min. Sulfur (copper strip test) None 55-gal. drums (approx. 500 lbs.), (ind.) Diethyl Phthalate is a colorless, liquid plasticizer generally used alone or in mixture with Dimethyl Diethyl Phthalate imparls slightly less flexibility to cellulose acetate than does Dimethyl Phthalate and its effect on moisture penetration is about the same. Its viscosity is considerably less than that of Dibutyl Phthalate and varies at about the same rate for equal changes in temperatures. For vapor pressures of Diethyl Phthalate see Figure 7. Some of the chemical and physical properties of Diethvl Phthalate are: Empirical Formula Molecular Weight Specific Gravity Refractive Index Polling Point Crystallizing Point Flash Point Specific lleat. lleat of Vaporization CiJInO. 222.232 1.123 at 20 C. 1.5030 at 20 C. 5 C. at 760 mm. -0.3 C. 152 C. 0.20 33550 Cals. mol. 151 Cals. gin. 272 HIT. II). 24 06 TOWOLDMONOOQ6027 IHI.iilvl Phthalate o j/X-| - - C - 0 - C.H, V CO- C.H, " I: o fjPfisecfficationb Appearance Color (APll A) Odor Acidity (as phlhalic acid) Specific Gravity at 25 25 C. Refractive Index at 25 C. Assay (ester content) Sulfur (copper strip t<*st) Clear, oilv liquid 20 max. .....Slight 0.01rf max. 1.045*0.001 1.1005*0.001 99r't min. None 55-gal. one-time shippers (approx. 465 lbs.), (inch) I)ibut\l Phthalate. one of the most widely used plasti cizers for nitrocellulose, is a practically colorless liquid which boils at 340 C. at atmospheric pressure and 2% C. at 20 nun. and crvstallizes at about --35 C. It has a weight of about 8.75 pounds per gallon. It is soluble in all the common organic solvents and with oils but is soluble in water only to the extent of 0.001 r< at 30 C. In spite of this low solubility, how ever, it adds praetirallv nothing to the moisture resistance of nitrocellulose films. It is compatible with most lacquer resins. Dibutvl Phthalate has excellent light stability which permits its use in colorless, white or delicately tinted products. Its retentivity in cellulose acetate is less than 20 PJIR and in that amount does not increase the plasticity. It is a solvent for nitrocellulose and gives a high degree of plasticity but greatly reduces the tensile strength and tends to produce softness if used in large proportions. The stahilitv of Dibutvl Phthalate and its high solvent power for most plastic materials make it one of the most acceptable plasticizers for general use. For vapor pressures of Dibutvl Phthalate see Figure 7. The viscositv of Dibutvl Phthalate (determined by the Hoeppler Viscosimeter) in centipoises through the range of 10 C. to 50 C. is shown in the following table: Temperature Degrees C. Viscositv Centipoises 9.9 11.0 15.2 19.4 30.0 40.0 50.0 31.9 29.6 25.5 21.4 13.1 8.9 6.5 Some of the chemical and Phthalate are as follows: Empirical Formula . Molecular Weight Specific Gravity Refractive Index Boiling Point Crystallizing Point Flash Point Specific Heat...... Heat of Vaporization tvsieal properties of Dibutvl Clfill,-4), 278.339 UHfi at 20 20 C. 1.490 at 25 C. 206 C. at 20 mm. 3 OP C. at 760 mm. --35 C. 170 C. ... 0.3 1 30980 Cals. mol. 111 Cals. gm. 201 BTU. lh. 25 061949 1 TOWOLDMONOOQ6028 Diphenyl Phthalate 0 (' 0 C0 o Appearance ( Free Acid (as Phthalic) } ree Phenol Ash Moisture white powder or fused solid 0.20' , max. 0.20r, max. O.O.V, max. 0.7>0f , max. Santolite M11P being practically liquid at normal temperatures. Such mixtures of l)iphen\l Plilhalat*' with either Santolite MS or Santolite Mill* are excellent plasticizers for nitrocellulose in odorless, flexible and adhesive coatings. Dipheml Phthalate is completely insoluble in water and gives increased water resistance to all composition* in which it is used. Dipheml Phthalate when used alone does not iiMialU impart a high degree of flexibility but it blends well with oilier plasticizers and can be used in varied combina tions. This plasticizer is especially recommended for viml resins, polystyrene. eth\l cellulose, and -nine of tin- natural resins such as damar. Some of its chemical and plnsical properties arc: Kmpirical Formula Molecular w.-ipht Specific Gravity Hefraetive Index Uoiling Point C.rsstallizing Point Flash Point Heat Stability II nO. :m.M2 Ufi at 2o I.'>72 at :r c. |0.V c. 0`f c, 221" C. Discolors quite rapidl\ at ].VlcC. Flake loOlb. containers (inch) Fused ,>2.'> 11). Black iron drums (Fxtra. returnable) Dipheml Phtlialate is a white powder, melting at about (() C. and readily soluble in ketones, esters and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Its solubility in alcohol*, turpentine and linseed oil is rather low. being in the neighborhood of n.O grams per 100 ec. of solvent at 2.V C. I)iphen\l I'hlhalalc is compatible witli nitrocellulose and with the sulfonamide, phenolic, pohstvrene and vim I t\pcs of synthetic resins. In nitrocellulose lacquers it produces hard coatings that have excellent gloss retention and weather resistance. The addition of Diphenyl Phthalate to Santolite resins lowers their softening point, equal parts of Diphenyl Phthalate and HB-40 IIB-10 is a high boiling liquid h\droearhon that haconsiderable merit as a plasticizer for ethvl relliilo-e. polystyrene and benzvl cellulose. IIIt-10 has the following plnsieal and chemical prop erties: Appearance Color Mobile. oil\ liquid l.es- than 20(1 \PH \ 26 0614^4 TOWOLDMONOOQ6029 Distillation Range S|K*cifi<' Gravity Refractive Index Flash Point Flame Point Crystallizing Point Pour Point Fight Staltilitx Ural Stability Stability to Acids and Alkalies SoluliilitN in \\ ater I'thy ] Alcohol 3I0\3% C. <<>i>* I'.) i.ooi^iuio:! at 25 15.(P c. 1.5075*0.0075 at 25 C. 315 F. (171 C.) 385 F. (196 C.) 5 C. (approx.) -28 C. ( -18 F.) (Super-cools) Darkens on exposure to sunlight Appears to he relatively stable at the boiling point in glass. Decomposes at 250 C. in iron. Does not readilv oxidize. Stable in boiling 10' , NaOl! or h,so4 Insoluble (. ee. HB-40 in 100 ce. at 25 C. Soluble in all proportions with Acetone Benzene Carbon Tetrachloride Castor <)il Fiber F.tbxl Wetate I.inseed Oil Mineral Oil Skellysolve 11 Solvent .Naphtha Turpentine MIS.10 is useful not onl\ in straight polystyrene resin.*, "here it nun |>r added to the monomer before poly merization. hut aUo in s|\rene eopolvmers and comhinatioiir. with other re.*in> where it acts as a blending agent a* "ell a* a plasticizer. 'Flie compatibility with straight polwwcne resin is about 50 PUB. MB.|() is a solv cut plasliei/.er for the asphaltic bases used in certain coatings and seems to aid krushabilitv and glos*. Although stable under normal conditions HB-40 is not iiiphu resistant to oxidation when heated and is dis colored bv ultraviolet lijjlit. OrtlioAf it robi phenyl no, I \ppcaranee and Color .. Fight vellow to reddish crystalline solid Cr\stallizing Point Distilling Range: 34.5 C. min. 95' 1,1-96 ee.) .5 C. max. 100' , (between 320.0 C. and 330.0 C.) 7 C. max. QjeSoitfi/emi Ortbo-.\itrol>iphenvl, also called Ortho-.\itrodiphen\ 1. is a light yellow to reddish colored liquid or solid of characteristic odor. It is compatible with the cellulose esters and ethers, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl but\ ral. poh vinyl acetate. pol\'9tyrene, rosin, rosin esters, modi fied ro.-in esters, modified phenolic resins, oil soluble phenolic resins, alkvd resins and vegetable oils. This wide compatibility, a low rate of hvdrolvsis. and resistance to acids, alkalies, and mineral oil, together with an unusually low price make ONB a very attrac tive plasticizer. Some of the physical and chemical properties of OrthoNitrohiphenx 1 arc: Fmpirical Formula Molecular W eight Melting Point Boiling Point at 10 mm. Boiling Point at 760 mm. Refractive Index at 25 C. Cl2II9C);N 199.20 Approx. 35 C. (Super-cools readily) .Approx. 172 C. Approx. 330 O Approx. 1.613 27 TOWOLDMONOOQ6030 Specific Gravity at 40 15.5 C. Approx. 1.189 Viscosity at 25 G.` 38 centipoises Yiscositv at 45 .....12 centipoiees \\ eight gallon Approx. 9.9 lbs. Fla^li Point .113 C. (289.5 F.) Fire Point 179 C. (354.5 C.) ^Obtained on supercooled material. Practicallv insoluble in water (either hot or cold). Readily soluble in: Benzene Kthyl Alcohol Methvl Alcohol Ktlier Acetone Methyl Kthy 1 Ketone Kthyl Acetate Amyl Acetate (>rlho*Dichlorobenzene Carbon Tetrachloride Perchlorethv lene Glacial Acetic Acid Mineral Spirits Pine Oil Turpentine Linseed Oil Soya Bean Oil Corn Oil ()rtho*\itrobiphenvl (ONB) plasticizes most resins, both synthetic and natural, the amount required vary ing with the resin and the intended use. It mav he ii!-rd as the sole plasticizer or, preferable, in conjunction with one or more other plasticizers. The volatility of ONB is less than Diethyl Phthalate but greater than i )ilml\ 1 Phthalate. In nitrocellulose, the plasticizing action of OrthoNitrobiphenyl is similar to and in some cases superior to that of camphor. The two plasticizers work well together, or camphor oil may be substituted for all or part of the camphor in the formula. In lacquers ONB aid- solvent release. \\ ilh cellulose acetate and cellulose aeeto-propionate ONB is highly compatible, 50 PUR giving clear, trans parent eompo.-itions of good molding properties and medium flexibility. Ortho-Nitrobiphenyl is compatible with cellulose ace tate-butyrate and produces hard, tough compositions suitable for either molding compounds or lacquers. ONB is very compatible with ethyl celluose and pro duces compositions of good weather resistance. Compatibility with the several vinvl resins varies considerably. It 16 highly compatible with polv vinvl acetate, 50 PHR giving very flexible, tacky composi tions. In polyvinyl formal the plasticizing effect is greater than in cellulose acetate, 5ft PUR producing good flexibility but no tackiness. Temperature.-, of 150*160 C. are required for good flow in molding. With polyvinyl butyral 50 PHR of Ortho-Nitrobi phenyl produces very flexible but slightly tackv com positions which have good weather resistance. This is about the eompatibilitv limit. Temperatures of I2<B130 C. are sufficient for good flow. Ortho-Nitrobiphenvl is quite satisfactory with polvvinvl chloride but requires a working temperature of more than 150 C. and the use of some stabilizer such as lead carbonate. The compatibility limit lies some where between 40 and 50 PIIR. 40 PHR producehard, tough, flexible, transparent compositions. The eompatibilitv of Ortho-Nitrobiphem I with pol\ vinvl chloride-acetate copolymers increases and the working temperature decreases with increased acetate contents. Yinvlite YYNW, with a 95 5 chloride acetate ratio, requires a temperature of over 150 C. for good flow, while YYHH with an 85 15 ratio flows well at 110-120 C. With both however. 40 PUB gives verv flexible compositions. With polv stvrenc, Ortho-Nitrobiphenvl is highlv com patible and imparts flexibility without causing the undue softening and tackiness which result from the use of the usual types of plasticizers. Ortho-N'itrobiphcnvl ha good fungicidal properties when incorporated in plastic compositions. Coated textiles, where Ortho-Nitrobiphem 1 was the plasticizer and the base plastic of the coating was polvviml acetate, polvvinvl formal, polvvinvl butvral. cellulose acetate, Yinvlite YYHH, or polvstv rene, did not support growth of Aspergillus niger. Penicillium. Chaetoniium globosum or Metarrhizium. even after the coated textiles have been leached iti running water for 48 hours. Heating the coaled textile? for 5 days at 105 C. resulted in some loss in fungus resistance. 28 ObikhHb TOWOLDMONOOQ6031 S p e c /F tc Gr a v ity O to 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 too Temperature Degrees C. 29 061`t`t`t? TOWOLDMONOOQ6032 P efS S U Z E mm. O f Pg. I i?. :) 30 061't't'ta TOWOLDMONOOQ6033 P re s s u re mm. O rMy. Fig. 4 31 0614449 TOWOLDMONOOQ6034 S p e c if ic G r a v it y 1-ip. 5 32 0bl't'50 TOWOLDMONOOQ6035 S p e c / f c G r a v it y/ Kip. 6 O IO 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9o too Temperature Degrees C. 33 061`t`til TOWOLDMONOOQ6036 PRESSURE m m - OF Hq. Kijr. : :u 061<t<*52 TOWOLDMONOOQ6037 Absolute Pr essu r e M il l im e t e r s of M e r c u r y SO 60 70 SO 90 I0O 120 /4-0 160 /SO 200 Temperature Oe&rees C. 250 300 35 061<t<t53 TOWOLDMONOOQ6038 General Data Flash Points* Plasticizer Calculated 1 F. 0 C. Tricresvl Phosphate Diphenyl Phthalate Triphenyl Phosphate Santicizer B-16 Santicizer E-15 Santicizer M *17 Santicizer 9 Santicizer 10 . Santicizer 8 1IH-JO..... . Dibutyl Phthalate Diethvl Phthalate Dimethyl Phthalate....... ..... 455 235 435 224 430 221 380 193 380 193 375 190 370 1HH 360 182 345 174 345 174 340 170 305 152 300 149 `Drlrtmincd in Cleveland Open Cup. Viscosities and Pour Points "> of Liquid Plasticizers Plasticizer Pour Point (2) 0 C. Viscosity in Cetilipoisoe 10 C. Tricrcsvl Phosphate . Dibut\l Phthalate..... Diethyl Phthalate... .. .. Dimethyl Phthalate....... Santicizer B-16............. Santicizer E*15...... Santicizer M-17......... ...... -26 -40 Below -10 -26 Below "40 -34.5 -26 450.8 32.6 19.6 30.1 136.5 213.7 454.8 161.II 19.7 12.7 17.1 68.2 02.3 160.0 (1) l'our point* were determined acrordinf to tbe method outlined in the ASTM Standard* on Petroleum Produrts. (2) The pour point temperature* are in Mint cate* lower than the rrystallirini point* due to the phenomenon of 'uper-coolinj." 30 TOWOLDMONOOQ6039 Solubility of Liquid Plasticizers in Organic Solvents and Oils TricresyJ Phosphate 8 Methyl Alcohol.. Ethyl Alcohol Butyl Alcohol. Acetone... Methyl Ethyl Ketone Ethyl Acetate.. Amvl Acetate.. .. Ethylene Dichloride. Trichlorethvlenc... Carbon Tetrachloride Chlorinated Paraffin Gasoline (Skellysolve E) Benzene ___ Xylene .... M onochlorobenzene o-I)ichlorobenzene.... Chlorinated Biphenyl (Arorlor 1212) ' Pine Oil........ Turpentine .......... 1.inseed Oil (Raw)....... Tung Oil...... .............. Soybean Oil ........................ ..... Perilla Oil.................. .... Castor Oil.................................. ..... M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M I I M M M M M M S I s I I M Santicizer* B-16 p-r, MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MI MM MM MM MM M-17 M M M M M M M M M M I I M M M M Phthulute l)iButyl I),. l)i. Ktlivl Methyl MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM M MM MMM MMM MMM MM i MMM MMM MMM MMM lilt4(1 s s M M M M M M M M M M M M M M MMMMMM M MM M M M MM MM SM M SM M S iMMMM M s i M M M \1 M s I M M S \1 M s iMMMM M s IMMMM M = Miscible I = Insoluble S = Soluble 37 TOWOLDMONOOQ6040 Solubilities of Solid Plasticizers in Organic Solvents (Grams Plasticizer per 100 cc. Solvent at 25 C.) Triplwuvl Phosphate Samim.or y SantimfT 10 Methyl Alcohol 1 Ain 1 Alcohol lintvl Alcohol \cetone Metln 1 I'Aln 1 Ketone 1 Ain 1 Acetate Ann 1 Acetate 1 Ain lene 1 liehloi'ide Triehlor Klhvlene Carbon Tetrachloride Benzene \ Wene Monoehlorobenzene o-l )iehhrnl>enzene Turpentine Pine Oil 1 .iiweil Oil (Kaw) Timp Oil So\ bean (til Perilla Oil (Castor (>il Mineral < )il (Chlorinated Bipheinl (\roelor 1212) Chlorinated ParaHin Gasoline (Skcll\ 1.) _ 335 160 133 340 ISO 270 ior, 100 310 240 330 230 340 320 36 120 13 22 12 12 27 <2 111 21 0- 37 v^ so 45 20 10 3 V. S. s. V. S. 6. V. s. s. V. s. s. V. S. 8. V. S. 8. V. 8. s. 5 V. s. 8. V. S. 8. V. S. S. V. 8. S. V. 8. 8. V. 8. 8. V. 8. V. S. 8. V. 8. 8. 20 13 12 22") 25(1 200 140 310 250 215 300 170 250 215 35 40 15 15 12 U 11 V. 8. S. 125 1 \. s. *. means ver\ slightly soluble. DiphenO IMiilmloif 12 1 215 1 10 05 25 180 120 7o 00 15 111) 1 10 10 22 12 13 10 10 10 < 0.5 00 25 0.5 an U6l<tAi>6 TOWOLDMONOOQ6041 Solubilities of Some Resins and Waxes in Dibutyl Phthalate and Santieizers B-16, E-15, and M-17 IWmt Dihutyl PbthalaU* K-l(> E-15 M-17 Alkyd Resins Phenolic Resins Virol Resins Polystyrene Sulfonamide Resins brea Resins Amberol...... lister Gum Rosin Shellac Manilla Gum ideini Gum Guin Arabic GurnGhati. Paraffin Wax Carnauba Wax SH s S s SH s s s S s s SH s s s SH . ............ s s s s .. . III1 s s s SH s s s SH .. . ... s ssS SH SH SH SH SH SH SH SH ...................... s s S SH ... ........................... ................ I II 1 I I Ii SH SH SSH SH SH SH SSH 1 1--Indicates that the material is insoluble. S--Indicates that the material is soluble. Where heating is necessary to obtain solution there is no separation on cooling. SH--Indicates that the material is soluble when hot but separates on cooling. SSI!--Indicates slight solubility when hot. 30 061 AS 7 TOWOLDMONOOQ6042 SUGGESTED Vh \sU 40 oai'i'fSa TOWOLDMONOOQ6043 Cellulose Slieiia< lflZER APPLICATIONS TOWOLDMONOOQ6044 TABLE OF CHARACTERISTIC! TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE SANTICIZER 3 SANTICIZER 8 SANTICIZER 9 santiciz: 10 Molecular Weight 368 326 199 199 171 262 Color and Form Colorless liquid White flakes White solid Light amber liquid Granules White cryst; Melting Point 48.5 C. 105 C. Boiling Point 295 C./13 mm 245" C.,'11 mm Crystallizing Point Non-cryst., solid at-35 C. 58 C. 51 C. Specific Gravity.. M65'20"C. 1.268 '60 C. 1.171 at 65765 C. 1.188/25" C. 1.313/25" C. 1.207 15'C Pounds pei Gallon. 9.7 10.5 9.76 9.9 10.9 10.06 Refractive Index 1.556 20 C, 1.522/65 C. Evaporation Rate 6ms/ sq. cm/hr/100o C.... 0.00000708 0.00000028 0.0002659 0.000053 at 56 C. Solubility in Water Less than 0.002% 0.001% at 34" C. 0.6% at 34 C. 0.13% at 23 0. 1% at 34 C. at 85 C. 0.002% at 54 C. 0.213% at 48 C. 0.0008% at 30 C. Retentivity in N/C(IJ . 100 plus too 100 25-30 50 Retentivity in Ac/C<?). 0 40-30 50 90 25-30 30 Light Fastness in N/CfSl -Pool Poor Poor Poor Poor Medium Light Fastness in Ac/C Fair Good Good Fire Retardation Excellent Excellent None None None None Toxicity11' See footnote .1' 1U riMiM I V IN MTKOC.ELU LOSE Hricrni\iM iii N'O anr drirriiiinrtl |v dirnolv ini- xriulml umotmi; of lln- |iIb|irirrr in i 15% .ol.H,..,, of K.S. >v KrroixJ \ C in a f.ilwrn conHl.ne ,f r.Hinl |.ri l.> i.ilunir of butyl crime MU.I toluene. I'rom ( Vt ...Uxiun.^.liy of approximate 0.01)1' ll.i.l r.c- were cni on < ii binet Hlicrr I lx rclulive Iminiiliiv uo verv tirarlv HK>%. nvitv if rxpr<-.c<l in part* of pJ*lirixrr per )00 purtr of rrnn li> xveifbt. Meafnreinrnl. were not made hr>ml lOOI'lllt. (2 RETENTIVITY IN CELLl LOSE ACETATK The relcnlivii) in Ae/C dnerniined > for N / C except llmi tlie filnie were im.de from ri 11.5 % M.lutbm of \c Cdi.,!` ed in melon*. It tbould l.e noi.nl Him ll,e rricntitiix in... ur. ron.idcrbl nli difference' in the moil not be contidrred absolute. I.H) LIGHT FASTNESS IN NITROCELLULOSE 42 0615500 TOWOLDMONOOQ6045 OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS SANTICIZER B-16 JJ6 Colorless liquid SANTICIZER E-15 280 Colorless liquid SANTICIZER M-17 266 Colorless liquid DIBUTYL PHTHALATE 278 Colorless liquid DIETHYL PHTHALATE 222 Colorless liquid DIMETHYL PHTHALATE 194 Colorless liquid DIPHENYL PHTHALATE 318 White powder ?]9C C./5 mm. Below --35 C. 190 C./5 mm. 20 C. 189 C./5 mm. Below --35 C. 206 C./20 mm. -35 C. 295 C. -0.3 C. 282 C. 0 c. 1.091/25" C. 9.1/ 1.490/25 C. ' 1,180/25 C. 9.84 1.498/25 C. 1.220/25 C. 10.2 1.504/25 C. 1.047/20 C. 8.75 1.490/25 C. 1.123/20 C. 9.35 1.503/20 C. 1.196/15.6 C. 10.0 1.515/20 C. 0.0000881 0.0001106 0.000221 10012% at 30 C. 0.0175% at 30 C. 0.09% at 30 C. m 20-30 Eicellent Excellent None 100 100 Excellent Excellent None 100 100 Excellent Excellent None 0.000221 0.001% at 30 C. 100 Less than 20 Excellent None 0.000617 0.058% at 30 C. 100 too Excellent Excellent None 0.001925 0.4% at 32 C. 0.6% at 63 C. 100 100 Excellent Excellent None 405 C. 69 C. 1.28/25 C. 10.68 1.572/74 C. Insol. 165 20 Poor None TOXICITY Th term. "toxic" and "non-toxic" arc. acicntifically apcaking. only relative. A product mar be kirmku if used uuder the condition* coni, "only prevailing in induatrial practice, but baaardoua if applied to sonic unmual application. In any propoaed uae where toxicity ia considered to he a factor, we suggest that you write for apecific information regarding the available toxicological data which may apply to 7<>ur problem. In general the poaaihle toxic effecta uf the product# diacoaaed in tin# booklet ")' be deacribed a# followi: The pbthalale eater. (Diphenyl, Dibnlyl, Diethyl end Dimethyl I'blbalatea) eeem aafe for all normal requirement#. The pbthalyl (ilycollate. (Sanlicieera hr the eafeot of any . F--15 and M-1T) seem to Triphenyl Phoapbate ia definitely a bacard in article* connected with the food indualry but otherwise aeema quite aafe. The toxicity of Tricreayl Phoapbate depend* upon the iaotueric form# present. The ortho iaomer ia considered the noil dangeroui. The para and meta iaomera appear to be much aafer and the ao<alled "non-toxic" (trade ia comtoaed of a mixture of these two. "'lricreavl Phosphate Monsanto" consists solely of this so-called "ortbo-frre" or "non-toxic" (trade. Sanlicieera B. V and It) seem to have ali|bl toxic properties and are not recommended for any use where they might be taken internally. The Santolite resins appear to be aafe lor all normal requirements. T||* Aroclors (see page* *9-59) must be considered toxic under some conditions of uae. They should not be used in connection with the food industry and continuous expoaurc in the liquid or vapor phase should be at oided. 43 06 LA46 i TOWOLDMONOOQ6046 The Santolites (Aryl Sulfonamide -- Formaldehyde Resins) The Santolites are condensation products of aryl sul fonamides and formaldehyde. They vary from bard brittle resins to soft sticky resins, which for ease of handling are cut with a sufficient amount of solvent to make them flow readily. They are exceptionally com patible with other resins and perform many functions of an unusual nature. . The Santolites increase the retentivity of cellulose acetate for plasticizers and tend to prevent separation and exudation. For example, in a mixture of 10 parts of cellulose acetate, 6 parts of Santicizer M-17 and 6 parts of Triphenyl Phosphate, the Triphenyl Phosphate would probably begin to separate out after a time. This could be prevented by adding to the composition. 3 parts of Santolitc resin. Furthermore, the addition of the Santolite would increase the flexibility of the product and permit reduction of the plasticizer content. The figures given are only approximate but illustrate the point. The Santolites make solutions of low viscosity. If one adds to a nitrocellulose solution of about spraying lacquer viscosity, a weight of Santolite MHP equal to 50% of the nitrocellulose present, there is essentially no increase in the viscosity of the solution. The addi tion of 100% of Santolite gives only a very slight increase in viscosity. Films composed of 2 parts of nitrocellulose and 1 part of Santolite MHP are much harder than films made without the use of Santolite. Equal parts of nitro cellulose and Santolite MHP produce films of about the same hardness as though no Santolite were present. The addition of a plasticizer reduces the hardness of such films but a mixture of 10 parts of nitrocellulose, 8 parts of Santolite MHP and 3 parts of Santicizer B-16 gives films of nearly the same hardness as though they were of nitrocellulose alone but with increased flexibility. The Santolites increase the moisture resistance of nitrocellulose films. An amount equal to 50% of the nitrocellulose weight reduces the moisture penetration to about one-third of that of a straight nitrocellulose film of the same thickness. The Santolites are soluble in and slowly decomposed by alkali solutions. They are not soluble in varnish and paint oils. The Santolites are compatible with vegetable proteins (corn or soybean) but do not of themselves act as plasticizers. Mixtures of the Santolites with liquid plasticizers (for example Santolite MS with 50% of its weight of Santicizer B-16) do, however, impart excellent flexibility. The particular Santolite and the kind and amount of plasticizer will be governed by the degree of flexibility and other properties desired. The Santolites increase the flexibility and toughness of ethyl cellulose. This is unusual in that thev do not have a comparable effect on cellulose nitrate or acetate. The Santolites are also compatible with polwiml acetate resins, increasing the flow at elevated tempera tures and improving the workability. In this they are materially aided by the addition of plasticizers, the solid plasticizers giving especially interesting combina tions. Such mixtures are conveniently made by simply heating and mixing, thereby avoiding the use of volatile solvents. Of the solid plasticizers, Santicizer 10 produces the greatest effect. Diphenyl Phthalate next and Santicizer 9 the least. When heated, the Santolites give off a small amount of formaldehyde. They become harder, the melting point is raised slightly, and subsequent evolution of formalde hyde takes place only at higher temperatures. Nitro cellulose lacquers containing Santolite are not especially resistant to heat even though the Santolite may have previously been heated to a relatively high temperature. Compositions containing both nitrocellulose and Santo lite resins should not be subjected to temperatures much above 80 C. or rapid decomposition of the nitrocellulose may occur. Although the Santolite resins themselves may have a very slight odor of formaldehyde, that odor will not be present in compositions of Santolites with cellulose esters or ethers. The Santolite resins are more light-stable than many of the natural resins such as rosin, ester gum. elemi or damar. 44 0614462 TOWOLDMONOOQ6047 The Santolites are valuable as ingredients of heat sealing lacquers. Thev should be used in conjunction with a plasticizer, either liquid or solid, and by varying the amounts of plasticizer and resin, the temperature at which heat-sealing is obtained can be raised or lowered as desired. As an example, a lacquer containing 100 parts (by weight) of nitrocellulose, 75 parts Santolite MHP and 75 parts Santicizer H-16 gives excellent sealing at 103 C. If the resin and plasticizer are each reduced to 50 parts, a temperature of about 113 C. is required. When 100 parts of Santolite MHP and 50 parts of Santicizer 13-10 to 100 parts of nitrocellulose are used, again the sealing is excellent at 103 C. but if 100 parts of B-16 and 50 parts of MHP are used, the heat-sealing properties are poor even at 113 C. Solid plasticizers usually necessitate the use of sealing temperatures about 10 C. higher than are required by the same amounts of liquid plasticizers. Santolite K requires a lower proportion of plasticizer than Santolites MS or MHP. The solubility of Santolites in various compounds is given on page 48. 60 lbs. cans (inch) Appearance and Color.......bight colored viscous liquid. Free flowing above 20 C. Color not darker than AP11A 70 when 25 cc. of sample is dissolved in 35 cc. of normal butyl acetate. Butyl Acetate (by weight) ........................ 19.0 to 21.0'( Composition (by weight).... 80f;/c Santolite MS 20( c Butvl Acetate (Tolerances--19-21', solvent) Santolite MS Sp. Gr. (a 25 25 C. Ref. Ind. (a 25 C. 1.2098 .1.5448 (approx.) r^/tecf^ica/ion^ 540 lbs. net. Mon-returnable galvanized drums. Appearance and Color Pale yellow viscous resin Color of Benzene Solution (25 gins, in 50 cc.) APHA 70 max. Solution in benzene (1:5) ...........................................Clear Solution in benzene (4:0).... Mo crystalline deposit in 24 hours. Refractive Index at 50 C..................... 1.5690-- 1.5720 Santolite MS is a soft, practically colorless resin made by the condensation of formaldehyde with aromatic sulfonamides. At temperatures above 50 C. it is a viscous liquid. This resin, like all the Santolites, is compatible with both nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate and, being a 45 061*. *,6 J TOWOLDMONOOQ6048 solvent for both, it can be used in any proportion. It forms brittle compositions with both these esters but the addition of a plasticizer makes such combinations permanently flexible. It is easily soluble in the common organic solvents and thinners except petroleum hydro* carbons. It is insoluble in varnish and paint oils. Santolite MS is excellent for water-white lacquers which will not be exposed to extreme weather condi tions, its high gloss and lack of color being unusual in the resin field. To facilitate handling, this resin is also supplied as a solution containing 80rc Santolite MS and 20f/c butyl acetate. This is known as "Santolite MS-80% solu tion" and is a free flowing liquid at temperatures above 20 C. It weighs about 10.1 lbs. per gallon. Santolite MIII* SfoecifiiceUionb Santolite MHP is similar to MS in characteristics, except that it is a much harder resin, softening at about 62 C. and being brittle at normal temperatures. It is nearly colorless and is well adapted to specialty lacquers, fabric coatings, molding compositions and the like. Being incompatible with drying oils it cannot be used as a varnish material. Exceptional features of this resin are the ease with which it may be worked into practically any formula using a cellulose ester and the wide variation of properties obtained by its use. Its high degree of solubility makes very concentrated solutions possible and its extreme compatibilitv with plasticizers and cellulose esters removes much of the danger of blushing, sweating and separation. Santolite MHP can be used in spraying, dipping or brushing lacquers to make clear, colorless, odorless coatings of good gloss and adhesion. It does not materially increase the viscosity of the solution and permits the building up of a high solids content in the lacquer. It is compatible with all the common plasti cizers. Although Santolite MHP, when used alone, does not plasticize cellulose esters, it does increase the flexibility of ethyl cellulose and produces very tough pliable compositions of great clarity and brilliance. Appearance....................Hard, practically colorless resin Color of Solution .. (25 gms. in 75 gms. of 26 butyl acetate) APHA 80 max. Refractive Index at 25 C. (25 gms. in 75 gms. of 20 butyl acetate) ................... 1.4280-1.4310 Penetration (200 gm. load for 5 seconds at 25 C.) 2.0 mm. max. Santolite K 9D<m/a*nete 60 lbs. cans (inch) Appearance. ...................Clear, light yellow, sticky resin Color ... Santolite K Color Standard* 2.5 max. 40 06 1 6 4 TOWOLDMONOOQ6049 Kefractivo Index al 50 ('. \<id Number 1.5330.1.5390 10 ina\. Comparable in depth of color but not in shade to the Gardner 1933 Standard. Santolite K-5 (lD<mdaineb& 55*gal. drums (approx. 500 lb.) (one time shippers.) 5*gal. tins (approx. 45 lbs.), (inel.) Santolite K is a soft sticky resin with the qualities of both the sulfonamide and alkyd types. It is compatible with cellulose esters and ethers. Santolite K has plasticizing properties of itself but for most purposes additional plasticizer is desirable and Santicizer M-17 is recommended, although others may be used ad vantageously. Santolite K is soluble in practically all common organic solvents except the petroleum hydrocarbons. It is not compatible with drying oils so cannot be used in oil varnishes. Santolite K has a better light stability than the other Santolites and is of special value for increasing the resistance to moisture penetration of cellulose ester compositions. Appearance....................Clear, light yellow, stick' resin Color...... ............... Santolite K Color Standard 2.5 max. Refractive Index at 50 C. 1.5420-1.5520 Acid Number................... 10 max. 500 IbB. net. Non-returnable galvanized drums. Santolite K*5 differs from Santolite K chiefly in being somewhat harder at normal temperatures, and having less plasticizing action. The addition to Santolite K-5 of 25% to 30% by weight of a liquid plasticizer such as Santicizer M*17 will give a product almost identical in characteristics to Santicizer K. 47 0614465 TOWOLDMONOOQ6050 Solubility of Santolites Alcohol Keters...... . Ketones............................ Aromatic Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Arctic Acid Glxcerine . . Drving Oils Fattv Acids . Vinvl Resins .......... Shellac..... Paraffin................................. Carnauha Vi ax Aroclor Resins.................................. ................Soluble. Films from solutions in all alcohols except methvl are permanently wet or tackv. From methvl alcohol they harden slowly. ................Soluble. Films from such solutions drv hard. . Soluble. Films from such solutions drv hard. ................ Soluble. Films from such solutions drv hard. Insoluble. Santolites produce coatings which are not attacked hv gasoline or related products. ........ Soluble if the acid is over 72% (bv weight) concentration. ..............Soluble. Heat 1 part bv weight of Santolite MHP in 2 pari* of glycerine at 120 C. until dissolved. Then adjust the solution to the desired concentration bv adding more glveerinc or Mill*. Insoluble. ............. Miscible. ................. Miscible. ................Miscible. ........ Insoluble. Insoluble. ............ Partial!) soluble. 100 grams of Aroclor 4465 will dissolve 4 grams of Santolite MS. 100 grams of Santolite MS will dissolve 30 grams of Aroclor 4465. Table of Characteristics of Santolites MS MHP K Color and Form Flow Point* Flash Point . Specific Gravity. Kcfractivc Index ............... .......... .... Soluhilitx in Organic Solvents.. Solubility in Drying Oils Ketentivitv(*) in N/C... Hctcntivity(3) in Ac C Acid JS'umber . .......... >lio k Color Smndgrd. 1 lo the Cirdnrr 1933 Si* ilic hydrocarbon* ennuini Ird h) drocarbon. Soft, pale \ellow resin 295 F. 1.355 at 25 C. 1.5690 to 1.5720 at 50 C. Insol. Gasoline Insol. Over 100 Over 100 ... Neutral Hard, brittle, nearly colorless lumps 310 F. 1.35 (approx.) 1.5080 to 1.5110 (25% in toluene) Insol. Gasoline In6ol. Over 100 Over 100 Neutral Soft, viscous resin; \o. 5 max. color(') Flows slow)\ at 30 C. 400 F. 1.307 at 25 C. 1.5370 0.003 at 50 C. (approx.) Insol. Gasoline Sol. in other organic sol vents^) Lnsol. Over 100 Over 100 10 max. in depth 0f color centoftnalcoli.il. (I) Retrntivity it given in parti per 100 parta by weight of the N/C or Ac * W hile Santolile* MS and K can beat be removed from container* by warming 10 the flow point, Santoliie MHP i ben removed by chilling and ibrn breaking into lumpa by itriking ibe aidea of the container. 48 061AA66 TOWOLDMONOOQ6051 The Aroclors (Chlorinated Biphenyls) General Properties The Aroclor. range in form and appearance from mobile oily liquids to fine white crystals and hard transparent resins. They are non-oxidizing, permanently thermo* plastic, of low volatility and non-corrosive to metals. They are not hydrolyzed by water or alkalies. The viscous liquids and the resins will not support combus tion. The crystalline Aroclors are relatively insoluble, but the liquid and resinous products are soluble in most of the common organic solvents, thinners, and oils. The main exceptions are that all the Aroclors are insoluble' in water, glycerine or glycols and Aroclor 5460 is insoluble in the lower molecular weight alcohols. Aroclor 4465 is only partly soluble in the lower alcohols. The liquid and viscous resins are light in color while the hard resins are yellow. For almost every Aroclor described in this booklet there is a dark-colored grade of otherwise approximately the same physical and chemical characteristics. These darker products carry a lower price and can frequently be used where color is not important. The excellent electrical properties, fire resistance and inertness of the Aroclors make them useful in many applications not mentioned in this booklet. The information assembled here is restricted to that which is considered pertinent to the plastic and coating fields only. The properties imparted by the Aroclors and their usefulness for particular applications vary in regular gradients over the series so the selection of the right Aroclor for a specific use can generally be made simply by a comparison of the physical properties of the several Aroclors. . 49 Ob 17 TOWOLDMONOOQ6052 GENERAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Form .......................................................... Aroclor 1221 Colorless mobile oil Aroclor 1232 Aroclor 1242 Aroclor 1248 Practically Practically Yellow tinted colorless mobile colorless mobile oily liquid oil oil Aroclor Light \ellov viscous oil Color--N PA 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 1.0 max. Acidity--Maximum (Mgm. KOH per Gm.) . 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Coefficient of Expansion ............... pc 'cc C. cc cc F. Density-- Specific Gravity 25 25C. (77 77F.) Pounds per Gallon--25U(J. (77VF.) 0.000707 (15-40C.) 0.000392 (50M04#F.) 1.177 to 1.187 9.82 0.000725 (25-100C.) 0.000402 (77-212F.) 1.262 to 1.272 10.51 0.000678 (25-65C.) 0.000377 (77"-149F.) 1.378 to 1.388 11.50 0.000702 (25-65C.) 0.000389 (77-149F.) 1.447 to 1.457 12.08 0.000661 (25-65C.. 0.000367 (77-149F. 1.538 to L>4 12.83 Distillation Ranch--ASTM D*20 Mod..C. F. Evaporation Loss--ASTM D-6 Mod. 163C....................... ..........5 hr*. ]00C.. 6 hr*. 2756-330C. Corr. 527-626F. Corr. -- 1.0 to 1.5 Flash Point--Cleveland Open Cup.............C. 140.6C. F. 285.0F. 290-325C. Corr. 554-617F. Corr. -- 1.0 to 1.5 152-154C. 305-310F. 322-36$C. Uncorr. 612-689F. Uncorr. 3.04 to 3.64 -- 176"-180C. 348-356F. 330-370C. Uncorr. 626-698F. Uncorr. 3.0 to 4.0 - 193M96*C. 379-384F. 365-390C. 689-734F. 1.06 to 1.2# 0.4 None Fire Point--Cleveland Open Cup C. 176.7C. F. 350.0F. 238C. 460F. 334C. 633F. None None Pour Point--ASTM C. Crystals at 1C. F. Crystals at 34*F. --35.5C. --32F. --17.7 to --20.7C. --0.2 to --5.2F. --7C. 19.4F. 8 lo 12C 46 to 54F Softening Point--ASTM C. - - - - F. Refractive Index--Ddine--20C. 1.617-1.618 1.620-1.622 1.627-1.629 1.630-1.631 1.637-1.639 at 25C. Viscosity--Savbolt Universal 210CF. (98.9C.) Sec. (ASTM--D-88) .. 130 F. (54.4 C.) 100F. (37.8C.) 30.5 35.4 40.2 31.0-32.0 39.0-41.0 47.6-50.0 34.0-34.6 49-56 80-93 36.0-37.0 69-78 185-240 43.5-48.5 260-440 1800-3800 50 06 1 <*46 8 TOWOLDMONOOQ6053 OF SOME OF THE AROCLORS tROCLOR 1260 Aroclor 3262 Ahoclor 1268 Ahoclor 1270 Liflit yellow Jt Micky rrin Light vcllow sticky clear resin Pale yellow opaque brittle resin While cryetaline powder Ahoclor 4465 Yellow trans parent brittle resin Aroclor 5442 Yellow trans parent sticky resin Aroclor 5460 Yellow trans parent resin Aroclor 2565 Hrown-ldaek opaque resin 1.2 max. 1.5 max. - 2.0 max. U.C 0.02 0.175 0.05 0.028 0.07 1.26 0.000640 (25-90C.) 0.000355 (77-mF.) 0.000611 (25-65C.) 0.000339 (77-149F.) 0.00123 (25-99C.) 0.000683 (77-210F.) 0.00179 (25-124cC.) 0.000994 (77-255F.) 0.0006.56 (25~65CG) 0.000364 (77C-149F.) 1.018 lo 1.629 1.646 to 1.638 1.801 to 1.811 1.914 to 1.960 13.30 18.72 IS.13 16.24 1.712 to 1.723 14,28 I.432 to 1.447 II.96 1.740 to 1.745 14.50 1.724 to 1.710 14.41 383M20<:. 788F. 373~404C. Uncorr. 703-759K. Uncorr. -- 450--160C. 812-860F. Requires vacuum Requires vacuum Requires vacuum Requires vacuum - "O III 0.2 ^`mr 0.48 to 0.56 0.15 to 0.24 0.0 to 0.1 None None .None 0.23 to 0.29 None 2.0 0.012 247C. 477F. 0.025 1.51 to 1.71 (t 260`--S hr.) None 0.21 to 0.21 None :V 1" 3(,C. u,o:r. None None Notte None > 350C. > 662F. None None 34.0 to 38.0C. -- 46C. 05 to 100.4F. -- 115F. - - -- 135 to 160CC. (hold pt.) 275 to 320Ir. (hold pt.) 294 to 300 C. (hold pt.) 561 to 572F. (hold pt.) 60 to 66 C. 110 to 15TF. 48.5 to 53C. 119 to 127F. 100 to 105.5C. 66 t< 72(7. 212 to 222 F. 149 m I62F. 1.6501-1.6517 - - 1.664-1.667 - 1.660 (.665 2f,(HjA300 --- 00-103 - 600-850 at 160F. -- .. - - 02-156 (2l>ti`K- or 1H0*C ) 313.5 51 0bl*,<t69 TOWOLDMONOOQ6054 Chlorine Content of Pure Chlorinated Biphenyls* Chlorinated Biphenyl c Chlorine Monochlorbiphenvl Dichlorobiphenyl Trichlorobiphenvl Tetrachlorobiphenvl Pentachlorobiplienvl Hexachlorobiphcnvl Hcptachlorobiphenyl Octarhlorobiphenyl Nonachlorobiphenvl Decachlorobiphenyl 71.1 18.8 36.8 41.4 48.6 54.4 59.0 62.8 65.9 . ' 68.8 *The Aroclors are mixtures of two or more cblorobiphenvls and some contain chlorinated terphenyls. Aroclors. Although every Aroelor is not included, the chart covers a sufficient range and displayed such definite trends as to permit assumptions to be made regarding others of the series. Fig. 9 Specific Volume Ofafoclop /243 rnl./gm. The Aroclors are compatible with most of the common plastic materials (see compatibility table on this page). The degree of flexibility imparled by the Aroclors diminishes progressively in the order of liquid Aroelor* soft resin-hard resin. The hardness of the resulting compositions increases in the same order. Usually a satisfactory balance between flexibility and hardness can be obtained either by selecting the Aroelor of proper physical characteristics or by using a mixture of two or more Aroclors. The following compatibility chart will give a fairly good idea of what may be expected from any one of the Tempepptupe Deopees c. Nitrocellulose Cellulose Acetate Cellulose Acetopropionate . Cellulose Acetobutvrate Kthyl Cellulose Benzyl Cellulose Polyvinyl Acetate Polyvinyl Formal . Polyvinyl Acetal Polyvinyl Butyral . Polystyrene... . Chlorinated Rubber ... Compatibility Table______________________________________ 1242 1254 1262 4465 5460 100 PHR 100 PHR 50 PHR I II Cc I I C <: 50 PHR 1 I c: <: C c c ccCcc c 100 PHR I I I c C 100 PHR 50 PIIR 50 PHR c c C 100 PHR 100 PHR c c 100 100 PHR 100 PHR c <: c C C c c c -C c C--Compatible in ail proportions I--Incompatible PIIR--Parts of Aroelor by weight per 100 parts plastic base. The Aroclors are compatible also with coumarone-indene resins, ester gum, rosin, damar, rubber, asphalt, paraffin and sulfur. They are compatible with "A*' and "B" stage phenolics but not with the completely cured resin. Aroclors are incompatible with manilla gum. 52 061^A 70 TOWOLDMON0006055 Solubility of Aroclors in 100 Milliliters of \ ariou* Solvent Aroclor Type of Sol\ ent * 12-12 Cold 1248 Cold ll,,t !-'>! C-..I.I I lot >-'> Cm.,I Mot Arid Aortic Arid.. s Oleic Ariel ...... Benzoic Acid ........... 10.0 3>*<- Aldehyde V)% Formaldehyde......... Furfural.......... Amine I VS Aniline.......... Pyridine......... ........... Chloro -- derivative . 132..V 3uV 440 09'f Aiuvl chloride* -- mixed Carhou 'Petrachloride (ihloroform .............. Dielilorethvlene Elhvlcnr Dichloride Monochlorobenzeue........ (trlhodjrhlorobcntene Tetrachlorethane..... Trichlorethane.... S Trichlorelhylene..... Drying Oil Tung Oil ...... Linseed Oil Eater Amyl Acetate...... S Butyl Acetate......... Cellosolve Acrlale. Cottonseed Oil ...... Dibutyl Phtbalate Diethyl Phthalate F.lhyl Acetate...... . Ftiiyl Lactate .......... Lthvleue Glvcol Diacelate Methyl Acetate Tricrenvl Phosphate . Kther: Ethyl Ether Ether Alcohol Carhitol..... Cellosolve. S S S S S S S S S S . 224 *>`c 30" 0!,v .S S vs s Diethvlene Glveol --- ,,.p' Dihydroxy Eihjl Ether.... 16.9 23*c 19 ss Hydrocarbon Benzene ................. Gasoline.............. Kerosene......... Mineral Spirit* Paraffin Pine Oil......... ' Toluene............. Turpentine Xylene................. . VS AS AS VS 2.0 27-5*cs VS . VS vs vs vs vs vs s s vs vs Vs vs vs vs vs 2.0 28N vs vs vs vs AS VS vs VS VS vs ss \s VS VS VS VS VS Hydroxy -- derivative Amyl Alcohol .... S n-Buty) Alcohol..... Kthyl Alcohol (3-A). Glycerin................ Methyl Alcohol Phenol --90%...... 23.3 29*c 80.0 TM*<'I1 42.5 29`c 88.3 ., 194 **c S 10 I 28 "\\ I 22.2 8S*C- Ketone Acetone ....................... s SS Miscellaneous Carbon Disulfide Nitrobenzene............ Water....................... ss ss I II 1 -- Insoluble SS -- Slightly Soluble VS -- Very Soluble Figures show grams of Aroclor per 100 milliliters of solvent at 25C. unless otherwise indicated 53 P>"> (,,!.| II-,: SS S s VS II \s vs vs \S AS AS A S VS VS Vs AS AS VS Vs AS AS VS Vs VS VS VS AS VS A S VS As AS AS AS VS VS VS VS AS vs vs S As s vs S vs S AS VS AS vs vs ss ss s ss s s ss vs vs vs AS < 5.0 s VS VS AS s ss ss 1 ss vs vs vs vs s s As AS AS s s -1 - SS VS VS VS 1I 061^471 TOWOLDMONOOQ6056 DIAGRAMS SHOWING PRACTICAL COMPOSITION For combinations where the resin is ester gum or Amberol and where the Aroclor is Aroelor 1254 or Aroclor 1262. 54 061^72 TOWOLDMONOOQ6057 OF LACQUERS USING AROCLORS 1254 AND 1262 In the trilinear diagrams the compositions, represented b\ anv point in the unshaded areas, are those which produce homogeneous lacquer films. On the other hand composi tions represented by points in the shaded area? produce impractical, segregated, brittle or soft films. For detailed information as to the derivation and use of these diagrams reference is made to the following articles: Jenkins & Foster, "Compatibility Relationships of the Aroclors in Nitrocellulose Lacquers," Ind. Eng. Chem. 23, 13(>2 (1931). ' Hofmann & Reid, "Graphical Methods in Lacquer Technology," Ind. Eng. Chem. 20, 431 (1928); "Formulation of Nitrocellulose Lacquers," Ind. Eng. Chem. 20, 687 (1928). 55 061 <,4 73 TOWOLDMONOOQ6058 Va p o r P r e s s u r e - Fig. 10 56 TOWOLDMONOOQ6059 SUGGESTED USES FOR AROCLORS Nitrocellulose Coatings The Aroclors function both as plasticizers and resins and inay be used alone with the nitrocellulose or in combinations with other plasticizers or resins. They impart weather resistance, luster, adhesion and de creased burning rate. Their excellent electrical char* acteristics (high dielectric constant and resistivity and low power factor) and their property of retarding* the passage of moisture and gases through nitrocellulose films make the Aroclors of special value in coatings for electrical insulating materials. The accompanying trilinear diagrams show the practi cal compatibility limits of Aroclors 1254 and 1262 when used in conjunction with some other resins and plasticizers. Aroclor 1260 gives values almost the same as those shown for 1262. The legs viscous Aroclors have greater and the more resinous Aroclors less compati bility than for those showrn. (See trilinear diagrams on pages 54 and 55.) To illustrate the differences possible to obtain by changes in formulation, three formulas are given below. All have excellent durability but the third is much softer and more flexible than the other two. Onlv the solids contents are given. The amounts tabulated are parts bv weight. Aroclor Lacquers No. 1 second Nitrocellulose (drv) Damar resin................................ Ester Gum...... Aroclor 1260........... Dibutvl Phthalate........... Tricresyl Phosphate.......... 100 80 -- 20-39 20- 0 -- No. 2 100 __ 80 20 20 -- No. 3 100 __ -- 80-70 -- 39-70 No. 1 and No. 2 have excellent sanding and polishing qualities. No. 3 is very flexible but too soft for sanding. Where extremely high flexibility is desired, as for example in lacquers for high tension automotive cables, the following composition is suggested: 15--20 sec. R. S. Nitrocellulose......... .8 parts by weight Tricresyl Phosphate.... ....................... 10 parts by weight Aroclor 1242......................................... 7 parts by weight Fig. 11 06 1*1*1 7 5 TOWOLDMONOOO6O6O Chlorinated Rubber Finishes Aroclors 1242, 1254 and 1260 are recommended as plasticizers for chlorinated rubber. They give tough flexible compositions and may be used alone or together with the resins and oils commonly employed in chlori nated rubber formulations. From 40 to 60 PIIR are suggested. The Aroclors arc especially valuable as finishes for alkaline surfaces such as concrete, brick, stucco, etc., and for acid and alkali-resistant coatings. Etbyl Cellulose The Aroclors are very compatible with ethxl cellulose, the liquids imparting flexibility and the resinous products, hardness. 75 PIIR of Aroclor 1242 produces great flexibility and just a slight tackiness. Aroclor 5460 in the same proportion produce? a very hard and somewhat brittle composition. Aroclor 4465 produce* hard films which are not brittle at ordinary tempera tures. For coatings of high gloss and exceptional weathering qualities, to be applied to rigid surfaces, composition? containing equal parts by weight of Aroclor 5160 and ethyl cellulose are suggested. If greater flexibility is required, one of the softer Aroclors should be used, either alone or as a replacement for part of the Aroclor 5460 and the proportion of Aroclor should be decreased. Inks The Aroclors are used as vehicles for carrying pigments used in glass decoration. When the decorations have been applied and the glass is fired, the Aroclors vola tilize without carbonization and thus avoid discolora tion of the glass. Aroclors 1251 and 4465 arc used. Moisture Proofing For use as moisture-proof coalings, the Aroclors arc best combined with waxes, such as paraffin or carnauha, oils such as mineral oil. and resins such as ester gum or other synthetic resins. The simplest compositions contain only Aroclor and paraffin. A moisture-proofing compound composed of 96% (by weight) of Aroclor 5160 and 4% of paraffin (melting point 54 C.) ha? an ASTM softening point of about 82 C. and i? very efficient. Substituting Aroclor 4465 for Aroclor 5160 produce? a compound with a softening point of about 58 C. Softening point and viseosit\ when melted ina' be further decreased bv using mixture? of Aroclors. For example, a composition containing 10' , of Aroclor 1260, 56f '(. of Aroclor 5460 and 4% of paraffin will he very soft at ordinary temperatures. Increased propor tions of paraffin will also produce softer compound-. Impregnation The Aroclors may be u&ed to impregnate cloth, paper, wood or asbestos in order to impart moisture and gas resistance, adhesion, insulating properties, alkali or other chemical resistance, flame resistance, or lubri cating qualities. For tins type of work thev are used in combinations with other materials such as waxes, inorganic pigments, asphalt, tars, aluminum stearate, sulphur, etc. in order to obtain exactly the physical characteristics desired for the specific purpose. Aroclors 1254, 4465 and 5460 or the corresponding dark-colored products are suggested as most applicable. Mold Lubricants Recause of their inertness and low volatility, the Aroclors are excellent mold lubricants. As an example the addition of 1% of Aroclor 1242 or 5160 to a polyvinyl formal resin increases the. ease of molding operation as well a? improves the appearance of the molded pieces. The Aroclors are equally applicable to other molding compositions, the particular one to be selected and the method of use being governed, of course, b\ the molding material and the conditions of operation. 58 061't?7o TOWOLDMONOOQ6061 1`iiinls nuri Vnrnishos The Aroclors arc soluble in paint ami varnish oils and impart properties corresponding to the physical character of the particular Aroclor. The hard resinous Aroclors tend to give increased hardness to the films while the viscous resins impart flexibility. . The Aroclors do not react chemically with oils, hence there is no advantage in heating together in making a varnish. They are best added as a "chill back" or as a cold cut in the thinning operation. As far as incorpora* lion of the Aroclors is concerned, the only reason for heating is to make the Aroclors liquid so that they can he readily mixed with the oils. Aroclors 4465 and 5160 will produce paints that are very quick drying and \et have excellent durability. The weight of Aroclor used should be from 30% to 50% of the weight of the oils. Aroclor 1260 is best for short oil varnishes that are required at the same lime to be flexible. The Aroclor may be considered to plav the same role as oil. with the difference that it does not oxidize and lose its flexibility on exposure. Resins of the alkyd, phenolic or ester gum t> pc or a harder Aroclor such as 5460 may be used in making varnish formulations. It is suggested that for two parts b> weight of oil, one part of Aroclor 1260 and one part of varnish resin be used. These propor tions can be varied as required. The Aroclors impart water and alkali resistance and in these qualities en hance the value of the other resi6 used in the varnish. IMgment Aroclor 1270 is a hard, white crystalline product of high melting point, insoluble in most solvents, resistant to chemicals and to oxidation. When ground to a fine powder it makes an excellent organic pigment for use with the various plastics. It may be used alone or with eou\ cntiotial pigments. Rubber and Rubber Substitutes The Aroclors, when in a liquid condition, have a solvent action on rubber. Aroclors 1254 and 1260 are milled into rubber in order to impart permanent tackiness and adhesion. A small amount of Aroclor 1260 added to hard rubber acts as a plasticizer and reduces the brittleness. Aroclor 1270, being a hard crystalline material of high melting point, can be ground to a powder and then milled into rubber. The milling temperature being below the melting point of the Aroclor, the latter U dispersed through the mass of rubber and acts as an efficient flame reducer. This same procedure can be used with the so-called synthetic rubbers (such as neoprene) to impart fire-proofness. From 5 to 25 PHR of Aroclor 1270 are required. Vinyl Resins The Aroclors are compatible with all the vinyl resins. The properties imparted depend upon the particular Aroclor and the vinyl resin used. The selection of the correct Aroclor for a particular use can usually be made bv consideration of the physical properties of the Aroclor series. 50 061447? TOWOLDMONOOQ6062 I'hf information contained in this booklet is, to our best knowledge, true and accurate, but all recommendations or suggestions are made without guarantee or liability on our part, since the conditions of use are beyond our control. Furthermore, nothing contained herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use anv prod uct or process in conflict with existing patents. Monsanto Chemical Company ORGANIC CHEMICALS DIVISION St. Louis, L. S. A. 0O1AA76 TOWOLDMONOOQ6063 Monsanto Chemicals Plastics 061AA79 TOWOLDMONOOQ6064