Document g2vGdRp17jGKDNm2wkXYbxnmL

RC WSf (' VH.KCH 1903 *V tt Wi'if'iVV ** 1-4. ! p*.l- > i?i.!vsncui;m protective coatings ............. TECHNICAL BULLETIN No. PL-327 ' '....... ................................ " " ................,................. ................... 9 ( V TOWOLDMONOOQ5350 GROWING IMPORTANCE OF SYNTHETIC RESINS IN COATINGS Pictures and inscriptions painted on Egyptian tombs and Chinese temples as long ago as 2000 B.C. mark the earliest known use of paint-like materials. Paint technology has still not changed its predominant reliance on naturally occurring materials, symbolized by pails of white lead and linseed oil. True, modernization has seen the development of new pigments, better vehicles, and more efficient manufacturing techniques, but the old stand-bys are still in use. The development of synthetic resins, however, has freed industry from dependence on natural resins and has enabled the production of faster-drying and more-durable and more-resistant protective coatings than could be made from natural raw materials alone. The nitrocelluloselacquer development in the early 1920's revolutionized automobile finishing. The discovery of alkyd resins in the late 1920's and the introduction of latex paints in the late 1940's further broadened the outlets for protective coatings and increased the sales of these products. Now, annual sales of protective-coatings materials amount to more than 600-million gallons, valued at more than 1.5-billion dollars. ROLE OF PLASTICIZERS IN PROTECTIVE COATINGS Success of the new synthetic resins in protective coatings often depends largely on the modi fiers used with them. Plasticizers--one of the most important types of modifiers--can im prove such vital characteristics as flow, levelling, brushability, impact resistance, drawability, gloss, and luster. As a basic producer of more than 80 different plasticizers, Monsanto Chemical Company is an important partner with synthetic-resins manufacturers and protective-coatings producers in the selection and development of the particular plasticizer system that imparts the best all-around durability, performance, and economy for every coating application. This bulletin is presented to help protective-coatings manufacturers formulate better finishes. It should be remembered that each suggested starting formulation should be carefully evaluated by the formulator in both laboratory and service tests before any final formulation is based on information contained in this bulletin. Of course, Monsanto's technical-service representatives are prepared to offer unbiased recommendations for plasticizer systems to meet any perform ance requirement, without obligation. 0505062 TOWOLDMONOOQ5351 CONTENTS MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN CELLULOSIC COATINGS ............................. 1 Nitrocellulose................................................................................................................. 1 Ethyl Cellulose ............................................................................................................. 7 Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate.......................................................................................... 11 Cellulose Acetate........................................................................................................... 15 MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN VINYL COATINGS............................................17 Poly(vinyl Acetate) .....................................................................................................17 Poly(vinyl Chloride) ...................................................................................................23 MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN RUBBER COATINGS ..................................... 30 Chlorinated Rubber .....................................................................................................30 Chlorinated Polypropylene.......................................................................................... 36 Styrene-Butadiene Copolymers ..................................................................................37 Synthetic Rubber .........................................................................................................40 MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN OTHER RESIN COATINGS.............................41 Epoxies ............... 41 Acrylics ..........................................................................................................................45 Polyamides..................................................................................................................... 46 Zein ................................................................................................................................ 46 Varnishes and Alkyds...................................................................................................49 Silicones ..........................................................................................................................49 Phenolics ........................................................................................................................50 Melamine ........................................................................................................................50 Shellac ....................................................... <...................................................................50 OTHER MONSANTO PRODUCTSIN PROTECTIVE COATINGS...................... 51 Resin Additives ............................................................................................................. 51 Coating Modifier........................................................................................................... 51 Antioxidants ................................................................................................................... 51 Catalyst / Clarifier....................................................................................................... 51 Odor-Masking Agents ...................................................................................................52 Preservatives ................................................................................................................. 52 Flatting and Thickening Agents ............................................................................ 52 MONSANTO TECHNICAL SERVICE........................................................................... 52 SHIPPING ............................................................................................................................52 TECHNICAL LITERATURE .......................................................................................... 54 "Nothing contained herein lito beconatruedea a recommendation to use any product Ineonfl Id with any pitant. MONSANTO MAKES NO WARRANTIES AS TO THE FITNESS OR MERCHANTABILITY OF ANY PRODUCTS REFERRED TO, no guarantee cl wtlitectory reaulta from reliance upon con tained Informational recommendation!, anddleclelma ellliability for any retailing louor damage." t) 0505063 TOWOLDMONOOQ5352 > MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN CEUULOSIC COATINGS NITROCELLULOSE Nitrocellulose is the basic film former for lacquers. Both the R. S. (regular-soluble) and the S.S. (spirit-soluble) grades are generally used in lacquers. Films applied by these lacquers pos sess the following characteristics: Fast drying Clarity Color stability Hardness Flexibility Mar and scuff resistance These lacquers are used for a wide variety of coatings, including the following typical appli cations: Wood and furniture lacquers Plastics lacquers Paper coatings and impregnants Metal lacquers Automobile lacquers Textile coatings Aerosol lacquers Bronzing lacquers Nitrocellulose films, however, are quite brittle without plasticization. A wide variety of plas ticizers is used to improve the gloss, flexibility, and adhesion of these films; and the use of plasticizers increases the solids content of nitrocellulose films. The performance of various Monsanto plasticizers in nitrocellulose is shown in Table I. TABLE I--PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN NITROCELLULOSE FILM Plastielier (SO PHR) Flexibility .(Schopper Fold Cycles) Tonsil* Strength (p*`l Elongation (%) Control (none) Dibutyl Phthalate Santicizer* 160 Triphenyl Phosphate Tricrcsyl Phosphate Santicizer l'H Santicizer 8 20 10 14 24 -- 10 16 8660 2740 3610 4480 1230 3310 2310 6 4 10 8 24 7 11 d) Relative to permeability of unplasticized film as 100%. SANtictitu: Monsanto Chemical Company Trademark. Registered in U.S. Patent Office. Moisture Permeability (%1 100 63 19 56 28 41 63 *05064 TOWOLDMONOOQ5353 The use of nitrocellulose lacquers on furniture has assumed large proportions. These lacquers give excellent protective coatings. Shown below are several examples of wood-finishing lac quers: Ingrad iants Parts by Weight R.S. Nitrocellulose (VVaec.)** R.S. Nitrocellulose (V2'c.)d R.S. Nitrocellulose (5-6 sec.) Maleic Re6>n (58% in toluene) Non-Oxidizing Alkyd (60% n.v.) Santoute* MHP Santicizer 160 or Dibutyl Phthalate Santicizer 165 or Dioctyl Phthalate Zinc Stearate Pa6te Castor Oil Hi-Flash Naphtha Toluene Xylene Ethanol Isopropanol Butanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Cellosolve** Acetate Methyl Ethyl Ketone .... 60 50 310 __ __ 15 __ 120* 18 210 105 17 18 -- 55 200 325 __ __ 100 __ __ 70 60 15 __ 50 __ __ 135 __ __ 55 60 120 __ 190 a) Maleic resin-based wood sanding seater b) Clear, high-gloss furniture lacquer with good polishing properties c) Clear brushing lacquer d) 75-per cent nonvolatile in ethanol e) Zinc Steatite Paste composition: Ingredients R.S. Nitrocellulose (5-6 sec.) Zinc Stearate Magnesium Carbonate Castor Oil Hi-Flash Naphtha Ethanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Path by Weight 25 50 8.5 90 58 45 17 * Santouts: Mominto Chemical Company trademark. Registered in U.8. Patent Office. Trademark of Union Carbide Corp. too 40 10 io 17 15 155 70 15 65 150 0 0 0505065 TOWOLDMONOOQ5354 Another broad area of application for nitrocellulose lacquers is in automobile finishing. Shown below are suggested formulations for the three coats used in the build-up of an automobile finish: Ingredients 4 Nitrocellulose (,/'sec.)<l Nitrocellulose (Vi-sec.) Non-Drying Coconut Alkyd Blown Soya Oil Santicizrr 160 or Dibutyl Phthalate Dioctyl Phthalate Tricrcsyl Phosphate Magnesium Silicate Fibrous Magnesium Silicate Dispersing GrindingAgent Zinc Chromate Red Iron Oxide Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Lacquer Diluent Toluene Xylene Ethanol Isopropanol Butanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Butyl Cellosolve Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone -- 100'-f 80h 8 -- -- -- 9f 9 29 -- 10.9 55 - -- 25 10 - 15 -- 20 -- -- -- 5 d) Rust-inhibiting primer b) Tint base that can be pigmented to prepare a glossy finish c) Clear, exterior metal lacquer d) 75-per cent nonvolatile in ethanol e) 25-per cent solution in solvent consisting of: Paris by Weight 100<* 56* 43 13 3 55 85 195 65 55 110 55 6f 100 75 24 160 13 35 95 60 Solvents Toluene Ethanol Butanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Per Cent 50 10 5 20 15 f) Add indicated ingredients (60% of the non-drying alkyd) after other materials have been ground in a ball mil). g) 65-pcr cent nonvolatile in xylene. 3 0505066 / TOWOLDMONOOQ5355 Clarity and adhesion are especially important whenever clear or pigmented coatings are applied to metal surfaces. Shown below are example formulations for several metal lacquers: Ingredients R.S. Nitrocellulose (Wsec.)* R.S. Nitrocellulose (Vi'sec.)* R.S. Nitrocellulose (20-sec.) Non-Drying Alkyd (60% NV) Santolite MHP Shellac Solution (37% in methanol) Damar Solution (50% in xylene) Santicizer 160 or Dibutyl Phthalate Tricresyl Phosphate Toluene Xylene Butanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Butyl Lactate 7* tb Parts by Weight I0d __80 _ __20 __30 _ _25 ___ __ _____ ___11 _175 __ __56 100 7.7 12 140 100 125 12 45 345 100 42 32 150 _5_5 _40 25 60 85 95 -- --115 45 200 65 45 -- a) General-purpose, clear, metal lacquer b) Lacquer with exceptional flexibility and adhesion for collapsible tubes, such as toothpaste tubes c) Clear, silver lacquer d) Clear, brass lacquer e) 75-pcr cent nonvolatile in ethanol Various other metal and specialty lacquers are illustrated below: Ingredients R.S. Nitrocellulose (Vi-sec.)' R.S. Nitrocellulose (Vi-sec.)* Coconut Oil Alkyd (Non Drying) Dibutyl Phthalate Diisodecyl Phthalate Santolite MHP Aluminum Powder Carbon Black Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Dispersing/Grinding Agent Processed Clay Toluene Xylene Ethanol Butanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Butyl Cellosolve Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Dichlorodifluoromcthane a) Hot-spray, exterior, metal lacquer b) Aluminum lacquer for a chrome finish c) Clear aerosol lacquer d) White aerosol lacquer e) 75-per cent nonvolatile in ethanol /) 60-per cent nonvolatile in xylene II* 22 __ 100 75 __ __ __ 11 __ 3 __ __ 170 16 45 __ 105 65 __ 12b IJr Parts by Weight 50 50 125/ __ 22 __ 30 __ __ __ __ 335 ,, 55 40 115 155 __ ,, 100 __ 60 24 __ 16 __ __ __ __ __ __ _30 ___ 52 428 709 \4d 100 __ 55 16 __ 12 __ __ 65 4 2 ___ __ __ __ __ 35 300 590 0^ 6 0505067 TOWOLDMONOOQ5356 I Paper has become an important area for coatings and lacquers. Most protective-coated papers are used for cartons and labels. Lacquer films have also made washable wallpaper possible. Shown below are four example formulations of common paper lacquers. Nitrocellulose is the base for fingernail lacquers, of which formulation 19 is typical. 16* I7*> I8b I9` Ingredients Parts by Weight R.S. Nitrocellulose (Vi'sec.) S.S. Nitrocellulose (Vi'sec.) ,,100 100 100 100 Blacar* H'4055 __ __ __ __ Dicthylcnc glycol ester ot terpene dibasic acid n 21 ---- Santicizf.r 160 or Dibutyl Phthalate 28 6 50 50 Dicyclobcxyl Phtbalate __ 17 28 -- Damar Resin (Dewaxed) Paraffin Wax I Santolite MHP __ 52 __ 16 __ 16 __ 6 __ 20 100 Toluene 200 5 500 350 Ethanol 40 85 60 50 Butanol 40 85 60 Ethyl Acetate 40 85 60 200 Butyl Acetate 80 170 120 150 a) Heat'scaling coating for paper. Dioctyl, dibutyl, and dicyclohexyl phthalates, as well as tricresyl phosphate, can be interchanged as the platicizer with little effect in performance. The S. S. nitrocellulose would give a slightly better' heat-seal test on glassine. b) Moisture'proof, heat'sealing paper lacquer c) Fingernail lacquer * Trademark of Cary Chemical*. Inc. for vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer* Nitrocellulose-based heat-seal coatings are widely used in the packaging of baked goods and other food products. 5 OS>ObO60 TOWOLDMONOOQ5357 One of the expanding applications for nitrocellulose lacquers is as coatings for plastics mater ials, Shown below are example formulations of various lacquers for plastics: Ingradianti R.S. Nitrocellulose (Vi-6ec.) R.S, Nitrocellulose (5-6-sec.) Super Bec^acitc* #1001 Oil-reactive phenolic resin Non-oxidising Alkyd Resin Dioctyl Phthalate Santicizer 160 or Dibutyl Phthalate Dihydroabietyl phthalate Partially Esterfied Pentaerithritol-Maleic Rosin Partially hydrogenated methyl ester of wood rosin Low-color blown ca6tor oit Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) VM ft P Naphtha Toluene Xylene Ethanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Amyl Acetate Butyl Cellosolve Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 2O' too - _100 25 ___ 25 62.5 5_2_5 _155 3_,,_7__0 2|b 22< Parts by Weight 100 100 - _100 __ ____3_____0_ 9___0 _370 _30 100 1__00 41__0 ____55 __1080 770 23d 100 _ _25 1___2__5 2_9_0 90 1__75 30 __ Typical pigments and dyes can be incorporated by normal techniques. a) Lacquer with good adhesion to molded phenolic plastics b) Lacquer for acrylic plastics (automobile ornaments) c) Coating for ethyl cellulose plastics including the "soft" types d) Lacquer for Mylar-** and saran-coated cellophane, has excellent toughness, adhesion, and flexi bility. Dries in one minute at 100 C. 0( <1 * Trademark of Rdchhold Chemical Industrie* Trademark of E. !. du Pont ck Ncmouri V Co. 050t>069 TOWOLDMONOOQ5358 ETHYL CELLULOSE Five basic properties make ethyl cellulose useful in many types of finishes and coatings: Color retention and stability Low-temperature fiexibility Selective solubility Alkali resistance As a result of these properties ethyl cellulose i used in a wide variety of coatings, including the following: Cable lacquers Aluminum-foil coatings Paper lacquers Gel lacquers Plastics lacquers Furniture finishes Sanding sealers Metallic finishes Decalcomania lacquers Floor-covering lacquers Bronzing lacquers Stop-off lacquers A wide variety of plasticizers is used with ethyl cellulose to develop its best properties to most satisfactorily meet the requirements of each particular application. Table II presents evaluations of various Monsanto plasticizers in ethyl cellulose with an ethoxy content of from 48 to 49.5 per cent: TABLE II--PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN ETHYL CELLULOSE {48- TO 49.5-% ETHOXY) FILM Plasticizer (15 PHR) Yield Point (p*>) Control (none) Dibutyl Phthalate Diphenyl Phthalate Tricrepyl Phosphate Santicizer MO Triphenyl Phosphate Santicizer E'15 Santicizer B'16 Santicizer M'17 Santicizer l'H Santicizer 8 Santicizer 9 Aroclor* 1242 Aroclor 1248 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1262 Aroclor 4465 6755 5625 5405 4550 5405 4550 4265 5485 4125 5475 4620 4620 4905 5475 6185 7110 8555 a) E = excellent G = good P = poor Tensile Strength *PU 8960 5120 7680 7465 8555 6685 7785 4905 7965 7750 6900 7525 7595 7540 7825 8055 9050 Elongation {%) 50 58 58 48 58 50 40 56 58 52 34 40 36 30 28 22 22 Hardness (relative) 100 35 80 70 80 70 65 50 60 80 70 70 75 80 90 105 125 Ahoclor: Mominio Chcmicai Company Trademark. Registered in U.S. Patent Office. Volatility E G E E E E G G G E G G P P G E G Flexibility on Light Exposure EE G E E cc E E E E E G G G G P 0605070 TOWOLDMONOOQ5359 Shown below are several suggested starting formulations for ethyl cellulose-based lacquers: Ingredients 24<* 25^ 26c 274 28' Parts by Weight Ethyl Cellulose Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Diphenyl Phthalate Tricresyl Phosphate Dioctyl Phthalate Liquid poIy(methyUtyrene) Partially esterified pentacrythritol-maleic rosin Octylphenol Pentdphen* 65 (p-tert-amylphenol) Santocel**FRC silica gel Antioxidant Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Epoxy stabiliser Toluene Xylene Ethanol Butanol Butyl Acetate Cellosolue Butyl Cellosolve lOOf 64 3__0_4 _____ 0,4 200 __4 --1120 280 -- _100s _100 _3__0 _____2.3 466 146 117 39 -- __1008 __7___2 _____7.2 344 1___,,00h 34 _2_7 1.8 ____16 _107 428 85 29 107 -- 10___0> _2_2 1____,,,,0_0 _178 353 236 154 108 143 d) Alkali-resistant white lacquer f) 47.5-49.0-% ethoxy, 10 cp b) Hard lacquer for rigid surfaces g) 47.5'49.0*% ethoxy, 14 cp c) Tough lacquer for many surfaces H) 47.5-49.0-% ethoxy, 22 cp d) Wallpaper lacquer i) 45.5-46.8-% ethoxy, 200 cp t) Polystyrene lacquer (to minimise polystyrene erasing, polystyrene solvents are kept at a minimum) * Trademark of Pcnnaalt Chemicali, Inc. ** Santocjl: Monnnto Chemical Company Trademark. Registered in U S. Patent Office. 0505071 (I TOWOLDMONOOQ5360 Ethyl cellulose is widely used as a resin in protective-metal finishes, such as the following suggested starting formulations: Ingredients Ethyl cellulose (45.5-56.8'% ethoxy) Super Bec^ocfte #1001 Glycerine ester of hydrogenated wood rosin Resimjne* 881 melamine-formaldehyde resin Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Tricrceyl phosphate Triphcnyl phosphate Santicizer B'16 Santonox* antioxidant Ultraviolct'light Screener Epoxy Stabilirer Xylene Isopropanol Butyl Acetate d) Chromium lacquer b) Aluminunvfoil lacquer 29" __100' 50 -- __ __ 47 -- 1 1 1 1072 200 68 30*> 3lh Parts by Weight 100** --__ 33.3 33.3 --- --__ __ 267 66.7 -- c) 14 cp 1004 46.7 _-- -- 30 10 -- __ __ __ 267 66.7 d) 10 cp 32* 100' -- 80 __ -- -- _20 __ 320 80 -- Solid plasticizers such as dicyclohexyl phthalate, triphenyl phosphate, and Aroclor 5460 used in flow-back lacquers to give the desired flow-back characteristics. The flow-back is ually achieved by brief heating to about 350F. Formulations 33 and 34 illustrate the of solid plasticizers in typical flow-back lacquers based upon ethyl cellulose Ingredients Ethyl cellulose (47,5'49.0'% ethoxy, 10 cp) Partially'cstcrificd pentaerythritohmaleic rosin Aroclor 5460 or liquid poly(methylstyrene) Triphcnyl Phosphate Dicydohcxyl Phthalate Carnauba Wax Toluene Ethanol 33 _100 30 16.7 __ 3.3 240 60 Parts by Weight 34 100 16.7 31.7 __ 16,7 1.7 310 78 * Resiuene ind Sanionox; Monsanto Chemicat Company Trademarks. Registered in U S. Patnt Office. 9 050b07 TOWOLDMONOOQ5361 The following suggested starting formulations illustrate the use of ethyl cellulose in two strippable coatings (Formulations 35 and 36) and in a hot-melt coating (37): Ingredient* 35* 36b 37< Parts by Weight Ethyl cellulose (47.5-49.0-% ethoxy, 50 cp) Paraplex* RG-2 polyester re6in Super Bec^dcite # 2000 Non-oil-rcactive phenolic re6in Hydrogenated wood rosin Raw Castor Oil Hydrogenated Castor Oil Paraffin Wax (m.p., 135*F) Dioctyl phthalate Aroclor 1254 Soy-bean lecithin Octylphenol Stearic Acid Pentaphen Non-leafing aluminum Heptane Toluene Ethanol Isopropanol 100 13 _ 6___1 22 8.7 -- ,, 2.2 114 326 196 65 65 100 - __ ___ __ 100 -- 2 __2 306 184 61 61 100 -- 100 1_3_3 133 167 33 _----__ ,,__ __ _ a) Aluminum colored b) Solvent based c) Low moisture permeability, good heat-sealing characteristics, and excellent low-temperature flexi bility The use of ethyl cellulose in size emulsions is shown in the following formulation, which is made by dissolving the resins and plasticizer in the solvents and the emulsifying agent in the water. The lacquer phase is added to the water phase with agitation, The resulting crude emulsion is homogenized by one pass through a Premier Eppenbach or Montar-Gaulin mill. The resultant finished emulsion is filtered through a 30-mesh cloth. Ingredient* Lacquer Phase Ethyl cellulose (47.5-59.0-% ethoxy,100 cp) Durez** 550 Phenol-FormaldehydeResin Triphcnyl phosphate Xylene Hi-flash Naphtha Butanol Water Phase Potassium Oleate Water Trdtmrk of Rohm V Hn Co. *Tr*d<mrk of Hooktr Chcmictl Corp. 38 Parts by Weight 100 20 70 270 160 50 5 325 0 (I 0505073 TOWOLDMONOOQ5362 CELLULOSE ACETATE-BUTYRATE Cellulose acetate-butyrate resins display excellent low-viscosity properties, making attainable high-nonvolatile-content lacquers for spray, roll-coat, or brush application. On evaporation of the solvent, these lacquers produce films with the following characteristics: Adhesion Clarity Toughness Heat resistance Solvent resistance Cellulose acetate-butyrate can be utilized in a broad range of air-curing coatings, including the following: Clear and pigmented metal lacquers Paper and textile coatings and impregnants Plastics lacquers Hot-melt coatings Wood lacquers Protective peelable coatings Glass and rubber coatings Cellulose acetate-butyrate resins are available in 17-, 27-, 38-, and 50-weight-per cent butyral content. Since the application of these surface coatings cover such a wide spectrum, the selec tion of the best combination of cellulose acetate-butyrate resin and plasticizers for a specific use poses complex problems. The performance of various Monsanto plasticizers in the four com mon cellulose acetate-butyrate resins is shown in Table 111. II 0505074 TOWOLDMONOOQ5363 TABLE III--PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN CELLULOSE ACETATE-BUTYRATE FILM Hesticixef (33'/, PHR) Dimethyl Phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate Dioctyl Phthalate Dicyclohexyl Phthalate Diphenyl Phthalate Santicizer 160 Dioctyl Adipate Santicizer E-15 Santiozer B'l6 Santicizer M-17 Santiozer 140 Santiozer 141 Tricresyl Phosphate Triphenyl Phosphate Santicizer I'H Santiozer 3 |7-Wt. %-Btyr*l 27-Wt. %-Batyr*I 3*-Wt. %.8tyral 50-Wt. %-Betyral Sward Hardness Ttmib Strength lp**l Elongation Sward 1%) Hardness Tonsil* Strength Ip**) Elongation Sward 1%) Hardnass Tensile Strength Ip**) Elongation Sward 1%) Hardnas* Tonsil# Sfrangth Ip**) Elongation (%) 32 6600 8 30 3900 12 36 4100 8 38 6000 8 -- _____ -- 48 3800 21 34 3600 9 26 3200 22 24 3200 23 24 3500 18 26 4000 21 36 3000 18 28 4000 15 40 4800 15 32 4000 21 32 3300 17 58 8600 19 40 4600 29 44 3700 12 38 6500 25 36 7500 18 42 4500 39 ~-- 48 5900 30 50 6000 26 28 4100 15 40 5000 20 48 4900 21 46 5900 21 40 4700 28 32 6900 16 32 1500 15 46 4200 14 38 1800 12 44 2900 19 30 3900 31 42 3800 28 42 2700 13 28 2100 12 34 2000 14 40 1800 15 52 1800 18 42 2700 13 44 2300 15 54 3000 20 40 2500 10 46 3900 46 34 1800 27 54 4500 9 38 2300 9 26 1400 15 24 2500 27 40 2800 25 30 1600 15 14 1200 8 20 1400 13 18 1200 17 22 1500 19 30 1600 15 20 900 10 40 1700 17 30 1700 15 28 2600 31 36 1500 *4 s /o s o < ;o TOWOLDMONOOQ5364 Shown ueiow are several example formulations for important cellulose acetate-butyrate lacquers: Ingredients 39' 40b 4I< 42d Parts by Weight Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate(Vi-sec.) Amberol* 820 hardrosin-modifiedmaleic resin Acrylic Ester Resin FDC 55SB** (50% n.v.) Aroclor 1260 Aroclor 1262 Aroclor 5460 Tricresyl Phosphate Santjcizer 409 Santolite MHP Soluesso*** 100 Toluene Ethanol Butanol Isobutyl Acetate Acetone Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Dow Corning 200 Silicone Fluid (1000 cs) 100 __ __ __ ,, 75 240 60 25 100 79 __ __ -- __ 31.6 __ __ __ 475 105 __ __ 264 __ -- -- 100 __ __ __ -- __ __ -- -- 50 __ 200 50 __ 50 50 __ -- __ 100 __ 42 __ 25 __ 25 -- __ __ 250 560 417 __ __ 167 83.5 -- ) Low-cost, flame-resistant lacquer for paper coating and impregnation b) Paper lacquer with exceptional adhesion to inked surfaces c) High-gloss paper lacquer d) Lacquer for cellophane, cellulose acetate-butyrate, and cellulose acetate ) General-purpose metal and metal-foil lacquer (gold, silver, aluminum, and chromium) 43* 100 __ __ 22 22 -- 13 __ 51 286 14 57 __ __ 106 0.1 Hot-melt coatings constitute an important area of application for >4*sec. cellulose acetatebutyrate lacquers. The use of dioctyl phthalate as the standard plasticizers for hot-melt coat ings is shown in the following formulas: Ingredients 44' 45b 46' Parts by Weight Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate (Wsec.) Aroclor 1260 Dioctyl Phthalate Titanium Dioxide (non-chalking rutile) Calcium Carbonate (precipitated) SANTOWHJTEt Powder Refined Antioxidant Odor-masking Agent 100 __ 67 33 133 0.3 0.03 100 66.5 __ __ 0.17 __ 100 80 20 __ __ 0. __ c) Pigmented fiberboard knife-coating for exterior exposure b) Clear melt coating for heavy, one-coat film; economical (no solvent loss) and low application haiard c) Clear, low-cost, flame-retardant melt coating * Trademark of Rohm V Him Co. Trademark of Prance. Campbell V Darling, Inc. *** Trademark of Eaao Sundird Oil Co. fSantowhitb: Monaanto Chemical Company Trademark. Registered in U.S. Patent Office. 13 0505076 J TOWOLDMONOQ05365 Strippable spray coatings are increasingly useful in various industries. Cellulose acetate-butyrate provides an excellent base for coatings of this type. The following are two typical applications: Ingradiants Parts by Weight Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate (Vi-sec.) Aroclor 1260 Aroclor 5460 Tiicrtsyl Phosphate Santicizer 409 Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate Sodium Dichromate Toluene Ethanol Isopropanol Butyl Acetate Acetone Methyl Ethyl Ketone 100 60 132 63.5 26.5 47.5 47.5 o) Plame-re6istant, brushable coating b) Temporary, easily strippable coating for shipping tools and machine parts containing corrosion inhibitors The following formulation illustrates the use of cellulose acetate-butyrate base as a wood filler and prefinish: Ingradiantt Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate (Vi-sec.) Aroclor 5460 Magnesium Silicate Toluene Butanol Butyl Acetate 49 Parts by Waight 100 214 642 85.7 71.5 314 To provide protective and decorative coatings for materials such as glass, rubber, and leather, various specialty coatings have been developed. The following formulations are characteristic cellulose acetate-butyrate lacquers: Ingradianh Parts by Waight Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate 0/j-aec.) PCD 5J5B (50% n.v.) Plosion* 3115 (60% n.v.) Urea-formaldehyde Re6in Santicizer 409 Dow Corning 200 Silicone Fluid (1000 C6) Santowhite Powder Refined Antioxidant Toluene Xylene Ethanol Butanol Butyl Acetate 100 __ 74.5 74.5 __ 1.1 417 178 178 __ 89 100 21.8 20.3 0.07 216 144 57 57 117 a) High-luster lacquer with excellent adhesion to GRS rubber b) Clear glass lacquer with exceptional adhesion to all types of glass even after water immersion * Tndcmsrk of Allied Chernies! Corp. 0< Oi>0i077 TOWOLDMONOOQ5366 CELLULOSE ACETATE The following properties of cellulose acetate make it adaptable for many specialized lacquers: Toughness Clarity Durability Stability to heat, light, weak acids, and oils Good dielectric properties . These properties make it useful for metal, wood, paper, textile, leather, and plastics coatings. Plasticizers improve the flexibility, suppleness, and other physical properties of cellulose acetate films. In Table IV are presented performance data for several Monsanto plasticizers in cellulose acetate molding compositions. TABLE IV--PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN CELLULOSE ACETATE COMPOSITIONS Plasticiser (51.5 PHR unless otherwise specified) Solution Temp. (C) Dimethyl phthalate 120 Diethyl phthalate HO Santicizer M-17 148 Santicizer E'15 148 Santicizer 8 133 Santicizer 9 153 Triphenyl phosphate (42.5 PHR) 180 Hardness at 70SC Rockwell "M" Scale .32 15 65 50 75 90 81 Flexural Strength (Ib./sq. In.) 5840 5680 7110 6930 6860 9160 9020 Water Absorbed In 48 hr. (%1 1.14 1.20 0.77 0.97 0.94 0.85 1.17 Shown below are two example formulations of cellulose acetate lacquers: Ingredients 52o Cellulose Acetatec Alkyd Resin Santicizer M-17 Zinc Oxide Phosphoric Acid (aids adhesion to metal) Toluene Ethanol Butanol Methyl Acetate Nitromethane l'Nilropropane 100 40 50.7 80 0.05 312 176 38.7 __ 244 176 a) White metal lacquer for interior use b) General-purpose spray lacquer c) 52.5-53.5-% combined acetic acid, low viscosity Parts by Weight 53>> 100 30 37 __ 0.05 372 206 54.4 137.5 287 206 15 0505078 TOWOLDMONOOQ5367 Paper and cloth coatings are important areas of application for cellulose acetate. Shown below are three suggested starting formulations: Ingradiants Cellulose Acetate Triphenyl Phosphate Santicizer M-17 Santicizer E-15 Santicizer 1-H Water Ethanol Butanol Methyl Acetate Ethyl Acetate Acetone 5*> 100<* 18.5 16 __ __ 108 __ __ 660 a) Heat-resistant paper lacquer b) Greaseproof food-packaging lacquer c) Flame-retardant, stain-resistant cloth coating d) 55-56-% combined acetic acid, low viscosity e) 54-55-% combined acetic acid, high viscosity 55>> , Parts by Waight 100<* __ __ 67 __ 67 100 __ 350 -- 56'- 100' 60 __ __ 50 __ 100 40 650 __ Cellulose acetate lacquers impart the best adhesion, gloss, and durability on cellulose acetate plastics. The use of these lacquers minimizes plasticizer migration. Shown below are some char acteristic formulations: Ingradiants 57" Cellulose Acetate Dura 500 Santicizer E-15 Santicizer M-17 Santoute MHP Water Toluenef Ethanol Ethyl Acetate Methyl Cellosolve Methyl Cellosolve Acetate Acetone l-Nitropropane 100* 100 __ __ 260 136 __ __ 740 -- -- a) Plasticiier-migration-resistant lacquer b) Cellulose acetate plastics lacquer c) Gel dipping lacquer d) 55-56-% combined acetic acid, low viscosity e) 52.5-53.5-% combined acetic acid, low viscosity /) Add toluene slowly 58 59b Parts by Waight 100< __ 20.5 __ __ 136 41 100d 60 40 __ 226 68 __ 116 193 273 453 116 193 6CK 100' 82 151 415 149 102 __ 16 0505079 r< Q TOWOLDMONOOQ5368 MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN VINYL COATINGS POLY(VINYL ACETATE) Surface coatings based on poly(vinyl acetate) fulfill a variety of requirements and are char acterized by: Ease of application Fast drying Good adherance High gloss Transparency Resistance to water, fats, and oils Poly (vinyl acetate)-based formulations are used extensively in the following applications: Cloth coating Paper coating and impregnation Paint primers and sealers Interior and exterior paints Greaseproof, oil-resistant coatings Wall-patching compounds A wide selection of plasticizers for poly(vinyl acetate) and its co-polymers is available. Gen erally these plasticizers increase flexibility and tack, increase water and grease resistance, and lower heat-sealing temperature. Performance evaluations of several Monsanto plasticizers in poly(vinyl acetate)-emulsion adhesives are listed in Table V. 17 osoioao TOWOLDMONOOQ5369 TABLE V--PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN POLY(VINYL ACETATEJ-EMULSION ADHESIVES Plastieixer* VoWTrfy (24 hours at 87 C; Activate Carbon) (%) Low-Temp. Flexibility (Modified Clash 4 Barg Test) ro Oil Extraction--Weight Lots After 24 Hours at Room Tempereh Kerosene (%) Peanut OH Cottonseed Aroclor 1221 Aroclor 1232 5.2 --5.0 0.63 4.8 4.0 0.54 Aroclor 1242 4.4 5.3 0.57 Triphenyl Phosphate Tricresyl Phosphate 2.0 0.75 5.7 0.02 3.6 0.16 Dimethyl Phthalate 5.6 --1.6 0.92 Diethyl Phthalate 4.8 --5.0 0.85 Dibutyl Phthalate 4.4 --6.1 0.59 Diphenyl Phthalate Santicizer B'I6 Santicizer M-17 5.9 2.2 3.6 __ --3.9 1.5 1.31 0.08 0.19 Santicizer 1-H Santicizer 8 Santicizer 9 Santicizer 140 Santicizer 141 Santicizer 160 1.5 -- 0.96 3.6 6.4 0.43 3.1 __ 1.13 1.2 5.0 0.15 1.8 --3.3 0.17 2.1 1.9 0.20 d) II parts in 100 parts Gelvd* S-55 poly(vinyI acetate) emulsion. Films 0.040-inch thick. Getvs: Trademark of Sbawinigan Retins Corp. Registered in U.S. Patent Office. 0.37 0.38 0.75 0.63 0.51 0.90 0.46 0.50 0.36 0.60 0.57 0.34 0.42 0.39 0.38 0.46 0.93 0.82 0.59 0.98 0.36 0.48 0.53 0.64 0.63 0.36 0.31 0.34 0505081 TOWOLDMONOOQ5370 The following suggested starting formulations illustrate the toughness, durability, and grease resistance imparted to paper and cloth coatings by poly(vinyl acetate): Ingredient* Poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion Elvanol* 71 50 Poly(vinyl alcohol) (10% Aq. Sol'n.) Methyl Ester of partially hydrogenated wood rosin Santjcizer 160 or Dibutyl Phtbalate Santicizer Ml Calcium carbonate (fine ground) Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Tamo!** 751 Dispersing Agent (25% Aq. Sol`n.) Water Polypropylene Glycol (1200 molecular weight) 61 lOO*1 -- 8 17 __ __ __ __ 9.4 " 62^' Parts by Weight 100' 50 ,, __ 8.25 119.25 15.25 2.10 54 1 Properties Total Solids, per cent Viscosity (26C), cp Pigment : Binder Ratio PVAc Resin : PVA Resin Ratio PVAc Resin : Plasticizer Ratio a) Artificial 'leather coating for knife*coating of cloth or paper b) Pigmented greaseproof coating for flat board c) Greaseproof coating for flexible board d) Polyco*** 117H e) Geloa S'55 or Elvacet* 81*900 65 1600 2: 1 18 : 1 6.6 : 1 63c 100' 50 __ __ 15.75 96.75 10.75 1.80 54 1 65 2700 1.5 18 : 4 :1 Preparation of 61 Blend plasticizer and wood*rosin methyl ester. Then add poly (vinyl acetate) emulsion. Preparation oj 62 and 63 1. Prepare a stock solution of poly (vinyl alcohol) by slurrying in water at room tem perature with good agitation. Heat for 30 to 40 minutes at 185 to 190F. Add water for solids control as required. 2. Continue stirring, add the plasticizer, polyethylene glycol defoamer, and Tamol 731 pigment disperser. 3. Add the pigments, stirring until dispersion is complete. 4. Add the poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion and stir until a homogeneous mixture is obtained, Tradcmarki of E. I. du Pont dr Ncmoura * Trademark of Rohm Haaa Co. Trademark of The Borden Co. Co. OiObOdi TOWOLDMON0005371 A paint thinner and a quick-drying primer sealer for masonry and wallboard coatings are exemplified by the following suggested formulations: Part 1 Gflvd poly(vinyl acetate) Emulsion TS 22 Santjcjzer 160 or dibutyl phthalate Prt* by Weight 100 100 8 8.8 Part 11 Water Carboxymethyl Cellulose (High'Viscosity Type 70) Burtonite* X 90 guar-seed gum 58 1.25 0.75 40 0.6 -- Pari 111 Water Tamo! N dispersing agent Tetrasodium pyrophosphate Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Mica Talc 260 80 -- 0.3 __ 0.3 -- 15 -- 30 -- 30 a) Paint thinner b) Pigmented primer-sealer: quick drying, non-penetrating, and insoluble in mineral spirits Preparation 1. Prepare Part I by adding the plasticizer at a moderate rate to the emulsion with stirring. Continue agitation for 20 to 30 minutes or until a smooth, uniform mixture is obtained. 2. To prepare Part II, stir the carboxymethyl cellulose into the water, continuing agitation until complete solution occurs. For the thinner, add the guar-seed gum and stir until a completely homogeneous mixture is obtained (about 10 minutes). Use of water at 70 C (160F) accelerates solution of the thickeners. Stir the plasticized emulsion (Part 1) into the thickener (Part II). 3. a) Add the remaining water to the thinner (formulation 64). b) For the sealer (formulation 65), dissolve the dispersing and deflocculating agents into the water. Stir in the pigments, and mix or grind the slurry. Add the sealer base (the mixture of Parts I and II) and thoroughly mix with the pigment slurry. 0i Tn&mtrk of TKt Burtonite Company 0505083 i' < TOWOLDMONOOQ5372 Poly(vinyl acetate)-emulsion paints for interior and exterior surfaces are suggested in the following formulations: lngrldints Part I Water Burionite X-90 guar-sccd gum Part 11 Gclva Poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion TS 22 Santicizer 160 or Dibutyl Phthalate Part 111 Water T<mol 731 (1% soln.) Dispersing Agent Carboxymethyl Cellulose (Low-Viscosity Type 70) Chromium Oxide, opaque Titanium Dioxide(rutile, 30%; calcium sulfate, 70%) Titanium Dioxide(rutile) Mica fl) Light'grecn, interior, emulsion paint b) White, exterior, emulsion paint 66* Part* by Weight 41.0 0.8 67b 19.8 0.68 100 13.2 100 8.2 110 6.5 1.2 6.5 66 33 14.6 67 1.2 0.9 - 33.4 29.6 __ Preparation Part 1 Add the guar-seed gum to the water with high-shear mixing until a homogeneous solution is obtained (about 10 minutes). Part 11 While stirring the poly (vinyl acetate) emulsion with a high-shear mixer, slowly add the plas ticizer. Stir for 20 to 30 minutes after the plasticizer is added or until the mixture becomes uniform. Add the plasticized poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion (part II) to the guar-seed-gum solu tion (part I), and stir for 10 minutes or until homogeneous. Part 111 With the colloid mil) operating, sift the carboxymethyl cellulose into the water and dispersingagent solution in an aluminum or stainless-steel vessel. Mix until dissolved. Slowly sift in pig ments in the order listed. Grind to desired fineness. Add paint base and stir for 10 minutes. Filter through an 80-mesh screen. 21 TOWOLDMON0005373 The following suggested formulation is for a poly(vinyl acetate)-based latex wall-patching compound: Ingradiants Poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion Hydroxyethyl Cellulose (75% n.v.) Tricresyl Phosphate Mmo-Nite #6 Water Ethylene Glycol 68 Parts by Weight joo 50 5 772 63 35 Preparation Mix the poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion and the hydroxyethyl cellulose solution in a pony mixer until completely dispersed. Stir in the water and ethylene glycol. Mix for 5 minutes, and add the Mctro-Nite in 5 equal portions, allowing each portion to wet down thoroughly before adding the next portion. Add the tricresyl phosphate and continue to mix for 30 minutes. Properties Consistency Nonvolatiles, per cent Pigment : BinderRatio, weight Density, lb./gal. Pasty - spreadable and workable 81 12.2 : 1 16.6 Vinyl acetate is often copolymerized, as for example, with vinyl pyrrolidone. The following common Monsanto plasticizers are compatible with vinyl acetate-vinyl pyrrolidone (70/30 to 30/70) copolymers: Dimethyl Phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate Santicizer B-16 Santicizer E-15 Santicizer 141 Santicizer 213 Santolite MHP Dimethyl Phthalate and Santicizer E-15 are particularly effective in imparting flexibility to this copolymer. The following starting formulation gives an anti-tarnish coating that dries to a clear, smooth film without "orange peel" and that can be simply washed off with a syntheticdetergent solution: Ingredients Vinyl Acetate/Vinyl Pyrrolidone Copolymer (70/30) Santicizer B-16 Isopropanol Propellant 11* Propellant 12* * For non-aerosol applications substitute methanol for propellant. 69 Parts by Weight 100 5 145 375 375 22 l () fl t 050BOBB TOWOLDMONOOQ5374 POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) Poly (vinyl chloride) and its copolymers are widely used in protective coatings. In general, coatings based on poly(vinyl chloride) display the following characteristics: Hardness Flexibility Abrasion resistance Chemical and water resistance Greaseproofness Electrical resistance Nontoxicity Odorlessness Tastelessness Flame retardance Poly (vinyl chloride) coatings may be applied in any of the following forms: Solution. Solvent must be volatilized to develop strength. Latex (emulsion). Water must be volatilized. Short bake helps develop optimum properties. Plastisol. No volatile solvent. Curing temperature: 300-350F. Organosol. Some volatile solvent to control sprayability or coatability. Curing tempera ture: 300-350F. Powder (fluidized bed). Product to be coated is heated to high temperature and suspended in fludized poly(vinyl chloride) powder. Since the applications for poly (vinyl chloride) are so broad, only solution and latex coatings are described in this bulletin. Other Monsanto literature discusses plastisols and organosols in detail. Monanto offers more than 70 plasticizers to enable the poly(vinyl chloride) formulator to develop the balance of characteristics required to meet his requirements successfully. The per formance of some of the plasticizers in poly (vinyl chloride) is indicated in Table VI. 23 0505086 TOWOLDMON0005375 TABLE VI--PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) Plasticiser (67 PHR) Diisodecyl phthalate Diisooctyl phthalatc Di'2'ethylhexyl phthalate Santictzer 160 Santictzer 165 SANTiaZER 213 Santicizer 214 Santicizer 602 Santicizer 603 Santicizer 630 Santicizer 631 Tricresyl phosphate Santicizer i40 Santicizer 141 Di-2-ethylhcxyl adipate Diisodecyl adipate Di'('Octyl, n-decyl) adipate Santictzer 409 (50 PHR) Volatility (% ltj 2.2 4.3 4.5 11.3 10.3 18.1 10.0 3.5 12.8 18.8 16.2 1.0 3.6 7.4 13.9 3.4 8.1 0.8 Low-Temp. Flexibility (T,. #C) --35 --37 --39 --24 --41 --21 --36 --36 --36 --33 --35 --10 --15 --39 --66 --65 --63 --8.7 Watar Immersion Soluble Matter (%) Watar Absorbed (%) 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.56 0.22 0.03 0.05 0.10 0.09 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.10 0.07 0.08 ____ 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.30 0.28 0.80 1.8 0.25 0.27 0.33 0.31 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.66 0.36 0.53 ____ Kerosene Extraction (% lost) } 70 42 46 5.2 27 6.3 > 70 63 45 35 40 2.4 2.1 7.3 > 70 > 70 } 70 1.2 Hardness Shore MA" 78 74 66 66 72 77 75 73 77 76 74 79 76 64 65 74 68 92 Migration Unde Silica Days 137 (%) [%) (%) 1.51 2.93 4.76 1.17 2.11 4.73 1.08 2.13 3.98 1.27 2.56 4.15 0.93 3.56 5.23 1.2 2.7 4.8 1.06 3.27 5.84 1.05 2.58 4.22 0.96 3.14 5.82 0.89 2.32 4.22 0.97 2.57 4.60 0.4 0.8 1.6 0.63 1.63 2.70 1.55 4.6 9.0 7.5 13.5 21.0 9.0 17.7 27.4 7.8 22.8 35.9 0.25 0.49 0.69 0 5 0 i0 a 7 TOWOLDMONOOQ5376 Solution Coatings Because of their excellent permanence and performance characteristics, poly (vinyl chloride) resins are ideally suited for metal coatings. Like other coatings, however, they require a suit able primer for satisfactory adhesion. The following formulations exemplify the versatility of Monsanto plasticizers in the manufacture of poly(vinyl chloride) solution prime coatings: Ingradlants 70 71- 721* Parts by Weight Vmylite* VMCH* Vfnylite VYHH< Exon * 470* Esterified Copal Resin Tricresyl Phosphate Santjcizer 409 Dioctyl Phthatate Red lead pigment Blue lead pigment Zinc Oxide (colloidal) Titanium Dioxide Propylene Oxide Toluene Xylene Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Ethyl Amyl Ketone Cyclohexanone ' 62.5 37.5 __ __ __ 18 ___ -- ___ 75 __ 216 216 __ -- 100 __ 16 __ __ 25 __ 314 __ __ 170 170 __ -- __ 100 __ 4 12 -- 140 __ __ __ 4 188 __ 100 8 -- a) Air-dry or low-bake primer (200 300F for a short time) b) General-purpose primer c) High'temperature'bake primer (350 - 375F) d) Vinyl chloride copolymer (metal-adhesion type) Trademark of Union Carbide Corp. Trademark of Pireaione Plaatice Co. 73` 100 __ __ -- -- 26 __ 241 __ __ __ 162 40 162 __ 40 25 0508088 TOWOLDMONOOQ5377 A variety of solution formulations may be used in intermediate and final coats as illustrated below: tngradianti 74" 75* Exon <50/ Vinylite VAGH/ Vinylite VYHH/ Vinylite VMCH/ Urea-Formaldehyde resin Rosin WW Liquid epoxy resin Tricresyl Phosphate Santicizer 141 Dioctyl Phthalate Diisodecyl Phthalate Santicizer 409 Blown Castor Oil Titanium Dioxide Zinc Oxide Cuprous Oxide Aluminum pigment Antimony Oxide Propylene Oxide Stabiliser Toluene Xylene Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Cyclohexanone 100 __ __ 100 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 10 __ __ 19 __ __ __ 9 __ __ __ 1.25 -- 42 __ 36 __ 45 __ __ 17.5 __ __ __ __ 204 160 __ 40 204 160 ~ 40 d) Intermediate coating b) General-purpose industrial coating c) Metal finish d) Corrosion-resistant coating e) Anti-fouling coating (MIL P-15931) /) Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer 76k 77k 78c Farit by Weight __ 50 100 __ -- 50 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 18 10 __ __ __ __ __ __ 67 __ __ __ __ __ __ 45 __ __ __ __ __ __ 193 255 48 __ 193 255 48 ~ 67.1 __ __ 18.7 __ 14.2 __ __ 7.5 __ __ __ 57 __ __ __ __ __ 140 84 56 794 80c 100 __ __ 13.4 __ __ __ 6.7 __ 100 __ __ __ 6,7 13 127 __ 435 __ 100 __ 100 ,, 38 __ __ __ __ 1000 __ __ 220 350 __ When extreme corrosion resistance is required, the use of Aroclor plasticizers is suggested: for imparting resistivity to chemical attack, they are unsurpassed. Independent evaluations of the chemical resistance of vinyl chloride*vinyl acetate copolymer paint, modified by eight types of materials (alkyd resin, phenolic-chinawood oil varnish, ester gum-linseed oil varnish, Aroclor 1254, dioctyl phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, polymeric plasticizer, and acrylic polymer), showed that Aroclor 1254 has the "best all-around chemical resistance, failing badly only in the gas oline test." Paints were sprayed onto solvent-cleaned, unprimed, cold-rolled-steel panels, which were then immersed in seven types of solutions until failure. The data in Table VII, excerpted from the November 1955 issue of Official Digest of the Federation of Paint and Varnish Production Clubs, compare the chemical resistance imparted by Aroclor 1254 and by dioctyl phthalate. C> <r ; i 0< 26 TOWOLDMONOOQ5378 TABLE VII--COMPARATIVE CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PLASTICIZERS IN VINYL CHLORIDE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER PAINT Plattlchar Tim* to Failure in Corrosive Madia Dioctyl Phthalate (%1 AROCLOR I2S4 1%1 10% Sodium Hydroxide (days) 10% Hydrochloric Acid (hour*) ?asolin* (day*) 5% Sodium Hypochlorite (day*) 10% Ac*tic Acid (hour*) 10 120 92 0.4 4 84 -- 10 120 168 5 13 168 25 60 24 - 25 120 120 0.4 4 84 0.4 14.5 120 __40 60 24 0.4 4 48 50 120 96 0.4 11 100 a) End of test Lint* ad Oil Fatty Acid* (day*) 60 90* 27 90 22 60 i% Tide at IWF (day*) 21 22 25 22 25 22 In other corrosion-resistance tests of poly(vinyl chloride) plastisols, containing 70 parts plas ticizer per 100 parts resin, a formulation that contained 1 part Aroclor 1254 to 3 parts dioctyl phthalate was much more resistant to 15 per cent nitric acid at either 23 or 50C for six months than a compound plasticized with dioctyl phthalate alone. The plastisol modified with both Aroclor 1254 and dioctyl phthalate was also more resist ant to 25 per cent chromic oxide at 50C for four weeks and was equivalent at 23C for six months in comparison with the dioctyl phthalate-modified vinyl plastisol. Coatings are frequently based on combinations of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer and nitrocellulose resins, as exemplified by the following suggested starting formulations: Ingradiant* Blflcor H'4055 R.S. Nitrocellulose (*/j see.) Tricresyl Phosphate Dioctyl Phthalate Epoxy resin Titanium Dioxide (non*chalking rutile) Carbon black Toluene Xylene n'Butano! Ethyl acetate Butyl acetate Cellosolve Acetate Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Methyl Amyl Ketone 81 50.2 49.8 __3_9.2 38.8 3.3 357 32.4 25.9 58.3 142.5 ____ 32.4 82b Part* by Weight 40 60 22 ___3 200 1__00 1_2_4 25 50 83' 50 --50 _35 50 175 1__0_0 125 50 --50 a) Gray automobile lacquer b) Clear indoor lacquer c) White indoor lacquer; apply over suitable primer and bake Vi hour at 150F 27 050i>090 TOWOLDMONOOQ5379 The following formulation illustrates a nontoxic paperboard coating for food packaging: Ingredients Vinylite VYHH Vinylite VMCH Vinylite VAGH Santicher 141 Acetone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 84 Part* by Weight 80 10 10 25 300 175 Strippable lacquers have become increasingly important as protective coatings for a variety of materials. Shown below are two formulations (85 and 86) that illustrate this type of coat ing and one (87) that exemplifies a sprayable coating with good webbing characteristics: Ingredient* 85- Exon 468 vinyl chloride-vinyl acetatecopolymer j7 Exon 470 vinyl chloride copolymer (metal-adhesion type) j Exon 481 vinyl chloride-vinyl acetatecopoylmer 70 Vinylite VYHH vinyl chloride-vinylacetatecopolymer Santiciier 160 __ -- Santicizer 409 31 Dioctyl Phthalate 16 Dioctyl Adipate 14.7 Aroclor 1254 -- Prime pigments 27 Titanium Dioxide . Stabiliser 12 Propylene Oxide 6 Socony White Oil #318 -- Toluene 70 Xylene -- Methyl Ethyl Ketone 312 86t> Part* by Waight 100 11 5.5 ~6.7 24 254 a) Sprayable waterproof coating b) Lacquer with good spray qualities and quick-drying, hard, and opaque film c) Sprayable web coating 87f 100 80 32 118 294 28 0505091 TOWOLDMONOOQ5380 # I (I Latex (Emulsion) Coatings Whenever the characteristics of poly(vinyl chloride) and its copolymers are desired, but the hazard of flammable solvents cannot be tolerated, the use of a polyfvinyl chloride) latex (emulsion) is indicated. Shown below are three suggested starting formulas: Ingredients Geon* 251 Geon 352 Geon 576 Dioctyl Phthalate (65% emulsion)* Dioctyl Adipate (65% emulsion)* Santjcizer 141 (65% emulsion)* Santjcizer 409 (65% emulsion)* Aroclor 1254 (45% emulsion) Goodrite* K-710 thickener (5% solution) Mobilcer** R microcrystalline wax (45% emulsion) Keltex*** thickening agent (2% solution) Titanium Dioxide (50% dispersion) Calcium Carbonate (50% dispersion) Antimony Oxide (50% dispersion) Color Pigment (50% dispersion) Iron Oxide (50% dispersion) Dibasic Lead Phosphite (50% dispersion) Mo 100* __ 20 15 __ 15 -- 1 -- __ 30 15 __ -- 89b Parts by Walght __ __100* 10 __ -- -- -- 3 1 __ __ __ __ 20 90* 100* __ __ 25 -- 7 -- -- __ __ 250 45 15 "5 a) Thin fabric coatings. Excellent for bridge c on loosely woven fabrics before subsequent spread coating with an organosol or plastisol b) Jute-felt floor covering or automobile-trunk c) Flameproof coating: complete immersion then squeeze rolls (patented) d) , Solids e) Typical Plasticizer Emulsion: Ingradients Plasticizer Water Oleic Acid Ammonium Hydroxide (28%) * Trademark* of 8. F. Goodrich Chemical Co. for poly(vinyl chloride) reaini " Trademark of Socony Mobil Oil Co. '* Trademark of Kelco Co. Parts by Walght 65 JJ.4 1,25 0.35 29 0505092 TOWOLDMONOOQ5381 The use of vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride copolymer latexes in fire-retardant, intumescent coatings for wallboard and acoustic tile is shown below. The use of the solid plasticizer, diphenyl phthalate, improves the viscosity stability of formulation 91. Ingradiantt Part I Monoammonium Phosphate Dicyandiamide Pentaerythritol Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Diphenyl Phthalate Anionic Wetting Agent, Acid Stable Water 91 Part* by Weight 92 56 10 22 12 5 1.25 47-34 56 10 22 12 .. 46-61 Part II Dow Latex 744-B (vinyl chloride-vinylidene Santiciier 141 or Dioctyl Phthalate Suspension Agent, Acid Stable Anionic Emulsifier, Acid Stable copolymer) 40 -- -- -- 42.8 10 0.6 1.2 Preparation 1. Mix the intumescent agents, pigment (and plasticizer and wetting agent for formula . tion 91), and water. Disperse with two passes through a high-speed stone mill. 2. Add the latex (plasticized for formulation 92) with medium stirring. 0< i j I The applications of vinyl latex coatings are Increased by the addition of intumescent and fire-retardant agents. 30 ObOi.093 #' I TOWOLDMONOOQ5382 > MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN RUBBER COATINGS CHLORINATED RUBBER Chlorinated-rubber-based coatings are widely used because of their resistance to corrosive agents, moisture, fungus, mold, and other destructive agents. Consequently they are used in such applications as the following, which require extreme resistance to the above deteriorating agents: Masonry Flame-retardant finishes Chemical plants Railroad equipment Marine equipment Swimming pools Food-processing buildings Highway paints Monsanto manufactures many plasticizers that are useful with chlorinated rubber. Particularly beneficial are the Aroclor compounds, which enhance the chemical resistance of the chlor inated-rubber-based finishes. Table VIII indicates the utility of various Monsanto plasticizers in chlorinated rubber: TABLE VIII--EVALUATION OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN CHLORINATED RUBBER Good adhation to Rasistanea to Plastleliar Alum- Staal Inum Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1260 Aroclor 5460 Dibutyl Phthalate Santicizer B'16 Tricrcsyl Phosphate Triphenyl Phosphate Santolite MHP -- X X -- X -- -- X -- -- -- -- Coppar Trans Staltd CelloWood phana 10% 5% Sodium Hydro- Sodium Chlorida chloric Hydrox- AcM Ida Watar Sward ColdHard- Chack nasi Railstanca (cyelas) - X _ X X X X X 55 5 -- X -- X X X X X 40 4 -- X -- -- X X X X 22 2 X -- -- -- X -- X X 55 5 X -- X -- X -- X X 45 7 X X X -- X -- X X 56 5 X -- X -- X -- -- -- 60 4 28 2 X--indicates good adhesion or resistance Although chlorinated rubber is unaffected by acids, alkalies, salts, moisture, and fungus, it is very hard and brittle. Consequently plasticizers and plasticizing resins must be added to make useful coatings. To make chemical- and corrosion-resistant coatings, the modifiers must like wise be nonreactive with acids, alkalies, and salts. As little as five per cent of a saponifiable material, such as linseed oil, alkyd resin, or ester plasticizer, seriously detracts from the alkali resistance of the finished coating. Monsanto Aroclor compounds, such as Aroclor 5460 and Aroclor 1254 or 1260, are the best available plasticizing resin and plasticizers, respectively, since they are unaffected by acids, alkalies, or salts. The following formulations illustrate the use of Aroclor compounds in combination with chlorinated rubber to make chemically re sistant maintenance coatings: 31 505(,9* TOWOLDMONOOQ5383 Ingredients Parlon* (20-cp) chlorinated rubber Long'oil drying alkyd Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Dioctyl Sebacate Titanium Dioxide Zinc Oxide Zinc Dust Silica Flour Carbon Black Red Lead (97%) Eipchlorohydrin Dibasic Lead Phosphite Bentone** 34 gelling agent Xylene SoIvcsjo 140 SoIi'csjo 150 Turpentine Atnsco***D Primers 93fl 94*> 100 __ 44 27 __ __ -- __ 555 0.6 4 12 __ 104 __ 33 280 100 __ 43 27 __ 1015 __ __ 0.45 4 12 __ 75 25 200 ________________ Top Cah 9S 96 97< Farts by Weight 100 __ 54.5 27 116 100 43.5 27 11 It6 100 55.5 33 89 11 1.2 0.5 4 12 __ 79 21 200 1.2 0.5 4 12 __ 79 21 200 3 12 237 26 __ fl) Good adhesion to steel; resists salt'fog test or water immersion at 100F b) Outstanding resistance to salt'fog test or water immersion at 100F c) Meets alkali'resistance requirements of Federal Specification TT'P'91 d) For basement floors 9$d 100 44.5 55.5 89 11 16.5 1 12 239 __ The high-alkali content of fresh concrete or masonry requires the use of saponification-resistant modifying resins and plasticizers in chlorinated-rubber coatings. In highway paints, the need for corrosive-resistant plasticizers is further intensified by the spreading of salt and other chemi cals during winter. The abrasive action of sand, cinders, etc. on highway markings requires the use of nonoxidizing materials that do not harden and cause embrittlement and loss of abra sion resistance of the paint. The alkali- and chemical-resistant and nonoxidizing Aroclor compounds meet the stringent requirements for highway-paint plasticizers. Swimming-pool paints modified only with Aroclor plasticizers are much more resistant to blistering than chlorinated-rubber paints modified with alkyd resins. High pigment-volume con centration is recommended for concrete swimming pools to let the moisture in the concrete above the water line escape without buildup of blister-causing hydrostatic pressure. Low pig ment-volume concentration is suggested for steel swimming pools, however, to help form a water-impervious film to reduce blistering. The following suggested swimming-pool-paint for mulations have given excellent performance: e I * Trademark of Herculea Powder Company Trademark of National Lead Company '** Trademark of American Mineral Spirtta Company ObObtm TOWOLDMONOOQ5384 Ingredients Lacquer Phase For Concrt 99 100* Paris by Weight For Stool 101 >> Parlon (20'Cp) chlorinated rubber Duraplex* C-49 (100%)* Aroclor 1254 Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Magnesium Silicate Phthalocyaninc Green Bernone 34 gelling agent Tween** 60 surfactant Epichlorohydrin Xylene Solvesso 100 Water Phase 100 50 50 112 115 2.9 _13 1 450 90 100 50 50 112 116 3 12 8.5 210 50.7 50 50 50.5 50.7 5 0.6 285 28 Methyl Cellulose (4000 cp) Sodium Olcate Distilled Water Properties 7.6 15.7 5204 ,, Solids, wt. per cent Pigment volume-concentration, % Viscosity, Krebs units Viscosity, Brookfield, cp. No. 4 spindle, 30 rpm No. 4 Epindle, 12 rpm 45.1 35 74 _ -- 64.1 354 - 6,000 12,000 50.0 20 75 -- a) Emulsion, prepared by slow addition of water phase to lacquer phase with mixing until amooth emulsion is formed b) Meets gloss requirements of Federal Specification TT-P-95 c) Compatabiliied by the presence of Aroclor 1254 d) In lacquer phase The use of Aroclor plasticizers in chlorinated-rubber coatings for railroad equipment helps im prove the necessary resistance to high humidity, extreme weathering, and various chemicals and fumes. The following suggested formulations for ;a primer-and-topcoat system provide maximum chemical resistance, especially for use on tank, hopper, and cattle cars and on right- of-way equipment in industrialized or coastal areas: Ingredients Parlon (20-cp.) chlorinated rubber Arotlar 1365 Ba^ehtf CKU'5962 phenolic resin dispersion Maleic Acid Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Titanium Dioxide Lampblack Zinc Chromate Magnesium Silicate Aluminum Sterate (10% gel in xylene) Cobalt Naphthenate (6% cobalt) Epichlorohydrin Epoxy Stabiliser Antiskinning Agent Xylene Hi-Flash Naphtha Turpentine 102 Primer __ 62 38 ___--2 105 19 ___1.5 2 _270 -- Parts by Weight 103 Topcoat 100 _ __ 49 26 157 0.9 ____ 0.08 0.5 2 _ 290 158 79 * Tradtmirk of Rohm V Hiu Co. Tr*dcmsrk of Atlu Powder Co. **Trdcm*rk of Arche r-Dinl<W-Midltnd Co. ** Trdtm*rk of Union Carbide Corp. jj 0505096 TOWOLDMONOOQ5385 Chlorinated rubber makes effective wood coatings for long service life, as illustrated by the following formulations: Ingredients 104* I05b 106' Parts by Weight Parlon chlorinated rubber Long'oil drying alkyd DurapUx 055 Linseed oil Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Titanium Dioxide Xylene Hi'Flash Naphtha Soluesso 100 Turpentine Mineral Spirits 77 (20cp) 23 __ __ 23 __ 96.5 89.5 77 __ __ -- 100 (20 cp) __ 50 __ 50 __ 40 __ 320 40 __ 100 (10 Cp) __ 115 14 57 286 286 a) Marine finish with good resistance to 6alt water and to algae and other marine growth b) Extremely abrasion resistant c) Rapid'drying finish, Partial replacement of linseed oil with Aroclor 5460 speeds the dry time and improves the alkali and chemical resistance. The Aroclor plasticises the oxidised linseed oil to prevent brittleness. A three-coat, high-build, maintenance-paint system has been developed, based on an all-chlor inated vehicle: chlorinated rubber and Aroclor plasticizers. Conventional brush or spray coats are usually only about 1 mil thick, so at least five coats are needed to attain the minimum S-mil thickness recommended for maximum chemical resistance. The required thickness is easily built up with the chlorinated coatings by either brushing or spraying: primer, 2 mils: mid coat, 3 mils; and top coat, 1 mil. This new system has been compared with all classes of commercial maintenance coatings in both laboratory and exposure tests. Coated panels were subjected to spot tests and immersion tests in salt fog and hot water with various chemical reagents. Color slides of the test panels are available for examination from Hercules Powder Company, Wilmington, Delaware. Ingredients Parlon Chlorinated Rubber Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Dioctyl Sebacate Red Lead (97% grade) Zinc Yellow Mica Indian Red * Talc Bentone 38 gelling agent Magnesium Silicate Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Lampblack Stabilizer A'5 ** Epichlorohydrin Toluene Xylene * C. K. Willittni Co., Div. of Ch*. Pfiser V Co., Inc. Union Cirbide Plastics Co. 34 Primer 100 (20cp.) 55 26.5 __ 182 30 30 5 68.5 13 __ ____ 3 0.5 470 __ Mid Coat Parts by Waight 100 (20 cp.) 49.5 24.8 32 3.3 77 20 1.6 3 0.5 518 __ Top Coat 100 (10 cp.) 40 24 10 ,, 115 1.3 3 0.5 186 187 0505097 A recently-developed continuous-painting process for finishing metal offers savings on capital investment, plant space, and operating costs. The technique utilizes the physical properties of trichloroethylene, the only solvent in the paint. Metal parts enter the unit covered with grease and leave the other end completely painted and dry to the touch. Detailed information about the process can be obtained from Du Pont, Wilmington, Delaware. The following formulation has given good characteristics in this continuous-painting system: Inaradianti Vahlela 107 P*Hs by Walght Pigman! Ditptrtlon* Parloti chlorinated rubber (20-cp) Long-oil drying resin Aroclor 1254 Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Bentone 38 gelling agent Epoxy stabiliser Trichloroethylene 67 6 33.5 __ __ 2.6 143 ' __ 25 100 l,3fc -- 54 a) Add pigment dispersion to the vehicle after 24 hours in pebble mill b) Add gelling agent to pigment dispersion during last two hours of grind Mastic compositions are used to deposit thick films with a minimum number of coats. Mastics modified with Aroclor compounds can effectively seal cracks in concrete, smooth rough concrete surfaces for subsequent glossy coatings, give excellent corrosion resistance under seere conditions, and retard fire. A typical starting formulation is the following: Ingradianti I Of Parti by WalgM Parlon chlorinated rubber(20-cp) Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Asbestos Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Toluene 100 30 49 160 25 300 Although this mastic formulation adheres well to either wood or masonry, a primer is suggested before application to steel. To further increase fire retardance, replacement of 33 parts of the asbestos by 47 parts of antimony oxide is suggested as a starting formulation. A combination of chlorinated rubber and a rosin-derived alkyd resin, plasticized with Aroclor 1254, forms the basis of a high-gloss paper coating that is nonblocking and heat sealable. It gives a gloss of 79, is nonblocking either face-to-face or f&ce-to-back for 40 hours at 130' F and 2 psi, and is heat sealed in 54 second at 275 F and 120 psi. Ingradianti Parlon Chlorinated Rubber (10 cp.) Weolyn* 23 Ro6in-Derived Alkyd Re6in Aroclor 1254 Toluene Papar Coating parts by walgnt 47.4 52.6 5.3 105 * Tndemirk of Hercules Powder Co. 35 0505098 TOWOLDMON0005387 CHLORINATED POLYPROPYLENE Chlorinated polypropylene produces clear, colorless films, appears equal to chlorinated natural rubber in chemical resistance, and is noticeably more heat and light stable. Aroclor plastici sers are very compatible with the resin and are recommended in the following starting formu lations: Ingredients Chlorinated Polypropylene Aroclor 5460 Aroclor 1254 Dioctyl Sebacate Epoxy Stabiliser Toluene 109 Parts by Weight 100 (10 cp) 27 44 7.8 3.1 260 no 100 (20 cp) 27 44 7.8 3.1 260 iOO'P Heat Stability l hour 2 hours 3 hours 5 hours 18 hours v. si. yellow v. el. yellow si. yellow mod. yellow black Film Properties4 v. si. yellow si. yellow mod. yellow __ - Sunlight Stability* 24 hours 48 hours 96 hours 144 hours el. yellow si. yellow mod. yellow mod. yellow v. si. yellow si. yellow si. yellow brown Two-weel^ Chemical Resistance Water 10% hydrochloric acid 1% sodium hydroxide excellent excellent excellent excellent excellent excellent <0 Lacquers were sprayed on "bonderited" 6teel panels. Films were 2.5' to 3.0'mi!s thick after 72hours air drying. Determined in the Atlas Electric Devices Co. Fade'Ometer 36 I 0505099 TOWOLDMONOOQ5388 STYRENE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMERS Styrene-butadiene-copolymer resins are widely used in the following suface-coatings applica tions: Enamels Maintenance finishes Exterior masonry finishes Aluminum finishes Wall sealers Paper coatings Printing inks These resins form films by evaporation of solvent. Paint formulations based on styrene-buta diene resins have demonstrated the following advantages: Good resistance to alkalies and acids Excellent water resistance Satisfactory rate of moisture-vapor transmission Tough, durable films Excellent adhesion to masonry and allied surfaces Resistance to mildew Resistance to staining and discoloration Self-cleaning through controlled pigment chalking Ease of application Rapid drying Excellent can stability The most common plasticizers for styrene-butadiene resins are the Aroclor compounds, but Santicizer B-16, Santicizer 160, dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, and tricresyl phos phate are also useful. 37 055i00 TOWOLDMONOOQ5389 Shown below are several example formulations based on these copolymer resins: Ingredients Pliolite* S-3 Pliolite $-5 Pliolite S-5A Pliolite VT Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Phthalocyanine Green Toner Lampblack Zinc Oxide Magnesium Silicate Diatomaceou6 Silica Mica Calcium Carbonate Soya Lecithin Thixcin** Thixotropic Agent Aluminum Stearate (di-acid) Hi-Flash Naphtha Mineral Spirits Solvesso 100 Toluene VM V P Naphtha a) White, non-chalking stucco paint III* 3 97 __ 48 48 242* __ __ 69 278 103.5 __ __ 308 308 __ 112b 113c Parts by Weight 100 50 50 140 11.6 1.2 87 93 320 6 234 234 __ 100 48 52 160 80 144 6.4 6.4 127 190 b) Green masonry and swimming-pool paint c) White traffic paint d) For chalking paint: substitute titanium dioxide (anatase) II4<< 100 49 53 164 82 147 6.6 6.6 309 Formula 115 illustrates a wall primer-sealer: Ingredients PJiolite S-5A in petroleum naphtha) Aroclor 5460 (50% in mineral spirits) Aroclor *1254 Lithopone Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Magnesium Silicate Soya Lecithin Aluminum Stearate Mineral Spirits #10 After grinding in pebble mill, add the following: Pliolite S-5A (3i*/3% in petroleum naphtha) Mineral Spirits #10 a) Solids contents Trademark of Goodyur Tire V Rubber Co. for atyrene-butadiene reaina ** Trademark of Baker Caitor Oil Co. 115 Parti by Weight 48* 22.5* It 92 16 20 1.6 1.6 27.5 52* 11-5 0505101 tt fD ? TOWOLDMONOOQ5390 The following formulations represent metal lacquers for three applications: Ingredient* Marbon* "9200" LLV Marbon "9200" LV Marbon "9200" MV Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Aluminum Paste Pale Gold Brilliant** #137 Mica (water-ground to 325 mesh) SC*** 100 hydrogenated naphtha Mineral Spirits Xylene Ethanol Ethyl Acetate 116" 100 __ __ 25 __ -- ~ __ -- 12.5 112.5 Dry Time (Dust Free), min. Viscosity #4 Ford Cup, sec. 20 311 a) Clear, rapid'drying hard lacquer b) Low-cost, general-purpose, interior, aluminum enamel c) Gold-bronte, decorative finish 117b Pert* by Weight 100 81 181 116 108.5 455 303 10 14 118' 100 26 42 157 111 163 A variety of styrene-butadiene-based paints are illustrated by the following starting formula tions: Ingredient* 119" Marbon 9545 chips Marbon 9548 chips Marbon 9551 chips Marbon 9566 chips Marbon 10829 chips Marbon "9200" MV Raw Tung Oil Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Titanium Dioxide (Anatase) Zinc Oxide Extra-Fine Talc Diatomaceous Silica Chrome Green A 4464 China Clay Lecithin Aluminum Stearate Cobalt Naphlhcnate (6% cobalt) Zinc Naphthenate (8% tine) AFAt X2280 Bcntone #54 gelling agent Mineral Spirit! (Low Odor) Hi-Flash Naphtha Petroleum naphtha 7 40 __43.5 _9.5 5.5 19 15.5 __ __ 0.05 0.09 ___0.12 133 a) Tile-red, high-gloss, concrete-floor paint b) White, exterior, masonry paint c) Flat, white, interior, wall paint d) Dark-green, gloss, trim enamel Tridemirt of Bor*Wimer Corp. for ityrene-butidiene reifn Tridemirl of Creceni Bronte Powder Co. Tr*demrk of Omni Solvent* V Chemictlt Co. t Trademirl of Imperii! Piper V Color Corp. 120* 121' Pert* by Weight __ __ ___ __ 100 __ 49.3 49.4 129 37 128 __ 23.6 72.8 3.6 __ 1.3 10.5 __ __ 9.9 0.59 0.9 __ 0.135 0.027 -- __ 50 --__ 52 232 1224 __ __ __ __ 100 12 28 33 __ 10 __ 88 35 3 137.5 1_4_2 39 TOWOLDMONOOQ5391 The following formulations are suggested for a highway paint and an exterior masonry paint based on styrene-butadiene: Ingredients 129* 124b Parts by Weight Ptccoflex* 120 (flaked) (eolids) S*.NTiaxEfc 160 or Dibutyl Phthalatt Aroclor 1260 Ti-Pure** Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Zinc Oxide Barium Sulfate Talc Diatomaceous silica Mica Calcium carbonate (dry ground) Aluminum Stearate Lecithin Methyl ester of partially hydrogenated wood rosin Troykyd*** ABC drier VM and P Naphtha Hi-flash Naphtha Toluene 100' _24 113 (R'510) 57 279 _ 5.2 ___3.7 _118 178 lOO'* 21 122 (R-610) 41 61 57 20 160 _5.5 1 2_6_9 a) Traffic-lane paint: fast drying, nonbleeding on asphalt, no embrittlement with age b) Exterior masonry paint c) 60'% cold-cut solution with toluene d) 50-% cold-cut solution with hi-flash naphtha Procedure Grind pigments in styrene-butadiene solution and plasticizers. Add remainder of solvent (and stir diatomaceous silica into Formulation 123). SYNTHETIC RUBBER Many Monsanto plasticizers are usable in rubber-based surface coatings, although dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, Santicizer 160, and tricresyl phosphate are most commonly used. Plasticizers improve gloss and flexibility in most cases. In crepe-rubber-paint formulations the use of Aroclor 1262 (from 5- to 50-per cent of the weight of the rubber) increases the gloss, alkali resistance, and adhesivity to steel. 0 * Trtdtmirk of Penntylvinit Induitriil Chemical Corp. for ttyrene-butidicne copolymer retina Trademark of E I. du Pont de Nemours Co. Trademark of Troy Chemical Co. to 0505103 TOWOLDMON0005392 > } MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN OTHER RESIN COATINGS EPOXIES Epoxy resins generally possess the highly desirable properties of: Chemical resistance Flexibility Toughness Adhesion Available in solid, liquid, and solution forms, they are useful in several types of surface coat ings, including the following: Chemical-resistant coatings Interior and exterior maintenance coatings Baking finishes Laminates Plasticizers are not ordinarily used in epoxy resins when maximum performance is desired. Be cause of their high cost, however, epoxy resins are frequently highly filled. Here the use of small amounts of plasticizer aids flow and levelling and helps eliminate "drag". Monsanto has evaluated many plasticizers in epoxy resins, as compiled in Table IX. ( 05>lO< TOWOLDMONOOQ5393 7 Plasticizer* None (control) Dibutyl Phthalate Di- (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Diisodecyl phthalate Diisodecyl adipate Santicizer E-15 Santicizer M-17 Santicizer B-I6 Tricresyl phosphate Santicizer 140 Santicizer 141 HB'40* Aroclor 1248 Aroclor 1221 Mod-Epox* TABLE IX--COMPATIBILITY ANO PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN EPOXY RESINS Competibilityb Liquid Cured Resin Resin Room I00*C Temp. I/, hr ccc ccc c a/ps sia c Cl/PS SIC1 c aw ccC ccC ccc ccC ccC ccc c sia sia ccc ccc ccc Viscosity* Before Adding Curing Agent (p) After Adding Curing Agent (cp) Physical Properties After Cere {'/* hr 100*0) " Izod Impact Resistance Clarity; Light Reflected (%) Shore D Hardness (10 sec) 12,800* 1550 2650 3250 1200 3050 3150 2300 3750 2850 1500 3900 7700 1650 1650 7900 1300 2700 2450 1100 2100 2450 2000 3000 2200 1400 2300 4300 1200 1250 _0.2 0.54.9 0.5-0.8 0.5___--__d).8 0.5-0.6 _0.6 0.8-0.9 3.0 3.5 8.0 7.0 94.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 78 10 31 48 56 10 6 7 15 22 5 27 40 8 84 Physical Properties^ After Heat Aging - -- Shore D Hardness (10 ml Weight Ch.no. (%) 86 --0.012 78 --0.734 82 --0.368 83 --0.168 82 --0.181 80 0.119 85 --0.131 85 --0.013 86 --0.222 79 --0.284 82 --0.425 84 --0.648 88 --0.682 81 --2.118 88 0.134 <^0^0 Formulation Ingredients Parts Epoxy Resin Plasticizer Tetraethylenepentamine 100 25 8 b) C -- Compatible S1C1 = Slightly Cloudy Cl = Cloudy PS = Phase Separation W - White c) Brookfield LVF # 4 spindle: 60 rpm unless otherwise spea'fied <) 24 hours @86C in activated carbon ' 30 rpm HB-40 and Mon-Eros: Monsanto Chemical Company Trademark*. Registered in U.S. Patent Office. r* \T 1 TOWOLDMONOOQ5394 The following suggested formulation for a nitrocellulose-epoxy lacquer can be sprayed either cold or hot (with solvent modifications). It leaves a brilliant appearance. Ingradiants Vi'scc. Nitrocellulose Solid Epoxy Resin Dibutyl Phthalatt Toluene Isopropanol Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 125 Pert* by Weight 75 25 25 Parts by Volume 50 10 5 10 25 AROCLOR Compounds Of all the nonreactive plasticizers evaluated, the Aroclor compounds are the most compatible. Like epoxy resins, they impart excellent chemical and oxidation resistance and improve adhe sion, Aroclor compounds should not be used when solvent resistance is required, since they are true plasticizers and are not chemically bonded to the epoxy resin. Two major disadvantages of epoxy resins--cost and flammability--are diminished through the use of Aroclor compounds. Aroclor compounds, about one-fourth the cost of epoxy resins, permit significant reductions of raw-material costs. Furthermore, non-burning compositions may be made by the use of an Aroclor compound (15 phr) with antimony oxide (5 phr). For solventless coatings the fluid Aroclor compounds, such as Aroclor 1248 and Aroclor 1254, are most commonly used. For solvent-containing coatings the resinous Aroclor com pounds (Aroclor 1262 and Aroclor 5460) are used alone or in combination with the liquid Aroclor materials. The value of Aroclor plasticizers (1242 and 1260) in reducing the flammability of aminecured epoxy resins and improving flexural strength and compressive-yield strength, while only slightly affecting compressive strength and heat-distortion temperature, is illustrated by the following suggested starling formulations: Ingredients11 Liquid Epoxy Resin (EV'200) Diclbylcnctriamine Aroclor 1242 Aroclor 1260 Antimony Oxide Control 100 13 ,, -- 126 127 Parts by Waight 100 100 _ _13 13 20 15 --5 Properties Flammability Hcat'Distortion Temp,, C Hardness, Rockwell "M" Flexural Strength, psi Tensile Strength, psi Comprcssivc'Yield Strength, psi Compressive Strength, psi 0.82 in./ min, U7.5 104 20,100 11,400 15,700 43,000 S.E.b 1VT 87 103 23,800 13,000 17,250 32,900 a) Cured 16 hours at room temperature, then 2 hours at b) S.E. = Self extinguishing c) N.B. = Nonburning U oo N.B.f 92 106 22,100 9,800 16,950 38,150 128 100 13 20 -- S.E. W 79.5 108 21,800 10,700 17,900 32,500 129 100 13 _15 5 N.B. 81,< 107 22,200 12,800 16,700 32,400 43 0505106 TOWOLDMONOOQ5395 Mod-Epox Reactive diluents are added to reduce the viscosity of epoxy resins to improve handling char acteristics and to permit the use of higher filler contents. Since they react with curing agents and are higher priced than the epoxy resins, however, they generally tend to result in highercost formulations. Mod-Epox, on the other hand, is a unique epoxy modifier, which not only reduces the vis cosity of liquid epoxy resins by as much as 75 per cent but also speeds cure, maintains hard ness and other chemical and physical properties, and reduces curing-agent requirements by about one-third. Thus, since it costs much less than any epoxy resin and any other reactive modifier, and since it reduces the curing-agent requirement, its incorporation generally re sults in much lower formulation cost. Furthermore, Mod-Epox is not a skin irritant like other reactive diluents. The following formulations illustrate blush- and impact-resistant coatings; number 131 has the longer working life: IngradianH ERL* 2774 Epoxy Re6in MoD'Epox Magnesium Oxide (fluffy)** Titanium Dioxide Benton; 38 gelling agent ZZL*-0803 ZZL-0814 ZZLA*-0822 Toluene Xylene Butanol Methyl Ethyl Ketone Working Life, minutes 100 11 0.2 22 3-4 13 13 2 Part* by Walght 2 20 100 11 0.2 22 3-4 19 14 2 2 Epoxy troweling compounds are suggested for use in patching, repairing, and coating, where maximum film thickness and chemical resistance are desired. Such coatings are used to line brick, concrete, and metal tanks, such as plating and storage tanks, where application of con ventional coatings is impractical. A formulation for a black, polyamine-cured, epoxy-resin troweling compound is as follows: Ingradiant* Liquid Epoxy Resin Dibutyl Phthalate Mod-Epox Diatomaceous Earth Santocel FRC silica gel Lampblack Magnesium Oxide (fluffy) Dicthylenetriamine 132 Part* by WaigM 100 4 25 40 12 12 1 3.9 Trtdenmki of Union Carbide Coro. Such *i Morion Chemical Co. *r*oe CN-90 44 0b0!>l07 t | i j TOWOLDMONOOQ5396 Procedure Add the silica gel to a blend of the epoxy resin and dibutyl phthalate while mixing with a high-torque mixer. Slowly add the remaining pigments, with continued agitation. Disperse the pigments with one loose pass on a 3-roll mill. Add the diethylenetriamine to the pigmented epoxy-resin component and mix thoroughly. Ap ply the mixture to the surface with a trowel. (Lubricate the trowel for improved smoothness.) These materials set in 2 to 8 hours depending upon the thickness of the coating. ACRYLICS All-acrylic lacquers and acrylic-modified lacquer systems have stimulated a great deal of in terest because of their exceptional properties. The presence of acrylic resins in both air-dry and baked finishes generally imparts: Exceptional durability Lightfastness Hardness High gloss upon polishing As would be expected, finishes with such properties were pioneered by automobile manufac turers. Acrylic resins have also been utilized in aircraft paints. The addition of acrylic resins to nitrocellulose lacquers produces high-quality, better-performing industrial finishes. Proper formulation of acrylic lacquers with suitable plasticizers (such as Santicizer 160, and especially Santicizer 261 and 262, which are less volatile at baking temperatures) imparts ex ceptional adhesion and improves durability. Shown below are three suggested all-acrylic automobile lacquers: Ingredients Roller-Mill Grind-' Lucite* 6011 or 6012 (40% solids) Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Lampblack Bentone 34 Cellosolve Acetate Reduce With: Lucttf 6011 or 6012 Santicizer 160 Cellulose Acetate Butyrate, i/ysec. Toluene Cellosolve Acetate Methyl Ethyl Ketone Solids at Spray Viscosity, % * 7'radtm*rk o( the Du Pont Co. 133 4.03 6.17 0.07 -- 2.53 17.86 3.76 -- 23.85 17.88 23.85 18.75 .134 Parts by Waioht 3.98 6.08 0,07 0.70 2.49 17.61 3.70 -- 23.87 17.63 23.87 18.48 134a 4.03 6.17 0__._07 2.53 11.60 3.76 10.03 21,97 17.87 21.97 18.46 TOWOLDMONOOQ5397 t The following starting formulations are examples of acrylic-modified nitrocellulose and chlorin ated-rubber coatings: Ingradianti Acryloid* B-72 Arryloid B-82 PoIy(methyl Methacrylate) R. S. Nitrocellulose (Vi see.) Chlorinated Rubber (20 cp) Santicizer 160 Dioctyl Phthalate Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Phthalocyanine Green Chrome Green Toluene Ethanol Cellosolve Acetate Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 138" __ __ 81 19 -- 25 __ 40 __ 1 315 76 76 315 I3i<' I37c Parti by Weight __ 62.5 69 -- __ 31 __ __ 37.5 __ __ 25 67.5 __ __ 25 40 1 __ 347 88 88 347 315 76 76 315 I38c __ 62.5 -- 37.5 25 __ 40 1 315 76 76 315 Viscosity, #4 Ford Cup, 6ec. 11 -- 11 11 a) Acrylic-modified nitrocellulose automobile lacquer b) Acrylic-modified nitrocellulose aircraft finish, resistant to aircraft lubricants. Use MIL'P'7962 (Aer) primer. c) Acrylic-modified chlorinated-rubber lacquer POLYAMIDES Polyamides are used increasingly in surface coatings applied to such materials as paper, waxed glassine, waterproof cellophane, and plastics. Polyamide films adhere exceptionally well to these substrates and have good flexibility. Polyamide compositions are also used in printing inks, overprint varnishes, paint vehicles, and hot-melt coatings and adhesives. For most applications the polyamides need no plasticizers since they are somewhat internally plasticized. For use in hot-melt coatings and adhesives, however, external plasticizers are necessary. Performance of various Monsanto plasticizers in polyamide resins is evaluated in Table X. ZEIN Zein, a proteinaceous material derived from corn gluten, has diverse applications, particu larly in surface coatings. Both solvent-based and water-based solutions of zein form tough, high-gloss, grease-resistant, quick-drying films. Zein coatings have superior solution stability and, in contrast to most other protein compounds, are resistant to microbial attack. The plasticization of zein is analogous to that of other synthetic and non-synthetic high poly mers. Both primary and secondary plasticizers are commonly employed. Examples of Mon santo primary plasticizers are as follows: Santicizer 3, 8, and 9 Santolitk MHP and MS-80% Secondary plasticizers that enhance compatibility are the following: Triphenyl Phosphate Tricresyl Phosphate Dibutyl Phthalate Dioctyl Phthalate Trdtmrl of Rohm V Hai Co. for icrvlic eater reaine Santicizer 160 Aroclor compounds Santicizer B-16 46 050t>109 tI i TOWOLDMONOOQ5398 Pfestieizar Dimethyl Phthalate Diethyl Phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate Santicizer 160 Dioctyl Phthalate Santicizer 140 Tricresyl Phosphate Santicizer B-16 Santicizer E-15 Santicizer 8 Aroclor 1260 TABLE X--EVALUATION OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN POLYAMIDE RESINS Flexibility 10 IS 25 PHR PHR PHR Brittleness Fria bility ^-- 10 15 25 PHR PHR PHR 10 15 25 PHR PHR PHR Hardness {Penetration) 10 15 25 PHR PHR PHR Viscosity (Gardner-Holdt) 15 PHR Sweat --_ Tack 10 15 25 10 15 PHR PHR PHR PHR PHR 25 PHR NNN BBB SSV 8 11 15 __ VVV NNN FFF NNN N VV 10 12 _ .. S VV NNN FFN FFF NNN SSS NNV SSs 9 13 16 -- 11 -- -- N SV S S-- NNN NNN FFF VVV N NN NNN NN s NNN 6 10 12 5 7 14 Al-A Al'A NNN NNN NNN NNN FFF FFF NNN FFF FFF NNN NNN BBB S NN SSS NNN SSV S NN NNN NNN 677 8 13 -- 8 10 -- 9 13 20 6 7 11 Al'A -- -- A1 A1-A2 NNN SSS VVV NNN NNN NNN NNN NNN ST V NNN OTTSOSO B -- Brittle F -- Flexible T -- Tacky Rating Symbols N -- None or negative S -- Slight P -- Partially V -- Very ft TOWOLDMONOOQ5399 Shown below are three starting formulations for zein-based coatings: Ingredients I39<* I40>> 4lf Parts by Weight Zein Hydrogenated Wood Rosin WW Rosin Oleic Acid Santicizer 8 Santolite MHP Santicizer B-16 Dioctyl Phthalate Pigments (optional) Water Aq. Ammonia (28%) 91% Isopropanol or 95% Ethanol 100 100 50 100 40 25 20 40 __ (50) __ __ 190 230 100 50 15 550 20 a) Spirit varnish for glossy, decorative, protective label coatings b) Grease-proof, fairly water-resistant coating (either clear or pigmented) c) Overprint coating for paper stock and colored paper, characterised by exceptional gloss and resist ance to water and dilute alcohol Decorative metallic-coaling formulations that impart high gloss, flexibility, greaseproofness, and water resistance can be prepared either in organic solvents, as illustrated by the following suggested starting formulations, or in water: Ingredients 142" 143 Parts by Weight Zein Santicizer 3 Santicizer 8 Santolite MHP 85% Phosphoric Acid Aluminum Powder (optional) Bronte Powder (optional) Alcohol-Soluble Color Toluene 91% Isopropanol or 95% Ethanol 100 60 __ 80 __ (100) (200) __ 20 340 a) Lacquer with strong adhesion to glassine and cellophane b) Brilliant, glossy coating for coloring metal foils 100 50 35 __ (100) (200) __ __ 300 I44*> 100 70 60 2.3 __ __ as needed 230 The following zein-based coatings represent a paper-coating formulation (No. 145) and a tex tile-sizing formulation (No. 146): Ingredients 145* Zein Hydrogenated Wood Rosin WW Gum Rosin HMP Ester Gum Santicizer 3 Dioctyl Phthalate Acetanilide Zinc Stearate Water Aq. Ammonia (28%) 100 __ 140 __ 60 __ 13 7 __ -- a) High-glo6s, flexible, low-tack, hot-melt paper coating b) Textile siting to impart stiffness and body Parts by Weight I46* 100 30 __ 20 __ 25 __ __ 500 20 48 0505111 (\ *< TOWOLDMONOOQ5400 VARNISHES AND ALKYDS The resinous Aroclor compounds are frequently used in varnishes and alkyd-resin paints to impart durability, quick dry-time, and water and alkali resistance. The Aroclor compounds do not oxidize, and flame-retardant formulations are produced by combinations of Aroclor compounds and antimony oxide. Aroclor 4465 and Aroclor 5460 are most commonly used, although Aroclor 1260 is best for flexible short-oil varnishes. A suggested starting formula is one part oil, one part Aroclor compound, and one part of another resin. Aroclor 5460 is also useful in making varnish formulations based on phenolic or ester-gum resins. Shown below are three suggested starting formulations for flame-retardant paints: Ingredient! Long-oil Alkyd Resin (60% solution) Alkali-refined linseed oil Kettle-bodied linseed oil Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Titanium Dioxide 35% Leaded Zinc Oxide Magnesium Silicate Calcium Carbonate Antimony Oxide Barium Sulfate Red Iron Oxide Japan Drier Aluminum Stearate Cobalt Naphthcnate (6% cobalt) Lead Naphthcnate (24% lead) Manganese Naphthcnate (6% manganese) Turpentine Mineral Spirits 147 Semi-Gloss Interior 100 __ __ 40 6__9 36 __ 31 114 __ _-- 0.63 2.7 0.31 __ 51 148 Exterior Perts by Weight 100 _30 76 42 180 57 76 42 __ __ __9.8 __ __ __ ,,42 149 Shingh Stain __ 27 100 __ 62 __ 77 77 --108 3. __ __ __ 378 SILICONES Heat-resistant aluminum coatings based on silicone resins contain Aroclor compounds as im portant ingredients. Suggested starling formulations for a heat-resistant coating, enamel, and paint are given below. The coating (Formulation 150) can withstand continuous service at 400 F and a maximum temperature of 800 F. The enamel (No. 151) resists temperatures of 900 to 1000 F in such applications as jet-engine components, exhaust manifolds, and in cinerators. The paint (No. 152), which meets Federal Specification TT-P-0028, has excellent resistance to a programmed heat test (including 8 hours at 1200 F) and to a salt-waterspray test (after programmed heating to 500, 600, and 900 F). 49 0505112 TOWOLDMON0005401 Ingr*di*ntt Dow Corning 805 Silicone Resin (50% NV) GE Silicone Resin SR'82 (60% in xylene) GE Silicone Re6in SR'112 (50% in xylene) Styrene'Butadiene (50% in xylene) Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 4465 (90% nonvolatile) 60% Aroclor Solution4 AROCLOR 5460 (60% in xylene) Aluminum Paste (74% nonvolatile) Cobalt Octoate (6% cobalt) Xylene Mineral Spirits a) Composition of Aroclor Solution lngrdint Aroclor 1262 Aroclor 4465 Solveiso 100 Xylene ISO Coating 100 -- __ 151 Enamel Parts by Weight 56 64 151 175 51 0.9 52 Weight Per Cent 24 56 24 16 152 Paint 15.7 84 19.5 58 97.5 57 46 PHENOUCS Plasticizers are frequently used to improve the cold-punching characteristics of phenolic-resin laminates. Santicizer 160, tricresyl phosphate, dibutyl phthalate, HB-40, and the Aroclor compounds are frequently used. The Aroclor compounds and tricresyl phosphate also impart flame resistance. Diphenyl phthalate is also useful in phenolic compounds. MELAMINE In melamine coating and laminating resins, Santicizer 9 promotes solution stability and compatibility, improves flow-out during baking or curing, and reduces pigment discoloration. The final coating has improved impact resistance, abrasion resistance, and buffability. SHELLAC Santicizer 8 is an excellent plasticizer for snellr- At a concentration of 10 per cent of the weight of shellac, it has a pronounced softening effect but does not affect adhesion. Santi cizer 9 and B-16 are also useful plasticizers, but less effective than Santicizer 8. 50 0505113 1 ! TOWOLDMONOOQ5402 V RESIN ADDITIVES Santolite MHP and Santolite MS-80% aie widely used to modify synthetic resins to give films with improved water resistance, brilliance, and adhesion to many surfaces. They are compatible with a great variety of resins. Usually they are compounded with liquid plasti cizers, such as Santicizer 160 or dibutyl phthalate, but in special cases they are used with out liquid plasticizers. The resinous Aroclor compounds, widely used as synthetic-resin extenders, impart improved adhesion, chemical and oxidation resistance, and flame retardance and usually lower the formu lation cost. Aroclor 4465, 5442, and 5460 are compatible in most synthetic resins and are soluble in the common low-cost solvents. COATING MODIFIER A variety of significant benefits is imparted to many surface coatings systems by the addition of a small quantity (usually between 0.1 and 2.0 per cent of the resin solids) of Modaflow*, Monsanto's new, novel coating modifier. A complex polymeric material, Modaflow function ally modifies surface tension and viscosity. Among its many benefits are improvement of flow, levelling, adhesion to substrates, recoatability, and drying uniformity and reduction of "fisheyes", brushmarks, "cratering", and poor flow-out. ANTIOXIDANTS Extremely small concentrations of Santonox, Santonox R, and Santowhite Powder Refined antioxidants have proved to be very effective for many synthetic resins used in protective coatings. CATALYST/CLARIFIER In the production of alkyd and polyester resins and bodied oils, the presence of triphenyl phosphite shortens the processing time and results in lighter, clearer products. The processing time for a maleic anhydride-ethylene glycol polyester resin was reduced from 95 to 80 minutes, and the color was lightened from 20-25 to 15-20 APHA by the addition of 0.5-per cent tri phenyl phosphite. A soya oil-pentaerythritol alkyd resin was cloudly (APHA 6.7) when pro duced without triphenyl phosphite but clear (APHA 5) in the presence of 0.5-per cent of the clarifier. Similarly, the addition of 0.5-per cent triphenyl phosphite soon after alcoholysis and the addition of maleic anhydride or fumaric acid to soya, linseed, or tall oils gives bodied oils with improved color. Modaflow: Moruinto Chctnickl Conspony Trdcork. Registered in U.8. Potent Office. 61 oso 5a4 >1 TOWOLDMON0005403 ODOR-MASKING AGENTS Santomask* 11 overcomes the disagreeable odors imparted to many protective coatings by the solvent. Highly effective even in small concentrations, the product masks the foul odor with a pleasant scent. Methyl salicylate, coumarin, and vanillin are other odor-masking agents produced by Monsanto to sweeten the odor of protective-coatings formulations. PRESERVATIVES Monsanto's complete line of industrial preservatives includes Santobrite*, Penta (pentachlorophenol), and technical sodium benzoate, which prevent fungus attack on coatings that contain natural materials susceptible to fungus. FLATTING AND THICKENING AGENTS Santocel 62 imparts dull, semi-dull, flat, and eggshell surfaces when used in lacquers and solvent-based finishes. Santocel Z is a thickening and thixotropic agent in polyvinyl chloride plastisols. > MONSANTO TECHNICAL SERVICE New plasticizer materials and new plasticizing applications are under constant development and evaluation by Monsanto, producer of the greatest volume and variety of plasticizers in the world. Supplementing this laboratory research and development work is a staff of technical specialists in plasticizer technology. This technical-consultation service is available to help protective-coatings manufacturers select the best plasticizing systems for their synthetic resins. Many coatings-formulation problems are solved through the cooperative efforts of Monsanto's plasticizer technologists working with the resins and coatings technologists of the protectivecoatings producer. I \ i ! SHIPPING Most Monsanto plasticizers are shipped in bulk in either tank cars or tank trucks from six wide-spread manufacturing centers and in tank trucks within established delivery zones from six more strategically located bulk-storage stations. As producer of more kinds of plasticizers than anyone else in the world (more than 80!) Monsanto offers added savings through mixed shipments of different plasticizers (compartmented tank cars and tank trucks or mixed trucklots of drums) for all of your plasticizer needs. * Santomask and Santohitb: Monsanto Chemical Company Trademarks. Registered in U.S. Patent Office. 52 0&05115 TOWOLDMONOOQ5404 No shipping limitations apply to any Monsanto plasticiser. Shipping classifications and net contents of standard containers for the products mentioned in this bulletin are tabulated below: Product Dimethyl phthalate Dibutyl phthalate Dioctyl phthalate Diisodecyl phthalate Dicyclohexyl phthalate Diphenyl phthalate Santicizer 160 Santicizer 165 Santicizer 213 Dioctyl adipate Diisodecyl adipate Santicizer 409 Triphcnyl phosphate Tricresyl phosphate Santicizer 140 Santicizer 141 Santicizer M-17 Santicizer E-15 Santicizer B-16 Santicizer 1-H Santicizer 3 Santicizer 8 Santicizer 9 Santolite MHP Santolite MS-80% Santomask II Santonox Santowhite Power Refined Aroclor 1221 Aroclor 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260, 1262 Aroclor 4465 Aroclor 5460 (flaked) HB-40 Mop-Epox Triphcnyl Phosphite a) Fiber drum b) 7-gallon can c) 33-gallon drum d) Bag Classification Dimethyl phthalate Dibutyl phthalate Dioctyl phthalate Reain plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Butyl benzyl phthalate (Resin plasticizer) Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Synthetic resin Synthetic resin Chemical, NOIBN Chemical, NOIBN Chemical, NOIBN Synthetic resin Synthetic resins Synthetic resin Synthetic resin Resin plasticizer Chemical, NOIBN Resin plasticizer Standard Containers (nat weight, lb.) 5-gal. earn 5S-gal. drums 40 530 40 475 40 445 __ 440 __ 350 -- 400 40 40 40 40 40 45 ,, 45 50 45 50 45 40 ___ 45 ,, 60b 45 _45 -- 50 50 50 --. 40 45 45 500 445 450 420 415 450 225" 530 545 495 550 535 500 380" 400 530 250" ___ 540 250" 150" 150" 520 600 500 100<* 450 510 500 I 0505116 TOWOLDMONOOQ5405 The following technical bulletins and brochures give technical information about the properties and applications of the Monsanto plasticizers and other products that are mentioned in this bulletin. Monsanto technical literature is continuously revised to contain the most recent and reliable information possible. Your request for any literature will be promptly and cheerfully filled--without obligation, of course. TttU Phthalate Plasticisers Diethyl Phthalate and Dimethyl Phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DOP) Diisodecyl Phthalate Dicydohexyl Phthalate Diphenyl Phthalate Santicizer 165 Santicizer 160 (butyl benzyl phthalate) Santicizer 213 Adipate Plasticizers Dioctyl Adipate Diisodecyl Adipate Polymeric Plasticizer Santicizer 409 Phthalyl Glycollate Plasticizers Santicizer M'17 (Methyl phthalate ethyl glycollate) Santicizer E-15 (Ethyl phthalate ethyl glycollate) Santicizer B-16 (Butyl phthalyl butyl glycollate) Phosphate Plasticizers Santicizer 140 Santicizer 141 Triphenyl Phosphate Tricresyl Phosphate Sulfonamide Plasticizers Santicizer l'H Santicizer 3 Santicizer 8 Santicizer 9 Aroclor Plasticizers Aroclor Plasticizers Other Plasticiurs HB'40 (partially hydrogenated terphenyl) Mod-Epox (epoxy-resin modifier) Resin Additives . Santoute MHP and Santolite MS-80% (Monsanto industrial resin6) Coating Modifier Modaflow Catalyst/Clarifier Triphenyl Phosphite Preservatives and Stabilizers Santobrite and Penta for the preservation of paints Santonox and Santonox R, antioxidants for polyethylene Santowhite Powder Refined Sodium Benzoate, Technical Odor-Masking Agents Santomask U, Odor-Control Agent "CoumaYin Monsanto" "Methyl Salicylate Monsanto" "Vanillin Monsanto" Technical Bulletin No. PL-303 PL-302 PL-318 PL-300 PL-312 PL-319 PL-165 PL-160 PL-213 PL-304 PL-308 PL-409 PL-17 PL-15 PL-16 PL-140 PL-141 PL-301 PL-305 PL-l-H PL-3 PL-306 PL-40 PL-313 PL-320 CS-16 PL-317, PL-322 SC-2 PL-3 24 Technical Data Sheet Technical Data Sheet PL-325 folder folder folder 2-2932-0969-6 LITHO IN U.S.A, 0505117 TOWOLDMQN0005406 ^date) Gentlemen: For further detailed information about the use of your plasticizers in protective coatings, I would appreciate copies of the following technical bulle tins: Gentlemen: (date) For further detailed information about the use c your plasticizers in protective coatings, I woul. . appreciate copies of the following technical built , tins: . PL-___________ PL-___________ PL. PI- PT- PT. PL-___________ PL-PL-. PL- PL- PL-. Comments. Comments. Name______________________ ______________ Title____________________________________ Company.__________________________ .--.-- Address_________________________________ City .......--_------------ Zone. State. Name_______________ ____________________ Title__________________________ ___ ______ Company._______________________________ Address_________________________ ________ CityZoneState. (date) (date) Gentlemen: Gentlemen: For further detailed information about the use of ; your plasticizers in protective coatings, I would appreciate copies of the following technical bulle tins: I For further detailed information about the use < your plasticizers in protective coatings, 1 wou' appreciate copies of the following technical bull tins: PI------------ PL- PL- PI- PI- PL- ... PL- PL- PL- PL- PL- . .. PL- Comments. Comments____ Name____________________ ._______________ Title____________________________________ Company.------------------------------------------------ Address___ _______________________________ City-------------------------------- ---------------- Zone. State------------------------------------- ---------- Name______________________ ___________ Title______________________________ Company_______________________________ Address City ---------- ____Zone. State------------------------------------ 0505118 --- TOWOLDMONOOQ5407 PLEASE REQUEST SAMPLES OR YOUR COMPANY LETTERHEAD w52 - o2 * is fc * Q US lllllllllllllllllllll 4 wS i8 62 3i| "f=e *jf q L- z><a. S O U _l < u =! 2 .1 -8 4 NOf * O u X O . *5 Z S U co lllllllllllllllllllll *2 g > 3 o*g USti * Q v5>2 o 2 5 5 *! 2U ff .-t O jE * O- Kto z><a. O u _i <1 u & g _l =? *S 3 Xo u3 :e _rc X o8 K- 14 I 1 Z< @ a d f * /> Z O OEF3 ,*iE ?Z ;I5g S z>< CL o o _l <u 0fi). 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