Document jDwMZymjkJmm51Vy1NpDvBn2
FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC)
DATE: 1955 Apr
DOC#: NSC226
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC - National Safety News - The Expanding Field of Industrial Hygiene
THUS COVER: Complex equipment in the operator's compartment at the real- of the Sperry detector car records the condition of the rails. Electronic signals are translated into inked lines on a continuously moving paper tape on the recording table.
EDITORIAL
17 The Psychological C lim ate
FEATURE ARTICLES
14 Safety L eaders of 1954 18 L eadership for T om orrow 's S afety--Donald C. Potts 20 The E xpanding F ield of In d u strial Hygiene----A. C. Pabst 22 Do It Y ourself--B ut P rotect Y our Eyes 24 Investigation P lus Irrita tio n (D iary of a Safety Engineer)
-- Bill Andrew s 25 C arry -O v er-- Robert D. Gidel 26 Floor, F eet and W heels 29 Got A P roblem ?--P atti W. B eedle 30 In d u stry 's P ack M ules--H. W illiam O verm an 32 E lectronics and U ltrasonics 34 Sw eetening the F o rk T ru c k 's B reath 36 W hat A re th e T ru e Costs of A ccidents?--Rollin H. Sim onds 38 R ecovers Coal, R em oves F ly Ash 39 B uilding C him neys for the A tom ic Age 52 The G roup A pproach--G eoffrey Siodm ak
DEPARTMENTS
4 Wire from Washington 6 Safety Valve 8 Safety Library 10 For Distinguished Service 12 Cases for Comment 37 Lighter Side -10 Small Bu.siru'ssei: mid
Associations 42 Personals
44 Coming Events 48 Green Cross News 60 Industrial Health 64 Safety Films 08 Calendar Contest Winners 97 Obituary 951 What's New in Council Services 1(H) Safety Posters 119 New Safety Equipment
statements and opinions advanced in signed article'.; are personal expres sions of the authors, not necessarily those of the Notional Sas'ety Council.
33,600 copies of this issue w ere printed.
National Safety Council
Chartered by the Congress of
the United States
H ome O rn a ;
425 North Michigan Ave. Chicago II, Illinois
EASTERN O i l' f c
800 Chrysler Building New York 17, N. Y.
Reg. U.S. Pat. Off.
Western O n ice
950 California Street San Francisco 8, Culti.
Chairman of the Trustees: W. S. S. Hoduers, Chairman of the
Board, The Texas Company, New York.
Chairman, Board of Directors: E. F. DU Poni, director, Employees Re
lations Department, E. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del.
President Ned H. D earborn, Chicago.
General Manager; G eorge C. S tewart, C h icag o .
Secretary: R. L. F orney, C hicago.
Vice Presidents:
For Farms Guv L. Nome, numagiin. director, Na
tional Committee on Boys and Girl; Clubs, Chicago.
For Finance, and Treasui jr Win. iam H. Lows, treasurer, Inland
Steel Co., Chicago.
For Homes W . A. S tewart, p re sid e n t, American
Optical Co., Southbrldge. M ass.
For Indusiry H. J. S pokheh, d ire c to r o f In d u s tria l
Relations, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.. Yougstown, Ohio. For Local Safety Organizations
Roaear ft. S nodgrass, p re s id e n t, A tlas Auto Finance Co., Atlanta, Ga.
For Membership Robert T. Ross, manager, Employee
Services, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, Mich.
For Public Information Boyd Lew is, vice-president and execu
tive editor, NEA Service, lire., New York.
For Schools and Colleges Da. L owell B. F isher, chairman. North
Central Association, of Colleges and Sec ondary Schools, University of Illinois,
Urbana, 111.
For Traffic and Transportation Franklin M. K usml, director, Traille
Division, International Association of Chiefs of Police. Evanston, 111.
For Women's Activities Mxtis M arion E. M artin, Commissioner
ol Labor and Industry, State of Maine. Augusta, Me.
K orval B urch, Editorial Director, Coun
cil Publications Cabman Fish, Editor T om D odds, Managing Editor
John Gwin, Associate Editor
Ralph Moses, Art Director
,
H. W. Champun, Advertising Manager
i
O liver M ickila, Advertising Production Manager
National S afety New s is published monthly by National Safety Council. I
Copyright 1955 by National Safety Coun
cil. Printed In USA. Entered a:; nec-
ond class matter .June 21, 1921, at the '
Post Office at Chicago, Illinois, under the
act of March 3, 1879. Subscription rate: to members. $5-80 per year, single
copies 55 cents: to non-members, $7.50 ;
per year, single copies, 75 cents. Quan tity prices for yearly subscriptions and fling! issue on request. Member Audit 1 Bureau of Circulation: Indexed in In- 1
duatrial Arts Index.
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The industrial hygiene laboratory has become a center of research for better working conditions through study of materials used and control of manufacturing processes. (Courtesy General Electric Co. |
be th tiiPi se d<
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By A. C PABST
Twenty years ago industrial hygiene was a new science. Today the hygienist
Oi:
and the safety engineer are on the same team working for a safer environment
< u
IN D U S T R IA L HYGIENE is a ber of them are not in industry m ore interested in keeping his
field that is closely interw oven bu t w orking for the federal gov lungs free from poisonous dusts
with industrial safety. In fact, it ernm ent or state departm ents.
and gases, his bones free from
can be regarded as a medical en
Usually, the word "hygiene" lead, his liver free from chlori
gineering phase of safety.
recalls hygiene courses in school nated solvents, etc.
Unfortunately, many p eo p le which dealt with personal habits,
H y g ie n e is defined as that
know little about industrial hy such as bathing, brushing teeth, branch of medical science that re
giene and the functions of the cleaning finger nails, etc. People lates to the preservation of health.
industrial hygienist. Industrial jum p to the conclusion that a hy Therefore, industrial hygiene may
hygiene is a com paratively new gienist in industry m ust be in ter be defined as the science of pre
science--practically unknow n 20 ested in keeping em ployees d ea n . vention and control of occupa
years ago. Today there are only In my initial visit to m any of our tional illness. It resolves itself
800 ind u strial hygienists in the refineries, it seem ed th a t the first into the problem of finding factors i
United States, and a large num- stop in the tour was to visit the or conditions in w ork places that
locker rooms and to inspect show may cause or contribute to the ill- ;
A. C. P abst is Industrial Hygienist, e r and lav ato ry facilities.
ness or serious discom fort of em- j.
f Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Inc.,
Industrial hygienists are in te r ployees, and of devising the m eth- i
New York. This article has been con ested in personal cleanliness so ods and m eans of elim inating or |
( dPeentrsoedleufmromSecatiopna,pe4r2npdreNsaetniotendal aSt atfier-e fa r as it is necessary to p ro tect controlling such conditions. f,
ty
the employee's health. We are
The industrial hygienist has f
Nat
20
N a titn c ii Safety N A p r i l , 1955 &,
I
'
done m uch toward bringing medi
Like people, chemicals are of leum industry, and have consider
cine and safety engineering into many types and dispositions. Most ably more coverage and m an
close cooperation p artly because are uncomplaining, law-abiding power, To illustrate, the A m erican
his in tere st overlaps these tw o citizens who present no special P etroleum In stitu te 's roster of
fields.
problems. Some are unstable and safety and fire protection person
j
T he typical industrial hygienist unpredictable. Some are out-and- nel lists some 1200 nam es, prob
started out as a chem ist or chem i out neurotics, requiring a sharp ably not all, in this occupation.
cal engineer w ho becam e in te r and observant discipline. Others,
Contrasted to this, to the best
ested and studied toxicological harmless by themselves, may be of m y knowledge, th ere are at
effects of chemicals on m an. Con influenced by bad company. Still present only 17 industrial hygien
sequently, he has a good back others are troublemakers in soli ists w orking for petroleum com
ground of chem istry and engi tary, but docile and helpful in panies--an in d u stry ratio of ap
neering c o m b in e d w ith some tandem. Some are just plain bad proxim ately 70 safety m en to one
m edical know ledge--a sort of one- actors.
industrial hygienist. Most of the
third doctor, one-third engineer
---From a publication by Da Pout's m ajor oil com panies now have at
I and one-third chemist. His ob-
Haskell Laboratory of Toxicology least one industrial hygienist and
I jectives are the protection and
iV
'h- t-- A' ft * -At k A' from 50 to 100 safety men, so you
improvement of the health and
can sec it is very necessary lot
.safety of w orkers from all m an- ever, industrial hygienists are us to w ork w ith and through our
: ner of harm ful exposures related usually attached to the medical safety people.
| to occupation.
departm ent and w ork as closely
Basically, the practice of indus
|
From this you will note that as possible w ith the safety d ep art trial hygiene in the petroleum in
industrial hygienists and safety ment. T here is good reason why dustry is tin* same as in any other
S engineers have pretty m u d i the the petroleum industrial hygien industry and it can be boiled
I same objectives a n d a re raem- ists m ust lean heavily upon the down to four general principles:
| bers of the same team. Actually, safety departm ent. In the petro j the functions of each are some- leum industry the concept of in | tim es so inter-related it is not dustrial hygiene is relatively new j possible to draw clear lines of and is considerably behind sim i j separation. N or is it necessary to lar activities in the chemical and
1. A k n o w led g e of the toxicology of chem icals and materials.
2. A r ev ie w of all ch em icals or m aterials used and how han dled and the tabulation of toxic
do so, fo r if a m an 's health is other industries, consequently, the
or potentially hazardous sub
endangered by working conditions num ber of petroleum industrial
stances.
it is an im portant p art of his safety hygienists is exceedingly small.
picture. In many industries, safety
On the other hand, safety de
and industrial hygiene are com- partm ents are well established,
| bined in the same departm ent.
well acquainted and close to the
i
In the petroleum industry, how- every day problems of the petro
3. T he m easu rem ent of w orker exposure to hazardous su b stances.
4. If req u ired , th e recom m en d a tion and installation of ade quate control m easures and the
evaluation of the effectiveness
of such corrective steps.
TABLE I -EFFECT OF ALCOHOL LEVEL IN BLOOD*
5?
1
Ounces of Whiskey
Consumed i?i 1 Hr.
% Alcohol
or less
01 Bibaci
Behavior
Toxicology of Chemicals
In reg ard to Item 1, the Toxi cology of Chemicals, it is usually
difficult to adequately define a
lis
% .
0.01
Normal
hazardous material because prac
;ts
t
m
ri-
2-3
at
s-l!
h.
ay
8
:e-
XI-
elf
10
0.02
Feeling of warmth,
pleasant social behavior.
0.05
Judgment blunted
Boastful, impulsive
Officially still sober
0.1
Fumbling, staggering gait,
clumsiness, slurred speech
0.15
Officially drunk. Responses
and motor coordination
strongly affected.
0.2
Helpless, nausea
tically anything can be safe or harmful depending upon how or w here it is used. For example, air and water are not regarded as harmful, but both are quite deadly under certain conditions --air if injected into the blood stream and w ater if int roduced into the lungs.
In the same m anner, the use of carbon tetrachloride in a process having properly designed ventila tion would not be hazardous,
nit
Hi
1-
24
m-
30
in-
or
o.; 0.4 - 0.5 0.6 - 0.7
Stupor Coma
Paralysis of the respirator} center death.
while the use of carbon tetrachlo ride for mopping floors would be quite d a n g e ro u s . Most safety people are aware that carbon tet rachloride is a hazardous chem i cal because there has been con-
tUS
'Pfizer Spectrum, JAMA, March 27. 7054
-- To jntge 103
955
|
Nafiona/ Safety News, April, H>55
21
A Safe Job at Last (Want to Bet?)
Nicholas Alkom aik1, ui Lough borough, Knglnnd, has a new job and, lo r the first lim e in his life, he feels secure, says a Chicago Tribune story,
A lk em ad e's first job was rear gunner in a bomber. On a mis sion over G erm any in 1914, his plane was hit and caught fire. The pilot ordered the crew to bail out. B ut A lkem ade's parach u te was on fire. Ho was his clothing. Faced by certain death if he rem ained in the plane, Alkem ade jum ped --w ithout a chute.
As he tumbled head over heels, lie lost consciousness. Three hours later he came to--in a big snow drift. The a 1/:; m ile fall, plus the snow, haul put out the flames in his clothing. The snow had broken his landing.
He started to walk, but discov ered a knee was injured. It col lapsed on him. He spent the rest of the w ar in a prison camp.
A fter the war, Alkemade got a job in a factory. A nine foot piece of steel fell on him. He was knocked out but lived.
He changed his job and started pumping ammonia from a tank, w here nothing could fall on him. But his electric pump shorted. The shock knocked him out al though his rubber soled shoes saved his life. As he slum ped in the tank, his gas m ask slipped off. An alert colleague saved him.
He changed his job again. His new task involved transfer of sul phuric acid. The hose broke and acid sprayed over him, but prom pt spraying with a neutral izing chemical again saved him.
A lkem ade, now 32, and amazed lo he alive, has a new job again-- selling aceident insurance.
Industrial Hygiene
-- F rom page 21
siderable publicity regarding its toxicological effects, and in some cases, restrictive labeling require ments have been passed, for ex ample, in New Y ork City. Many other chemicals used in the petro leum industry have inherent toxic qualities of the same m agnitude, yet are not so w ell known.
in regai-d to toxicology, there
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The metal shield (above) is designed to furnidi a maximum amount of protection to the entire front of the foot-- not merely the toes alone, but also to the instep against hazards from falling, rolling or flying objects, or from accidental tool blows.
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FOOT
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For m ore in fo rm a tio n w rite to d a y
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National Safety News, April, 1955
103
Of 'D U S T S T O R M
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6Workers stvulling iisecls eau'l keep
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1M
are three ways in which a sub stance can cause adverse effects upon man:
1. It can be in gested or sw allow ed .
2. It can be harm ful by direct contact w ith the skin or parts of the body.
3. It can be inhaled as a gas, vapor, m ist or dust
ingestion
Fortunately, petroleum mate rials are not commonly or inten tionally taken in te r n a lly and therefore, trouble from this is lath er rare in a refinery, although it does occasionally occur un knowingly. I recall watching a worker who had been complaining of stomach trouble, whose duties involved the compounding of lith arge or lead oxide in a doctor solution--this m an proceeded to em pty the bags of litharge into an outdoor mixing tank and because of the dust and mists generated he correctly wore a respirator.
Of course, his hands were cov ered with lead oxide, and to my am azem ent, the first thing he did when he came down oil the catwalk was to take an orange out of his lunch box which he started to peel and eat--probably one of the m ost effective wrays to get lead poisoning.
Unfortunately, when petroleum products get into the hands of custom ers, ingestion is more fre quent, usually by small children whose parents carelessly leave products w ithin easy reach. You know that every year there are fatalities reported from children drinking kerosene. We have had hurry calls from doctors involv ing children drinking penetrating oil and fly sprays. Some times adults are even worse, as there are m any cases of anti-freeze poi soning, drinking; of brake fluid, and one I recall of o ar radiator (lush which contains m uriatic acid and chlorinated hydrocarbon. This product is fully labeled, in cluding skull and cross bones.
It should be emphasized that h ard ly a substance exists th at is not capable of producing effects on the hum an body if tak en in sufficient am ounts or under the wrong circumstances. Even com mon table salt, if used in sufficient quantities, is toxic. It is reported
National Safoty News, April, 1955
that m any years ago the Chinese used table salt as a m eans of
committing suicide. Every chem ical substance, therefore, has a non-toxic dose and a toxic dose for man. This can be illustrated by the following data on a widely used com m odity, show n in Table I.
Skin and Body Contact
A pproxim ately 60 p er cent of all complaints received by our departm ent are concerned with derm atitis and skin irritations re sulting from contact with petro leum m aterials. By far, the m a jority of these com plaints are from custom ers so this subject, is very im portant in the m arketing of petroleum products.
Cases among our employees or in our refineries are few when compared with those among in d u strial u sers of petroleum prod ucts, and it is believed th a t the reason for this is due m ainly to ih< degree or e x ten t of contact. In the petroleum industry skin contact is not generally experi enced to the extent that it is, for example, in the m etal working industries where a daily eight hour skin contact w ith cutting oils often takes place.
It is definitely established that skin is not an im perm eable b a r rier to chemical substances, and it is increasingly im portant as a route of absorption for m any m a terials. Action of chemicals on skin may be local, resulting in dermatitis. Examples we are fa m iliar with are kerosene, cutting oils, etc., or a chem ical m ay be absorbed through the skin and cause damage to blood or internal parts of the body. Lead tetraethyl, as an illustration, does not affect the skin or cause derm atitis but can penetrate the skin and cause internal -poisoning.
Regarding external or local skin effects, chemicals m ay be classi fied either as prim ary irritan ts or sensitizing agents. A prim ary ir rita n t is a chem ical th a t m ay cause dermatitis in individuals frequently after only one contact. They may have a strong chemical action, such as acids, alkalis, amines, etc., or they m ay have a weak chemical action but require prolonged contact to cause d er matitis. Mu t petroleum hydro-
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| are classed in the latter category in th at prolonged contact is usu ally required to cause irritation.
Sensitizing agents, on the other hand, are chemicals that are in nocuous to most skin but capable of producing derm atitis in a few susceptible individuals following repealed contacts over a long p e riod. Sensitization may req u ire w eeks, m onths or even years of contact with the material before derm atitis develops.
As mentioned above, the petro leum industry is now handling large quantities of chemical addi tives and inhibitors, m any of which are strong prim ary irritants and very active chemical com pounds. By nature, inhibitors usually have to be very potent chemicals because while they are used in very low concentrations, they exert a powerful influence on the characteristics or perform ance of the product, and m any of the inhibitors are just as potent towards man.
One very active class of inhibi tors are the amines and substi tuted amines, and we are par ticularly concerned about (hem because* they are very damaging, to the eyes, and a splash can I readily result in blindness. The amines are usually strong smell ing caustic liquids, insoluble in water, hence difficult to remove by washing. They can cause severe eye b u rn s and necrosis of eve tis sue. In addition, most amines are readily absorbed through the skin, and even low quantities may cause internal damage and death.
Employees should, of course, be fully alerted as to the hazards of such materials, and should be edu cated to the use of protective gog gles, gloves and aprons.
The foregoing applies- to con cent rated or undiluted inhibitors. Finished p e tro le u m products should and usually do contain such, a sm all quantity, and the inhibitor is so diluted, as to result in practically no more harm in the finished product than there would be from the straig h t m ineral oil itself.
Industrial d e rm a titis cases sometimes result in erroneous conclusions as to their cause, even by those who should know better. I recall the ease of a young man
NtttSoncii1 Sofety N ew *, A p ril, 1955
4
who w orked in a gasoline .station and developed a severe derm ati tis. He w ent to a physician v/ho m ade patch tests on him and found he had a sensitivity to special gasoline but no reaction to regu lar gasoline.
Apparently, the physician had heard special gasoline contains a lot of lead because the case was diagnosed as resulting from an excess of lead tetraeth y l in the special gasoline. We thought this strange because while we all know th a t lead te tra e th y l is a violent poison and can be ab sorbed through the skin, it is not a prim ary skin irritant and has never been known to cause der m atitis.
A review of records of gasoline shipments into the particular area showed the regular gasoline actu ally contained the same or some times more lead than the special gasoline, clearly proving that lead tetraethyl was not to blame, but that some other m aterial was responsible.
inhalation
Of the three avenues by which chemicals can be taken into the body, inhalation probably has re ceived by far the most study and investigation because it is the most im portant consideration in industrial health. The vast am ount j of research on the inhalation of j m aterials has resulted in the i publication of very useful data on safe hum an exposure levels known as threshold limit values, or m aximum allowable concen trations. The list is com piled an nually by the American Confer ence of Governm ental Industrial Hygienists and is published by th e A: erican M edical A ssocia tion. It tabulates the m aximum am ount of the various m aterials w orkers can safely be exposed to for an eight-hour working day without injury to health.
A few of the m aterials encoun tered in the petroleum industry are listed in Table II.
TABLE II
Gases and Vapors
Substance
PPM
Benzene (benzol) .......................
35
Carbon dioxide ................................ 5000
Carbon monoxide ............................ 100
Carbon tetrachloride ...................... 25
Natitntal Safety News, April, 195S
r.
Don't stop tr a ffic ; to re p a ir flo o rs--use ; Perm am lx, the new all-tem perature'
DRY TAMP floor patch.
DRY TAMP MEANS SPEED No sticky mass to dig out of the drum or to handle Permamlx dry pours sets instantly feather edges perfectly no production delays non-skid
surface.
ALL TEMPERATURE Won't freeze can be stored or used in any tem
perature will store indefinitely * a stock room item will not "set" -in drum whether open or covered. Mistakes just can't happen. Tamp
' in place and traffic roll*.
CUTS MAINTENANCE COSTS on concrete, brick, tile or asphalt floors no special
equipment or skill needed a one man job comes In durable 50 lb. not wt.
fibre drums solve your floor patching
^
problems for good.
Write for Details Now!
PERM AM IX CORPORATION
155 W. WACKER DRIVE
CHICAGO I, ILLINOIS
Triple strand rope of polyethylene plastic; two strands of yellow, one of blach. Attractive and high visibility. Immediately identities a restricted area in that it carries out the standard CAUTION colors.
TENSILE STRENGTH OVER 400 POUNDS NO SAG OR STRETCH
Has hij'h di-electric properties. Not affected by nil. Will not readily absorb dirt. May bo easily cleaned.
2850 N. FOURTH ST., PHILADELPHIA 33, PA.
They INSULATE They PROTECT They are PUNCTUREPROOF
No, 351 Strcsp-eri Sandal
DEPT. N-S-4-55
No. 504-S Steel Toe Shoe
One costly Foot Accident could have paid for
1000 Pairs
of Wooden Soles. Reece has a shoe or sandal to fit your needs.
Write for Catalog
WOODEN SOLE SHOE CO.
COLUMBUS, NEBRASKA
Diamond Bulletin Boards are avail able in single and double units.
To stop those passing eyes...and
GET YOUR MESSAGES READ
Instill DIAMOND Bulletin Boards
When you install Diamond Bulletin Boards you are setting HI) lasting " message center" where your m esaages are eaaily readable and protected from the elements. Employees can read them at any time because Diamond Bulletin Boards are illuminated and ventilated so th at the glass will not fog.
Write (or further information and prices.
SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY
, l'
4 5 MAG 6 l ST R E t Ty .Pit T>\j,U.R G H . li 9 , '
COMPANY
N S YIV ANI
/
Gasoiinc .......................................... . . . 500 Hydrogen sulfide ........................ Naptha (petroleum) .................. . . . 500 Octane ........................................... .. 500 Sulfur dioxide ............................ . . . 10
Toxic Dusts, Fumes, and Mists
Mg. Pe-
Substance
Cu. M.
Iron oxide fume ........................ . 15
Lead ............................................... . 0.15 Sulfuric acid ................................ . 1
Mineral Dusts
Substance
MPPCF
Asbestos ....................................... .. . 5 Dust (nuisance, no free silica) .. 50 Silica
high (above 50% free oiO,,) .. 5 medium (5 to 50 % free SiO.>) .. 20 low (below 5% free SiO,,) . . . 50
These values are based on the best available information from industrial experience, from ex perim ental .studies, and, when possible, from a com bination of the two. They are not fixed values but are reviewed annually by the Committee on Threshold Limits for changes, revisions, or addi tions as further information be comes available. Threshold limits should be used as guides in the control of health hazards and should not be regarded as fine lines between safe and dangerous concentrations. They re p re s e n t conditions only w ithin which it is felt that w orkers may be re poatedly exposed, day after day, w ithout their health being ad versely affected,
I cannot overemphasize the im portance of the threshold limit values. I b e lie v e th a t ev e ry safety man should be familiar w ith them and have copies of the complete table, because they have been incorporated in state codes and have the force of law in many states, and therefore, m ust be com plied w ith. So fa r some 19 states have w rit ten threshold limit values into their laws and often m anagem ent is not aw are of such requirem ents but would be in a vulnerable position if troub le re sulted from excessive exposure to any of the m aterials. Usually it is up to the safety people and the industrial hygienists to a le rt m an agement to the existence of these codes and to institute measures for the m easurem ent of air con tam inants so as to insure compli ance.
Even gasoline has a maximum safe level which is 500 p arts per
tfrtthiiUAlc
million. The result of exposure to concentrations g re ater than 500 ppm is shown by the following:
TABLE III--GASOLINE EXPOSURE
Symptoms: Headache, irritation of eyes and throat, dizziness, nau sea, loss of conciotisness, death. Parts Per Million %
Maximum allowable concentration for prolonged exposure . . , 500 0.05
Slight, symptoms after several hours .............. .. 1000 0.1
Maximum concentration tolerable for 1 hr......... .. 5000 0.5
Dangerous for short exposure ........................ ..15000 1.5
Fatal for short exposure ..25000 2.5 Lower explosive lim it... ..14000 1.4
Product Labeling
One very im portant function of j
the industrial hygienist is in re- :
gard to p recautionary labeling of
product. This is receiving more
and more emphasis as state after
state passes labeling regulations.
The most recent is the State of
New York where the Council on j
Public H ealth passed labeling j
regulations which became effec-
live Aligns), 24, 1954, as C hapter
1X-A of the New Y ork S tate Sani
tary Code. These labeling regula
tions have the force and effect of j
law and require precautionary !
labeling on any product which en
tails a hazard in a reasonably
anticipated use. A hazard is de
fined as:
!
The risk of injury or illness which !
may be encountered during or as a re- |
suit of any reasonably anticipated type j of handling or use of a substance, or j
during its specified use, if any, by rea- j
son of t! ,e toxicity of the substance
through ingestion, inhalation or absorp
tion. through the skin, or due to its
corrosiveness or irritating properties, or
because of its flammability or explo- i
siveness.
Similar labeling regulations al
ready exist in California, Illinois, j
Oregon, and th e T errito ry of
Hawaii, and are in the m aking in
New Jersey, New Hampshire,
Ohio and Rhode Island. M ore can
be expected. Fortunately, most
slide regulations are guided by
recom m endations of the M anu- i
factoring Chemists' Association, j
Inc., and with some few exeep- j
lion s, conform ity in one state re
sults in conform ity in other states, i
It is recognized that, as a rule, j
labeling r e g u la t io n s of m any 1
products are advisable and result !
in safer handling of the m aterial j
N ational Safety News, April, 1955
r&COATED
WORK GLOVES
CUT Glove COSTS
TRIPL-PAI.M design eliminates the "failure points" of ordinary work gloves, resulting in multiplied glove life . . . greatly reduced glove costs.
Knit-wrist or gauntlet style with coated or "freebreathing" backs. Ask your jobber or write for information.
THE
m Wen
RUBBER. CO .
C ch rollfort, O hio
In Canada: Safety Supply Co., Toronto
EXTRA-HEAVY COATING FOR EXTRA IONO WEAR . . .
end greater
palm com fort.
MO SEAM HERE TO IEUP OUT . v , W ing th u m b lone-pieco palm
an d th um b)
jonstruction for
multiplied erv
ice life .
WtWfwrCTM(f.i <
r-
'T F T * '
H iri il ; / * j*how to/`.y #/. Make Year Own
SAFETY GUARDS with H&EC
Write tor youf ' m of this
valoeh l b vlb th f
P<vt?4
This bulletin illustrates a simple and inexpensive way of con structing your own guards for moving parts, such as: fly wheels, gears, and belts, and for individual punch press dies. Only ordinary tools, such as a hack saw, hand snip, hammer
and screw driver are needed. When properly constructed, guards made of sturdy H & K parts will comply with State and insurance requirements and will conform' with Ameri can Standard Safety Codes.
KT!1!
5645 Fillmor Sirovi, Chicago 44, Illinois 114 Liberty Street, Now York 6, N. Y.
'fsflil
Wear Steel-Grip Aluminized
Asbestos Safety Apparel
Aluminized asbestos reflects up to 95% radiant heat,
and w on 't burn. Steel-Grip has tailored this materia!
into w ell-lilting, properly proportioned safety gar
ments that protect workers w hile allow ing full free
dom of movement. Unexcelled for hot-metal handling
and processing. Every yard o f cloth has been care
fully selected for uniform quality. Each garment bears
the Steel-Grip label, your guarantee of wear and
satisfaction. Available as coats, pants, aprons, sleeves,
leggings, spats, gloves, mitts and curtains. Many uses
in industry. Many advantages to users. Write for test
swatches or trial garments.
To b Hit of th# G*tWnQ
We manufacture a complete line of guaranteed, tested and apProved safety apparel in leather, dutk, Perma- Proof materials, asbestos, wool, Oyttel cloth, Jaxcolite-coated materials, alumi num-coated materials, etc. . . . known the country over for qual ity and dependability. Write toefay for catalog.
\7i
; * A9 I MABK
Demand this Trado Metric
INDUSTRIAL GLOVES COMPANY a corporation
1704 G arfield Street, D an ville, Illino is (In Ccrtada: Safety Supply Co., Toronto)
W W fM m
i
1 GUARD AGAINST
The Hazards of Sadden Blackouts
Big Beam Model 2ATW w ith storage battery and built-in charger that keeps battery fully charged at all times. Variety of models to choose from.
Sudden blackouts breed confusion, panic, property damage, bodily injury - even loss of life. You can have com pletely dependable pro tection against sudden blackouts by installing Big Beam autom atic em ergency lights. (Plug into any con venient lighting outlet.) Then whenever regular lights fail, your Big Beam will provide hours of bright, safe illumination.
PORTABLE ELECTRIC HAND LAMPS
MMooddee!l HNoo.. 11044 ((SSteaanleddarBdeaBmul)b) || BEACON LAMP
Modal No. <08F Fiara and Lantern
M ode! N o. 2 11 1500-Toot Beam
Write for Complete Information --
U-C LITE MANUFACTURING CO. Chicago 22, Illinois
IN C A N A D A : B arn ard M arks A C o . Ltd., 459 Church Strerrt, Toronto 5, O n t.
no
by custom ers, but it requires ex tensive w ork, knowledge of prod uct and toxicological inform a tion to determ ine what products m ust be labeled and how they should be labeled. In our com p an y 's operations, we use some w hat over 2000 basis chemicals or raw m aterials and m anufacture
some 3500 finished products which
m ust be reviewed individually. To illustrate, the following are
just a few of the ha/.ardous m ate rials th a t are encountered in petroleum refinery operations or that m ight be compounded into finished products:
Respiratory irritants Acrolein Acetaldehyde Aluminum Chloride Ammonia Asbestos Ditcrtiary butyl para crcsol Dusts, physiologically
inert, general Dusts, attapulgus clay Dusts, bauxite Dusts, catalyst Formaldehyde Fluorides Furfural Inhibitors Lime Nitrogen oxides Ozone Pine Oil SUica Smoke Sulfur dioxide Welding fumes Toxic Materials Aniline, liquid Aniline, dye Benzol (benzene) Cadmium Carbon Monoxide Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chrome compounds Cobalt, meta! Hydrogen sulfide Inhibitors Lead, metal & fumes Lead, oxide, litharge Lead, soaps Lead, tetraethyl Manganese Mercury
Methanol Radioactive materials,
general Toluol (Toluene) Xylol (Xylene) Zinc Skin Irritants Acids--all kinds Amines
B enzol (benzene)
Caustics Chromium Salts Coal-tar Compounds Cobalt, metal and
compounds Dyes Inhibitors
Notional Safety News, April, 1955
Nu-ki'l Oils, general Oils, high boiling from
Cat. & steam cracking Oils, insoluble cutting Phenol Pitch Solvents Ultra violet radiation Wax, untreated
The petroleum industry has
m ade rem arkable progress in the developm ent of new and b etter products and in improving proc essing operations. Accompanying this progress have been new prob lems of toxicology and health, en gineering which m ust be studied with the same zeal as other types of research. The advent of cata lytic cracking resulted in the pro duction and handling of aromatic hydrocarbons, and of im portance to us, health problem s long asso ciated with the coal-tar industry. The use of new chemical catalysts, inhibitors, and other chemical compounds involve health prob lems that the chemical industries have faced for years.
To illustrate this trend we need
only look at the modern gasolines, fuel oils and m otor oils. Y ears ago m otor oils w ere practically 100 p er cent petroleum w ith little, if any, additives; today they con tain up to 15 to 20 p er cent of chemicals, additives and inhibi tors, and this trend will continue because.- there is no question th at additives contribute much to im prove performance c h a r a c te r istics.
Every step in this direction, however, does pose new problems of health and safety among our plant personnel and our cus tom ers.
Fork Trucks
-- From page 35 e r catalytic m uffler--on m ining and construction equipment, may add im petus to two growing trends in mining--the shift to ward trackless mining and the increasing use of diesel equip ment underground.
The Coplay Cement Company, Coplay, Pa., has been using a
Because we have the widest avail able selection of unit packets, and
a broad choice of heavy duty kits,
we can provide you with the perfect com b inatio n of kit and fill fo r yo u r s p e c if ic plant and fie ld c o n d it io n s .
Cali your Bullard representative.
Immediately upon application, glass or plastic surfaces will re main FO G -FR EE ST E A M F R E E D UST-RESISTAN T O P T IC A L L Y BR ILLIA N T, for several days.
9 Eliminates work-interrupting time breaks for manual wiping of goggles, masks or eyeglasses . . . TIME SAVING.
9 Fog-proofed lenses protect both worker and co-worker, and encourage uso of eya gear constantly , , . GREATER PER SONNEL SAFETY.
9 In the foundry -- at the lathe -- on the assembly linn -- with the truck fleet -- in the busy office, unobstructed vision pays dividends . , , OPERATING ECO N O M Y,
THE BUCKLEY CORPORATION
AVAILABLE AS: Rtfillable Self-Disposing
Wail Cabinet
Individua) pocket applicator
# l/i and V/i ox. Spray bottle
O R D ER TO D A Y thru your dealer or write Dept. N-2
607 Fifth Ave. New York 17, N. Y.
NcifiorKif Sofefy News, Apr/, 1955
C Y L IN D R IC A L K IT
provides protection for first aid un der the severest field conditions. U n its p a c k e d In a vinyl ro ll-u p belt.
U M IT P A C K K IT
with re p la c e a b le ru b b e r g a sk e t. S n a p -lo c k s open with a flick of the finger, and clo se to seal out Indus trial dust and m oisture.
BULLARD
E .D .B U L L A R D C O M PA N Y
mum 2 7 5 Elghtn Street
San Fran cisco
0
C a lifo rn ia
m
