Document mb9yZGE3daOwmqOJrxLEzMk0g

LIA10254 rj LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION 4M LPIWTOW AVXMUS NCW TOW 17, M. V. MCTALLC LOAD OftOOUCTO DrvKtOW i 1952 i capgca wiur&'-m. 19 FTUVCtt CCR7CIT0M : cnjkhxzTtfcsrrcs or um> no iuo mars l j& i i 1 To Kcnbero of tho Metallic Load Product* Dtetaloa* Attached is copy of tho tort of on Ulastrvtod lector* on the Corrosion Choreetorlstlco of Lend and Load Alley** dallrcred by staff oaher of the Association at 0 special Chert Courea on Corroaloa.* Sponsored bp tho Cooo Institute of fechnolocy, the course vsa hold dur ing tho wook of Juno 16, 1952 at tho Inatltuto in Cloreland. Chin. fcrtra copies ore traliable, Arran^enento eon also be made to bora this or alaliar lootarea on load Callrerod bofijr* fultablo groups. Secretary I !1 \ t <m N3117 'MaralP mwiauwaii LIA 102 5 5 LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION 4M UDOMOTON >VMUI NCW VOW 17, M. T. C0M03I0M cwJACTgionca or ltjld amp mo mor Lenpton X. Hall# Mart than one-third of the lead coniwd aacb peer la Aaerica la aaad prlnertly for its resistance to corrosion. The corrosives range froc such coeparetivsly inactive nodi* as tha ataoapbert and pctable vater* to a host of highly rose tIts industrial chralcals. The load takas such fonts as sheet, pipe, cable sheathing, grid ratal, cartings, coatings, tame plate and rah noo-netalllc applications aa rad load an outstanding ratal protectIt* paint pliant. table I yjs, ms axsr.'mc* (1951 - VJS, Bureau of htinaa)** Tone Parc ant tors;e Battarlaa Grid ketel 1?C,000 Battery Cfcidee 175, OCO eeCable Sheathing 132,000 . Tetraethyl Uad Solder 125,000 Cl,000 i ! Led Lead and Litharge Calk ing Load 71,000 L0,000 tThlte Le*d and Pif^sote < Pipe, TTapa and Banda 36,000 33,000 Sheet Leed 31,000 Alloys 2",000 type > stela 20,000 eeCeetlng (ratals 22,000 efcrtal Protec tire Taints 17,000 Collapaibla tubes 13,000 hTiim Ketal and Lead Plating 3,000 Others mm 16.0 11,0 11.2 10.6 6.9 6.0 3.9 3.2 2.0 2.6 2.5 2.1 1.0 l.la 1.1 *3 Ihi Total 1,170,000 Tara 100.0 1 **0#d all or in part for corrosion preventlon-ebout %+ of total laad coneurad. lead Industries Association, 570 Lexington in Msv To i* 17, Sea fork 'j "W "wp^iri LIA10256 t Corrosion Characteristic# of Lead and Lead Alloys 2- Lead Specifications Just as with ether aetels, ths chedcai propertlee of lead are coupled with Ita Co=iltlon. Hence the selection of the proper grade cf lead for an lnstallatlon cannot be left to chance. The American Society for Testing Materials has aatabliahed specifications for serious grades 0f pig lead known in the trade as cor roding lead (the purest, for use In pljp-nt r-arr-facture), eeeren lead, acid lead, topper lead and eherieej. laad. The grade generally used for chcalcal construction is chmlcal load. It contains snail percentages of silver and copper which here been found to add to the corrosion rsslstance of load and improve its creep end fatigue resistance* Table n A.3.T.H. PIO LTJLD SPECITICinOW Corroding Lead Cheedcal Lead Cocnon Laad A8 Ag, Bart* 0.0CQ5 0.020 0.002 0.002 Kinlaus 0.002 Cu, HavliaM 0.0005 0.090 0,0025 0.0025 lUnlaum O.CL Cu e Ag, Kaxlnas 0.0025 As, Barium O.0C05 3b e Sn, liaxlaui 0.0095 As, Sb e Sn, Kaxtaiss in, I'jtxlnaua o.ocas 0.002 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0015 0.002 .J Fa, Vaxlnsa 0.002 o.ooiS 0.002 0,002 Bl, Maximum 0.05 0.0C6 0.15 0.25 Lead, by Dif., Uinjjaaa 99.9U 99.9 59.95 59.73 Corrosion Reeletsnt Alloys of Lead intiaonlal or hard lead Is laad generally containing free 1 to 1? percent antlaony. Antloony serves to harden and lnprove lead's physical characteristics up to 1?0 Cj however, Its presence lowers the nalting point and, while it agf not detract from lead's corrosion resistance, acldor does It Improve It. Tellurium-lead is cher.leal lead to which has been added epproxlsately O.Cti percent telluriua, Tellurlua retard* grain growth and therefor* increases fstlQM resistance. Corrosion resistance Is c oeparable to chodcal lead. In plating operations, particularly ehraalx* plating, an alloy of laad with about 7 percent tin Is occasl-nelly used a* the tarJc lining, recently a proprie tary lead alloy was perfected ;eclsUy for use as a ehrvrdua plating tank lining, Tha alloy containing scull percentages of silver and tellurlua proaotaa the forma tion of sn *d>i"rent ,ro*vw*iy fii* ef :hrt--at-w in ehrwile sc id ouch as the lead sulphata fila which forms in contact with sulphurlo acid. Hv--e.as.viMe ae "WM* wi . flPiPIMIN L IA 102 5 7 Igpp --I' H ' Corrosion Characteristic* of Laad tnd Lead Alloy* ) In th b11 ry Industry, (rid Betel la usually ecepoeed of 7 to 12 pare ant arrtlarny and 0.25 percent tin. The connecting lugs on top of the battery *r* a alcilar alloy with leaf antimony. Soe.a newer alloy* exhibit greeter corroalon raatetarce In tha praaensa of the sulphuric acid alectrolyt* without sacrificing trangth, They contain ectll mount* of allwar to raplaca part of tha antLaory content. 5oes alao contain tallorlua. Another interesting development In tha battery field 1* tha naa of c ale la*, lead grid octal. Pure lead plus no nora than 0.1 percent calclua ha* performed remarkably vail aa grid satal in stand-by battery lnatallatIona. In cabin ah*athing, new araenleal lead alloy* bar* dmonatratod greatly la* proved fatigue and creep realatanca characteristic*. Protective Coating Lead la nornally chemically reactire but Ilka altminun, magnesium and chroKluB, It 1* bleaaad with a natural protactlv* coating that forms on contact with a corrosive. Upon mechanical Injury tha anvironaent generally permit* aelfbeallng of tha ooatlng. The rata of reaction of a natal In a corrosive envirorsaerrt depends largely upon tha character of tha products ef corroalon; their solubility, pom*ability sad adherence to tha surface of tha Betel, Lead, for Instance, oven Its excellent realatanca to sulphuric acid to tha formation of a tightly adheront, lepemeable file of lead sulphate which la practically Insoluble In aulphurie acid solutions. But when the temperature la raised or the concentration Increased above 96 per cent, then th* rat* of solution of the lead sulph&to also increase* until tha uaa ef lead in these ranges bacon** marginal. By th* same token if tha aulphat* flln is ruptured or disturbed such as by excessive vibration, abrasion or high velocity, the corrosion rata will also In crease. If other chceicala are present which react with lead sulphate and. In affect, remove it or altor Its btneflclal characteristics, that too will raise th* corroalon rate. Bltrlc acid la an axacple of a corrosive which reacts with lead to fora a soluble salt and la alao capablo of reacting with lead rulph-t* to reduce Its function aa a protective coating. Obviously where lead llnlnga ara protected by a brick lining or a Karbata liner tha protective film will not b* disturbed, A chsrtlcal plant Installed a conplately enclosed lead lined vaatal for handling hot, dilute aulphurlc acid, Th* vessel was in operation for a short per iod when It was discovered that corrosion was taking place at an accelerated rata above th* liquid level. Resistance of th* lead to the liquid wa* axe oil ont, but raaiatanc* to th# vapor* left something to b# dotlrad. TH* problem was alir.lnatod by alnply raising the level of tha liquid to the top of th* vessel Just long enough to anabl# a lead aulphat# fUa to develop, Tha veaaal was than put back Into nor mal operation and no nor# corroalon took place In th* vapor tone, Th* point to b**r In wind la that In order for lead to demonstrate It* cor rosion rasiatanc* It Bust first lava a protactlv* file. In th* c*'# of corrosive* which, In theaaalvea, do not readily fora a protective flln and will not dissolve lead sulphate, it 1* often possible to mak* tha lining corroalon proof by cwabblr^ th* lead with dilute aulphurlc acid or, If potalhla, filling th* tassel with It for a short period of tla# In order to aatabllah a protectlva aulphat* flln. At ?0 t In 25 to }S percent sulphurlo acid chmleal lead will fora a coa.loto sulphato flln la from 9 to 10 hour*. Under th* a ana condition* 9 percent entlaonlal lead form* a eulphet* flln In fro* 1 to lj hour*. rwpwipwiiJi m1 P..llL_ jlia,^: - LIA 10258 3 Corrosion Characteristics of Leed and Load Alley* Corrosion Rate Interpretation -b- The coonon systems of indicating corrosion ret* are inches penetration per year (IP!) or dllifrass weight loss per square decimeter per day (lidd), Slther ol three cn be Booer-nut c.sindlr.g in the cess of leed line* best performance is 5 usually .bidgcd on the basis of th lovast corrosion rate. This situation Is es pecially tme in chemical construction where, for nechaniesl reasons, lea** linings are need In thicknesses generally of 3/16 inch or nore. Greater thickness hat an obrious advantago whan considering eenrice life because with equal rates of penetre-* tlon, s thicker lining can be expected to five e longer serriee life than sons otheif corrosion resistant lining of thinnar construction. Corrosion rate as weight loss can also be aisleadinf in the esse of leed Since this oetal has the highest density of ary cceeonly ussd corrosion resistant ectal. This Deans that what eight appear to be an excessive corrosion rite express ed in weight less of lead could actually be a vary aodnal rate in terns of voiuae loss. It is obvious then that when cocparlscne are being *de between various cor rosion resistant aaterials, the corrosion rate data should ba carefully interpreted. Chemical Corrosion and Corrosion Products (5 Lead is scacwtvt umsual saong the metals in that it is anphotericj It re acts with alkalies to fora plumbstes as well as vith acids to fora lead salts. Generally speaking, lead can be earned to have good resistance to neutral solutions where lead carbonate end possibly oxide are corrosion products. It has fair re si etanee to alkaline solutions In which these ere soluble. Kcperlcnce has shown that le; ' is couoercielly resistant to c)ironic, sulphuric, sul|hurouS and phoffhoric acids; that it is subject to corrosion at eo=e*hat higher rates by hydro chloric and hydrofluoric acids sod that it in tvsceytibis to bcir* strcrvlf cor 1 roded by acetic, forris and nitric acids. Also nitrate salt solutions are moderate ly corrosive whereas carbonate solutions are not. Srtenslnlng the cause of corrosive attack is simplified In the case of leed because of the oasily r'iscemible and usually characteristic corrosion product. For example, when lead le attacked by alkalies, iydrated-red peroxide of lead is usually the corrosion product, Occasionally a white pi-abate of lead rill fora. 'Then lead la subjected to electrolytic action as In slrey current corrosion, the attack Is typified by s crystalline metallic appearance. In the preocnce of sul phides, th* characteristic black lead sulphide color is apparent. Sulphuric acid results in e light gray pet ins of leed sulphate. Carbon dioxide In solution ss well as other carbonate-forcing cations product s characteristic white leed formation. The Old Dutch TThlte Leal Process for making basle lead carbonate provided the clue Vo solving this lncld*nti A lead sheathed cable housed in underground redwood coiwVjlto was being badly corroded forcing s whits corrosion product. In- 9 veellRatlin dls;losed th-t rotting of th# redwood In tie pret-nee of moisture pre- duced carbon dioxide am acetic or t teller organic add whies proceeded to eoovert the leed to basic carbonate white lead Just aa In the Old Dutch froceee. IjWM. J'm!U.iwemn." iiiiMnmnii.1 i--waww-n wkaWr* tifaa 'iyw m. iu->1 <ufaiiwp^w>w<pBM^ .j^wm, l -s>ev*raws LIA1C259 i i Corrosion Characteristics of lead and Lea 1 Alloys i -5 " Tha problen m solved and further corroalon of ths sheath prevented by lntreAelnj Into the ierJli dry aroonia gaa to neutralise the acid am' atop the reaction until repair* could ba effected. Effect of Concentration tfr.en observing the reactions of lead in various chw-ical orrrlronaenia, eoew tradlctlons in its behavior bacon* eppirent. In the high range* of concentration, ths rato of corrosion of lead in sulpnuric acid, for example, Increases aa ths concentration of th.e acid increases. On the oth<*r hand, the rato of corrosion of lead in nitric acid decreases aa the concentration is raised. The explanation la staple enough. Sul ic acid, aa sentlonod earlier, form load sulphate rhich la practically insoluble in dilute sulphuric acid. Hotrerar, ita rata of solution 1^ creases with Increasing acid concentration. Tablo III Solubility ef Lead Sulphate in SulpJuirlc Acid Per 'hundred Grass at 17 to 18,5 C % HpSOJ, 9.u 96.9b 100.01 101,13(5* SO3) 105.05(15* 303) c Ksq, ,5b 1.3b l.a 3.5b 6.23 %ifir < The opposite Is true with nitric acid. The load nitrate which form on contact with nitric acid la readily soluble in the water present tr. dilute nitric acid. As tha concentration of the acid lncreator, leas water is present and co> aequer.tly let* leu-d nitreto la dissolved. TVrcfore, concentrated nitric acid in the range of 5? to 70 percent by weight has little effect on lead at roan tejmeratore. Acetic ana hjr'rollooric acio and aodiua bisulphato parallel nitric acid in Uicir reaction srlth lead, < lead satisfactorily resists hot sulphuric acid of all sirorgtha up to 05 percent with torpertturea up to 2?? C, T'.i'- reaction of lead with sulphuric acid Is typical of Its reaction with chronic, aulnhuroua ar.d phosphoric acids. Effect of Tvnaratura The rut* at which a chmlcal reaction nroceoda is jeonrtrlcally proportional to the temperature. It follows then that an Inc. ease in tho Vrpcraturo of the corrosive cl*oct invariably weans an increase in bit eorroslon rate. Ths importance of Otterttinir.f; the terrperature rang* of the corrosive before selecting the rate rial of construction cannot be erphaaited toe atrolly, Kixod Corrosives TTlth rlxturcs of eorroslvo* It Is a j,rural rulo that lead will react <1U each of the constituent* In the aixturo as It *-uld norwAlly In the umUcd state. The presence of sone sulphuric acid ilU usually enhance tho porfemaneo of lead with forroaivc* *<-n as hydrocMfrle acid or idwsapnorle acid, lJ>;vfe, phosp>orie acid containing set o sulphuric acid is definitely easier to handlo la load Uun thv p\irot grades, as shown in Table IT. LIA1C260 Corrosion Characteristic* of Loo* on* Load Alloys 6 fabla n Tboaphorle leld lets vtKS'js Rnr >. ro csvns n* ermine acid Co neentratlon fejapratura Corrosion Rate, Iff Par* Crudoo 17% IS C o.ca?8 i<a 15 C <0.0001 Contain* tracoa of sulphuric add. 8treat Corrosion Lesd hot relatively hlrti linear eoofilciont of thoraal expansion - approx imately throa tinea thit of steel. therefore when load It used In corrosive oovlroracnt la *>ch comer that It 1* under trc: thon otreot correalon in tha font of orc or lee* ooraro lntercrystillino ctchlac util be arideat. atreot Cor rosion hot boon one cantered rihcn load la tab^oeted to tcraro eye lie tenperaturo change*, or to continuing vibration. Streoaca lndicod by lead' ova weight aloo occasionally contribute to the otreot corrosion of Improperly rapporV-d ihoot load, lood pipe and coblo sheathing. Stress eorrotlon can be eliminated by either (1) roavrving the ootirco of ttrcaa or (?) counteracting it* offoct by using thicker load, Increasing tha strappin; of a sheet lead Hal a;, using beaded lead lima-, cr lasts11 In; brick lin ing over the lead to ra^rloa ooc banleal, thermal and cbcadcal pro toetiea, ltre*5 eorroalon ehsrartrrlrtlea nay Tory with different slloy* of laid. Antinertial load and tcllurlua cbmleal lood, for example, nay bo work hardened and g- hardoned to a certain extent. The latter hat a higher resistance to fatigue then unalloyed cheatleal load because the tolluxivn acta at a grain growth Inhibitor, Corretlon by Ur-on* Concrete SotKTtlno a jo In Baltimore, tha load sheathing In an underground pever lino conduit was being corroded to uhito load carbonate, Tion It was dotcmlivsd that the storage u*t llocwiter, corrosion m atoppod by Introducing carbon dioxide gat fro* cylindsra into the narholea. The gaa precipitated tho free lino a calclta carbonate, thereby converting it froa tho hydroxide which attacks load to tho car* bone to hleh dooo not, then load it to bo utod In direct contact v-lth froahly poured concrete, any corrosion wh'eh night taka plaet because of cale 1 u* hydroxide plus axypn and nclrtirc bring prr-aont can tartly be avoided by coaling tho load with sap*Item paint, Tor tactile, thoct ltad aafo pant in kiwr stallt should alirayt bo ;lntod with ttphaltm to jrotoct tho uttal f re* the froo lino in the gmon* cone reto until It hat had tine to comfort to carbonate. nvi LIA1C261 Corrosion Characteristics ef Load and Load illcya -7- O 9 Galvanic corrosion, so far at lead la concerned, Is soldo* encountered. la acid solutions iron la axKiie to load] hence '/hen coupled to lead tho load la pro tected froa corroding, Ir. alkallno solutions, howevor, the rerverao Is true and th* corrosion of lead la ac coloratod, Ondor certain conditions ldicro It la not possible to uao laad orulpMtt throughout lead haa boon kno*n to causo the galvanic eorroalen of nlckel-chronotaclor alloyi auch aa Verthito. In sulphuric acid lead ordinarily rcaclns anodic to Wcrthlte, but In the absoneo of any oxygen or air In solution, load trfeos on a heavy coating of load sulphate which 1* aoro noble than load Itself. thv*or thews apocial conditions ^crthlto bocoses anodic to lead bringing about galvanic oorroalon of the tiorthlte,* If the vottod area of the laad In a doacrated, bet sulphuric acid cnvlrceaent la vary tueh greater than the wetted area of Torthlte such aa a punp In a lend ayatea involving tar*a and piping, then the gflvanic current donslty acting on tlie anodic lorthito nay bo of considerable Magnitude resulting In corrosion of cone or all of the pu^ parts, fortunately this condition exists only In the rare Instance* "hen the sul phuric acid la deaerated either b * physical or cheaded team and the anodic area la ouch aroiler than th; cathodic area, 1 clrturc of sulphur dixoldc with sulphur ic acid at derated terveraturea also cay "activate* Borthlte, or ainilsr alloys, by a preferential oxidation of the sulphur diaxid; rcthcr than the availrblo mypoa going to fora the protective ddc flXn, or layer of absorbed oxygen, rtdeh keeps the nlckcl-chroDO-aely alloys noro noble than lead Sulphate, Galvanic oorroalon of th Riekd-ehrooc-ooly alleys can be ollr.lnttcd by alaplo re-acratlon of the sul hurlc acid and eoel'ng, If necessary, to ths peraiatlblc Ur.perstore range fer th# alloy. It is also r*!blc to reverse the poten tials by rddlng nlmtc <aounts cf an oxltUtlng agent au.h aa nltrle acid, eodiua chrcnntc, copper sulphat; or ferric sulphate to the do-acrated sulphuric acid. There such measures era irtproctleablo the 'erthite nay bo insulated free the load through the uao of nhfcor hose or et-V.r eult-.hlc plastic or porcelain Insulators or Insulated flanges, In obvious solution to the probljj It to use cast hard load or lead lined eteel puapo and vtlvcs. and that tvold dlsfinilar nvtal contest, factorial Corrosion Tho possibility of bacterial corrosion of lord ah.sth* In underground ducts la currently under Investigation. Corrotlon products in too aline often found In underground cable ducts have been totted 'Tth hydrochloric acid and tho prvaonco of lead rul.hldo indieatod. There la strong ovld'-nce that bacteria are r. factor In load sheath eorroal'n under certain cimsastAneo*, The circumstances rtaoln to be defin'd tut it la rcv.ow.blc to expect bacteria to bo found in sutaaergod ducts where there is likely to be an aba ones of oxygen. Vorlhitj boooncs anodic to lead In ?0 nercont sulphuric acid that has bom doaerated by raising the tov^raturo to 2wv y. *"*** LIA10262 lO O Corrosion Characteristics of Lead and Load Alleys " fi vert lsu"S cotposioh rmr.gv>rt ia usrs Chemical Construction Load 1 naturally left and althou> eeeaaionally used alone, nor- often It 1* supported by an external frasewarfc of wood or (tool, frequently, stool or wooden vtssda .-re lined with loose sheet load futonod at intervals rlth load corered steel strrps. Another sethod of lining vcosols with load It to bond tho lead directly to the ahcll of the atocl vessel. Thli la known u bonded or hocng.nocus lord lining* The bond ary bo accon-'lished by noon* ef a thin solder f11a between the lead and the rtcolj or by bending the load diroctly to tho (tool* The direct bond la usually accomplished by first preparing the surfaco of tho steel vcsjoI by shot blasting or pickling, and th.n fluxing eith nelten xlneanoonlnj chloride, stannoua chloride or other proprietary fluxes, TV lt**d ia then poured on or -sol ted and bended to the ateel by hand using le-'d burr.l^ tors and torches. Sostctlnce^ In tho case of regular shape3, this Is follo'xd by rolling to ccr.prec3 the lord* jMIc acre cxpenrlv. os # rccult of tie labor 1mol/cl* bonded or hraogenoou* load lined weasels sro finding wider acceptance ir ir.l'St.y today because by this nethod the corrosion resistance of load can be cr>'.-uj with tho greater physical rtrongth of the steel shell* Kltficr operating tenp-r-'-rres more prcv.-lent In Industry today, require this typo of lining. Bonded I>.vd Itntnga permit heat trensfur trough ths walls ti In Jseketod Tesstls. They also resist lifting of the lord lining e-hen lined vessels are ucod under vasuua. In nany proecasca, loed plpo colls lnsldo the vessel cro used for cooling purposes sr.d occasionally for hosting with Vnr. or hot water, for iso win ft..-* pressures exceeding iO and up to 150 pounds stom pressure or uher" f~oi Vet transfer is vital, lead covered copper or steel colls ars pref<~:Tod. H'r; a pa In, aa In a bonded lining, the greater strength of copper la combined vriv'i the corro sion resistance of Iced* lcad plpo and conduits sre used to e groat extent for eond->ctlr^ corrosive liquids end fcui. here the lead pipe Is suspended it Is ecnaon prac'-i-o to either lay it In trough or bettor still, use lead llnod cost Iron or stool pipe. This consists of ordinary pipe In which is ploeod a lead pipe expanded by hydrau lic pressure to fit snugly or bonded rlth the aid of solder* toed In Plu.blng Lead for neny years has been used in household and Industrial plumbing, It Is used to conduct drinking rater free tho east Iren v#W nalri in tho s.r-oct to the house. Inrldo the house, It Is used In tho fora ef "dpc for waat<-s> load trapo benoath bailns, tubs arv* shouers, lead bends on trstor closets and oee*xlorylly as vent plpo. In practically all caaea, the load plpo la Jolnod by wiping with scldar, A surprisingly largo amount ef load is flao ut.^d in conjunction with oast iron water tmlna and soil pipe which is used to conduct wasto to t)i cew.r nr for vrnt lng (airjoa , li -ro it serves as a calking ust-ricl to fom a water-tight seal beU-.k.n th) BuCtltrx of pipe. Usually ths lead Is nelt.d and poured Into t.v Joint and then calkrd with special tools, do&etl*-* if It la Impractical to use no 1 ton lead, load wool la ua.d instead, Bocauar of lta a elf-weldability load wool Is oaal ly consolidated or calked Into a solid vater-preof aoss* va Corroaicn Characteristic* of Load and load Alloy* * Architectural Application* Arc hi toe turnlly, lead alao tea* eonaldcrablo lorries, moat prominently aa roofing and flashing tutorial. Kora its corrosion roalatancc and ploaslng (ray color aro tho chief advantage"!. It ia alao used for gutter*, atatuos, apandrcla, laadod glaos oindew* and other ornamental dovleos, Lead coatod copper la oecoalonally uaod for roofing end flashing purpoaoa. Lead it uaod alao for anchoring object* to taaonry. la old Method to at tach on object to atone or masonry la to drill a hole, place a bolt in the hole and then pour eoltcn lead around it. Today load anchor bolte arc available which hero east load plugs aa an integral part. 'Iran tho load ia coepreesod, it axpanda botaroon tho bolt and the inside of tho naaonry thereby forating a aocuro anchor, tloctrical Application* In tho oloetrleol industry, the chief use for load and alao the groeto*t Conranor of lead ia the xtorage battery. Storage betterlet contain on the average, 25 pounds of recoverable load. This includes both tho load alley used for asking grids as well a* tho load oxide* used on tho battery plates, Alao in the top third of the load conaming industries la tho namfacturo of cable aho*thing, i aheeth for cable whether telehiono or power, Mist be (1) corrosion res Is tent to the atoosphere and soil wctcra, (2) flcxiblo enough to bo coiled on rools, unreeled and dmm through conduits end, (3) it oust bo able to bo oxtrudod to fora a continuous ahoath around tho wiroa In a cablo. In certain application* copper lrc la coated with load heforo being covered with rubber inruletion bocruxe the sulphur cccpounds in sono rubber* attack copper and, vice versa, copper affects sono insulating materials advoraoly. The proaonce of a lord coating eliminates azy reaction between tho copper and n>bar, Iho utility of lord la materially extended wtraro electrical conductivity la lrportant by bonding it to copper, steel or other Hotels with good conAictivlty. Plating In tho plating Industry, particularly chronlum, copper and nick J. plating. Iced la used aa a tank lining tutorial, as an anode, and for heating coils. It ia used for t'*o rctaona herot (1) Because load is normally resistant to attack fro* the acid electrolytes used in plating these mottls, and (?) bceeuae *ry corrosion product* that might bo formed do not affoct tho plating operttIon or tho final appocranco of the plato. A moro roeent development In this industry la tho anodis ing procos* In which a cold electrolyte is uaod. Lead pipe and lead covorod copper or steel pipe coil* aro used to eool tho anodizing solutions by ucans of circulat ing brine or freon and tho tank* theaaclvc* aro load lined. Load Coating* A nuzfcor of object* aro coatod with lead containing loa* then ) percent tin plus some silver and antimory by the procos* knonn aa `hot dipping.* Ihla la *omoahet similar to hot dip galvanising. Torno piste ia used quite extensively ia in dustry, It la made in the acmo manner aa hot dip tin plato axcopt that instead of LIA10264 J :3 Cerroaion Chrraetcrirtloa of load and Lead Alley* - 10 - 1 pure tin, an rlloy of load and 15 to 25 percent of tin i* Mod, Large quantities of ah. i stocl ttj terrw plated *r.d ur In cr.ilr.g paint erns, gfaolinc tanis for automobiles end other r-ctiliic ecr.trincrs roquirlr-j cerrteion roalstrnco a* roll a* for architectural application* uhore It* of inlty for point 1* usod to adrarrtato. Iced end Its dloya rr: cathodic to iron end copper then applied e* cost ings, in local action et discontinuities Ln the coating nay bo preventod by apply ing rod load or aoeo other corrosion Inhibiting paint to the aurfneo, In Boat cases, saoll pinholes ln load C0.-U.n5j boeoau aclf-aoclod with corroaion product* which prevent further pitting action* Troa a practical viewpoint, the eolation to pirholo corroaion la to lncroeeo the thickness cf tho eerting to the point 'hero pinhole* ero absent, In the ceac of load coated copper thle Involve* Inc re."sing the cor.ting weight fro* 12-15 lbo, per 100 *q. ft. to 20-30 lba. per 100 *q. ft, 3P7PU OaaOQK flic load aupply situation cannot be Ignored whenever dlacuaalag any of load's applications. Despite predictions cade twenty yoora ago that wo would have no load todry, lead la at111 plentiful and It* continuing rupply 1* raaurcd for n*nr yoer* to cotae. Tho rocunt drop in prleo 1* a f.*lr indic.-tion of this fret, Kew stlnoa bevo been opened end Boat of the old ones hrvo not, r* yet, hit botto*.* Lead la fortonr.tc aaong skV-Is ln that the bulk of It* uaca are recurring. That la, after being used it cm bo aolvegrd end returned to tho Birket r* #ocondt*7 Ctrl relief for re-u*c, Thla la pcrticulrrly so in tho er*c of Industrie* util lalng lerd ter It* corrosion realatrnce. Storejr brttrrlc* rnd crhlc sho-tthlng, tho two largest conauaers of lord in thla category, .to priao cxnaploa of recurring Boa, : 1 lo-d 3 applleetlons eovor a nultlpllelty of Industriea which utilise or>o or nor* of its .itry chTTctorlatica. It 1* a nat-1 thrt hna boon around for a long ties and on* which will certainly contlnua to find considerable ua* ln tho changing technology of aodarn tin**. Tho Lori' Induatrlt* A*aoc lotion la alweya willing to cooperate withe ut obllg-tlon ln the soliiion of nobler* lnvolvl g load. I rxju lri.se abould bo '<*re*aed to li20 Loiington Avenue, Kow York 17, Mow York. * Thor* la e arylng that "old tlraa never die,* 'for Kins LnMotto loc-tod ln Southe-atern lilsaourl wra first iilacovert-d by e non in f'tmMvV DeSoto'a party ln tho o'rly Slxtoonth Century. It )v* boon producing lend sines that tins end today is still ono of tho laporUnt 1* `d producirg alnoa ln Sou thosetern :'ia*nuri ST