Document mJ8LKqOz5qOd6vqdwGvOVNzO

Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA ' Jh Tier 10 ED 002061 00270545-00001 .. !.. The Challenges of 1Bri"11n ________ Fire on the Landscape Wildlandfires are a national challenge and through complex multi-media pathways raising questions related to potential Impacts on: - Ambient air quality - Land management - Public health - Effects of ecosystem services - Water quality - Local economic growth 2014 National Emissions inventory: ~38% of particulate matter (PM)2mS emissions resultedfrom wildlandfires Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Tier 10 ED 002061 00270545-00002 An Issue of Concern for the States mpacts of Local and National Importance Adopted from https://www.nife, gov/fireinfo/fireinfo stats totalFires. html Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Tier 10 Between 2001 - 2010 over 40% of the country's large wildfires occurred In the Southeast Wildlandfires burn all year in the southeast stressing firefighting capacity and resources U.S. spends more than $1 billion each year to fight wildfires ED 002061 00270545-00003 Health Effects Linked to Smoke from Wildland Fires sets be caused by i (Source: Studies reviewed in Liu et al 2015) scied t All-cause mortality Asthma & chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations Bronchitis & pneumonia Cardiovascular outcomes Childhood respiratory disease Adverse birth outcomes Symptoms such as eye irritation, sore throat, wheeze and cough Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Tier 10 ED 002061 00270545-00004 .. *'! Present Day Challenges are Only Expected to Get Worse I icin interface Growing by 4,000 acres/day Region 4 Life Expectancy at Birth Cliciiicilnci US, Demographic U.S. population will continue to: Grow Median age will shift upward Higher valence of Chronic Diseases Conferring Risk to Aging U.S. population with increasing prevalence of: Heart-lung disease, obesity, diabetes Source: Xu J, Murphy SL, Kochanek DK, Arias E. NCHS Data Brief No 267 2016 Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Tier 10 Dwyer-Lindgren L et cil. AMA Intern Med. 2017 5 ED 002061 00270545-00005 DefiningtheHealthEffectsof Wildfire Smoke Problem: Cardiovascular health effects of wildfire smoke are uncertain Approach: Epidemiology study of health effects during the 2015 California wildfire season Associate wildfire-PM25exposure with emergency department visits for cardiovascular and respiratory diagnoses Collaborative study partners: - California Dept, of Public Health - Univ. of California at San Francisco - ORD/NHEERL/EPHD Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Tier 10 California air basins included in the study are labeled and outlined in black Hoshiko S, Wettstein Z, Cascio WE, Rappold AG 6 ED 002061 00270545-00006 California 2015 Wildfire Study Wiidfire-PM^g Increases Heart Attacks & Strokes Results: Wildfire-PM25 associated with heart attacks and strokes for all adults, particularly for those over 65 years old All Cardiovascular Causes Increase in risk the day after exposure: - All cardiovascular, 12% - Heart attack, 42% - Abnormal heart rhythm, 24% (same day) - Heart failure 16% - Stroke 22% - All respiratory causes 18% Impact: Highlights the importance of decreasing exposure in at-risk populations Data to be presented as a Late-Breaking Study at the American Public Health Association Conference in Atlanta - November 2017 Hoshiko S, Wettstein Z, Cascio WE, Rappold AG 7 Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Tier 10 ED 002061 00270545-00007 Identifying US Counties at Risk fo r Health Effects from Wildfire Smoke Problem: Are some communities more vulnerable to health effects of wildfire smoke? Approach: Develop a CornrnunIty Heaith~VuInerabiIity Index (CHVS) based on factors known to increase the risks of health effects from wildfire smoke exposures. Simulated Air quality between 2008 - 2012 over the U.S. Characterized the population size at risk based on the level and duration of exposure to fine particulate matter (fire-PM25) and CHVI. [0,0,15] (0.15,0J S ] (0,75,0 ] I {15,4.58] Health protective standards Annual: 12 pg/m3daily avg. Daily: 35 pg/m3 Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Rappold AG, et al Environ Sei Technol 2017 Tier 10 ED 002061 00270545-00008 Identifying Communities at Risk from Wildfire Smoke Approach (continued): Factors included county prevalence rates for health conditions, age and socioeconomic conditions Factors of Vulnerability Child & Adult Asthma CORD Obesity Diabetes High blood pressure % population age 65+ Income, education, poverty, unemployment Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA [0,11 (1,51 (5,101 # of days with f ire-PM25 above 35 pg/m3by ( { 10,58) counties of continental US 9 Tier 10 ED 002061 00270545-00009 Community Health- Vulnerability Community-Health Vulnerability Index Results: 30.5 million lived in the areas where the contribution of fire-PM25 to annual average ambient PM25 was high (>1.5 |ig/m3) 10.3 million people experienced unhealthy air quality levels for >10 days due to smoke Impact: The Community Health-Vulnerability Index Identifies the most vulnerable counties Shows that these communities experience more smoke exposures in comparison to less vulnerable communities May help prepare responses, increase the resilience to smoke and improve public health outcomes during smoke days Rappold AG, et al Environ Sci Technol 2017 Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Tier 10 10 ED 002061 00270545-00010 Community-Health Vulnerability Index Used in NC *%,DC-funded North Carolina Health Program Community-Health Vulnerability Index was adaptedfor use in North Carolina Utilized CHVI to identify a NC community most at risk to smoke health impacts Used CHVI to identify & add NC-specific layers (e.g., NC Forestry data) Engaged Hoke County stakeholders (e.g., local fire departments) with MxpmmmiMfs 1*1 CHVI to discuss vulnerability to smoke health impacts CHVI discussion has given way to implementing prevention efforts, e.g. Smoke Sense Courtesy of Lauren Thie NC Department of Public Health Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Tier 10 11 ED 002061 00270545-00011 ..`I Subelinical Effects Outnumber u m ic a i t**Tj Ti ^ccts Problem: A "P\ Insufficient information on subclinical symptoms (less severe symptoms) from exposure to wildfire smoke Magnitude Of Impacts Thousands More people experience these subclinical effects than those who go to the hospital Tens of Thousands *cts"f 90% of the monetized benefits Severity of Effects Effects include decreased lung & heart function, worsened asthma, & lost days of school and work Proportion of the Population Affected Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Tier 10 12 ED 002061 00270545-00012 mproving Public Health Outcomes Measure the effect of wildfire smoke exposure on health and productivity Develop health risk communication strategies to improve public health outcomes - Collect user input on how smoke events impact their health and daily activities - Provide information about the smoke exposure and recommended health risk messages Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Tier 10 ED 002061 00270545-00013 Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Air Quality & Smoke Plume Info Smoke Sense provides information about current and future air quality Forecasted smoke plumes can be visualized Less time outside during smoke episodes to decrease exposure, and protect health Smoke Sense helps collect information about who, when, and how frequently people are impacted by smoke Information about smoke in the air and symptoms experienced in the past week will be logged Tier 10 ED 002061 00270545-00014 . Network of Smoke Sense Partners Beta Testers & Pilot Community Representatives Partner agencies provided diverse perspectives for the development of Smoke Sense as beta-testers and pilot community representatives Distributed nationally; over 1,300 users. Well-developed pilot community engagement North Carolina & Washington most active Stakeholders are committed to advancing knowledge of wildland fire smoke & through public engagement in science Partner agencies have the opportunity to promote health protective behaviors within their communities to reduce the impact on health from unavoidable smoke exposure Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Tier 10 LEGEND Local Gov. State Gov. Federal Gov. Tribal Org. Academia Non-Profit Org. Private Org. .15 ED 002061 00270545-00015 Mitigating the Health Effects ^ of Wildfire Smoke mM!ift 8mmmmmmm i> Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Tier 10 ED 002061 00270545-00016 Impact of ORD Wildfire Research Take Home Messages Exposure to wildfire smoke increases healthcare utilization for cardiopulmonary conditions particularly among older persons, and those with heart and lung disease. ORD is actively translating science into actionable information and tools to limit the adverse public health impact of emissions from wildland fire and prescribe fire. The Community Health Vulnerability Index might help States identify at-risk communities, prepare responses, increase the resilience to smoke and improve public health outcomes during smoke days. The Smoke Sense app provides a means to engage partners and the public to increase knowledge and share experiences related to smoke for the purpose of reducing exposures to smoke. 17 Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Tier 10 ED 002061 00270545-00017 Contact Information Wayne E. Cascio, MD, FACC US EPA Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory Environmental Public Health Division Chapel Hill, NC and Research Triangle Park, NC 919-966-0617 cascio.wavne@epa.gov Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Tier 10 18 ED 002061 00270545-00018 Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Wildfire Research tn Vivo Test WILDFIRE PM ;100 ug; OROPHARYNGEL ASPIRATION MOUSE BALF Analysis / l.ung injury Lung inflammation Cardiac function Smoke Exposure (Monitors/Sensors) Matt Landis, NERL Amara Holder, NRMRL V Gayle Hagler, NERL Smoke Toxicology Ian Gilmour, NHEERL David DeMarini, NHEERL Andy Ghio, NHEERL Emergency Room Visits Pocosin Fire .'V / V -v Uns 11 June 21 Jus 1 July Smoke Epidemiology Ana Rappold, NHEERL Wayne Cascio, NHEERL Susan Stone, OAQPS Public Health FASIVIEE initiative w/ OAR-OAQPS v Biomass Emissions Factors & Spciation Brian Gullett, NRMRL Mike Hays, NRMRL Amara Hlder, NRMRL Venkatesh Rao, OAR-OAQPS J Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Tier 10 Smoke Emissions and AQ Impacts Modeling George Pouliot, NERL Tom Pierce, NERL Kirk Baker, OAR-OAQPS ED 002061 00270545-00020 Region 7 - RARE Project Flint Hills Prescribed Fires Annual grass/rangeland prescribed burning in Flint Hills region of central Kansas o Intended to minimize invasive woody species on the prairie and stimulate new grass growth for cattle grazing This practice can lead to elevated 0 3 and PM regionally o Kansas developed an exceptional event demonstration for 0 3 impacts in Kansas City & Wichita from Flint Hills burning in 2011 Field work at Konza Prairie Biological Station conducted to evaluate and improve emission estimates (March 2017) o Also working to better understand plume rise and dispersion to improve air quality model representation of these fires Related Coop efforts in MD with DOD advanced monitoring technologies (sensors) associated with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Tier 10 Ord Lead - Bryan Gullett, NRMRL 21 ED 002061 00270545-00021 ORD - Measuring Smoke Toxicity JFSP Research Plan FY 2015-2017 Research Goals: Compare the relative cardiopulmonary toxicity and mutagenicity of PM emissions from different fuel types (e.g., pine, oak, peat, chaparral) & burning conditions (e.g., flaming, smoldering) Provide a potency ranking matrix Combustion Collection/ Analysis Toxicity Test Fire Emissions Cryotrap System Particle and Gas Phase Chemistry & Mass Balance WT & K/O Mice Toxicity Ranking Matrix m ` II^II i i i a * I t2 1* ! I 2 : 4 >3 W j *' Cells. Tissue Slices i * ill! Joint Fire Science Program http://www.firescience.gov Sierra Club v. EPA 18cv3472 NDCA Courtesy of Mott Landis NERL & Ion Gilmour NHEERL/ORD/EPA 22 Tier 10 ED 002061 00270545-00022 3000-91790/300 1-90300 <33 01- J9!l VOON 3/l7A081- Vd3 a qn|Q bjj0|s a j s A S . a w s ............. ayi ouis ip u d uoiisnquio