Document k6NXv9G1KLa0jQ2G037NLVKBE

FILE NAME: Crane Company (CRC) DATE: 1946 Jan DOC#: CRC008 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Journal Article - Southern Power and Industry ;r i nrPfiTR/C TRUCKS I * p//T/ZD MMDS t t i i B H //M 8 ATT/yS -1 THEUPiRiW coussese S lt!A l RECORD j(\H 2 11946 i m s*****"*""* V- 1I SO UTHERN D IV ISIO N O FFIC E t 9 15-101 M arietta Street Bldg., Atlanta, G o. Sale* Agents in New O rleans St. Louis Dallas El Paso Houston Bluefleld I/cU* cMli I Now that wide war-time experience with unit loads has proved battery-powered electric trucks the most flexible, safe, cost saving equipment for handling materials and finished goods -- make this knowledge pay off! Go the whole way by powering your electric trucks with the amazing new Philco "Thirty", the i high capacity battery that gives 3 0 % longer life ! It will save y o u money. Write for the new Philco "Thirty" specification catalog. Philco Corporation, Storage Battery Division, Trenton 7, New Jersey w ff PH ILC O FOR 50 YEARS A LEADER |r|i IN I N D U S T R I A L S T O R A G E B A T T E R Y D E V E L O P M E N T X* J Editors -- Francis C . Smith Eugene W . O'Brien Southwestern Editor: Hunter R. Hughes, Jr. Production Mgr. W E Coogler M an agin g D i r e c t o r : E. W. O 'B rie n Business Representatives B. L. Rogers, 18 East 48th St., Room 1004, New York 17, N Y --Phone, Plaza S-256 William K, Hoffman, 26 Bowdoin St., Maplewood, N. J.--Phone So. Orange 2-2484. Maynard L. Durham, 67 Coving ton Road, Buffalo 16, N. Y.-- Phone, Amherst 6332. A. E. C. Smith, 206 Auditorium Building, Cleveland 14, Ohio --Phone, Cherry 7352, P. 0. E. Johnson, 168 North Michigan Ave., Chicago 1, 111 --Phone, Central 4131 L B Chappell, Auditorium Bldg., 427 West 5th S t, Los Ange les, Calif, -- Phone, Tucker 6363. Hunter R. Hughes, Jr,, 1341 Lib erty Bank Bldg., Dallas, Texas.--Phone, Central 7673 Annual Subscription--$1.00 Canada--$1.50 ; Foreign 2.00 Published Monthly by w. R. c. SMITH PUBLISHING C O . Publishers also o f : Cotton, ElecJn'.al South, Southern Hardware, southern Automotive Journal. J- Rooke, President*, R. P. onuth, Executive Vice-President; 4* W McAllister, Vice-President; ! VV. O'Brien, Vice President; C. Smith, Vice-President; I C. Cook, Vice-President: O. A. ^barpiess, T reasurer; A. F. Rob- c"ts, Secretary. Editorial and Executive Offices RANT BUILDING ATLANTA, G EO R G IA W CONTENTS Texas Fire Brick-- A New Plant with Modern Methods, By Hunter R. Hughes, J r ............................................................................... 44 Automatic A rc Welding, by R, M. Daniels..................................................... 47 Low Temperature Refrigeration, by F. R. Zumbro and Terry Mitchell. . . 48 Music for Southern Industry, by Hunter R. Hughes, J r ................................ 52 Arkansas Solvent Extraction Plant, l6y Jane I. G o rd o n ................................ 55 Automatic Roof Cooling, by Leonard A . H older......................................... 56 Safe Handling of Barrels....................................................................................... 59 Electronics Maintenance, by R. C . Roetger.................................................. 60 Dielectric Heating in Furniture Manufacturing, by W . H . Hickock......... 64 Industrial Hygiene, by N. V. Hendricks......................................................... 68 The G reat G am e of Getting Ahead, by Harry C . W alk er....................... 82 Training Disabled Veterans ................................................................................ 92 Rope Service Pays Dividends, by Russel Ralph.............................................. 94 History of Power, by C arl J . Eckhardt, J r ........................................................ 98 * PR A CTICA L DISCUSSION How Much Heat is L o s t ........... 64 Experience a Great Teacher . . . . . . . . 78 Efficiency from Lighting .................. 104 Maintenance of Window Sas h, . . , .104 Taper in Tapped Holes .................... 104 Saving Leather with Pivoted Base. . . 104 Effloient Group Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Motor Insulation Resistance . . . . . . . . 106 Keeping File from Clogging ............. .106 Belt Slip on Fan Drive .........................106 Slow Motion Pays ............................... 106 Repairing Leaky Faucets...................... 108 Placing Long Trolley Beam.................... 108 , Stop for Stripping Machine.................. 110 Repairing Selenium Rectifiers.............. 110 Under Water Welding .........................130 New Sugar Process ............................... 181 DEPARTMENTS FACTS AH. H W P S : b u y e r s : in f o r m a t io n ..................... TIMELY COMMENTS ....... ................ 4 l 1 INDUSTRY SPEAKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 ^j't../ *'/ ' 'ir* i ; %'C N B W S V r T H B M O N T H ................. 1 1 2 N EW E Q U IP M EN T .................................... .113 CATALOGS OF THB MONTH.-------132 INDEX- TO THE ADVERTISERS. . . 168 Copyright, 1346, by W. R. O. Smith Publishing Company 3 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE----------- Control of Working Environment is Important This third installment is a discussion of the working environment -- its problems, (heir evaluation, and recommended control. EVERY important factor in fluencing our lives and one which is given little consideration is the environment in which we work. The general environment dictates our requirements as to the clothes we wear, the food we eat, and to a certain extent our mode of living. The average individual will spend at least eight hours a day at some occupation. The re maining portion of the day is usually spent at home. It is obvious that two distinct problems of en vironment exist: the home or com munity, and the working environ ment. There are certain safeguards thrown about the community as providing safe drinking water, proper sewage disposal, collection and disposal of other wastes in cluding garbage, and immunization programs. The importance of these protective procedures in a com munity has been long recognized. Their accomplishment is measured in terms of reduced death rates from various communicable di seases. Some diseases which in the past have taken great toll of life By N. V. Hendricks Chief Engineer Industrial Hygiene Service, Georgia Department of Public Health have by these methods been re duced to a point of minor signi ficance. As civilization has pro gressed with an accompanying complexity in our living, the neces sity for public safeguards in the community has been given more and more consideration. It is only through these approaches that the proper public health measures for the community environment can be applied. For a number of years, consid eration has been given to the de velopment of certain methods by which the working environment of an individual may be modified or adjusted to more healthful working conditions. Many plant op erations by the very nature of the materials processed and by the mechanics of the operation pro duce an atmosphere of toxic or otherwise harmful substances. The final objective in any industrial hygiene program is the alleviation of health hazards incident to in dustrial operations by the use of scientific methods. Occupational Diseases Industrial operations require the use of many materials, some of which are toxic and produce harm ful effects on individuals who are exposed to them. In addition, there are certain physical conditions which exercise harmful effects on the worker. The deleterious effects produced by these materials and conditions may, in a broad sense, be termed occupational diseases. In some states, industry has been legally responsible for the effect on the worker which is brought about from such exposures. Where legal responsibility has been desig nated, codes or schedules have been established for a rate of compensa tion covering occupational diseases. Such codes vary from all inclusive loss to those which cover only specific occupational diseases. BEFORE ANO AFTER INSTALLATION OF VAPOR ABSORPTION SYSTEM IN MERCERIZING DEPARTMENT OF BLEACHERY AND DYE WORKS. 68 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for JANUARY, 1946 In considering the potential de velopment of occupational diseases and the responsibility and cost in cident, management cannot escape the fact that the condition of the working environment is an eco nomic factor expressed in terms of the overall cost of production. Proper consideration to the status of the environment, in many cases, will directly lower the cost. Recog nizing these facts, management should take every possible means of improving and controlling the working environment. For many occupational diseases there is no known medication and the logical method of control is the adjust ment of the working environ ment in order that the exposuie from which occupational diseases result may be removed. Processing And The Environment The working environment in any plant will be dependent on these factors: (1) materials, (2) process ing methods, and (3) process equip ment. Many of the raw and pro cessing materials used in industry are specifically toxic and toxic compounds are often liberated as by-products of certain operations. In any case, the type material and its presence in the working atmo sphere will determine the existence of a hazard. Fortunately most pro cessing materials are non-toxic. However, with many industries it is impossible to avoid the use of certain specific compounds which are known to produce harmful effects on individuals exposed to them. The method of processing is im portant as it will determine the ex tent to which materials are dis persed into the working atmo sphere. Important factors associ ated with process methods in clude: (1) temperatures required for various operations, (2) agita tion and other mechanical details, and (3) specific operations where by-products are formed and liber ated. Equipment plays an important role in determining dispersion since the design of such units may call for open or closed operations, rotation at high speed or close or frequent observation on the part of the operator. Specific design would determine the extent to which certain control installations such as local exhaust ventilation might be applied. OPERATOR EMPTYING BAG OF CARBON BLACK INTO BANBURY MIXER BEFORE AND AFTER INSTALLATION OF OUST AND FUME REMOVAL system. 70 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for JANUARY, 1946 Environment Problems Of importance to industry is the matter of controlling dust. For tunately, there are relatively few types of dust which are specifically toxic. The more important from an industrial standpoint are silica, as bestos and finely divided salts of toxic metals, such as lead. Silica and Dust Exposures to free silica are more important from the standpoint of population exposed and deserve more consideration than those to asbestos dust. However, asbestos dust is just as toxic as free silica. Wherever sand or materials con taining free silica are processed, exposure to the dust is likely to result. This is especially true in foundry operations, abrasive clean ing, blasting, and the like. Suffi cient exposure to concentrations of free silica often results in the pro duction of fibrotic growths in the lungs of the exposed individual. This condition is known as silicosis and is one of the prime disabling occupational diseases and has cost industry considerable sums of money for compensation. Asbestos dust although specif ically toxic, does not result in a numerically great number of ex posures due to its infrequent in dustrial applications. However, in the production of asbestos cloth and other products, a serious prob lem of dust control is presented. Certain heavy metals and their salts produce specific toxic reac tions. Many industries employ lead and cadmium, and their application to plant operation usually results in the creation of an actual or po tential exposure. Lead compounds are particularly important in such operations as the manufacture of storage batteries, printing indus tries, and the production of paints or pigments. Gases Gases are usually classified as either asphyxiant or irritant. In dustrially the more important as phyxiants include carbon monox ide, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen cyanide. Of these, carbon monoxide occurs more frequently. This gas is associated with the combustion of carbonacious materials and is ex tremely toxic. On entry into the body it exerts an affinity for hem oglobin which is about 300 times the affinity of oxygen resulting in a tremendous decrease in the abili ty of the blood to carry oxygen and produces a condition of as phyxia. The more common irritants found in industry include sulfur dioxide, chlorine, ammonia, and the oxides of nitrogen. Although these gases are extremely toxic, they are suf ficiently irritating so that the in dividual exposed usually has some warning as to their presence. Under these conditions the worker can normally remove himself from the exposure before too much damage is done. However, these materials do occur frequently in industry and the importance of ex posures to them should not be minimized. Vapors Vapors come from organic com pounds both of the aliphatic and aromatic series. They play a tre mendously important part in mod ern production and their number and use is limited only by the ingenuity of the chemist. They are used widely as degreasing agents, intermediates, solvents and clean ing compounds. Most of these materials are ex cellent fat solvents, and on entry into the body tend to go to the nervous system. This is true of the aliphatic series, including distil lates and petroleum. From the standpoint of pure toxicity, prob ably the most important of these materials would include benzol, its homologues and the chlorinated compounds. Sufficient exposure to these compounds results in chronic disturbance and in some cases dis ability. M isis Acid and alkaline mists are as sociated with plating, stripping and cleaning. Chromic acid mist is probably the most important of this class of material and results from electroplating, anodizing and similar operations. Exposure to such mists may result in perfora tion of the nasal septum, and if cuts or abrasions are present on the exposed parts, ulcers may de velop. Fumes .*, Fumes are usually associated ' with welding, cutting, or other op erations where metals are heated to high temperatures. From an in dustrial standpoint, lead, zinc, and ' cadmium are probably the most important. Atmospheric fumes of this type are often found around pouring of brass, welding or burn ing of galvanized metal or on high temperature operations involving surfaces coated with lead bearing paint. The physiological response to the inhalation of these materials may vary considerably. The less serious condition is known as metal fume fever which carries symptoms of zinc oxide. It is of short duration and no permanent tissue damage is done. The more serious condi tions arise from the exposure to fumes or metals which are specifi cally toxic. Physical Conditions Physical conditions such as working positions, temperature, humidity and abnormal pressures, play an important part in the abil ity of the worker to produce. The correction of such conditions is primarily a problem of engineer ing and when given proper consid eration will do much toward in creasing production and lowering costs, through improvement of quality of the final production, re duction of spoilage, and increase in the final plant safety. Evaluation of Environment In order to properly evaluate the exposures in an industrial plant, a detailed engineering study and analysis is required. Such a study in the form of an industrial hygiene survey is a mechanical means by which the plant is ob served department by department for the purpose of noting occupa tional hazards and unsafe practices so that they may be appraised. Such a survey should include a work analysis, analytical procedure rating of hazards, analyses of the hazards and recommendations for control. The work analysis should be made by noting each and every job carried out in the plant, method of process, and hazardous conditions to which each worker 74 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for JANUARY, 1946 COMMON PROCESSING MATERIALS WITH SAFE CONCENTRATION ANO PH YSI OLOGICAL SYMPTOMS T O X IC M A TERIA L IN D U STRIA L U SE SAFE C O N C E N T R A T IO N S PH Y SIO LO G ICA L RESPO N SE Acrolein A m m onia Aniline Arsenic Compounds B rom ine Benzol (M gunu s\ : mlg m ilitary soap and varnish: fertilizer. gases, Organic preparations; refrigeration ; bron/j ns; . <l,ve A n d ( ' d o r m f g . , s u g a r r e f i n i n g O r g a n u s y n t h o i s ; Uye m fg ; paint vtu ni.sh : d i s m f c ' t u n t i ; e x p lo siv e s. and F a i n t timl p i g m e n t s , l e a t h e r i n d u s t r y ; sec t i c i d e s , m i n i n g a n d s m e l t i n g , q y u varnish mfg. inami Orgaiiif plosives. .syutln-sis; d\es; brom ides; ex S o !\ m , paint and varnish rem overs, \ a t n i s h uit' g , r u b * ,,r i n d u s t r y . dye; C adm ium Carbon Disulfide Carbon M onoxide Carbon Tetrachloride Chlorinated D iphenyls Chlorine Chlorobenzene C hrom ium Compounds Kth ylone D ichloride F orm ald eh y d e Hydrochloric Acid Hydrogen Sulfide Lead Mercur> Silica Dust (Free) Sulfur Dio via. S u i t u r <' A< id Toluene ZihC Allovs, storage cadm ium balls, batteries; lead am] e l e e t r o p l a t i n g *, /inf sm elting Solvent; mfg vDui-o ravou, varnishes, in secticides; carbon letiHehloridc. M fg gav; iron and .steel; e n a m e l; illum inating Kilt op r a t i o n s , s m e l t i n g . Solvent, mfg cK auing com pounds, paint and lacquer industries. dyi , Electrical wax mfg. equipm ent; lacquer m fg .; paints, O rganic .synthesis: textile purification; chlorination, bleaching; water Solvent for cellulose fats; dry cleaning. acetate, rosins, oils, D y eing: nietalhirgv , m g , tanning. e j n 11 o p l a t m u . prim O rg a n ic s y n th e s is ; so lv en ts, th in n er for lacquers. Organic synthesis; dyes; rub be i goods, leather; synthetM resins and licquers. Leather industry, organic synthesis; dye stuffs, mfg. chlorides. it cage nt ; an al ytic al chemist! >' J layon .-pinning; leather tanning, and smelting; paper mfg. ' iscose mining Chemical equipment lead pigm ents; allu.v: storage battery mfg.; insecticides. Prep, mercury salts, scientific m sfum ents. chemical piocessinc Foundries; stone industry; abrasive clean ing, blasting. Refrigeration , bleiuhing, cellulose; paper, mining ami smelting. Fertilizers; refining, explosives; organic synthesis; leather ; textiU s , chemicals. Solvent; paint and \.\rni.-h; organic prep arations; dye and varnish; rubber industry. M e t a l l u r g v : ga lv an isi n g, bra s s f o u n d les--stnelung. J. ppm DU p p m fui ppm 0.5 m g /M * 1 0 ppm l(>u p p m 0 . 1 m g / M ' -0 ppm HIO ]>pm J no ppm 3.0 m g / M " 1.0 p p m 7 ppm 0 . 1 m g / M (l 100 ppm 20 ppm 10 ppm 20 ppm 0.15 mg/M : 0 1 m g / M :' G,0 0 0 , 0 0 0 p.p c.f 10 ppm 2 o ppm 200 ppm ir, ms/M I r r i t a t i o n o f s k i n a n d m u c o i- m e m b r a n e s of eyes an d re s p ira to ry tract, d yspnea, t>ronchitis. Irrita tio n of re sp ira to ry passages, cough, pulmonuv> edem a, stm-vi eve irritation, caustic action on skin, M uscular w eakness, vertigo, ing. n e rv o u s sy m p to m s, lo-s nausea, vomiting, dianhe.i. i v * u o m -, lain*, of e q u ilib r iu m , P, lit is in .stonim. h, v o m i t i n g , d i a i i h e . i , h e a d ache, gastric distu rb u u ces, skin di-ea-es, loss o f h a i r , vs e u k n e s s . I rrita tio n of a n passage-, b io m h itis , ton.iututivitis, .-kin e i u p t i o n s . discoloi at ion of .skin Hcftdnche amt vertigo, galr> intestinal dis turbance, h em o rrh ag es, injurv to bbrnd form m g o r g a n s vsitli c h a n g e - in blood p ic tu r e , i n ju ry to blood vessels, heart, liver, k id n ey s, etc. L oss of appetite, w eakness, nausea, i n f la m m ation of the lungs, cough, -metvvss of chest H eadache, vertigo, vwakness. nnces, irritation of skin. m ental disturb H e a d a c h e , p a in fu ln e -s of eyeball, th r o b b i n g of temples, w eakness, nausea, vomiting, inereused r e s p i r a t i o n a n d puls', collapse. Irritation of nose, headache, vomiting, to liver, d e rm a titis throat and eyes, nausea, confusion, narcosis, injur) A eneform of liver. akin eruptions, jaundice and atrophv Acute cardiac p.ualysis, cough, bronchitis, chronic bronchial catarrh. burning, anemia, blisteriug. nasal and H eadache, giddiness. Blood chump's. B ro n c h iti-; bronchopneumonia, anemia, neph ritis, ub-ers of sk in and m e m b ra n e , p erfo ra tion of na-al septum . irrita tio n of eves a n d nose, vertigo, u n con< i o u - i H 1- - a n d d e a t h i f e x p o s u r e i s p r o l o n g e d Irritation of mucous membranes, conjunctivitis, severe dermatitis, degeneration of liver. Coughing, bronchitis, destr uction of teeth, con traction of throat, caustic action on skin. Conjunctivitis, exhaustion, pallor, pain m eyes, nose and throat; headache, convulsions, paral ysis. Weakness, pallor, loss of appetite, lead line, anemia, constipation, cramps, colic. Inflammation ot gums and nmcutis membtan-1 of the mouth, n c c io -is ot the jaw. enteritis , anemia, tremor- of the hands and face. Fibrotic lung tissue, development of silicosis. Bronchitis, coughing, larvngitis bronchopneu monia, dige-tive disorders Acute and chronii bronchitis, bronchopneu monia. decay of te eth On the skin, pain, edema and ulceration. Narcotic effect, headache, vertigo, gastro intestinal disturbances, injur) to livoi and nervous system, Metal fuiut* f p v m ; ir r ita tio n of r o s p i r a t m ' tract, headache, nausea, chills, pain in limb- ' D T K 1' 1' M - - F a r t - o! Mib-t.mce u r million p a i l - of arr bv volume m p p c f = Millieu- oj. p ; n t ivies of s u b i t a n e - p - r cubit foot of ait niii/M- - - M illig iam- oi' s u b s i a m e per cubic n o t e r of air SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for JANUARY, 1946 75 is exposed. Toxic materials v-hen present are investigated from the standpoint of the liberation into the atmosphere; physical state, whether or not the employee is re quired to be in the area where this material is dispersed, and the probable effect on the individual. Analytical procedures usually in clude the collection of field samples and their analysis and the comple tion of other measurements when necessary. Atmospheric samples are collected from the breathing zone of the exposed worker and are taken in such manner as to be representative of average working conditions. Actual sampling and analysis of the atmosphere is the only scientific means by which a known exposure may be ac curately evaluated. Some toxic ma terials make their presence known by odor and other properties, but these do not offer a means of de termining their concentrations. The rating of a hazard or ex posure is a measurement to de termine the degree of a condition and the effectiveness of existing control methods. Much work has been done in establishing safe per- rnissable concentrations for some of the more common toxic ma terials These threshold values of fer a means of determining the ex tent of individual exposures. By an analysis of processing methods, rat ing of hazards and study of ef ficiency of existing corrective measures, a baseline for adequate control procedures may be estab lished. In most cases processing methods will determine the type control indicated. Application of Data When the industrial hygiene study has been completed and ob servations and data analyzed, it is necessary to translate this infor mation into terms of specific con trol procedures. Unless these data finally result in corrective meas ures, a great waste of time and ef fort will take place. Although the plant or process engineer may not be primarily concerned with ac tivities other than strictly process ing, this individual should take ad vantage of information obtained through the industrial hygiene sur vey. In many cases, a study of environmental conditions under which a job is carried out will of- ier the production engineer a means of increasing the efficiency of the particular operation. The plant engineer should also be concerned with the industrial hygiene information because the control procedures applied will be based on an analysis of these find ings. The design and installation of such control procedures as local exhaust ventilation should be worked out with the plant engineer in order that the final installation may be entirely consistent with processing requirements. Control Procedures Hazards associated with indus trial operations can either be eliminated or reduced to harmless limits by the application of public engineering methods. Procedures for the control of such exposures usually consists of one of the fol lowing: Isolation of the process. Fre quently a job which is productive of dust or tends to disperse other materials into the work area can be removed and located at a point so that the liberation of such ma terial will not contaminate the gen eral working atmosphere. It is oc casionally possible to close off in dividual operations so as to isolate them from other areas and control the exposure. Substitution of non-toxic ma terial occasionally offers a good method of alleviating specific ex posures. Where toxic materials are used and it is possible to replace them with non-toxic substitutes, the exposure can be removed in the easiest possible way. Wet methods can sometimes be applied. These are frequently used in the stone industry in drilling, crushing, and grinding. Where ma terials being processed must be kept in the dry state, this method is obviously eliminated. Personal protective equipment offers an excellent control pro cedure where the exposure is in frequent or of a short duration. Where this type of equipment is used, care should be exercised in its selection in order that the equip ment used be designed for the particular exposure. Only equip ment which bears the stamp of approval of the U. S. Bureau of Mines should be purchased. Some exposures may be con trolled by means of general ventilation. By this procedure a suffil cient amount of air is introduced into the work area to dilute the contaminant to a point below the toxic limit. This method has cer tain disadvantages, such as the handling of excessive amounts of air, and the failure to reduce con centrations of the material at its point of liberation. It is usually at or close to the point of liberation where real exposure occurs and general ventilation, in most cases, does not correct this situation. Local exhaust ventilation offers the most effective and generally the most efficient means of con trolling individual exposures. A hood or similar type of collecting device is located as close as pos sible to the point of liberation of the contaminant and sufficient air handled in ordeT to remove this material in such a manner that it is not dispersed into the work area. This type control should remove the material before it has an oppor tunity to come into the breathing zone of either the worker on the individual job or the workers in the surrounding area. In considering the matter of local exhaust ventilation, it is high ly essential that these installations be properly designed and engi neered. In too many cases hoods and the entire exhaust systems are installed by mechanics or other individuals in the plant and no thought is given to their design or the principles on which they should operate. Unless such systems are based on good engineering design there is no assurance that the in stallation will operate in such man ner as to control the exposure The next article of this series will cover organic solvents and similar in dustrial materials, their properties and uses as they influence the en vironment and health of the worker using them. 1945 INDEX Available to Subscribers If you keep your back issues -- write the editors for a free copy of this Index ,S Y r P a g r tiff 76 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for JANUARY, 1946 For "User's Choice" of Piping Materials it's the Complete CRANE Line Piping systems operate under varying conditions. What con ditions should dictate your choice of piping materials, you can best determine. Then Crane helps you meet those specific requirements with the world's largest line of valves, fittings, pipe and piping accessories for all applications. By dem onstrating the merits of all types of materials, Crane, with 90 years' experience, enables you to choose correctly for every need. Ordering from the Crane line simplifies all piping jobs. Your Crane branch or' Wholesaler supplies all materials. You're sure to get a better installation and better performance with all parts of uniform quality, backed by single responsibility. This complete Crane service is made-to-order for your peacetime program. ' _____________ ~ - " ' ' " piping to beat exchanger SERVICE RECOMMENDATIONS: Crane Stan d ard Iron Body G lo b e and A ngle V a lv es meet all general service requirements with w orking pressures up to 125 pounds steam. Brass-trimm ed valves are recom m ended for steam, w ater, and fluids non-corrosive to brass o r iron; all-iron valves for fluids th at corrode brass but not iron. Also available w ith choice of com position discs for steam, hot w ater, cold w ater, air, oil, and o th er services. In sizes from 2 in. u p --w ith screw ed o r flanged ends. C rane also m akes iro n b o d y g lo b e and angle valves in all-iron; w ith brass trim ; and w ith com position disc;in sizes from K to 2 in. R ated at 150 pounds steam , 2 50 pounds cold. See your C rane catalog. Pages 143 to 151. CRANE CO., General Offices: 836 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago 5, 111. Branches and Wholesalers Serving All Industrial Areas CRANE SOUTHERN POWFR fc IKiniKTPY u . IAMl IADV i * A L VALVES FITTINGS PLUMBING HEATING PIPE PUMPS