Document jmDGJaK78BxzG1XkpG4oVyb5R

MS- ??. PLASTICIZERS AND RESINS Monsanto Chemicals iPetofitip tfntlub lltf . . Vt/iic/i /Tblr-eA ' Jfan&infi Ofei^aa TOWOLDMON0039017 WATER_PCB-00023486  SPfieeiflietiUcmb and 'jtf/i/i/tca/mn Q)a/a PLASTICIZERS AND RESINS Revised May, 1940 Monsanto Chemical Company St. Louis, U. S. A. New York Boston Chicago Akron Birmingham Charlotte Los Angeles Montreal Detroit San Francisco London 0bl<t939 J TOWOLDMON0039018 WATEFLPCB-00023487 fWohewc/id This booklet is prepared for the purpose of setting forth the essential characteristics of certain plasticizers and resins made by Mon santo Chemical Company. On account of the diversity of basic raw materials used as plastics and the almost unlimited uses of the finished articles, it is obvious that there is not likely to be a universal plasticizer. A knowledge of the properties imparted by each of several placticizers, however, gives a working basis for selecting the right one for any particular purpose or making the correct combinations. Wc believe that the data and suggestions presented here will enable the manufacturer of articles requir ing these products to make a proper selection with a minimum of time and testing. Plasticizers and Resins for Use With........ ................. 4 The Phosphates.............................................................. 7 Tricrcsyl Phosphate............................... .7 Triphenyl Phosphate.. ........................ .9 The Santicizers................................................... 11 Santicizer 8............................. 11 Santicizer 9........................................... 12 Santicizer 10.................................... 13 Santicizer B-16....................................... . 14 Santicizer F.-l 5 13 Santicizer M-17................................. 17 The Phthalates............................................................... 19 Dibutyl Phthalatc........... ............................................ 19 Diethyl Phthalate...................................................... 19 Dimethyl Phthalate................................................ 21 Diphenyl Phthalate....................................... .22 General Data --.................................................. .... 23 Miscibility of Liquid Plasticizers with Organic Solvents... ................................. 23 Flash Points................................................................. 23 Solubilities of Solid Plasticizers in Organic Solvents.................................................................... 21 Solubilities of Some Resins and Waxes in Dibutyl Phthalate and Santicizers B-16, E-15 and M-17... 25 Viscosities and Pour Points of Liquid Plasticizers... 25 Table of Characteristics of Monsanto Plasticizers 26 The Santolites................................................................ 28 Santolite MS.............. -............................................... 29 SantoHte Mill* 29 Santolite K.. . 30 Solubility and Miscibility of the Santolites ........... 31 Table of Characteristics of Santolites............ 31 The Aroclors......... ..... 32 2 OblWO J TOWOLDMON0039019 WATER_PCB-00023488 General Cellulose esters and practically all resins, both synthetic and natural, have a brittleness which increases with age. To counteract this characteristic, as well as to give xwrhibility and flexibility, and overcome shrinking which causes cracking and shattering, plasticizers are added. Plasticizers caine into particular prominence with the development of pyroxylin and the subsequent growth of the lacquer and moulded synthetic products industries. Camphor was the first satisfactory plasticizer, and it was its use with nitrocellulose that made celluloid and moulded pyroxylin articles possible. On account, of the fire hazard involved in the use of articles made of nitrocellulose, a fire retarder was necessary, and Tricresyl Phosphate came to play that role. In spite of numberless attempts to produce other compounds for the purpose, Tricresyl Phosphate still retains its place, although with improvements in nitrocellulose stabiliza tion it is not as essential in most compositions as formerly. After the World War the availability of large stocks of butyl alcohol and a process for making phlhalic anhy dride cheaply opened the way for Dibutyl Phthalate as a component of the new nitrocellulose lacquers just becoming so important. The combination of Tricresyl Phosphate and Dibutyl Phthalate was quite satis factory until a host of new moulding and coating materials, composed largely of synthetic resins, were developed and requirements became much more exact ing. These compositions required other plasticizers, or to be more exact, properties not imparted by the old plasticizers became essentials. Extreme lack of color, light stability, water resistance, grease resistance, non toxicity, greater compatibility with special resins, gloss, smoothness of working, flexibility at low temperatures, non-softening at high temperatures, stability toward acids and alkalies, and numerous other properties were demanded. Cellulose acetate came actively into the plastic field and required entirely new plasticizers because, while most of the compounds proposed were compatible with nitrocellulose, very few were sufficiently so with acetate. Thus, for Tricresyl Phosphate, which is not at all compatible with acetate, must be substituted Triphenyl Phosphate which has good compatibility. Dibutyl Phthalate is not compatible in amounts sufficient to give the desired properties, and therefore Dimethyl Phthalate and Diethyl Phthalate, in spite of relatively high evaporation rates, were used. Monsanto Chemical Company is prepared to supply a line of plasticizers covering most of the essential require ments. Standard products of proven value have been selected and additional ones developed to fit those requirements not fulfilled by the older materials. In all these products the usual high standard of quality of Monsanto products is maintained. The requirements for resins are as exacting as for plasticizers. Two important factors in many specialty combinations are compatibility with cellulose acetate and lack of color. The Santolite resins possess both these features as well as many others which make them out standing in the resin field. 061'tV`tl || TOWOLDMON0039020 WATER_PCB-00023489 Plasticizers and Resins for Use with Alkyd Resins Santicizers B-16, E-15 and M-17 are recommended as plasticizers in amounts of from 5% to 40% of the resin weight. Tricresyl Phosphate and Dibutyl Phthalate may also be used. The Santolitcs arc of value for in creasing moisture resistance and compatibility in lacquers. The Aroclors are compatible with alkyd resins and can be used in conjunction with them for lacquers, varnishes and enamels. Phenolic Resins Santicizcr M-17 and Tricresyl Phosphate give the greatest flexibility. Dibutyl Phthalate, Santicizers B-16 and E-15, and Diphenyl Phthalate may also be used. None give great flexibility to the completely "cured" (C stage) resin. Santicizer 9 in amounts of from 2% to 5% may improve the workability and curing of phenolic moulding compositions. The Aroclors may be used in special cases as lubricants or in coating compositions. Polyvinyl Acetate Mixtures of plasticizers usually give the best results. Santicizers M-17, E-15 and B-16 are recommended as liquid plasticizers. Dibutyl Phthalate and Tricresyl Phosphate may also be used. If excessive softening is to be avoided, the solid plasticizers--Santicizer 10 and Diphenyl Phthalate--are of value. The Santolites either alone or in combination with a solid or liquid plasticizer improve workability, flexibility and adhesion. The liquid or semi-solid Aroclors give tough, flexible compositions of improved water resistance and electri cal properties. The resinous Aroclors give harder, more brittle, compositions. . Polyvinyl Acetals The proper plasticizer will depend upon the particular acetal and the intended use. For maximum flexibility, Santicizers M-17, E-15, B-16 and 8 and Dibutyl Phthalate are suggested. As solid plasticizers Diphenyl Phthalate and Santicizers 9 and 10 have merit. The Santolites and Aroclors have fair compatibility. Polyvinyl Chloride Santicizers M-17 and E-15 are especially efficient plasticizers. Tricresyl Phosphate, Dibutyl Phthalate and Santicizer B-16 also have good compatibility. The Aroclors are compatible but do not produce great flexibility. Polystyrene Santicizer B-16 and Diphenyl Phthalate are recom mended. Santicizers E-15 and 9 are also suggested but are not so generally applicable. The Aroclors are compatible, the liquids having some solvent action when warm. Santolite Resins All of the plasticizers--both liquid and solid--may be used; one part of a liquid plasticizer to four parts of Santolite MHP will be very soft. The solid plasticizers also produce a softening effect but to a less degree. Combinations of solid plasticizers and the Santolites make efficient plasticizers for cellulose esters and ethers and polyvinyl acetates. Diphenyl Phthalate and Santi cizer 10 are recommended for such combinations. Equal parts by weight of Diphenyl Phthalate or Santicizer 10 and Santolite MHP will be liquid at ordinary temperatures. Increasing the proportion of Santolite hardens the combination. Urea Formaldehyde Resins Santicizer 9 somewhat improves the uniformity and workability of resins of this class. Acrylic Type Resins Santicizer B-16 is recommended. The solid plasticizers produce less softening effect but also less flexibility. Nitrocellulose Tricresyl Phosphate is recommended for fire retarding and also imparts good flexibility, permanence, tough ness and water resistance. TOWOLDMON0039021 WATER_PCB-00023490 Dibuty) Phthalate and Santicizers B-16, E-15 and M*17 are best for color stability, high flexibility and practi cally all properties except fire retardation. Santicizer B-16 gives the greatest film strength and Santicizer M-17 the greatest flexibility. Dibutyl Phthalate gives the least moisture resistance. Santicizer 8 produces High flexibility, gloss, brilliance and smooth working qualities. Its color stability is of the same order as that of Tricresyl Phosphate. Santicizer 10 and Diphenyl Phthalate impart water resistance and gloss. Both produce hard compositions when used alone so are most frequently used in combina tion with other plasticizers or with resins to aid flexibility. The Aroelors act as both plasticizers and resins in nitrocellulose lacquers. Compatibility decreases as the chlorine content of the Aroclor increases. Aroelors 1242, 1254, 1260 and 5442 are most suitable and aid water resistance, adhesion, gloss and reduce the burning rate. They reduce gas permeability and tend to eliminate ''corona" effect when used in high tension cable coat ings. The Aroelors yellow somewhat in ultraviolet light. The Santolitc resins arc valuable in all lacquers not intended for the most severe exposure to weathering. They arc highly compatible, produce solutions of low viscosity and impart high gloss, good flow and moisture resistance and are essentially colorless. They may be used with any of the plasticizers, either liquid or solid. Amounts of Santolitc MHP suggested are up to a weight equal to the nitrocellulose, and the quantity of plasticizer for such mixtures will be the same as that required if the Santolitc were not present. Santolite K gives more water resistance than the other SantolitcB and produces some flexibility of itself. Cellulose Acetate Dimethyl Phthalate, Diethyl Phthalate, Triphenyl Phosphate, Santicizers 8, M-17, E-15 and, for some types of acetate, B-16 are all of value. Dimethyl Phthalate produces great flexibility and is relatively cheap. A high evaporation rate and poor moisture resistance are its chief defects. Diethyl Phthalate is almost always used in conjunction with Dimethyl Phthalate or other plasticizers. Triphenyl Phosphate gives fire retarding (films with 20 parts per 100 of acetate will not support combustion), and produces firm, flexible films of high tensile strength. Santicizer 8 produces tough, flexible, compositions of high gloss and with smooth working properties. Its light stability is better than Triphenyl Phosphate but not equal to the phthalate derivatives. Santicizers M-17 and E-15 give products of high quality as regards all characteristics. They do not affect the burning rate. These plasticizers are recommended over other compounds for general use. M-17 is a better solvent than E-15 for cellulose acetate. Santicizer B-16 is not a solvent for cellulose acetate and its retentivity varies over a wide range, being greatest with the more highly acetylatcd acetates. Although not recommended for general acetate work its possi bilities should not be overlooked when the use of a permanent, light-stable, water-insoluble, alkali-resist ant, odorless, tasteless plasticizer is required. The Santolites are especially valuable in cellulose acetate compositions, adding gloss, adhesion and mois ture resistance. They should be used with plasticizers to produce flexibility, Santolite K requiring the least amount of plasticizer. The Aroelors are of little value in cellulose acetate because they have a low compatibility and impart no flexibility or reduction in burning rate. Cellulose Aeetobutyrate Dibutyl Phthalate, Tricresyl Phosphate and Santicizers B-16, E-15 and M-17 are all efficient plasticizers. Suitability will depend upon the intended me of the finished goods. About 30 parts of plasticizer (by weight) to 100 parts of the acetobutyrate ig usually required. 5 0614993 || TOWOLDMON0039022 WATER_PCB-00023491 Ethyl Cellulose Santicizcr M-17 produces maximum flexibility. Amounts up to about 75 parts (by weight) to 100 parts of ethyl cellulose may be used without producing tacky com positions. Santicizers 11-16, K-15 and 8, Dibutyl Phthalate, Tricresyl Phosphate and Triphenyl Phos phate are also of value. The Santolite resins produce flexible, tough com positions of excellent properties. The Aroclors arc very compatible and afford a means of obtaining any desired degree of flexibility or hardness. The liquid Aroclors, such as 1242, produce great flexibility while the hard, resinous Aroclors, such as 5460, produce hard compositions of unusual weathering qualities. The Aroclors are highly recommended for compositions of good water resistance, gloss, alkalirceistance, flexibility, adhesion and weathering qualities. Benzyl 1'i-lliilasi* Diphenyl Phthalate is recommended. Samicizers 11-16 and K-15 and Tricresyl Phosphate are also applicable. 25 parts per 100 by weight are sufficient for normal purposes, The Aroclors are compatible and aid alkali resistance and reduce moisture and gas permeability. The liquid and soft resinous aroclors give greatest flexibility. Chlorinated It libber Santicizers JI-16, K-15 and M-17 have special merit. Santicizer 11*16 increases the adhesion and is usually preferred, although Santicizcr M-17 produces greater flexibility and is not affected by petroleum hydro carbons. From 5 to 25 parts of plasticizer per 100 are suggested although more can be used, the retentivity of Santicizcr M-17 being almost 200 parts to 100 of Chlorinated rubber. The Aroclors--both liquid and solid-- are valuable for giving a wide range of properties between flexibility and hardness. Aroclor 1260 is recommended for flexibility and toughness combined with water and alkali resist ance. Usually from 20 to 50 parts of Aroclor to LOO parts of chlorinated rubber are required. Protein Compounds (Soybean or corn protein, casein, glue). Santicizers 8 and 9 arc compatible with and give a temporary plasticizing action to most protein com pounds. For more permanent results we suggest a combination of Santolite resin with a plasticizer. Polyhydric alcohols (such as glycerine or ethylene glycol) may be used with the Santicizers and Santolitcs without materially increasing susceptibility to water. Addition of Santicizcr 8 to glue-glycerine mixtures increases the flexibility and water resistance. Neoprene From 10% to 25% of Aroclor 1270 acts as a flame retarder when milled into Neoprene. Natural Resins Damar--Diphenyl Phthalate in amounts from 5 to 25 parts per 100 of Damar is recommended. Kauri--Santicizcr 11-16 ami Dibutyl Phthalate are suggested. Manila--Santicizcr K-15 and Dibutyl Phthalate are suggested. Rosin--Tricresyl Phosphate, Santicizer 11-16 and the Aroclors are suggested. Shellac--Santicizers 8, 9 and 13-16 are recommended. Santicizer 8 produces great flexibility but softens the shellac. Santicizer 9 produces harder compositions. 10 parts of Santicizer 8 per 100 of shellac produces about the same degree of softness as 30 parts of Santicizer 9. Neither affects the heat curing of the shellac. Santicizer 8 is best for mixing into melted shellac but where solutions are used, Santicizer B-16 has about the same efficiency. TOWOLDMON0039023 WATER_PCB-00023492 The Phosphates Tricresyl Phosphate "Ortho Free" high boiling point and an evaporation loss of only 0.2% in 100 hours at 100 C. Its viscosity increases rapidly at temperatures below normal until at --35 C it is a solid, transparent mass without crystalline structure. This product is miscible with all the common solvents and thinners, and with linseed, china wood, and castor oils. Its solubility in water is less than 0.002% at 85 C and it imparts good moisture resistance to nitrocellulose films. Being a solvent for nitrocellulose, it has a high retentivity and can be used in large proportions without danger of sweating or separation. It imparts excellent flexibility and increased amounts do not cause propor tionately as great a decrease in tensile strength as most other plasticizers. Form.................................................... ..... Clear oily liquid Color ... ......................................... Essentially colorless Specific Gravity at 20/20 C..................... 1.165 =* 0.005 Refractive Index at 20 C.... ....................1.556 =*= 0.001 Acidity (as II3PO4)............................... ......... 0.01% max. Free Phenols (Permanganate Test) ..............................A distinct purple color to l>c present after 30 minutes. (10 gram sample--40 cc N/100 KMnOt). Wcit/Mncib Tricresyl Phosphate is the standard fire retarding plasticizer for nitrocellulose. It is compatible with most lacquer resins and gives firm, tough, flexible films of excellent weathering qualities. Although Tricresyl Phosphate has an inherent tendency to yellow in nitrocellulose lacquers when exposed to heat or light, every precaution is taken in the manufacture of Tricresyl Phosphate Monsanto to eliminate impurities which might aggravate such discoloration. Tricresyl Phosphate has a low compatibility with cellulose acetate so when extreme fire resistance is desired in acetate compositions Triphenyl Phosphate should be used. Small amounts of Tricresyl Phosphate may be used effectively, however, in conjunction with more compatible plasticizers. 55-gal. one time shippers (incl.) (approx. 500 lbs.) Tricresyl Phosphate is a practically colorless, odorless liquid weighing about 9.7 pounds per gallon. It has a The ortho isomer, which is reputed to be the toxic clement in normal Tricresyl Phosphate, has heen virtually eliminated from Tricresyl Phosphate Mon santo, thereby reducing toxicity dangers to a minimum and making the product more suitable for many applica tions. The elimination of the ortho isomer causes no impairment in plasticizing qualities. TOWOLDMON0039024 WATER_PCB-00023493 Peessuse mm. o r Pg. Fig. 1 TOWOLDMON0039025 WATER_PCB-00023494 Triphenyl Phosphate < >-<A --0 -- --0 Appearance._____ ___ ............... .White flakes Odor............................ .Very faintly aromatic Melting Point... ....... ......48.5 C Min. start Solution in Alcohol (10 gmfl. in 50 cc) Turbidity______ Not more than faintly opalescent Permanganate Test- ...........Distinct purple color to be present after 30 minutes. Assay.................... ..... ............. ....................... -.99% Min. Free Phenol................ ......................... --0.1% Max. Acidity (as HjPOO... ..... ............................ 0.003% Max. 175-lb. barrels (incl.) Triphenyl Phosphate is a white crystalline compound melting at about 48.5 C and boiling at 245 C at 11 mm. pressure. Its evaporation rate is of the same order as Tricrcsyl Phosphate. This product is miscible with the common solvents and thinners and with vegetable oils. Its solubility in water is 0.001% at 34 G and 0.002% at 54 C and it imparts some moisture resistance to cellulose acetate films. ItB retentivity in cast cellulose acetate films is nearly 80%; that is--it can be incorporated in the proportion of 8 parts to 10 of acetate without causing separation and blooming. It imparts good flexibility and gives clear, tough compositions without tendency toward tackiness. Triphenyl Phosphate is toxic and should not be used in articles such as foil, which are to come in contact with foodstuffs. Its light stability is rather poor but the rate of discoloration of Triphenyl Phosphatecellulose acetate compositions is much less than that of Tricresyl Phosphate-nitrocellulose mixtures. One of the most valuable properties of Triphenyl Phosphate is that of fire retarding. When used alone in cellulose acetate films an amount of Triphenyl Phos phate equal to 20% of the cellulose acetate weight produces films which will not support combustion. When other plasticizers are used with it, a greater amount of Triphenyl Phosphate is necessary to retard the burning rale. Triphenyl Phosphate mixed with Santicizer M-17 dissolves cellulose acetate when heated to temperatures above 120 C. Such mixtures, with or without the addition of pigments, may be used for making flexible sheets, either alone or on a fibre base. The pigmented sheets are especially fire resistant. The addition of a small amount of one of the Santolite resins is usually beneficial in aiding solution and increasing flexibility. As a suggestion for the relative amounts to be used, 10 parts by weight of cellulose acetate, 8 parts of Santi cizer M-17, 8 parts of Triphenyl Phosphate and 1.5 parts of Santolite MHP gives a very flexible product. 9 TOWOLDMON0039026 WATER_PCB-00023495 If a pigment or filler is to be used, it should first be ground with a portion of the plaBticizer and may then be mixed directly into the hot solution. The following table indicates the crystallizing point of solutions of Triphenyl Phosphate in Santicizerg M-17, E-15 and B-16. Crystallizing Points of Triphenyl Phosphate -- Phthalyl Glycollate Mixtures .% Triphenyl Phosphate % M-17 % E-15 50 50 50 66% 66% 66% 50 -- 33% -- -- -- 50 -- -- 33% ------- % B-16 Crystallizing Point ( G.) -- -- 50 -- -- 33% 22 23 24 31 32.5 35 % Triphenyl Phosphate % M-17 75 25 --75 75 -- 80 20 --80 --80 100 % E-15 -- 25 -- -- 20 -- % R-16 Crystallizing Point ( C.) -- -- 25 -- -- 20 34 36 38 ' 39 38 40 48.5 TOWOLDMON0039027 WATER_PCB-00023496 The Santfcizers (Sulfonamides, Sulfonates, Phthalyl Glycollates) Santicizer 8 (mixture f wrtho anil para toluene ethyl sulfonamides) CH 0H -C.H, 9fiec^ica^icm& Appearance .........Light amber liquid (possibly partially crystallized) Odor........ Slight, characteristic Free Amide........... .... 9% to 13% Acidity (aB acetic acid)................................... 0.1% max. 475 lb. (approx.) drums (extra, but returnable) 45 lb. (approx.) tins (inch) This product is readily miscible with all common organic solvents except the petroleum hydrocarbons in which it is only very slightly soluble. It is soluble in castor oil, slightly soluble in china wood oil and insolublc in linseed oil. In water it is soluble to the extent of about 0.13% at 23 C and 0.21% at 40 C. Its solu bility in water is decreased by the presence of ammonia but is increased by other alkalies. Its rctentivity in acetyl cellulose is about 90 parts by weight to 100 of acetate, and it imparts a high degree of plasticity. It is a solvent for both nitrocellulose and acetyl cellulose. Santicizer 8 is an excellent plasticizer for cellulose acetate, giving a brilliance and polish not obtainable with other plasticizers. Although the light stability of Santicizer 8 in nitrocellulose is not of the highest order, this plasticizer does improve the workability and gloss. It inay be used in such compositions either alone or mixed with other plasticizers, solid or liquid. In cellu lose acetate, however, its light stability is sufficient to meet most of the ordinary requirements of moulding compositions. This product, being practically insoluble in petroleum hydrocarbons is a valuable plasticizer for coatings designed to withstand gasoline and related products. It can he used with Santolite resins for that purpose; to illustrate, a lacquer made from 1 part Santicizer 8, 2 parts nitrocellulose and 6 parts of Santolite MIIP was found to be unaffected by gasoline and, also, to prevent corrosion of iron panels exposed to a salt solution of from 3% to saturation over a j>criod of ten weeks. Santicizcr 8 is a light amber colored liquid which will partially crystallize on long standing. Santicizer 8 has some plasticizing action on such protein compounds as casein, glue, soybean protein and corn protein. It may be used alone or in conjunction with other materials such as glycerine or similar oompounds. The UBe of from 10% to 40% on the protein weight is suggested. TOWOLDMON0039028 WATER_PCB-00023497 Santicizcr 8 greatly increases the flexibility of shellac, having at the same time a considerable softening effect. An amount equal to 10% of the shellac weight produces very pronounced results. It may be incorporated either by direct fusion or by means of solvents. It does not destroy the adhesion of the shellac nor affect the heat curing qualities. Santicizer 9 (Mixture of ortho anti para toluene sulfonamides) The accompanying graph shows the relative softening effect on shellac of Santicizcrs 8 and 9 when incorporated at the rale of 10, 20, 30 and 40 parts per 100 parts (by weight) of the resin. The softening effect was measured by the load (in grams) required to cause a steel point to scratch the surface of the composition at 95 F (35 C). CH, -- <( 0H -- S --N -- H 0 Santicizcr 8 is also useful with vinyl resins especially polyvinyl acetate-formal resin. SPfoeciflicMtifmA Fig. 2 Softea/wg- Effect on Shellac Of Appearance....................................Fine granular particles Melting Point..... .... ...................................... 105 C min. Melt.......... .........................Liquid, clear and light yellow Acidity............... pH 4.6 min. in dilute acetone (2 gram sample in 15 cc A. 11. Acetone and 35 cc of CO2 free distilled water). rtfcn/aine'i& 250-lb. barrels (inch) 0 5/0/3 20 Z5 50 55 40 45 50 PdPT5 OfPlasne/zpe fee/oo Paets oa shauac. Santicizer 9 is a white solid melting at about 105 C. Its solubility is quite low in coal-tar hydrocarbons and negligible in petroleum hydrocarbons. It is readily soluble in most other solvents, and in hot linseed, china wood, and castor oils. It is soluble in water to the extent of only about 1.0% at 34 C. Its solubility in TOWOLDMON0039029 WATER_PCB-00023498 water is increased by the presence of alkali, being about 5% ul 20 C for a mixture of equal volumes of water and concentrated ammonia solution, it is the least soluble of our plasticizers in ethylene dichloridc and in benzene, its solubility in ethylene dichloride being almut 4% at 30 C and in benzene about 1.5% at 50 C. Santicizer 9 has a retentivily in cellulose esters of only about 50 parts per 100 by weight and does not impart great flexibility. Santicizer 9 differs greatly from other plasticizers in its action, llelalively small amounts impart a gloss to polished articles and gives smooth working and uniform curing of moulded products. It blends readily with most synthetic resins and does not impart the softening action of liquid plasticizers. llccauBe of its adaptability to a wide variety of materials Santicizer 9 is particularly valuable to the makers of all sorts of moulding com positions. In some phenol-aldehyde resins Santicizer 9 appears to act not only as a lubricant- but also as a promoter, giving more uniform and thorough curing. Santicizer 9, in amounts of about 20 parts per 100, has u temporary plasticizing action on protein compounds such as corn protein and soybean protein. It may be mixed in either alone or in conjunction with some other material such as glycerine or a related product. Its increased solubility in slightly alkaline solutions may also he of use in incorporating it into certain compounds where such solutions arc used as swelling agents or actual solvents for the plastic material. Santicizer 9 is a plasticizer for shellac but its action is less pronounced than that of Santicizer 8. It does not have as great a softening effeel, 30 parts of Santicizer 9 producing about the same degree of softening as 10 parts of Santicizer 8. See Figure 2 for comparative effects of Santicizers 8 and 9 on shellac. Santicizer 10 (Orth>crnsyl para-toluene sulfonate) CH,~ Appearance.... ..................... Melt...................................... Crystallizing Point........ ..... Acidity (as acetic acid)___ ........ White crystals Practically colorless ............... 51 C min. ............. 0.03% max. 200-lb. barrels (inch) Santicizer 10 is a solid plasticizer for cellulose esters and many resins. Its retentivitv in nitrocellulose is about 50 and in cellulose acetate 30 parts per 100. From 15 to 20 parts are required to give added flexibility to cellulose, acetate. Santicizer 10 is quite stable toward heat and is resistant to hydrolysis. It is soluble in all the common organic solvents but insoluble in water. When used with cellulose eaters, Santicizer 10 imparts gloss, hardness and moisture resistance. In such compositions it is best used with 6mall amounts of liquid plasticizers. Santicizer 10 is suggested also as a plasticizer for phenolaldehyde, vinyl and polystyrene resins. TOWOLDMON0039030 WATER_PCB-00023499 Santicizer 11-10 (llutyl pli111alyl butyl glycollate) 00 -C--0 --CH, -- C -- 0 -- C,H, J-C--0- C.H. 0 Color (APIIA)..... ....................... Specific Gravity at 25/25* C.... Refractive Index at 25 C........ Acidity (as acetic acid)............. Odor....... .......... ............ Sulfur (copper strip test).......... ...........45 max. .1.097 * 0.005 .1.490 * 0.002 ... 0.02% max. ...Slight fruity .None 55-gallon tin lined drums (approx. 500 lbs.) (drums extra, but returnable) 5-gallon cans (45 lbs.) (inch) Santicizer B-16 is a practically colorless liquid which boils at 219 C at 5mm and docs not crystallize at temperatures as low as --35 C. Its water solubility is 0.0012% at 30 C. It is extremely light stable. Santicizer B-16 is a solvent for nitrocellulose and is compatible with most resins, imparting a good flexi bility. Its compatibility with cellulose acetate seems to depend greatly upon the acetyl content of the latter; the retentivity value for one sample of cellulose acetate of about 52% combined acetic acid content was around 40% while for another sample of 56% combined acetic acid content the retentivity was 100%. With nitro cellulose it gives clear, brilliant films which are flexible, tough, moisture resistant and have good weathering qualities. Santicizer B-16 probably embodies more desirable properties than any other single nitrocellulose plasticizer, fire retarding action being about the only property it does not have. It imparts about the same degree of flexibility a3 Dibutyl Phthalate but produces less softening of tbe film. Santicizer B-16 is a solvent for and imparts plasticity to many synthetic resins. It has especially interesting properties when used with those resins of the glycerol* phthalate and phenol-aldehyde types in which it may be incorporated at various stages of resin formation. When added to a simple glycerine-phthalic anhydride resin at any stage before the final gel formation, it retards the rate of thickening and permits the acid number of the resin to be lowered without completely destroying solubility. If such a resin is heated beyond the gel stage, the product may still be thermoplastic although its solubility will be radically changed. Santicizer B-16 has an unusually wide range of use, covering not only the synthetic plastic materials but also the natural resins. Its solvent properties, light stability, low volatility and low pour point are impor tant factors to be considered. Santicizer B-16; is miscible with castor, linseed and china wood oils and somewhat retards gel formation in the latter on heating. Santicizer B-16 swells crepe rubber but appears to have no effect on vulcanized rubber. It is an excellent plasticizer for chlorinated rubber, from 10 to 25 parts per 100 usually being required. Santicizer B-16 is an exceptionally good plasticizer for polystyrene, whether for moulding or coating uses. It maintains the excellent properties of the resins and in coatings greatly retards weathering failure. Mixtures of Santicizer B-16 and Santolite resins (MS preferred) may be used to plasticize certain compounds such as casein and corn protein, being incorporated either as solutions in some organic solvent or in the form of emulsions. The proportions of the several TOWOLDMON0039031 WATER_PCB-00023500 components can be varied between wide limits; 1 part of B-16 to from 2 to 10 parts of Santolite, and 1 part of such mixture added in amounts from 0.3 to 1.5 parts of the protein compound greatly increase water resistance. It should be noted that B-16 alone is not a plasticizer for protein compounds. Santicizcr 11-16 darkens and then decomposes on heat ing to high temperatures at atmospheric pressure. The approximate temperatures and the effects obtained are given below: Dp to 290 C.............................. Very slight color change From 290 to 300 C ............Darkens rapidly From 310 to 350 C........... Boils with decomposition. Phthalic Anhydride is given off and the product becomes very dark. Fig. 3 JOLUO/LTr Of 3AHT/C/Z# 3-/* /V Alcohol -watcs mixtures (Gmms Pex/oocc) The addition of water causes Santicizer B-16 to be thrown out of solution from those organic solvents which are miscible with water. The solubility of Santicizer B-16 in alcohol-water mixtures of various concentrations is shown in Figure 3. Vapor pressures of Santicizer B-16 arc shown in Figure 4. Santicizer E-15 (Ethyl phthalate ethyl glycollate) 0^ I! II 'i C 0 CH2 C -- 0 C2Hs -C -- 0-C.H, o Color (AP11A)......................... Specific Gravity at 25/25 C Refractive Index at 25 C...... Acidity (as acetic acid)..... ..... Odor............... Sulfur (copper strip test)... ..........25 max. 1.180 * 0.005 1.498 * 0.002 ...0.02% max. .Slight fruity .............. None 55-galLon tin-lined drums, (approx. 500 lbs.), ` (drums extra, but returnable) 5-gallon cans (approx. 50 lbs.) (inch) Santicizer E-15 is a practically colorless liquid with a boiling point of 190 C at 5 mm and a crystallizing point of 20 C. This product is miscible with the common organic solvents except the petroleum hydrocarbons. It is 061^53 il TOWOLDMON0039032 WATER_PCB-00023501 miscible with vegetable oils when heated but partially separates on cooling. Its solubility in water ia 0.0175% at 30 C. Santieizer K-15 is a solvent for both nitrocellulose and acetyl cellulose and for most resins. It is light-fast, and docs not evaporate even from the thinnest films. With both acetyl and nitrocellulose it gives clear, tough, flexible films which have greatly increased resistance to moisture penetration. This is an efficient plasticizer which gives practically all the desirable qualities except fire resistance. It is an active solvent and the amount which may be incorporated in cellulose esters depends only upon the degree of plasticity desired. Santieizer E-15 is highly recommended for use with cellulose acetate and with vinyl resins. It imparts slightly less flexibility than Santieizer M-17 but has less softening effect and produces somewhat tougher compositions. Santieizer E-15 partakes of the properties of both B-16 and M-17 although mixtures of these probably cannot be relied upon to give results identical with those obtained by the use of E-15. For vapor pressures of Santieizer E-15 see Figure 4. The following table gives a few comparisons of the three phthalyl glycollate plasticizers: B-16 Viscosity in Centipoises at.............................................. 0 C 10 C 25 C Flash Points (Degrees F)..................................................... "Tensile Strengths (in Kg/Cma) of Cellulose Acetate films............._............................... ..................................... 0% (Control) 25% 50% 75% ""Elongation (in per cent) of cellulose Acetate films....... 0% (Control) 25% 50% 75% Increase in color rating (APIIA) due to heating at 100 C for four hours.... ........... ..................................... - % of Plasticizer decomposed by 10% NaOIi solution in 20 minutes at................................................................. 32 C 80 C 295.3 136.5 51.3 380 F 528 420 315 243 2.3 6. 12.3 13.3 5 max. 0 0 E-15 611.1 215.7 63.0 380 F 528 472 256 136 2.3 5.7 14.7 28. 5 max. 0.93 11.19 M-17 1671.4 454.8 100.3 375 F 528 468 266 144 2.3 10. 24.7 35.3 5 max. 7.09 21.28 *The tensile strength and elongation values are for comparative purposes only. In no sense are they to be considered absolute values. TOWOLDMON0039033 WATER_PCB-00023502 Santicizer >1-17 (Methyl phthalyl ethyl glyeollate) 0 0--CH, --C -- 0-QH, 0 --CH, Color (APIIA)................... _...... _...........................20 max. Specific Gravity at 25/25 C______ ____ 1.220 == 0.005 Bcfruotivc Index at 25 C......................... 1.504 * 0.002 Acidity (as acetic acid)..................................0.02% max. Odor.... ............................................................. Slight fruity Sulfur (copper strip test).................. ........................ None 55-gallon tin-lined drums, (approx. 500 lbs.), (drums extra, but returnable) 5-gallon cans (approx. 50 lbs.) (inch) Santicizer M-17 is a practically colorless liquid with a boiling point of 189 C at 5 mm. It remains liquid at temperatures as low as --35 C and is a solvent for both nitrocellulose and acetyl cellulose. It imparts a high degree of plasticity which is maintained undiminielied even in extremely thin films exposed to air currents for a long time. It is very light stable and may be used in transparent or tinted articles without danger of yellowing. This product is not miscible with castor, linseed, or china wood oil or with petroleum hydrocarbons but is readily miscible with other organic solvents. Its solubility in water is 0.09% at 30 C but it imparts a considerable degree of resistance to moisture penetra tion in both nitrocellulose and acetyl cellulose films. Santicizer M-17 is probably the best cellulose acetate plasticizer available. Where it is desired to use a hot mix and avoid the use of volatile solvents, cellulose acetate may be dissolved directly in Santicizer M-17 by the aid of heat. By employing acetate of the proper acetyl content and viscosity, and amounts of M-17 equal to from 1 to 2 times the weight of acetate, it is possible to make solutions which will flow or be workable at temperatures of from 120 to 180 C and which will set to a tough, transparent product on cooling. The character of the product may be varied by additions of Triphenyl Phosphate and Santolite resins. The retentivity of Santicizer M-17 like that of Santicizer B-16 varies with the acetyl content of cellulose acetate. Thus the use of 2 parts of Santicizer M-17 with 1 part of cellulose acetate having a combined acetic acid content of 52% produced marked exudation of the plasticizers whereas when the same proportions were used with an acetate of 56% combined acetic acid content there was no exudation. This phenomenon of exudation, caused by the use of too large a proportion of plasticizer, can frequently be overcome by the addition of small percentages of Santolite resins. Santicizer M-17 affects synthetic resins in a manner similar to Santicizers B-16 and E-15 but usually it gives a greater degree of flexibility. Its action is pronounced with alkyd, vinyl, polystyrene and many phenolic resins and with chlorinated rubber. Often as little as 5 parts per 100 produces marked flexibility. It is not compatible with resins of the urea-formalde hyde type or with protein compounds such as corn protein, soybean protein or casein. It may be used with TOWOLDMON0039034 WATER_PCB-00023503 some of these compounds, however, when mixed with Santolite resins in the manner outlined under Santicizer B-16. Santicizer M-17 dissolves Santolite resins, and as both are very resistant to petroleum products and, also, compatible with so many film-forming materials they make an excellent combination for producing naphtha* resistant coatings. By varying the proportions of each of the three components--Santicizer M-17, Santolite resin and film material, which is usually a cellulose ester--a practically complete range of properties can be obtained from hard to soft, from solid to liquid at slightly elevated temperatures, sticky or entirely non* tacky, brittle or flexible. Thus such compositions can be applied to a wide variety of uses. Vapor pressures of Santicizer M-17 are given in Figure 4. Fig. 4 TOWOLDMON0039035 WATER_PCB-00023504 The Phthalates Dibutyl Phthalate o /V 11 fy-c --o--c,h, l J-C-0-C.H, V II 0 sistance of nitrocellulose films. It is compatible with most lacquer resins. Dibutyl Phthalate has excellent light stability which permits its use in colorless, white or delicately tinted products. Its retentivity in cellulose acetate is less than 20 parts per 100 and in that amount does not increase the plasticity, so it is restricted to use with nitrocellulose or other plastics. It is a solvent for nitro cellulose and gives a high degree of plasticity but greatly reduces the tensile strength and tends to produce softness. The stability of Dibutyl Phthalate and its high solvent power for most plastic materials make it one of the most acceptable plasticizers for general use. For vapor pressures of Dibutyl Phthalate see Figure 5. 9fiecf^ictkmi Appearance..... ........................................Clear, oily liquid Culur (APIIA)........................................................ 10 max. Odor ........................................................................... Slight Acidity (as phtlialic acid)..............................0.01% max. Specific Gravity at 20/20 C ....... .......1.0477 =*= 0.001 Refractive Index at 25 C...... ................1.4905 =*= 0.001 Purity..................................................... Essentially 100% Sulfur (copper strip test)........................................... None Diethyl Phthalate o || -- c1 -- 0 -- C2H, (J-C-0-C.H, 55-gal. onc-timc shippers (approx. 460 lbs.) (inch) &)ebcu/t/ecm 0 Dibutyl Phthalate, one of the most widely used plasti cizers for nitrocellulose, is a practically colorless liquid which boils at 340 C at atmospheric pressure and 206s C at 20 mm and crystallizes at about --35 C. It has a weight of about 8.75 pounds per gallon. It is miscible with all the common organic solvents and with oils but is soluble in water only to the extent of 0.001% at 30 C. In spite of this low solubility, how ever, it adds practically nothing to the moisture re Appearance........................ Clear, water-white oily liquid Color (APHA)... ......................... .......Not darker than 10 Odor....... .........................................Very slightly aromatic Acidity (as phthalic acid) ............................. 0.01% max. Specific Gravity at 20/20 C_______ __ 1.123 =*= 0.005 Refractive Index at 20 C........................1.5030 * 0.001 Purity....... ............................................... Essentially 100% Sulfur (copper strip test)...........................................None 19 06 1 | TOWOLDMON0039036 WATER_PCB-00023505 55-gal. drums (approx. 500 lbs.) (drums extra, but returnable) Diethyl Phthalate is a colorless liquid plasticizer generally used in mixture with Dimethyl Phthalate as a plasticizer for cellulose acetate. Its boiling point is about 295 C and its weight about 9.35 lbs. per gallon. It is miscible with all the common organic solvents and diluents. Its chemical constitution places it between Dimethyl and Dibutyl Phthalates and its properties fall into that position, although it is more nearly like the former than the latter. The evaporation rate of Diethyl Phthalate is too high for successful use as a regular nitrocellulose plasticizer f i P ressure mm- or Hf 20 TOWOLDMON0039037 WATER_PCB-00023506 and it is not a solvent for cellulose acetate. Thus its range of usefulness is somewhat restricted. Mixtures of Diethyl and Dimethyl Phthalates usually give better results than can be obtained by either one alone, the proportions generally used being approxi mately equal parts by weight. Diethyl Phthalate imparts slightly less flexibility to cellulose acetate than does Dimethyl Phthalate and its effect on moisture penetration is about the same. Its viscosity is considerably less than that of Dibutyl Phthalate and varies at. about the same rate for equal changes in temperutures. For vapor pressures of Diethyl Phthalate see Figure 5. Dimethyl Phthalate Appearance... Clear, practically water white oily liquid Color (APHA).._________________ _Not darker than 10 Odor............................ Not more than slightly aromatic Acidity (as phthalic acid)............................._0.01% max. Specific Gravity at 15.6/15.6 C________ 1.196 =*= 0.001 Refractive Index at 20 C..................... ...1.5155 =*= 0.00L Purity______________ _____________ _Essentially 100% Sulfur (copper strip test)________ __________ ___ None 55-gal. tin-lined drums (approx. 500 lbs.) (extra, but returnable) Dimethyl Phthalate is a colorless, liquid, solvent plasticizer for cellulose acetate. It is completely com patible with nitrocellulose, also, but is seldom used with that material because it does not impart the required qualities. Its boiling point is 282 C, its crystallizing point 0 C, and its weight about 10 pounds per gallon. It is miscible with all common organic solvents and with oils (except petroleum oils) and has a solubility in water of 0.4% at 32 C. It has excellent light stability. Dimethyl Phthalate, having a rather low boiling point and high evaporation rate is apt to be lost from plastic compositions, leaving them brittle. This is especially true in the case of thin films or those objects where the ratio of surface to volume is high. In certain cases too, where the finished article will be exposed to severe cold, there is danger of the Dimethyl Phthalate crystallizing, causing not only brittleness but also a whitening and lack of transparency which may be at least partly permanent. Dimethyl Phthalate is much used but cannot be said to meet very rigid plasticizer requirements. Its use is restricted almost entirely to the cellulose acetate field, and, there, as a general rule, it is used in combination with Diethyl Phthalate or some other plasticizer. It should be noted however, that although Diethyl Phthal ate lias a slightly higher boiling point and lower volatility than Dimethyl Phthalate, its loss by evapora tion from cellulose acetate compositions is equal to that of Dimethyl Phthalate. For vapor pressures of Dimethyl Phthalate see Figure 5. TOWOLDMON0039038 WATER_PCB-00023507 Diphenyl Plithalate o Appearance................................................... White powder ........................ Clear and very light yellow color Crystallizing point.... ............_.......................... 69 C min. 100-lb. containers (inch) Diphenyl Phthalatc is a white powder, melting at about 69 C and readily soluble in ketones, esters and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Its solubility in alcohols, turpentine and linseed oil is rather low, being in the neighborhood of 5.0 grams per 100 e.e. of solvent at 25 C. Diphenyl Phthalatc is compatible with nitrocellulose and with the sulfonamide, phenolic, polystyrene and vinyl types of synthetic resins. In nitrocellulose lacquers it produces hard coatings that have excellent gloss retention and weather resistance. The addition of Diphenyl Phthalate to Santolite resins lowers their softening point, equal parts of Diphenyl Phthalate and Santolite MilP being practically liquid at normal temperatures. Such mixtures of Diphenyl Plithalate with either Santolite MS or Santolite MIIP are excellent plasticizers for nitrocellulose, in odorless, flexible, adhesive coatings. Diphenyl Phthalate is completely insoluble in water and gives increased water resistance to all composition* in which it is used. Diphenyl Phthalate when used alone docs not usually impart a high degree of flexibility but it blends well with other plasticizers and can be used in varied combina tions. This plasticizer is especially recommended for vinyl resins, polystyrene, ethyl cellulose, and some of the natural resins such as Damar. 22 0619960 | TOWOLDMON0039039 WATER_PCB-00023508 General Data Miscibility of Liquid Plasticizers With Organic Solvents The liquid plasticizers, Tricresyl Phosphate, Santicizere 8, 1M6, E-15 and M-17 and Dibutyl, Diethyl and Dimethyl Phthalates are miscible in all proportions with the following organic liquids-- Methyl Alcohol Ethyl Alcohol Ilutyl Alcohol Acetone Methyl Ethyl Ketone Ethyl Acetate Amyl Acetate Ethylene Dichloride Trichlorethylene Carbon Tetrachloride Benzene Xylene Monochlorbenzene o-Dichlorbenzene Chlorinated Diphenyl (Aroclor 1242) Pine Oil Flash Points* Plasticizer Tricresyl Phosphate .... Diphenyl Phthalate................ Triphenyl Phosphate Santicizer 13-16....................... Santicizer E-15 .......... Santicizer M-17...................... Santicizer 9 Santicizer 10........................... ......... Santicizer 8............................. Dibutyl Phthalate___ _____ Diethyl Phthalate Dimethyl Phthalate... ........ * Dcieriuiued in Ctovcland Open Cap. 0F 455 435 430 380 380 375 370 360 345 340 305 300 Calculated C 235 224 221 193 193 190 188 182 174 170 152 149 Miscibilities with some other liquids are given in the chart below: Tricresyl Phosphate 8 Santicizere B-16 E-15 Phthalates M-17 Di. butyl Di. Di. ethyl methyl Turpentine.................................... ............. Linseed Oil (Raw) . ............ China Wood Oil.......................... ............. Soybean Oil.................................. ............. Pcrilla Oil............ ....................................... Castor Oil..................................... ............. Chlorinated Paraffin...... .......................... Gasoline (Skcllv E)..................... ............. M PM M M PM M M I M PM i M M PM M PM I M M 1 M PM I M M I M PM I M M M M PM I M M I MM I M MIMI IM M PM MM MM M PM MM MM MM M1 M = Completely miscible. I = Not miscible. PM = Partly miscible. 23 0bl<t96l | TOWOLDMON0039040 WATER_PCB-00023509 Solubilities of Solid Plasticizers in Organic Solvents (Grams Plasticizer per 100 cc Solvent at 25C.) Mcthvl Alcohol ........................................ Ethyl Alcohol.............................................. Butyl Alcohol Acetone......... ................................ ................... ............ Mcthvl Ethyl Ketone.................................. Ethyl Acetate............................................... Amvl Acetate................................................ Ethylene Dichloride................................. Trirhlor Ethvlenc............... .... Carbon Tetrachloride........... ...................... Benzene..... Xylene ........... Monochlorbenzene........................................ o-Dirhlorbcnzcue _....................................... Turpentine ........................................ Pine Oil Linseed Oil (Kaw) ........... Tung Oil ................................................ Soybean Oil.................... .... Pcrilla Oil. ................................................. Castor Oil.... ..... Mineral Oil................................................... Chlorinated Diphenyl (Aroclor 1242).. Chlorinated Paraffin ... Gasoline (Skellv v. s. s. means very slightly soluble. Triphenyl Phosphate 335 160 135 340 350 270 165 400 310 240 330 230 340 320 36 120 13 22 12 12 ' 27 <2 114 24 2.7 Santicizer 9 37 25 5 50 45 20 10 3 V. s. s. V. 8. 8. V. 8. 8. V. 8. 8. V. 8. 8. V. 8. 8. V. 8. 8. 5 V. g. 8. V. S. 8. V. 8. 8. V. 9. 6. V. B. 8. V. 6. 8. V. S. 8. V. 8. 8. V. 8. S. Saaticizer 10 20 13 12 225 250 200 140 340 250 215 300 170 250 215 35 40 15 15 12 14 14 V. 8. 8. 125 25 4 Diphenyl Phthalate 12 8 4 215 140 95 25 180 120 70 90 45 110 110 10 22 12 13 10 10 10 <0.5 90 25 0.5 061A962 | TOWOLDMON0039041 WATER_PCB-00023510 Solubilities of Some Resins and Waxes in Dibutyl Phthalate and Santicizcrs B-16, E-15, and M-17 Product Dibutyl Phthalate B-16 E-15 M-17 Alkvd Resins................................................................. Vinyl Resins.................................................................. Polystyrol Resins............ .............................................. sn S SH s ss ss ss sS ss s SH s SII sS I III s s s SH s s s S1I sss SH SH SH SH SH SH SH SH s S s SH IIII III1 Paraffin Wax.................................................................. Carnauba Wax.................................. ................ SH SH SSH SSH SH SH SSH i 1--Indicates that the material is insoluble. S--Indicates that the material is soluble. Where heating is necessary to obtain solution there is no separation on cooling. SH---Indicates that the material is soluble when hot but separates on cooling. SSH--Indicates slight solubility when hot. Viscosities and Pour Points(1) of Liquid Plasticizers Plasticizer Pour Poiot(J) C Viscosity In Ceutipoises 10 C 20 C Tricresyl Phosphate........................................................ Dibutyl Phthalate......... ....................................... Diethyl Phthalate ..................................... ......... Dimethyl Phthlate............................. -.................. Santicizer B-16........................................ Santicizer E-15___ Santicizer M-17.. ......................................................... -26" -40 Below -40 -26 Below -40 -34.5 -26 450.8 32.9 19.6 30.1 136,5 215.7 454.8 161.0 19.7 12.7 17.1 51.3 63.0 100.3 (1) l\mr point! were determined according to the method outlined in the \M M Standard! on Petroleum Product*. [2) Tbe pour point temperature* are is acme caeca lower than the cryalalUn eg point* due to tbe phenomenon of "auper-cooliitg.' 25 U6l<963 I TOWOLDMON0039042 WATER_PCB-00023511 TABLE OF CHARACTERISTICS TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE SANTICIZER 8 SANTICIZER 9 SANTICIZER 10 Molecular Weight......................... ..368 326 199 171 262 Color and Form............................. Colorless liquid White flakes Light amber liquid White granules White crystals Melting Point................................ 48.5 C 105" C Boiling Point................................ ..295" C/13 mm 245 C/ll mm Crystallizing Point......................... ..Non-cryst., solid at --35 C 51" C Specific Gravity... ......................... ..1.165/20 C 1.268/60 C 1.188/25 C 1.313/25 C 1.207/15" C Pounds per Gallon........................ .9.7 10.5 9.9 10.9 10.06 Refractive Index........................... .1.556/20 C Evaporation Rate Gms/sq, cm/hr/ 100 C...... ........ ....................... .0.00000708 0.00000028 0.0002659 0.000053 at 65 C Solubility in Water........................ ..Less than 0.002% 0.001% at 34 C 0.13% at 23" C 1% at 34" C at 85 C 0.002% at 54 C 0.213% at 48" C 0.0008% at 30" C Retentivity in N/C111.................... TOO plus 1GQ 100 25-30 50 Retentivity in Ac/C(2,...._............. ...0 80 90 25-30 30 Light Fastness in N/Cu)............... Poor Poor Poor Poor Medium Light Fastness in Ac/C................. Fair Good Fire Retardation............................ Excellent Excellent None ; None None Toxicity<0................................... N/C Dilution Ratio (Toluene)111... 5.0 N/C Dilution Ratio (Naphtha)161. ., 0.7 (i) RETENTIVITY IN NITROCELLULOSE. Itetr.niivity in N/C on determined by ctiBiolving weighed amounts of the plasticizer in I 15% solution of Vi second N/C ill t solvent conaixHnt of equal parts by volume of butyl acetate and toluene. Krora these N/C solutions, iilius of approximate 0,001* thickness were cast on glass plates, stripped olT, dried at room temperature, then hung in a cabinet where the relative humidity was very nearly 100%. Id those mixtures where the amount of plasticiser exceeded tuo retentivity a blushing or exudation the formula: 100 x wt. of plaeticiser Wt. of nitrocellulose Measurements were not made beyond 100 parts of plasticizer per 100 parts nitrocellulose liy weight. (*) RETENTIVITY IN CELLULOSE ACETATE. The retentivity in Ac/C was determined as for N/C except thst the films were made from an 11.5% solution of lacquer viscosity Ac/C dissolved in It should he noted that the tetentsvity may vary consvdeiabty with differ ences in the acetyl content of the cellulose acetate, so the values given is these tables mnal not be oonaidered aa abaotute. (>) LIGHT FASTNESS IN NITROCELLULOSE. This was determined by casting uniform N/C films containing SO parts of plasticiser per 100 parts of N/C upon white glass panels, drying, expos ing in A "Uviarc1' and comparing the color intensities at regular intervale. Dibutyl 1'hthalate, which haa a satisfactory light stability fur moat uses, will show a slight yellowing in 50 minutes, while Trieresyi Phosphate will exhibit a color of the same intenaity in from S to 10 minutes. Much longer exposures are required to develop yellowing in cellulose acetate and since the requirements vary widely for different uari, no clearcut comparisons are made us for N/C. All the Ac/C plasticisers may be considered as satisfactory until the testa for the particular application being oonaidered prove them unsatisfactory. In general. Dimethyl I'hthalate and Samiciters 11-16, K-15 and M-17 may be considered aa equal in stability, Santicizer 8 next, and Triphenyl I'huaphate last. () TOXICITY. The terms ''toxic" and ''non-toxic" are, scientifically speaking, only relative. A product may be harmless if uacd under liie conditiooa commonly TOWOLDMON0039043 WATER_PCB-00023512 OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS SANTICIZER B-16 16 olorless liquid SANTICIZER E-15 280 Colorless liquid SANTICIZER M-17 266 Colorless liquid DIBUTYL PHTHALATE 278 Colorless liquid DIETHYL PHTHALATE 222 Colorless liquid DIMETHYL PHTHALATE 194 Colorless liquid DIPHENYL PHTHALATE 318 White powder 19 C/5 mm elow --35 C 190 C/5 mm 20 C 189 C/5 mm Below --35 C 206 C/20 mm -35 C 295 C -0.3 C 282 C 0C 097/25 C .15 .190/25 C 1.180/25 C 9.84 1.498/25 C 1.220/25 C 10.2 1.504/25C 1.047/20 C 8.75 1.490/25 C 1.123/20 C 9.35 1.503/20 C 1.196/15.6 C 10.0 1.515/20 C 0000881 0.0001106 0.000221 0012$ at 30 C 0.0175$ at 30 C 0.09$ at 30 C JO 1-30 xcellent xcellent tone too too Excellent Excellent None 100 100 Excellent Excellent None 0.000221 0.001$ at 30 C 100 Less than 20 Excellent None 0.000617 0.058$ at 30 C 100 LOO Excellent Excellent None 0.001925 0.4% at 32 C 0.6% at 63 C 100 100 Excellent Excellent None 69 C 1.28/25 C 10.68 1.572/74 C Insol, 20 Poor None .0 3.9 2.9 3.75 .1 0.2 0 1.8 prevailing in industrial practice but hasardou* ii applied to eome unuaual application. In any proposed u*a where tmicity i considered to be a /dor, m (iiHol rhei you writ! us for *peci/ic information regarding tbe arailabie toxicological date which mar applr to rour problem. In general tbe poiaible toxio effect* of the product* diacuieed in tbia booklet maywbe described a* follow*: Tbe pbtbalate eiter* (Diphenyl, Dibutrl, Diethyl and Dimethyl I'hlhilales) teem eale for all normal requirement*. The phthalrl glycollatea (Santiciaer* B-16, E-15 and M-17) teem to be the eafeel of any. Triphenyl Phosphate ie definitely a haaard in erticlee connected with tbe food induetry but otberwiee aeemt quite eafo. The toiioiy of Trioreayl Phoiphate depend* upon tbe ieomerio forma preeent. The ortho iaomer ie considered die most dangerou*. The para end mat* isomer* appear to be much aafer and tbe o-called r'non-ioxio" grade it composed of a mixture of theee two. "Trioreayl rhoapbate Monsanto" coneiita aolely of tbia ao-oabed "ortho free" Santicixera 8. 9 and 10 *eem to have alight tozie properties and are not recommended fot any ate where they might be taken internally. The Sactoflte reiine appear to be tafe for ail normal requiremema. (The Aroclore--see peace 32*40 enuet bo considered toaic under eome conditions of use. Tbej should not be used in connection with tbe food industry and continuous exposure in the liquid or vapor phase should be avoided.) (I) NITROCELLULOSE DILUTION RATIO: (Toluene) Tbit determination wee made by diteolviag 2.0 gram* or nitrocellulose io 20 cc of plasticiser, adding toluene elowly until the miied liquids do looger bad solvent power for N/C, which point wae indicated by either the development of a turbidity in the solution, or failure of jell particles to re-di*aolve. cc. of toluene oc. of plasticiser () NITROCELLULOSE DILUTION RATIO: (Naphtha) Determined in tbe same way at for toluene (*) except that petroleum naphtha we* used as tbe diluent. TOWOLDMON0039044 WATER_PCB-00023513 The Santolites (Aryl Sulfonamide -- Formaldehyde Resins) General Properties The Santolites increase the retentivity of cellulose acetate for plasticizers and tend to prevent separation and exudation. For example, in a mixture of 10 parts of cellulose acetate, 6 parts of Santicizer M-17 and 6 parts of Triphenyl Phosphate, the Triphenyl Phos phate would probably begin to separate out after a time. This eotild he prevented by adding to the com position, let us 9ay, 3 parts of Santolite resin. Further more, the addition of the Santolite would increase the flexibility of the product and permit reduction of the plasticizer content. The figures given are only approxi mate hut illustrate the point. The Santolites make solutions of low viscosity. If one adds to a nitrocellulose solution of about spraying lacquer viscosity, a weight of Santolite MIIP equal to 50% the nitrocellulose present, there is essentially no increase in the viscosity of the solution. The addi tion of 100% of Santolite gives only a very slight in crease in viscosity. Films composed of 2 parts of nitrocellulose and 1 part of Santolite MHP are much harder than films made without the use of Santolite. Equal parts of nitro cellulose and Santolite produce films of about the same hardness as though no Santolite were present. The addition of a plasticizer reduces the hardness of such films but a mixture of 10 parts of nitrocellulose, 8 parts of Santolite MIIP and 3 parts of Santicizer 11-16 gives films of nearly the same hardness as though they were of nitrocellulose alone. The Santolites increase the moisture resistance of nitrocellulose films. An amount equal to 50% of the nitrocellulose weight reduces the moisture penetration to about one-third of that of a straight nitrocellulose film of the same thickness. The Santolites are soluble in and slowly decomposed by alkali solutions. They are not soluble in varnish and paint oils. The Santolites are compatible with vegetable proteins (corn or soybean) but do not of themselves act as plas ticizers. Mixtures of the Santolites with liquid plas ticizers (for example Santolite MS with 50% of its weight of Santicizer 13-16) do, however, impart ex cellent flexibility. The particular Santolite and the kind and amount of plasticizer will be governed by the degree of flexibility and other properties desired. The Santolites increase the flexibility and toughness of ethyl cellulose. This is unusual in that they do not have a comparable effect on cellulose nitrate or acetate. The Santolites are also compatible with polyvinyl acetate resins, increasing the flow at elevated tempera tures and improving the workability. In this they are materially aided by the addition of plasticizers, the solid plasticizers giving especially interesting combina tions. Such mixtures are conveniently made by simply heating and mixing, thereby avoiding the use of volatile solvents. Of the solid plasticizers, Santicizer 10 produces the greatest effect, Diphenyl Phthalate next and Santicizer 9 the least. When heated, the Santolites give off a small amount of formaldehyde. They become harder, the melting point is raised slightly, and subsequent evolution of formalde hyde takes place only at higher temperatures. Nitro cellulose lacquers containing Santolite arc not especially resistant to heat even though the Santolite may have previously been heated to a relatively high temperature. Although the Santolite resins themselves may have a very slight odor of formaldehyde, that odor will not be present in compositions of Santolites with cellulose esters or ethers. The Santolite resins are more light-stable than many of the natural resins such as rosin, ester gum, Klemi or Damar. The Santolites arc valuable as ingredients of heat sealing lacquers. They should be used in conjunction with a plasticizer cither liquid or solid and by varying the amounts of plasticizer and resin, the temperature at which heat-sealing is obtained can be raised or lowered as desired. As an example, a lacquer containing 100 parts (by weight) of nitrocellulose, 75 parts Sanlolite MHP and 75 parts Santicizer 13-16 gives ex cellent sealing at 103 C. If the resin and plasticizer are each reduced to 50 parts, a temperature of about 113 C is required. When 100 parts of Santolite MIIP and 50 parts of Santicizer 13-16 to 100 parts of nitro cellulose are used, again the sealing is excellent at 28 G6l<t96b J TOWOLDMON0039045 WATER_PCB-00023514 103 C, but if 100 parts of B-16 and 50 parts of MHP are used, the heat-sealing properties are poor even at 113 C. Solid plasticizers usually necessitate the use of sealing temperatures about 10 C higher than are required by the same amounts of liquid plasticizers. Santolite K requires a lower proportion of plasticizer than Santolites MS or MIIP. The solubility and miscibility of Santolites iu various compounds are indicated below. Santolite MS Color......................................Pale Yellow Solution in benzene (1:5)... Clear, very slight turbidity max. Solution in benzene (4:6)... No crystalline deposit in 24 hours. Refractive Index at 50 C... 1.5690 -- 1.5720 ^(mdaine'iA 55-gal. drums (approx. 540 lbs.) (drums extra, but returnable) 5-gal. tins (approx. 45 lbs.) (incl.) Santolite MS is a soft, practically colorless resin made by the condensation of formaldehyde with aromatic sulfonamides. At temperatures above 50 C it is a viscous liquid. This resin, like all the Santolites, is compatible with both nitrocellulose and acetyl cellulose and, being a solveut for both, it can be used in any proportion. It forms brittle compositions with both these esters but the addition of a plasticizer makes such combinations permanently flexible. It is easily miscible with all the common organic solvents and thinners except petroleum hydrocarbons. It is not miscible with varnish and paint oils. Santolite MS is excellent for water-white lacquers which will not be exposed to extreme weather con ditions, its High gloss and lack of color being unusual in the resin field. To facilitate handling, this resin is also supplied as a solution containing 85% Santolite MS and 15% of a solvent consisting of 95% toluene and 5% butyl acetate. This is known as "Santolite MS-TB Solution" and is a free flowing liquid at temperatures above 20 C. It weighs 10.3 lbs. per gallon. 250-lb. tins (iuel.) 50-lb. tins (inch) For Solution TB Composition ...... ...............85% Santolite MS, 15% solvent (95% toluene and 5% butyl acetate) Toler ance from 14% to 16% solvents. Appearance...........................Light colored, viscous liq uid, which is free flowing at temperatures above 20 C. Refractive Index at 25 C... 1.5630 =*= 0.002 less, resinous lumps. C619V67 | TOWOLDMON0039046 WATER_PCB-00023515 Refractive Index in solu tion -- 25 parts MIIP to 75 parts toluene at 30 C.................................. 1.5080 to 1.5110 Solubility in benzene (1:6) No crystalline ppt- in 24 hours. Santolite K 200-lb. tins (inch) 50-lb. tins (incl.) Santolite MIIP is similar to MS in characteristics, except tliut it is a much harder resin, softening at about 62 C and being brittle at normal temperatures. It is nearly colorless and is well adapted to specialty lacquers, fabric coatings, moulding compositions and the like, being incompatible with drving oils it cannot he used as a varnish material. Exceptional features of this resin are the ease with which it may be worked into practically any formula using a cellulose ester and the wide variation of properties obtained by its use. Its high degree of solubility makes very concentrated solutions possible and its extreme compatibility with plasticizers and cellulose esters removes much of the danger of blushing, sweating and separation. Santolite Mill* can be used in spraying, dipping or brushing lacquers to make clear, colorless, odorless coatings of good gloss and adhesion. It does not materially increase the viscosity of the solution and permits the building up of a high solids content in the lacquer. It is compatible with all the common plasti cizers. Although Santolite Mill*, when used alone, docs not plasticize cellulose esters, it does increase the flexi bility of ethyl cellulose and produces verv tough pliable compositions of great clarity and brilliance. Appearance .. Soft sticky resin. Color... .. ......... Not more than No. 5 by Monsanto Santolite K Standard (comparable in depth of color but not in shade to No. 5 of the Gardner 1933 standard). Acid Number........................ 10 Max. Refractive Index at 50 C... 1.5370 =*= 0.003 55-gal. drums (approx. 500 lbs.) (drums extra, but returnable) 5-gal. tins (approx. 45 lbs.) (inch) Santolite K is a soft sticky resin with the qualities of both the sulfonamide and alkyd types. It is compatible with cellulose esters and ethers. Santolite K. has plasticizing properties of itself but for most purposes additional plasticizer is desirable and Santicizcr M-17 is recommended, although others may be used ad vantageously. Santolite K. is soluble in practically all common organic solvents except the petroleum hydrocarbons. It is not compatible with drying oils so cannot be used in oil varnishes. Santolite K has a better light stability than the other Santolites and is of special value for increasing the resistance to moisture penetration of cellulose ester compositions. 30 I Ooivyoa I TOWOLDMON0039047 WATER_PCB-00023516 Solubility and Miscibility of Santolites Alcohol.................................................................. Soluble. Films from solutions in all alcohols except methyl are permanently wet or tacky. From methyl alcohol they narden slowly. Esters......................................................... ...Soluble. Films from such solutions dry hard. Ketones...................................................................Soluble. Films from such solutions dry hard. Aromatic Hydrocarbons...................................... Soluble. Films from such solutions dry hard. Aliphutic Hydrocarbons..................................... Insoluble. Santolites produce coatings which are not attacked by gasoline or related products. Acetic Acid..........................................................Soluble if the acid is over 72% (by weight) concentration. Glycerine..............................................................Soluble. Heat 1 part by weight, of Santolite MIIP in 2 parts of glycerine at 120C. until dissolved. Then adjust the solution to the desired concentration by adding more glycerine or M11P. Drying Oils..........................................................Not miscible. Fatty Acids.......................................................... Miscible. Vinyl Resins Miscible. Shellac................................................................... Miscible. Paraffin ....... .................................Not miscible. Carnauba Wax Not miscible. Aroelor Kesins ..................................................... Partially miscible. 100 grams of Aroclor 4465 will dissolve 4 grams of Santolite MS. 100 grams of Santolite MS will dissolve 30 grams of Aroclor 4465. Table of Characteristics of Santolites MS MIIP K Color and Form................................................... Soft, pale yellow resin Flow Point*........................................... ............. ........ Flash Point............................................ Specific Gravity.............................. Refractive Index.. ........................ Solubility in Organic Solvents... ........ 295 F. 1.355 at 25 C. 1.5690 to 1.5720 at 50 C. Tnflol. Gasoline Solubility in Drying Oils________ ___ ..............Insol. Rctentivity(8) in N/C.......................... ............. Over 100 Rctcntivily(s) in Ac/C_________ ____ ....... ..... Over 100 Acid Number..................................... ............. Neutral Hard, brittle, nearly colorless --lumps 310 F. 1.35 (approx.) 1.5080 to 1.5110 (25% in toluene) Insol. Gasoline Insol. Over 100 Over 100 Neutral Soft, viscous resin; No. 5 max. color(') Flows slowly at 30 C. 400 F. 1.307 at 25 C. 1.53700.003 at 50 C. (approx.) Insol. Gasoline. Sol. in other organic sol vents^) Insol. Over 100 Over 100 10 Max. (i) Monsanto Santolila K Color Standard. Comparable in depth o( color but not in ihade to the Gardner 1933 Standaid. (>) Soluble in aromatic hrdrooarbona containing 5 to IS per cent of an alcohol, cater, or chlorinated hydrocarbon. () Rsteativity it given in parti per 100 parte by weight of the N/C or AC/C. * While Santolite! MS and K can best be removed from coniainere by warming to the flow point, Santolite M11P ia beet removed by chilling and then breaking into lump# by striking tho aider of the container. 0611,969 ^ TOWOLDMON0039048 WATER_PCB-00023517 The Aroclors (Chlorinated Diphenyls) General Properties The Aroclors range in form and appearance from mobile oily liquids to fine white crystals and hard transparent resins. They are non-oxidizing, permanently thermo plastic, of low volatility and non-corrosive to metals. They are not hydrolyzed by water or alkalies. The viscous liquids and the resins w'ill not support combus tion when heated alone. The crystalline Aroclors are relatively insoluble, but the liquid and resinous products are soluble in most of the common organic solvents, thinners and oils. The main exceptions are that all the Aroclors are insoluble in water, glycerine or glycols and Aroclor 5460 is insoluble in the lower molecular weight alcohols. Aroclor 4465 is only partly soluble in the lower alcohols. The liquid and viscous resins are light in color while the hard resins are yellow. For almost every Aroclor described in this booklet there is a dark-colored grade TABLE OF CHARACTERISTICS 1242 1248 1254 Cclcr and Form .......................................... ...............Practically colorless Softening Point.................... ......... Yellow-tinted oily liquid Yellow-tinted viscous liquid Pour Point (ASTM)....................................... ........ ....... -17.7 to -20.7" C -7.0 C Distilling Range (ASTM).............................. ................ 322.0 to 365.0 C (llncorrected) 330.0 to 370.0 C (Uncorrected) Flash Point (Cleveland Open Cup)................ ........ ....... 176.0 to 180,0 C 193.0 C Specific Gravity............................................ ................ 1.338 to 1.348 at 65/15.5 C 1.404 to 1.414 at 65/15.5 C Pounds per Gallon................................................. ....... 11.50 12.06 Bulking Value (Gallons per pound)............... ............... 0.0869 0.0829 Refractive Index (20 C).............................. ................ 1.627 to 1.629 1.630 to 1.631 Evaporation Loss (5 Hours).......................... ............... 3.04 to 3.64% at 163 C 3.0 to 4.0% at 163 C Viscosity (Saybolt Seconds)........................... ................50 to 53 at 54.4 C 73 to 80 at 54.4 C NOTE--Soa fraph. ob pgr 44 and 45. 8.0 to 12.0 C 365.0 to 390.0 C None 1.495 to 1.505 at 65/15.5 C 12.86 0.0778 1.637 to 1.639 at 25 C Less than 0.4% at 100 C 42 to 45 at 98.9 C 32 061*1970 | TOWOLDMON0039049 WATER_PCB-00023518 of otherwise approximately the same physical and chemical characteristics. These darker products carry a lower price and can frequently be used where color is not important. The excellent electrical properties, fire resistance and inertness of the Aroclors make them useful in many applications not mentioned in this booklet. The information assembled here is restricted to that which is considered pertinent to the plastic and coating fields only. The properties imparted by the Aroclors and their use fulness for particular applications vary in regular gradients over the series so the selection of the right Aroclor for a specific use can generally be made simply by a comparison of the physical properties of the several Aroclors. OF SOME OF THE AROCLORS 1260 1270 4465 5442 5460 Light yellow sticky resin White crystalline powder Yellow transparent brittle resin Yellow transparent sticky resin Yellow transparent resin 285.0 to 300.0 C (Hold point) 60.0 to 66.0 C 48.5 C 100.0 to 105.5 C 26.0 to 34.0 C 385.0 to 420.0 C 450.0 to 460.0 C Too high for ASTM. Re^ Too high for ASTM. Re quires vacuum quires vacuum None None None 247.0 C None 1.550 to 1.560 at 90/15.5 C 1.950 at 25/25 C 1.712 to 1.723 1.4548 1.740 to 1,745 13.39 16.25 14.28 12.10 _ 14.50 0.0746 0.0615 0.0700 0.0626 0.0690 1.664 to 1.667 0.0% to 0.2% at 100 C 0.0% to 0.2% at 163 C 0.23 to 0.29% at 163 C 0.012% at 100 C 0.025% 69 to 74 at 98.9 C 100-165 at 54.4 C 313.5 33 06lm71 TOWOLDMON0039050 WATER_PCB-00023519 Chlorine Content of Pure Chlorinated Diphenyls* Ester Gum.............................................................. C Chlorinated Diphenyl % Chlorine Rosin...... ................................................................ Chlorinated Rubber............................................. Polystyrol Resins..... ............................................. C C C Monochlorodiphcnyl............................................. 18.8 Damar Resin........................................................... C Dichlorodiphcnyl................................................... 36.8 Manila Gum........................................................... I Trichlorodiphcnyl.................................................. 41.4 Asphalt.................................................................... C Tetraehlorodi phenyl....................................... 48.6 Rubber..................................................................... C Pentaehlorodiphenyl............................................. 54.4 Paraffin.................................................................... C ITexachlorodiphcnyl.............................................. 59.0 Sulfur........ ...................................... C Hcptachlorodiphcnyl............................................. 62.8 Ortaehlorodiphenyl............................................... 65.9 Nonaehlorodiphenyl.............................................. 68.8 Doeaehlorodiphenyl............................................... 71.1 C--indicates compatibility to a degree sufficient to be of value. I--indicates incompatibility. '''Not compatible in final stage. * The Aroelors are mixtures of two or more chlorodiphenyls and some contain chlorinated diphenyl benzenes. The Aroelors arc compatible with most of the common plastic materials (sec compatibility table on this page). The degree of flexibility imparled by the Aroelors diminishes progressively in the order of liquid Aroclor-- soft resin--bard resin. The hardness of the resulting compositions increases in the same order. Usually a satisfactory balance between flexibility and hardness can be obtained either by selecting the Aroclor of proper physical characteristics or by using a mixture of two or more Aroelors. Specific Volume Ofppoclor tz43 mt./gm. Compatibility With Various Materials Nitrocellulose.............................................................. C Cellulose Acetate....................................................... I Ethyl Cellulose........................................................... C licn/.yl Cellulose........................................................ C Vinyl Resins............................................................... C Coumarone and Idene Resins....... .......................... C Phenolic Resins-........ -.....-...... -............................Varies.* Tempepptupe Degpees c. TOWOLDMON0039051 WATER_PCB-00023520 Va p o r P r e s s u r e - 06i<,9?j TOWOLDMON0039052 WATER_PCB-00023521 DIAGRAMS SHOWING PRACTICAL COMPOSITION For combinations where the resin is Ester Cum or Amberol and where the Aroclor is Aroclor 1254 or Aroclor 1262. 36 061`t`m | TOWOLDMON0039053 WATER_PCB-00023522 OF LACQUERS USING AROCLORS 1254 AND 1262 For combinations where the Aroclor reein is Aroclor 1262* and where the plasticizer h Tricresyl Phosphate. In the trilinear diagrams the compositions, represented by any point in the unshaded areas, are those which produce homogeneous lacquer films. On the other hand compositions represented by points in the shaded areas produce impractical, segregated, brittle or soft films. For detailed information as to the derivation and use of these diagrams reference is made to the following articles: Jenkins & Foster, "Compatibility Relationships of the Aroclors in Nitrocellulose Lacquers," Ind. Eng. Chem. 2J, 1362 (1931). Hofmann & Reid, "Graphical Methods in Lacquer Technology," Ind. Eng. Chem. 20, 431 (1928); "Formulation of Nitrocellulose Lacquers," Ind. Eng. Chem. 20, 687 (1928). 37 TOWOLDMON0039054 WATER_PCB-00023523 SUGGESTED USES FOR AROCLORS Nitrocellulose Coatings The Aroclors function both as plasticizers and. resins and may be used alone with the nitrocellulose or in combinations with other plasticizers or resins. They impart weather resistance, luster, adhesion and de creased burning rate. Their excellent electrical char acteristics (high dielectric constant and resistivity and low power factor) and their property of retarding the passage of moisture and gases through nitrocellulose films make the Aroclore of special value ia coatings for electrical insulating materials. The accompanying trilinear diagrams show the practi cal compatibility limits of Aroclors 1254 and 1262 when used in conjunction with some other resins and plasticizers. Aroclor 1260 gives values almost the same as those shown for 1262. The less viscous Aroclors have greater and the more resinous Aroclors less compati bility than for those shown. (See trilinear diagrams on pages 40 and 41.) To illustrate the differences possible to obtain by changes in formulation, three formulas are given below. All have excellent durability but the third is much softer and more flexible than the other two. Only the solids contents are given. The amounts tabulated are parts by weight. Aroclor Lacquers No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Yl second Nitrocellulose (dry).... 100 100 100 Damar resin............................... 80 -- -- Ester Gum.............................. -- 80 -- Aroclor 1260............................... 20-39 20 80-70 Dibutyl Phthalate.................... 20- 0 20 - Tricresyl Phosphate................... -- -- 39-70 No. 1 and No. 2 have excellent sanding and polishing qualities. No. 3 is very flexible but too soft for ganding. Where extremely high flexibility is desired, as for example in lacquers for high tension automotive cables, the following composition is suggested: 15--20 sec. R. S. Nitrocellulose................................... 8 parts by weight Tricresyl Phosphate..... -.................. 10 parts by weight Aroclor 1242......................................... 7 parts by weight TEMPERATURE Deepees C. TOWOLDMON0039055 WATER_PCB-00023524 Chlorinated Rubber Finishes Aroclors 1242, 1254 and 1260 are recommended as plasticizers for chlorinated rubber. They give tough flexible compositions and may lie used alone or together with the resins and oils commonly employed in chlori nated rubber formulations. From 40 to 60 parts to each 100 parts by weight of chlorinated rubber is suggested. The Aroclors are especially valuable as finishes for alkaline surfaces such as concrete, brick, stucco, etc., and for acid and alkali resistant coatings. Ethyl Cellulose The Aroclors are very compatible with ethyl cellulose, the liquids imparting great flexibility and the resinous products great hardness. 75 parts by weight of Aroclor 1242 with 100 parts of ethyl cellulose produces great flexibility and just a slight tackiness. Aroclor 5460 in the same proportion produces a very hard and some what brittle composition. Aroclor 4465 produces hard films which are not brittle at ordinary temperature. For coatings of high gloss and exceptional weathering qualities to he applied to rigid surfaces, compositions containing equal parts by weight of Aroclor 5460 and ethyl cellulose are suggested. If greater flexibility is required, one of the softer Aroclors should be used, cither alone or as a replacement for part of the Aroclor 5460 and the proportion of Aroclor should be decreased. Vinyl Resins The Aroclors are compatible with all the vinyl resins. The properties imparted depend upon the particular Aroclor and the vinyl resin used. The selection of the correct Aroclor for a particular use can usually be made by consideration of the physical properties of the Aroclor series. Impregnation The Aroclors may he used to impregnate cloth, paper, wood or asbestos in order to impart moisture and gas resistance, adhesion, insulating properties, alkali or other chemical resistance, flame resistance, or lubri cating qualities. For this type of work they are used in combinations with other materials such as waxes, inorganic pigments, asphalt, tars, aluminum stearate, sulphur, etc. in order to obtain exactly the physical characteristics desired for the specific purpose. Aroclors 1254, 4465 and 5460 or the corresponding dark-colored products are suggested as most applicable. Moisture Proofing For use as moisture proof coatings the Aroclors are best combined with waxes, such as paraffin or carnauba, oils such as mineral oil, and resins such as ester gum or other synthetic resins. The simplest compositions contain only Aroclor and paraffin. A moisture proofing compound composed of 96% (by weight) of Aroclor 5460 and 4% of paraffin (melting point 54 C) has an ASTM softening point of about 82 C and is very efficient. Substituting Aroclor 4465 for Aroclor 5460 produces a compound with a softening point of about 58 C. Softening point and viscosity when melted may be further decreased by using mixtures of Aroclors. For example, a composition containing 40% of Aroclor 1260, 56% of Aroclor 5460 and 4% of paraffin will be very soft at ordinary temperatures. Increased propor tions of paraffin will aUo produce softer compounds. Inks The Aroclors are used as vehicles for carrying pigments used in glass decoration. When the decorations have been applied and the glass is fired, the Aroclors vola tilize without carbonization and thus avoid discolora tion of the glass. Aroclors 1254 and 4465 are used. 30 061497? | TOWOLDMON0039056 WATER_PCB-00023525 Rubber and Rubber Substitutes The Aroclors when in a liquid condition have a solvent action on rubber. Aroclor6 1254 and 1260 are milled into rubber in order to impart permanent tackiness and adhesion. A small amount of Aroclor 1260 added to hard rubber acts as a plasticizer and reduces the brittleness. Aroclor 1270, being a hard crystalline material of high melting point, can be ground to a powder and then milled into rubber. The milling temperature being below the melting point of the Aroclor, the latter is dispersed through the mass of rubber and acts as an efficient flame reducer. This same procedure can be used witli the so-called synthetic rubbers (such as neoprene) to impart fire-proofness. From 5% to 25% of Aroclor 1270 based on the weight of the plastic is required. Pigment Aroclor 1270 is a hard, white crystalline product of high melting point, insoluble in most solvents, resistant to chemicals and to oxidation. When ground to a fine powder it makes an excellent organic pigment for use wilh the various plastics. It may be used alone or with conventional pigments. Mold Lubricants Because of their inertness and low volatility, the Aroclors are excellent mold luhricants. As an example -- the addition of 1% of Aroclor 1242 or 5460 to a vinyl formal resin produces great improvement in ease of molding operation as well as in the appearance of the molded pieces. The Aroclors are equally applicable to other molding compositions, the particular one to be selected and the method of use being governed, of course, by the molding material and the conditions of operation. Paints and Varnishes The Aroclors are soluble in paint and varnish oils and impart properties corresponding to the physical character of the particular Aroclor. The hard resinous Aroclors tend to give increased hardness to the films while the viscous resins impart flexibility. The Aroclors do not react chemically with oils, hence there is no advantage in heating together in making a varnish. They are best added as a "chill back" or as a cold cut in the thinning operation. As far as incorpora tion of the Aroclors is concerned, the only reason for heating is to make the Aroclors liquid so that they can be readily mixed with the oils. Aroclors 4465 and 5460 will produce paints that are very quick drying and yet have excellent durability. The weight of Aroclor used should be from 30% to 50% of the weight of the oils. Aroclor 1260 is beet for short oil varnishes that are required at the same time to be flexible. The Aroclor may be considered to play the same role as oil, with the difference that it does not oxidize and lose its flexibility on exposure. Resins of the alkyd, phenolic or ester gum type or a harder Aroclor such as 5460 may be used in making varnish formulations. It is suggested that for two parts by weight of oil, one part of Aroclor 1260 and one part of other resin be used. These proportions can be varied as required. The Aroclors impart water and alkali resistance and in these qualities enhance the value of the other resins used in the varnish. 40 0614976 TOWOLDMON0039057 WATER_PCB-00023526 tAbUce The information contained in this booklet is to our best knowledge true and accurate, but all recommendations or suggestions are made with* out guarantee, since the conditions of use are beyond our control. The Monsanto Chemical Company disclaims any liability incurred in connection with the use of these data or suggestions. Furthermore, nothing contained herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use any product in conflict with existing patents cover ing any material or its use. Goi4979 Punted In U. S. A. ^ TOWOLDMON0039058 WATER_PCB-00023527