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TECHN CA r -# v bulletin INTRODUCING SANTOTRAC* a new synthetic lubricant from MONSANTO TECHNICAL BULLETIN IC/FF-28 * Trademark of Monsanto Co. Monsanto TOWOLDMON0024233 WATER_PCB-00008702 INTRODUCING SANTOTRAC* a new synthetic lubricant from MONSANTO TECHNICAL BULLETIN IC/FF-23 * Trademark of Monsanto Co. "Nothing contained herein is to be construed as a recommendation to use an/ product in conflict with any patent. MONSANTO MAKES NO WARRANTIES AS TO THE FITNESS OR MERCHANTABILITY OP ANY PRODUCT REFERRED TO, no guarantee of satisfactory results from reliance upon contained information or recommendations, and disclaims all liability foi any resulting loss or damage." Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Co A Unit of Monsanto Company 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis. Mo. 83166 0157919 | TOWOLDMON0024234 WATER_PCB-00008703 CONTENTS Page No. INTRODUCING SANTOTRAC ................................................................ 1 HOW SANTOTRAC WAS DEVELOPED ................................................. 1 THEORY OF TRACTION IN A LUBRICANT..................................... 2 TRACTION DRIVES................................................................................. 5 THE PROPERTIES OF SANTOTRAC ................................................. 7 SANTOTRAC LUBRICATING OILS ..................................... 9 SANTOTRAC GREASES ........................................................... 12 TRACTION QUALITIES ........................................................ 13 STABILITY AND SERVICE LIFE..................................... 16 LUBRICATING QUALITIES ................................................. 16 SHEAR STABILITY & ANTI-FOAM PROPERTIES.......... 17 RUST PROTECTION ................................................................ 17 SANTOTRAC MATERIALS COMPATIBILITY .................................. 18 SAFETY IN HANDLING.................................................. 18 PERFORMANCE BENEFITS OF SANTOTRAC.IN A TRACTION DRIVE ................................................................................. 20 GAIN IN FATIGUE LIFE OF ROLLING CONTACT ELEMENTS ............................................................................................... 22 SANTOTRAC FILM THICKNESS & PRESSURE VISCOSITY PROPERTIES .................................................................. 22 SANTOTRAC PERFORMANCE IN A TRACTION DRIVE................. 25 0 # 0 TOWOLDMON0024235 WATER_PCB-00008704 -1- INTRODUCING SANTOTRAC SANTOTRAC is a new family of synthetic hydrocarbon lubricating oils and greases developed by Monsanto. SANTOTRAC offers the same excellent properties as petroleum base products and In addition offers: higher temperature operation greater lubricant film thickness increased fatigue life of rolling contact bearings increased power transmission in lubricated rolling "friction" (traction) drives. HDW SANTOTRAC WAS DEVELOPED Modern technology calls for high speed, heavy duty, low noise, precision equipment with long service life and high reliability. Great strides have been made in recent years in equipment to achieve this performance in varied automotive, aircraft and industrial applications. Vacuum metallurgy, use of computers in design and precision machining have all aided these advances. Rolling contact traction drives appear to have many of the features desired for modern power transfer. To improve their performance and to make them economically feasible for higher horsepower and more broad use, it was necessary that lubricants be developed which improve the per formance of these drives over use of petroleum lubricating oils. This was the challenge to lubricant manufacturers and Monsanto met that challenge with the development of SANTOTRAC - a family of synthetic hydrocarbon lubricating oils and greases having high coefficients traction, good lubricating properties and ' excellent stability over a wide range of operating con ditions. 0ib792l TOWOLDMON0024236 WATER_PCB-00008705 -2THEORY OF TRACTION IN A LUBRICANT Traction in a lubricant is a relatively new concept for engineers although a very important one. Friction is a familiar term when considering one surface sliding over another. This friction is undesirable and can be re duced by use of lubricants, often containing "oiliness" agents. This is a practice that has been known and used for many years. Traction is different phenomenon. It is important in the lubri cation of rolling contact elements that are transmitting power. It actually refers to the resistance to shear and slip of the lubricant film separating tKe~roIling members, rather than the friction of sliding metal surfaces themselves. High traction is a desirable property of lubricants for traction drives. . In traction drives the tangential force or torque transferred between rolling contact surfaces is proportional to the co efficient of traction and the normal load (force) between the surfaces. Therefore, it is desirable for this coefficient to be as high as possible. High coefficient of traction is an inherent property of a lubricant base oil related to the shape and behavior of the molecules themselves. SANTOTRAC synthetic hydrocarbon lubri cants have the molecular properties that produce high traction coefficients. The traction phenomenon occurs in the elastohydrodynamlc regime of lubrication - regime in which loads are too high for a thick hydrodynamic film to exist, yet with proper surface finish not necessarily'high enough for metal to metal boundary contact. Original theories assumed that metal to metal contact was the mechanism for force transmission in rolling contact with the lubricant acting primarily as a coolant. However, experi mental measurements of lubricant film thickness reveal that a lubrication regime exists between hydrodynamic and boundary lubrication. It is called elastohydrodynamlc lubrication. In this regime, where traction drives operate, the metals are ' in elastic deflection about 1000 micro inches and film thick ness of the lubricant is reduced to only 20 to 30 micro Inches. Several theories have been proposed to explain the property of high traction in a lubricant. The leading theory suggests that under high contact stress and high shear rates in rolling 01!>79 Zi TOWOLDMON0024237 WATER_PCB-00008706 -3- ' contact the viscosity of the film of lubricant in the contact area increases to a glassy solid state -- beyond that which pressure viscosity would account for. This pad of glossy BOlid film transmits tangential force or torque by resisting shear far more than liquid films can do. Further, the pad protects parts by preventing metal to metal contact and also inhibits fatigue crack propagation. Leaving the rolling contact area, the film returns to the liquid state and its normal physical properties. Coefficient of traction has been shown to be independent of nominal viscosity, pressure vis cosity, viscosity index, specific gravity or other common physical properties. The more solid in character the lubri cant film becomes the higher its coefficient of traction and the more torque can be transmitted for a given normal contact load. Normal load in a traction drive determines the contact stress and is limited by the yield and fatigue strength of the metal parts. The power transmitted between the drive elements is limited by the amount of torque that can be transferred. The torque can be increased at any given normal load up to the point at which the elements would slip severely and allow boundary contact and seizure of the rolling elements. The maximum torque before gross slip is determined primarily by the lubricant, the normal load --and to some extent the | system temperature, rolling speeds and the rolling element design (shape, materials and surface finish). The output of a traction drive of a given design then is limited primarily by the coefficient of traction of the lubrt cant. SANTOTRAC, having the highest coefficients of any known lubricants offer the maximum output capability for a traction drive. Typical variations in normal load, rolling speed and lubri cant temperature in traction drives all have some effect on coefficient of traction, but this is relatively slight with SANTOTRAC. Higher rolling velocity and higher temperature will decrease the traction coefficient. Depending on the drive design, increase in normal load between the traction elements can cause modest increase or decrease in the traction coefficient. Traction coefficients can be reduced by spinning or twisting motions in the lubricant film. These are a function of the design of the drive and its elements and are found primarily in variable ratio drives. t TOWOLDMON0024238 WATER_PCB-00008707 -4- In normal operation there will be a small slip (0.1# - 3$) from one rolling element to the other. This necessary, small creep or slip is of no consequence in most applications pro vided the slip does not change significantly with torque demand and, therefore, cause large variations in output Bpeed. SANTOTRAC lubricants cause less speed change of drives than other lubricants. I I TRANSFER OF TORQUE THROUGH LUBRICANT FILM 0157924 TOWOLDMON0024239 WATER_PCB-00008708 -5- TRACTION DRIVES One of the major uses of SANTOTRAC lubricants Is In traction drives. Traction drives are used for mechanical power trans mission at fixed or variable speeds much like gear trains, belt drives, hydrostatics and variable speed motors. The benefits of traction drives are: - excellent performance at very high speeds - extremely low noise levels - high efficiency - variable speed control while operating under full load - stepless, infinitely variable speed change within design range - precision of speed settings - high speed response - adaptability to servo control - low maintenance requirements Now with the availability of SANTOTRAC lubricants three features are still further improved - they are: - higher power transmission and less speed change with load - high reliability and long service life - smaller, lighter weight, lower cost drives than before The cost/performance of traction drives is so upgraded by the use of SANTOTRAC compared to use of petroleum lubricants that these drives are now being designed for applications which were not practical before. How They Work . Mechanical traction drives work on the principle of transfer of rotary motion, torque and power through rolling contact of smooth elements loaded against each other. The transfer of torque takes place through a film of lubricant. TOWOLDMON0024240 WATER_PCB-00008709 -6- Traction drive elements vary In geometry from cone on ring, to ball on disk, disk on roller, torroldal disk on roller and other designs. In each case there are driving and driven rolling elements. By moving the rolling contact position relative to the rotation axis of the elements speed vari ations can be achieved. The torque transferred from one element to the other is depend ent on the normal contact loading and the coefficient of traction of the lubricant film. SANTOTRAC, under adequately high normal loading forms a lubricant film so resistant to shear that 50% to 100% more torque can be transferred before gross slip than when petroleum lubricants are used. This means that traction drives lubricated with SANTOTRAC can transfer more power, undergo less speed change with varying load demand, be made smaller and offer longer equipment life and higher reliability by reducing normal loading on the drive elements. Many exist ing traction drives if lubricated with SANTOTRAC, can be up rated to transfer 50% more power. Others, particularly fixed ratio drives, may allow transfer of up to 100% more power. Certain drives can be uprated simply by changing to SANTOTRAC lubricants, while others may require minor modification. SOME BASIC TYPES OP VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES 01i79<!6 TOWOLDMON002424T WATER_PCB-00008710 THE PROPERTIES OF SANTOTRAC -7- Performance SANTOTRAC lubricants*offer a wide range of viscosities from which you can select the lubricant best suited to your par ticular application. Whichever one you choose, you will be assured of high performance in traction, lubrication, and stabil ity to high temperature and air as well as consistent properties from year to year and in supplies around the world. High Traction Means More Performance Traction properties in a lubricant offers a new dimension to lubrication and mechanical design engineers. High traction often can permit the transfer of more power, the design of smaller, lower cost, higher reliability rolling contact systems or prevent skidding of rolling contact bearings. Top Grade Lubricants SANTOTRAC lubricating oils and greases give the same excellent lubricating performance as petroleum oils used in automotive, aircraft and industrial applications. Some are formulated for heavily loaded sliding and boundary lubrication, others are formulated for different special needs. SANTOTRAC has been tested or used as a lubricant and fluid for many purposes Including: Traction drives Rolling contact bearing lubricants Journal and sliding bearing lubricants Gear lubricants Hydraulic oils Automatic transmission fluids Stability at High Temperatures Means Long Service Life ' SANTOTRAC lubricants - both oils and greases - are stable to high temperatures, even in the presence of air. They resist sludging, varnish, or coking and resist acid formation at operating temperatures of 300F and above for long periods of time. Oli^27 | TOWOLDMON0024242 WATER_PCB-00008711 -8- Slmple Engineering Materials Can Be Used SANTOTRAC lubricants are synthetic hydrocarbon based and as such are generally compatible with the same materials of con struction as petroleum lubricating oils. Most paints, plastic and elastomer components used with petroleum oils can be used with SANTOTRAC. For example, Buna-N, polyacrylates, silicone and Viton elastomers can usually be used. THE SANTOTRAC LUBRICANTS Because of the wide variety of applications and operating conditions, four SANTOTRAC lubricating oils and two SANTOTRAC greases have been developed, each with some outstanding feature. All SANTOTRAC lubricants have high traction coefficients, excellent stability and are compatible with common materials of construction. SANTOTRAC 30 - has the lowest operating temperature capability of the SANTOTRAC family, yet has excellent high temperature stability. It has a slightly lower traction coefficient than other SANTOTRAC lubricants, but coefficients are still much higher than those of petroleum lubricants. SANTOTRAC 40 - has the fewest additives to take maximum advantage of the stability of the synthetic hydrocarbon base and to give extremely low-foaming characteristics. SANTOTRAC 50 - has the best balance of properties for most uses... medium viscosity, good antiwear lubrication in sliding contact, stability, rust and foam protection and a high traction coeffici ent. SANTOTRAC 70 - has the highest viscosity and best overall wear protection of the SANTOTRAC family. SANTOTRAC 250-0 and SANTOTRAC ROO-S - are high traction, high temperature greases with excellent thermal and mechanical stabil ity. These greases are intended for applications which require high temperature grease lubrication and where traction is desired. The SANTOTRAC greases have the highest traction coefficients of any lubricants known to date. Typical properties of the SANTOTRAC lubricating oils and greases are shown in the following tables. I' ______ I I TOWOLDMON0024243 WATER_PCB-00008712 PROPERTIES OF SANTOTRAC LUBRICATING OILS ' PROPERTY Kinematic Viscosity at -40F -20F 0F 100F 210F (cs) Pour Point (F) Density (g/cc) at 100F 200F 300F Coefficient of Expansion (1/F) Vapor Pressure (mm Hg abs) at 350F Specific Eeat (BTU/lbmF) at 100F 200F 300F Thermal Conductivity (BTU/hr.ft.F) at 100F 200F 300F Surface Tension Air Interface at 100F 200F 300F (dyne/cm) Flash Pt., <F) Fire Pt., (F) ` 30 --23,400 -- 14.7 3.10 -65 0.891 0.853 0.817 4.58 x 10*4 12 0.453 0.509 0.565 0.063 0.061 0.058 24.4 21.4 18.4 325 340 605 TYPICAL VALUES 40 50 ---31,600 22.7 3.68 -41,500 5,120 33.6 5.61 -45 -35 0.886 0.850 0.814 4.42 x 10"4 12 0.889 0.855 0.820 ^ 4.42 x 10'4 12 0.460 0.514 0.569 0.060 0.059 0.056 0.446 0.506 0.569 0.060 0.059 0.056 31.6 27.0 22.4 300 325 600 23.0 20.7 18.4 325 345 620 T .1 70 -- -93,904 121 11.4 -10 0.957 0.919 0.883 4.19 x 10"4 10 0.426 0.478 0.529 0.062 0.061 0.058 25.4 22.1 18.8 335 350 675 > HH O >TJ I ' TOWOLDMON0024244 WATER PCB-00008713 TEMPERATURE. DECREES FAHRENHETT TOWOLDMON0024245 WATER_PCB-00008714 VISCOSITY. SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL SECONDS v i< /-A c rrY <?*YnftLT UNIVERSAL SECONDS TOWOLDMON0024246 WATER_PCB-00008715 PROPERTIES OF SANTOTRAC LUBRICATING GREASES Penetrations, ASTM D 217 Unworked 60 strokes 10,000 strokes 100,000 strokes Roll Stability, ASTM D1831 Initial Penetration Final Penetration Penetration Change Dropping Point, ASTM D 566, F. Extreme Pressure Property, ASTM D 2509 Timken OK Load, 1b Scar Width, mm. 4 Ball Wear, ASTM D 2266 200F,/1260 rpm/40 Kg/120 min. Scar Dia., mm. Rust Test, ASTM D1743 3 Bearings Oxidation Stability, ASTM 1)942 100 hrs. Pressure Loss (psl) Q 210F* @ 350F. Specific Gravity, 25/25 Santotrac EP-2 292 290 287 289 74 80 6 350 45 1 0.71 01 rating 7 0.93 Santotrac HT-2 270 283 288 260 64 65 1 480 20 0.7 0.48 til rating 6 5 0.94 Ol>1932 TOWOLDMON0024247 WATER_PCB-00008716 -13- THE TRACTION DUALITIES OF SANTOTRAC Traction is tne useful friction which causes transmission of power from one body to another in rolling contact - with small differences in surface speed. As used in describing SANTOTRAC, traction is specifically the desirable and useful friction offered by a lubricant film when one rolling element is used to drive another. It is measured as the coefficient of traction which is obtained by dividing the tangential tractive force achieved at the contact area by the normal load applied. Many factors Influence the traction coefficient besides the normal load, including temperature, speed, amount of slip, any spinning motion and to some extent the metallurgy and surface finish of the rolling elements. The coefficient of traction of SANTOTRAC lubricants measured on a laboratory twin disk apparatus at conditions of 1% slip, 400,000 psi maximum Hertz stress, 200P, and 3000 rpm are compared to commonly known lubricants in the table below. The disks are six inch diameter spherial section hardened steel. Coefficient of traction SANTOTRAC 40, 50, 70 SANTOTRAC 30 Naphthenic Petroleum Oil Mil H-5606 hydraulic oil Mil L-7808 Jet engine lube 0.095 0.084 0.066 0.060 0.039 The coefficient of traction of SANTOTRAC greases HT-Z and EP-2 were measured in the same apparatus at 200,000 psi maximum Hertz stress and room tempera* ture and compared to a mineral oil grease as follows. SANTOTRAC HT-2 SANTOTRAC EP-2 Mineral Oil Grease A Mineral Oil Grease B Coefficient of traction Tangential Load / 0.125 o!o70 0.062 Normal Load TWIN DISK APPARATUS TOWOLDMON0024248 WATER_PCB-00008717 HjfZ SEM!-LOGA<?lTHMrc EEU'TEL. * ESSE* CO. 358-6T 2 CYCLES X 70 0:V'STONS WATER_PCB-00008718 WATER_PCB-00008719 -16- SANTOTRAC STABILITY AND SERVICE LIFE The inherent thermal and oxidative stability of SANTOTRAC lubricants allows them to be used at higher temperatures and for much longer periods-of time than petroleum lubricating oils. SANTOTRAC can be used for long periods at 300F in the presence of air (higher temperatures in the absence of air). This offers great advantage in the design, operation and maintenance of many types of equipment. Fill-for-life or extended drain periods are possible with SANTOTRAC because of this stability against high temperature and air. The following data compares the stability of SANTOTRAC to common petroleum lubricating oils. PETROLEUM OILS SANTOTRAC_________ Naphthenic 30 40 50 70 Oil ATF Oxidation Stability & Corrosion Modified Federal Test Method, Std. 791, Method 5308, 350F/ 72 hrs/5 alr/hr 1 Metal Wt. Mg A1 Fe Cu Change (mg/cm2) +0.01 -0.01 NC 40.01 +0.01 NC -0.04 NC -0.03 +0.01 -0.03 + 0.01 -0. 3b NC -0.90 -0.41 +0.08 0.00 + 0.02 -0.09 -0.02 10.04 0.06 -3.2 Final Acidity, NN (mgKOH/gm fluid) 1.2 0.31 0.3b 1.86 5.0 6.0 Viscosity Change @100F($) 6.8 3.8 6.5 15.5 82 52 SANTOTRAC LUBRICATING QUALITIES When used in hydrodynamic.or boundary lubrication, SANTOTRAC products are excellent lubricants and perform like premium petroleum lubricating oils. While actual field performance in the application intended is the only true test of a lubricant the following standard laboratory ratings are good for initial comparisons. 0157936 TOWOLDMON0024251 WATER_PCB-00008720 -17- Four-ball Wear (mm scar dia) (200F, 2 hrs 1260 rpm 40 Kg load-steel on steel) 30 0.67 SANTOTRAC 40 50 0.75 0.51 PETROLEUM OILS Naphthenic 70 Oil ATb' 0.54 1.10 0.45 LFW (mg wt loss of block) conforming bronze block 3.8 8.5 1.4 0.9 21.8 sliding on hardened steel ring (280F, 24 hrs, 72 ft per minute, 530 psi) 0.7 SANTOTRAC SHEAR STABILITY AND ANTI-FOAM PRPERTIES The SANTOTRAC lubricants show shear stability and good anti foam properties equivalent to petroleum oils. SANTOTRAC 40 is outstanding In its non-foaming property. 30 Shear Stability (vise change at 100F (%) ASTM Vol 1, Oct. 1961 p. 1160, 100F/l20 min sonic shearing -5 Foam ASTM D892 (ml foam after 5 min bubbling/ ml foam 10 min after bubbling) SANTOTRAC 40 50' 70 0 -11 -24 Petroleum ATF -15 Sequence 1 75F Sequence 2 200UF Sequence 3 75 F 5/0 35/0 5/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 22/0 20/0 0/0 0/0 2/0 5/o 13/0 5/0 RUST PROTECTION SANTOTRAC lubricants are not corrosive. Like petroleum oils they do not prevent rusting from the presence of moisture unless formulated with a rust inhibiting additive. SANTOTRAC 30, SANTOTRAC 50 and SANTOTRAC JO have been formulated for rust protection as shown in the data below. TOWOLDMON0024252 WATER_PCB-00008721 -18- 30 Corrosion & Rust No rust ASTM D665A-M stilled Water or corrosion SANTOTRAC ISL T0~ Severe rust and corrosion No rust or corrosion No rust or corrosion SANTOTRAC MATERIALS COMPATIBILITY SANTOTRAC lubricants being based on synthetic hydrocarbons are compatible with common metals, seals, paints and plastics quite similar to the compatibility experienced with petroleum oils. However, specific critical component materials should be tested under conditions of the intended use. The following offers data on compatibility with some common elastomers(Page 19). SAFETY IN HANDLING Acute toxicity screening tests were performed with SANTOTRAC 30, ^0, 50 and 70 with the following interpretation on each product: - Acute oral dosage: skin absorption and vapor inhalation at room temperature - classed as practi cally non-toxic. - Skin irritation - classed as non-irritating - Eye irritation - classed as slight Irritant (The irritation experienced should be less than that from a 10$ solution of toilet soap) Interpretation: These products do not appear to require any special handling. In case of excessive skin contact, wash off with soap and water as a hygienic procedure. In case of eye contact, flush out with water. The irritation experienced should be less than that from a 10$ solution of toilet soap. j6 TOWOLDMON0024253 WATER_PCB-00008722 Elastomer Compatibility, ASTM D471 (7 hrs, 300F, insnersion) Buna N Durometer Hardness (Shore "A" Points) Volumetric Swell (%) Ultimate Tensile Strength (psi) Ultimate Elongation (%) 30 Initial Final 64 -- 1815 380 49 10 374 62 40 Initial SANTOTRAC 50 Final Initial Final 64 -- 1815 380 58 63 6 521 1815 81 380 54 6 428 73 70 Initial Final 64 -- 1815 380 48 39 297 131 > Polyacrylate Durometer Hardness (ShoreT,A" Points) Volumetric Swell (%) Ultimate Tensile Strength (psi) Ultimate Elongation (7=) 66 -- 1668 179 47 22 1261 181 65 -- 1668 179 55 15 1508 185 66 -- 1668 179 57 16 1467 197 66 -- 1668 179 50 47 1045 183 Viton A Durometer Hardness (Shore "A" Points) Volumetric Swell (%) Ultimate Tensile Strength (psi) Ultimate Elongation (7.) 58 -- 2118 475 54 7 1535 458 59 -- 2118 475 57 5 1625 445 58 -- 2118 475 57 5 1695 477 59 -- 2118 475 54 13 1647 472 fe tb is l0 TOWOLDMON0024254 WATER_PCB-00008723 -20PERFORMANCE BENEFITS OF SANTOTRAC IN A TRACTION DRIVE Power Rating Increase The rating of a traction drive is directly proportional to the coefficient of traction of the lubricant used. This means that a 50$ increase in the coefficient offers a drive that can handle half again as much torque at the same normal loading. Torque with SANTOTRAC = Torque with oil Coefficient of SANTOTRAC = 1.5 Coefficient of oil Increased Life of the Drive The power rating of a drive can be held constant by reducing the normal load 50$ and converting from petroleum oil to SANTOTRAC. The fatigue life of the drive elements is then increased because of the lighter normal loads. The life of rolling contact elements is approximately inversely proportional to the cube of the normal load applied and there fore directly proportional to the cube of the coefficient of traction of the lubricant. This means that a 50$ increase in the coefficient of the lubricant offers a drive that will last over 3 times as long at the same torque rating. Life with SANTOTRAC = [NNcormal load with oil Life with oil InNcormal load with SANTOTRA oefficient of SANTOTRACl = goefficient of oil Power Rating and Life Increase J (1.5! = 3.A Part of both benefits can be achieved. Reducing the normal load slightly will achieve some of the increase in torque available with SANTOTRAC and also some increase in life of the drive. ' Size and Weight Reduction The size and weight of a traction drive can be reduced when SANTOTRAC is used as the lubricant instead of petroleum oil. The size of the drive is related to the normal load on the elements which in turn is related to the coefficient of traction of the lubricant. For two drives of the same life and power rating the size is inversely proportional to the 0.45 01579AO TOWOLDMON0024255 WATER_PCB-00008724 -21- ( (( power of the coefficient of traction of the lubricant. This means that a 50$ Increase In coefficient offers a size and weight reduction of 16$ in the drive. 0.45 o 4b Coefficient of oil H =r i "1 0Coefficient of"SANTOTRAQj |_rrg ` - n RJj ' Size for SANTOTRAC = 84$ of Size for oil ... a 16$ reduction CO TOWOLDMON0024256 WATER_PCB-00008725 -22- GAIN IN FATIGUE LIFE OF ROLLING CONTACT ELEMENTS The fatigue life of rolling elements is actually greater than calculated when SANTOTRAC is used because of this lubricant's inherent property of preventing fatigue failure. SANTOTRAC, unlike most synthetic lubricants offers a gain in fatigue life of lubricated rolling elements compared to when petroleum oils are used under the same load and speed conditions. It is theorized that SANTOTRAC fills the normal surface cracks at the grain boundaries, the lubricant film becomes solid under high contact pressure, prevents crack growth into the surface and therefore helps prevent fatigue failure. Laboratory data from rolling contact fatigue tests show the superior fatigue life properties offered by SANTOTRAC. Stress Cycles x 10^ Rolling Contact Fatigue Pin: 3/8 in. dia., Rc 60 hardness 52100 Steel, 12,500 rpm, 300F. 700,000 max. Hertz Stress B10 Life -------------- -- Bc0 Life ----------- SANTOTRAC SANTOTRAC SANTOTRAC SANTOTRAC 3 40 50 70 3.2 6.4 5.2 7.0 4.9 8.9 6.1 12.7 Petroleum ATF Naphthenic Oil Ester base oCO CO f a a sk-t 2.7 4.5 2.2 2.7 1.3 2.7 SANTOTRAC lubricants give approximately twice the fatigue life of that offered by petroleum lubricating oils at the same load and speed conditions. In traction drives this property added to the life increase obtained by reducing normal loading means SANTOTRAC can increase fatigue life of rolling elements some six times over use of petroleum oils. . SANTOTRAC FILM THICKNESS AND PRESSURE VISCOSITY PROPERTIES SANTOTRAC helps prevent metal to metal boundary contact and permits slightly rougher surface finishes in high normal load rolling contact because it forms thicker lubricating film than petroleum oils. 01k79'.2 TOWOLDMON0024257 WATER_PCB-00008 -23- SANTOTRAC viscosity Increases with pressure about twice as much as petroleum oils. SANTOTRAC has a pressure viscosity co efficient of 2 to A) x 10-2) psi-1 compared to 1 to 2 x 10-4 psi-1 for petroleum oil. Film thickness in the rolling contact under elastohydrodynamic lubrication is proportional to the 0.6 power of the pressure viscosity coefficient. Therefore, SANTOTRAC with twice the pressure viscosity coefficient of petroleum oil forms a protective lubricating film 50$ thicker than petroleum oil. -jO. 6 Film Thickness of SANTOTRAC^ Pressure-vise coef of SANTOTRAC Film Thickness of oil Pressure-vise 'coeTT^bf oil ' H 0.6 1.5 This can mean that an easy to handle, medium viscosity SANTOTRAC lubricant can be used to form the same film thickness under high load as a very high viscosity petroleum lubricant. TOWOLDMON0024258 WATER_PCB-00008727 FILM DIFFERENT REGIONS OF ROLLING ELEMENT LUBRICATION at A cng-jM-- -rrrr TOWOLDMON0024259 WATER_PCB-00008728 -25- SANTOTRAC PERFORMANCE IN A TRACTION DRIVE In the development of high traction lubricants Monsanto and others evaluated the performance of SANTOTRAC in commercial traction drives. Results are very favorable. In one test for example a modified commercial ball and disk drive was operated on a light naphthenic petroleum oil, then SANTOTRAC with the following results: Naphthenic Petroleum Oil SANTOTRAC Output torque (lb-ft) Slip # Total losses, HP 35 3.9 2.4 Test conditions were: Thrust load 2970 lbs Speed ratio 1:1 Input speed 1500 rpm 70 3.8 3.4 In this test the power output of the drive is doubled and the overall efficiency is increased 5$ by using the SANTOTRAC lubricant. Note, in the curve that follows that slip or change of speed of the drive with changes in output torque at various thrust loads is negligible with SANTOTRAC compared to when the recommended petroleum oil is used. This drive is rated at 10 H.P. at 1440 rpm with petroleum oil lubrication. It could be rated at 20 H.P. with SANTOTRAC lubrication at the same normal loading. This drive consists of two opposed conical disks with power transmitted between them through balls located on a fixed radius contact circle on each disk. The rotational axis of the balls can be tilted, to make a larger and a smaller contact circle on the two disks, thus increasing or decreasing the output speed of the drive. 0X5794& TOWOLDMON0024260 WATER_PCB-00008729 -26- OUTPUT SPEED CHANGE FOR A BALL AND DISK TRACTION DRIVE OUTPUT TORQUE (L B -F T ) VARIATION OF SLIP IN SPEED WITH TORQUE DEMAND OI5 79A6 | TOWOLDMON0024261 WATER_PCB-00008730 r CUSTOMER SERVICE CENTERS AKRON. OHIO 44313 260 Springsidc Drive Montrose Development Park Tel. (216) 666-4111 . ATLANTA. GEORGIA 30339 320 Interstate North Parkway Suite 500 Tel. (404) 432-7111 BOSTON. MASSACHUSETTS 02149 Everett Station Tel (617) 387-5010 CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 3156 Des Plaines Ave. Des Plaines, Illinois 60016 Tel. (312) 296-6688 CINCINNATI. OHIO 45206 1501 Madison Road Tel. (513) 751-6707 DETROIT, MICHIGAN 500 Northland Towers West Southfield, Michigan 48075 Tel. (313) 357-0910 HOUSTON, TEXAS 77027 1301 Post Oak Tower 5051 Westheimer Road Tel. (713) 621-9550 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90022 6670 E. Flotilla St. Tel. (213) 723-2492 NEW YORK. NEW YORK 10036 1114 Avenue of the Americas Tel. (212) 764-5000 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 63166 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd. Tel. (314) 694-1000 SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA 2710 Lafayette Santa Clara, California 95052 Tel. (408) 243-0414 SEATTLE. WASHINGTON 98121 2112 Third Avenue Tel. (206) 622-4203 WILMINGTON, DELAWARE 19810 Suite 204, Bancroft Bldg. 3411 Si/verside Road Tel. (302) 478-4600 Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Co. A Unit ot Monsanto Company 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. 63166 ^ 01^7947 7- J395-0i7J-(- LI1H0 INU.S.A. J TOWOLDMON0024262 WATER_PCB-00008731 Monsanto BOO N. LINDBERGH BLVD.. ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 03166 # TOWOLDMON0024263 WATER_PCB-00008732