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A A RESEAKCB liiSORATORY \ 4U RECORD*,'.NOVEMBER, 1S32 ) INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH PLAYS IN LIFE INSURANCE The Industrial Hygiene Laboratory of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company w.By j. McConnell, b.s,, m.d. Afm+anI Medical Director, "in Charge at Industrial Health Service 1HE Metropolitan Life Insurance Company for working places, a record of-outdoor conditions is many years has maintained in connection with made by means of the Tycos recording wet and dry the. Industrial Health Service of the Policy- bulb thermometer, with a seven-day chart, having holder's Service Bureau'an industrial, research labora a small electrically-driven fan for drawing the air tory . whose . technical staff- are engaged in the over the thermometer bulb fp.r- determining the out promotion of industrial- hygiene, including studies side temperature and humidity conditions. For in in factories, 'shops and offices of environmental con side work) in addition to the sling psychrometer, spe ditions affecting health) such as: cially constructed psychrometers are- used. These Atetospheric pollution by injurious dusts and fumes. Ventilation." Uluminatipn. Special occupational hazards. consist of small electrically-driven fans for drawing the air at a velocity of 00 linear feet per-minute, first over a dry bulb thermometer and. then over a wet bulb thermometer, both mounted in a trumpetshaped intake tube, painted dull black so-as to avoid heat losses by radiation. .The wick of the wet bulb " Thework '&&fied on in the. Laboratory of Indus thermometer is supplied with water in a small reser trial Hygiene has so-expanded in recent years that voir on the under side of-the trumpet directly below, the company is opening this November, in its new the wet bulb thermometer. The-whole apparatus is building, model physical and chemical laboratories mounted on ah adjustable stand. These instruments fully, equipped 'for the study of industrial health are set up in different sections of the plant and problems. Chemists and technicians make , the re readings are taken at regular intervals,' the number quired observations in factories, mills or other in taken being determined by the rapidity, of tempera dustrial, establishments, collect necessary air samples ture and humidity changes. This type of instru- by . means of the most modem devices, and subse - ment was adopted because- it was found that the quently complete their studies in the Laboratory at recording type of psychrometer was not sensitive die Home Office. In connection with field studies, enough to record small and rapid changes, due: to air samples axe taken under actual industrial condi the slow heat transfer, the quantity of metal, and tions and analyzed for the dust content or for poison the actuating'liquid in'the recording type. " ous substances in' this Laboratory. There is thus The anemometer is used for measuring high air acquired, definite information which famishes a. velocities and the kata-thermometer is used to deter sound basis of knowledge which can serve in the full mine air motion of low velocities. The kata-ther- recognition of unfavorable working conditions and mometer. 13 an instrument designed to record in the development of measures for their abatement.. temperatures in degrees proportionate to body tern-, The Industrial Health Service fully recognizes the peratures. By measuring the rate, of cooling of the .'confidential relationship, which should exist between kata-thermometer, it is possible to calculate the air the Company and those whom it serves. It under-, motion. takes no field, investigation except on the invitation ;of the insured and with his unqualified cooperation. - Measuring Skin Temperatures Specially-Designed Instruments TO CORRELATE the significance of skin tem peratures of workers exposed to high tempera MANY of the-scientific instruments used in these studies are designed especially for application s tures and humidities, these are measured by means of an instrument built according to specifications to field studies. All instruments are calibrated in developed by the United States Public Health Service the physical laboratory before use in the field work. Wherever the physical air factors are studied in andrthe United States Bureau of Mines, cooperating with the American Society of Heating and Ventilat- ITS PART / RESEARCH LABORATORY A% ^ RECORD, NOVEMBER, 1952 ** 1 ing Engineers. The thermo-electric method used depends on the fact that whenever two dissimilar metals are in contact an electro-motive force is set up, the magnitude of which depends upon the tem perature of the point of contact. A measure of this electro-motive force is, therefore, a measure of the temperature of the function of the two metals. The thermocouple is made by welding one end of each of two wires of different metals or alloys, as copper and constantan, the junction of these wires is placed at the point the surface of which is to be measured. The copper wire goes directly to a potentiometer, an instrument for measuring electro-motive force. The other end of the constantan wire is joined in a constant temperature bath, to a second copper wire, which also goes to the indicating instrument The thermocouple is standardized by immersion in con- stant- temperature baths in thermos bottles, so that electro-motive force readings on the potentiometer indicate temperature directly. The method usually employed for collecting air samples for dust determinations is known as the Greenburg-Smith impinger method. This apparatus is very efficient and readily transportable and also easily adaptable for taking half hour air samples at the breathing level and in close proximity to the worker. By means of the impinger a column of air is drawn through a glass tube, through a constricted orifice and then impinged at right angles upon a horizontal surface immersed under a liquid (either distilled water or distilled water -and alcohol) in a wide mouthed Pyrex flask. Thus the surface tension of the liquid is broken down and the dust particles are entrapped in the solution. The impinger is actuated by suction supplied by steam ejectors oper ated by compressed air. The rate of air flow, during sampling, is measured by means of a small vacuum gauge inserted into the suction line. The flasks are .then corked with rtibber stoppers and transported to the Laboratory for analysis and count. The samples collected in the field are subjected in the Laboratory to either a chemical analysis when ever poisonous substances, such as lead, mercury, manganese, etc., are inspected, or dust counts and particle size measurements are made of such sub stances as silica, asbestos, and dust known to cause changes in the lungs when inhaled. It is obvious that only particles in a state of very fine subdivision can possibly penetrate to the lung tissue. It has been commonly accepted that only particles of less than 10 microns can reach the lung tissue. A micron is one-twentv-five thousandth of an inch. It is necessary, therefore, to count these minute particles with the aid of the microscope, using a Size Measurements of Dust Particles standard procedure, in order to estimate the dosage of harmful dusts to which workers are exposed. THE electric precipitator, an instrument designed upon the principle of a Cottrell precipitator, is Microphotographs to Stereopticons Pused for collecting air samples for the purpose of determining particle size measurements of dust. The ARTICLE size measurements are made by taking microphotographs at a known magnification of electric precipitator is placed in a position similar to the dust and then enlarging the negative further by that of the impinger. The air is drawn through projecting the images upon a screen by means of a j.. this instrument by means of a small rotary fan, run stereoptdcon. The longest diameters of the images of ' by a motor, the quantity being measured by a flow the dust particles are then measured upon the screen. meter. From the results of a sufficient number of these meas Wherever grab samples of air are desired either . urements a curve is plotted of the size frequency the konimeter, an instrument much used for dust relations on Hazens' logarithmic probability paper, determinations in South Africa, or the Owens jet the logarithms of the function measured in microns dust counter and settling chamber, a method popular plotted as ordinates and the probability of occurrence in Great Britain, is used. as abscissae. It is a simple procedure-to interpolate 42 'RESEARCH' LABORATORY RECORD, NOVEMBER, 1933 from these plots, which develop, into Straight lines, the frequency of occurrence of dust particles of any size less than ten microns present in the particular dust under investigation. In addition to dust analyses, other analyses, which the Laboratory is called upon to make are the deter mination of carbon monoxide gas escaping into rooms occupied by workers; analyses of water- used for drinking1 purposes; and the collection and detection of poisonous vapors of all varieties escaping into workrooms, etc. Illumination studies are oonducted in factories where adequate and proper lighting is an essential factor in production and in the protection of workers. Standard methods used for measuring levels of illumination are employed. Photographs are made of hazardous processes and of the locations where samples are taken for the purposes of identification. Recent studies of the Laboratory of Industrial Hygiene have concerned such matters as the effects upon the lungs of various inorganic dusts such as rock dust produced in hard rock drilling; the atmos pheric pollution by specified poisonous substances; temperature, humidity and air movement in various industries. For example, dust studies were made in foundries and in asbestos mills, and. reports were prepared concerning the extent of the dust hazard and embodying recommendations for its control. - The Library Facilities THE Laboratory has at its command exceptional library facilities to supplement the many sources of information made available through its wide and numerous contacts with health work in various in dustrial and mercantile organizations. The service endeavors in every instance to be of the utmost prac tical assistance to those who submit problems for its consideration. "When indicated,: visits-are made to the plant to assure a comprehensive first hand under standing of the circumstances which are involved. The study of those insured Groups showing an unfavorable and excessive sickness or death rate, make.it possible to localize, by cause or sex or age group; the particular health problem most urgently calling for attack. The individual policyholder thus receives direct information of the objectives against which corrective measures should be directed. ( 43RESEARCH LABORATORY RECORD, NOVEMBER,-133* Metropolitan's Laboratory Equipment ABORATORY equipment in the Chemical Sinks or tanks over four feet six inches long or 12 L Laboratory Room, Noxious Fume Room, f Physical Laboratory Rodm, Storage Room, inches deep have 1%-inch sides and 2-inch bottoms. All these sink bottoms pitch slightly to a center and Dark Room of the new Industrial Hygiene Lab drain. oratory of the Metropolitan-Life'Insurance Com The drainboards or cover slabs for the sinks also pany, includes tables, sinks, benches, glassware are of selected stone suitable for acid work and free cabinets, and hoods. The working surfaces, sinks, from veins. Slabs are grooved with parallel grooves etc., are constructed of light blue-gray Alberene pitching within the thickness of the stone top. stone. Supports are constructed of Enameled Steel Splash backs are provided for the sinks. Cabinets or Enameled Steel Pipe Frames. Fume The counter or hood base, of 2-inch Table These are of Alberene stone, 1% inches fops thick, supported by cabinet work or pipe Hoods thick selected stone, is supported on H frames made of 1^4-inch or 1%-inch frames. All tops are provided with a drip diameter enameled steel pipe with floor plates at the groove at the front, under the edge. Tops or work bottoms of vertical standards and angle framing ing counters for fume hoods, as well as table tops on around the top. The counter or hood base is made ' which heat work is carried on, are of 2-inch stone. of 2-inch thick specially selected stone. In all but A 2-inch thick hood base is provided also on fume specified cases the standard thickness, lVi inches was hoods which are equipped with sliding sash. maintained. Stone backs, baffles, partitions and Joints in the table tops are made flush and tight by. stone sloping roof axe provided. Where light is de .means of the slip tongue construction in acid proof sired at the top of sides of the hood, clear wireplate cement. The stone shelving for reagents is 1% glass has been provided. inches thick and is supported by 1^-inch stone shelf No metal surfaces are exposed inside the hood. A supports. All exposed faces and edges of tops, high stone drip groove is provided in the rear.of the top backs, and curbs, etc., are hone-finished. front lintel and delivers drip in the rear of the post supports. Sinks, Laboratory , sinks and tanks also .'An apron is provided below the counter and in the rainbbards constructed of Alberene stone suit front for tlie reception of the hand wheels that con able for acid work. Sides of the sinks trol the varied service piping that extends inside the are 1% inches thick with a flush bottom of 114- or hoods. Clear wire glass is- used for the Alleghany lVa-inch thickness, grooved to receive the sides. Metal Sliding Sash, which is' balanced by lead Ctorrttn JUcmi Stmt Cowtpomp Roof Plans of Metropolitan's New. Industrial Labora+oria* 44 . research laboratory RECORD* NOVEMBER, 1*32 weights hung by a bronze chain over bronze face pulleys located in the weight boxes. All exposed faces of Etone work are hone finished. All the former stone used in the old Industrial Hygiene Laboratory was dismantled and carried to the new laboratory for reinstallation, after cleaning down, sanding, andflacmgitin'Sist class condition. Broken wire glass in the fume hoods was replaced with new clear, wire glass, and the wooden sashes in the existing hoods were replaced with Alleghany Metal sashes. Metal Cabinet Considerable was done in the Work and furnishing and installing of new Enameled Steel metal cabinet work and leg sup- SuDDorts pp ports. Former equipment of this nature was retouched and. the hardware refinished for installation in the new lab oratory. Specifications demanded that all 3heet steel used be the best grade of mild cold rolled pickeQed double annealed and patent leveled, as well as free from scale and buckle. Plates used are of the partic ular special grade known as metallic furniture stock. Cupboard*-- Uprights are made of 13-gouge Hinged Doors steel reinforced by %-inch by 1- inch strike bars, electro welded thereto. The uprights are perforated with holes for fastening shelves, with five holes for each shelf, spaced 1-inch on centers. The backs are removable, of 22-gauge steel flanged at the top and sides and . bolted to uprights. The lower edge is formed up to receive rear flanges on the bottom shelf. All plate doors are made with not less than 8-gauge steel, square, and .carefully fitted to case work open ings, and hung on heavy bronze hinges. The door knobs are made of solid bronze and ar ranged to operate a steel-latch. . The doors equipped ^ath glass are formed of 18gauge steel reinforced for rigidity and strength. Door stiles have a maximum %-inch thickness and are two inches .wide. Double doors are .equipped with up and down bolts concealed in the stile of the door, securing it at top, bottom, and center. Up and down members are of %-inch round bars. Steel Shelves All steel shelves are of No. 18 in Cabinets gauge and have a one-inch flanged' face all around with 'flat, folded edges and an underneath return of %-inch or more for reinforcement. All sharp edges have 'been elim inated and when the size of the shelf required addi-. tional reinforcement, box stiffeners were provided. These are of No. 16 gauge, three inches wide and % inches return securely spotwelded to the shelf. Drawer The outside head is flat and of No. Construction 18 gauge steel. Edges are formed into a 5/16-inch box channel section. All comers are oxyacetylene welded to prevent opening of- joints and ground to a slight radius to eliminate sharp comers. The intermediate heads are made of No. 20 gauge steel,-flanged backs at sides and bottom, placed tightly against the outside head and electro-plated through the flanges to the body. The.inside heads are made of No. 18 gauge steel formed on all edges so that it could be slipped into place after the hardware was applied. The bodies of the drawers were made of No.. 18 gauge steel with sides bent up at right angles to the bottom and with top edges formed into a- 5/16-inch square box stiffener. The backs are made of No. 16 gauge steel, and drawer pulls have 1.4-inch threaded shanks attached to the drawer front and. held in place with nuts and lock washers. Progressive These suspensions are formed of Roller traveling and stationary slides the Suspensions P1*3 of which are so arranged that pressure. of one member against an other either upward or downward is transmitted through a hardened steel ball bearing roller, thus causing the suspension to operate freely and without friction. All parts coming in contact with the roll ers are smooth and stops or bumpers are of leather, or felt making operation practically noiseless. The traveling members are cross-braced at front and rear for additional rigidity. There are at least six ball bearing rrllers and' two floating rollers to permit drawers being easily removed from or inserted into the' case. A loaded drawer may be suspended in a horizontal position when.fully extended. - Hanging All walk cases are supported , by Wall Cases brackets at each end of every cup board. These run the full depth of the cabinet and have a bearing surface of at least 18 inches on the wall and are made of band iron %-inch thick by one inch' wide. From each bracket two toggle bolts penetrate the wall. Sanitary The legs are.made of 18 gauge steel Bases formed into a square tapering tube two inches at the bottom, with joints oxy- acetylene welded. The bottoms of the legs are fitted with a cast bronze footing, flush with the leg and secured to same by a %-inch. concealed bolt To prevent marring the floors the bottom of the footings have been ovaled, the legs interlooking with a 3-inch channel base frame and securely fastened to frame and top by concealed fastenings. Iron Pipe These are made of l^-inch wroughtSupport iron pipe (about 1%-inch outside diam eter). All connections are of the ball type made of malleable iron foot plates, about six inches in diameter. All pipe is threaded into the fittings. Finish All steel parts were thoroughly cleaned before finishing. Framing parts were made smooth, plate surfaces sand-papered and the entire product was treated to a benzine bath to remove oil. and dirt, followed by a heavy coat of well baked mineral filler applied by dipping to insure covering all surfaces.' --/ RESEARCH LABORATORY RECORD. NOVEMBER, 1932 A ff SOME SIGNS OF THE TIMES Evidence of 24 Research Directors Shows Research Man As Executive Head S INDUSTRY properly recognizing the growing I importance of the research man? What are the signs of the times that indicate this to be the case which they were connected. In quite a number of cases they were presidents of their corporations. I have only to point to such men as Acheson, Sperry, Dow, Northrup, Charles F. Burgess, Edward Weston, Research Laboratory Record has assembled Elihn Thomson, and many others. some facts that reveal how, with growing celerity, the "In other enterprises they were taken from the research executive in recent years and continuously laboratory to become directors or vice presidents, for in the present times,, meets with the recognition that instance, Whitney of G. E., Redman of -Bakelite Cor is his due, not only through reorganization' within poration,' Kettering of General Motors, Reese of du his company in deference to the value of bis services, Pont, Mees of Eastman Kodak." Dr. Baekeland - but by publio recognition and acclaim. goes on to make this wry reservation: "Of course, Sixty-three outstanding research men were queried all this depends on the qualifications of the research in an effort to assemble evidence of this trend. They worker. Some of them are good enough on labora were asked: tory problems, but worse than useless, even danger (1) To give specific instances where a research ous, in practical matters or as executives." director has been advanced to an officerahip or direc torship in his company. Offering Further Proof (2) To cite other executives of their companies who got their start in the laboratory. (8) ' To state (as an indication of his growing im portance) , whether the laboratory director authorizes 'purchases of equipment and materials for (a) his laboratory (b) the-plant - (4) To offer his reasons if he believes that the research director should occupy a position of higher executive authority than is demanded by the labora tory work alone. Twenty-four of these men graciously found time to reply to the questionnaire. Their evidence, is re produced in this article.. It is presented here as a AFEW other general expressions were elicited by the questionnaire which deserve quotation: F. R. McMtt.t.ak, Director of Research, Portland Cement Association--"The Industry has continued to support our research work in a most gratifying man ner -considering the extremely unsatisfactory condi tions that have prevailed." J. C. Hostetter, Director, Development and Re search, Coming Glass Works---^'Our company is very thoroughly sold on the value of research and we have technically trained men throughout our entire or ganization." cold and unaltered report-of the belief of. these C. E. K. Mees, Research Director, Eastman Kodak -authorities, uneditorialized, unshaded, andunemphar Company--"The relation of the research depart sized. - Their direct statements speak with more elo ment to the executive authority in any business must quence than any adornment of editorial rhetoric depend very much upon the nature of the business, could evoke. 'Bus Record naturally believes this and each business will undoubtedly find its own recognition of the research man's all-importance is solution. In the case of the Eastman Kodak Com and should be forthcoming. It will always champion pany, mv functions are definitely related to research the cause of the research man and is proud to offer and development, and I have no other responsibilities this authoritative evidence that industry is finding except those arising from my position on the board." a place for him among the directing heads of the business. W. D. Bigelow, Director, National Canners' Asso ciation Research Laboratories--"In manufacturing Specific Instances of Recognition corporations men are going out from the laboratory ELSEWHERE on the pages of this article are to the sales department and other departments all the listed the known instances where research or time and some of these men reach executive posi laboratory directors have been advanced to officer- tions. I know, too, that some of the research direc ships or directorships in their companies. Seven of tors have been made members of the Board of Direc the 24 men who participated in this consensus in tors of their respective companies." terview took the trouble to set down known cases. Harden F. Taylor, President The Atlantic Coast Read them over. The list is merely a beginning. It Fisheries Company--"The Research Department is - will suggest dozens of omissions to you. If you think represented on the official staff of the Company. It of them, send them in to The Record. has always been and is now a policy of this company . Dr. L. H. Baekeland points out that "there are to employ the service, knowledge, and skill of its di numerous instances" of' prominent researchers who rector of research in thegeneral management of its occupied foremost positions in the enterprises with affairs." 46 ' RBSKABCH LABORATORY RECORD, NOVEMBER. 193* \ ) Laboratory's Part in Purchases THE reports on the procedure and .the part played. by. the laboratory director in authorizing or in fluencing purchases of materials and equipment for the laboratory and the plant present an interesting and varied set of circumstances. Of 18 replies to tins question .three showed that thedirector advises or recommends purchases for the laboratory only; five actually authorize purchases for the laboratory only; two authorize both laboratory and plant purchases; six authorize laboratory pur chases and influence plant purchases through con sultation, advice and testing operations, and two definitely have nothing to do with laboratory or plant purchases. Detailed explanations of the methods pursued are . quoted below: Frederick A. Melmoth, Research Director, The Detroit Steel -Casting Company---'"While in my ex perience the laboratory'has not-had direct control of such purchases, yet their opinion and advice is al most invariably sought in these days. Manufacturing control really demands that this be the case, and I would look rather for an extension of the practice. We feel, of course, that it is just as essential to exert intelligent control-over raw- materials as it is over"the resultant product,' and only by bringing the labora' tory into close cooperation with the purchasing de partment can this be accomplished." . Harold R. Mtodock, Director of Research De partment, The Champion Fibre Company--"In re gard to authority of purchases, the writer takes the responsibility for laboratory equipment, but equip ment for plant operation is divided in its purchase." Dr. L. W. Blau, In Charge of Geophysics Re search, Humble Oil & Refining Company--"I believe it to be general practice that the director of the laboratory authorizes' all purchases of materials for the laboratory. This is the practice in the Geophysics .Research Department of the Humble Oil .& Refining Company." Dr. Foster D. Snell, Foster D. Snell, Inc.--"It is our practice that the laboratory director authorizes all purchases of materials and equipment for his laboratory. Our account executives specify to clients the sources from which they are to buy materials and equipment.' We therefore recommend materials and equipment to probably a greater extent than the aver age laboratory." - Celusles A. Lunn, Chief Chemist, Consolidated Gas Company of New York--"Our laboratory does not attempt to specify the source of purchase if the item is of standard quality or covered by specifica tion. We do indicate the source, of purchase of spe cial items not falling within the above classification and I personally feel this to be a wise and justified practice. From a company standpoint I feel that it is desirable to encourage competition in purchases to whatever extent is warranted, but this should involve considerations of reliability and service as demon`strated by prior dealings." G. J. Fink, Director of Research, National Aluminate Corporation--"I am glad to say that our com pany places upon the laboratory the responsibility for purchases of material and equipment for all of our processes, which Have not been thoroughly stand ardized in respect to these items, and this responsi bility is continued until the process can be turned over completely to the operating department, and even after that period, all raw materials are analyzed and all batches produced in the plant are analyzed before being used, in the first case, or before'shipped out, in the second case. This system has resulted in ' a very marked improvement in quality of products and has helped us in the standardization of our treatments." Dr. Norman A. Shepard, Director of Chemical Research, The Firestone Tire 'and Rubber Com pany--"We authorize purchases of our own equips raent and materials for the laboratory. As far as-the plant goes, the approval of all-materials is handled by the control laboratory, which tests all these mate rials to specification and approves the sources of sup ply. The research department enters into this phase of purchasing only on new and unusual materials which have not been previously purchased, or when there is some controversy regarding the quality of a regularly used material. The research laboratory -and research director act largely in an advisory capacity at'Firestone." G. E. Johnson, Manufacturing Division, Fair banks, Morse & Company--"Our Laboratory Direc tor approves, but does not authorize, the purchased material used in our equipment In other words, our laboratory operates as a part of our Engineering De partment and is under the supervision of that de partment which department, likewise works - very closely with our Purchasing Department in the specifications of any materials or equipment to be used in our product or our plant" James C. McFarland, Technical Superintendent, The Wadsworth Watch Case Company--"In our plant the Laboratory Director authorizes purchases of material , and equipment for the. laboratory and sets and enforces specifications ' for materials pur chased for the plant. I believe that this practice is somewhat general in this territory." (Dayton', Ken tucky.) Dr. W. H. Bassett, Metallurgical Manager, The American Brass Company--"The director of research proposes the material which is to be purchased for his laboratory and advises in regard to purchases for the plant but gives no authorization." Dr. Mees, Research Director, Eastman Kodak Company--"The final authorization of purchases for the laboratory and the plant lies with the general manager rather than with the director of the laboratory." , Dr. Arthur D. Little, Arthur D. Little, Inc.-- "The research director does ordinarily pass on pur chases of equipment and materials for his laboratory. To'.what extent he may do so for the plant I do not know, but I would expect that ordinarily-it would be in other hands except in those special cases which relate to equipment for new processes." RESEARCH LABORATORY RECORD. NOVEMBER. 1932 47 Harden F. Tayuor, President, The At'antic Coast Fisheries Company--"The research department' does not perform routine analytical functions for check ing the purchase of supplies. We find it cheaper to have this analytical work done outside for such products as coal,- paper, and the like, and employ our Research Department as a Research Department only for any of the new processes, which usually specifies the kind and quality of materials to be used." C. E. Skinner, Assistant Director of Engineering, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company-- "The executive in charge of our Research Labora tories has always been responsible for the purchase of equipment and material for the laboratories under the budget provision, but the budget is, of course, always subject to the approval of the executive of ficers of the Company." Dr. Charles L. Reese, Vice President and Direc tor, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company--"Direc tor of Research is usually authorized to purchase equipment and materials for his laboratory up to cer tain limits, and his authorization is often required for purchase of equipment in plants." Dr. H. E. Barnard, Director, Com Industries Re search Foundation--"I assume that every director who is directing anything has pretty complete au thority in the matter of purchasing equipment and materials for his laboratory. When it comes to pur chases for the plant the srtoa&sn is changed some what, but- am intelligent management will naturally consult the research director." D. E. Reflogle, Chief Engineer, De Forest Radio Company--"All new materials used in our plant are designed and ordered by the research engineers. Routine re-orders of materials are taken care of by 1 the Purchasing Department In our own plant and in other plants we contact we find there is an increas ing tendency for the research man or engineer to specify the materials he intends to use--often speci fying the particular company in which he has the greatest confidence. It is only in this way we are able to foresee difficulties that may be encountered by the introduction of new material or changes in materials in the plant." A. L. Brown, Director, Inspection Department, Associated Factory Mutual. Fire Insurance Com panies--"In our own laboratories the director must authorize the purchases of all materials and equip ment. In our ease we do not have occasion to pur chase materials, for manufacturing or plant pur poses." Other Proofs of Research Man's Importance IN ADDITION to the elevation of the research man to positions of executive, importance in in dustry some of the replies to the questionnaire pro duced other interesting indications of this trend towards recognition of his growing .importance. Dr. Little offers as a strong bit of evidence "the exceed ing frequency with which research directors are in vited 'to speak before organizations and gatherings of business men, clubs, etc.; the appearance of such books as `Industrial Explorers,' by Holland; `Science SOME RESEARCH DIRECTORS ELEVATED TO COMPANY OFFICERSHIPS Frank 6. Jewett, Vice President in Charge of Development and Research, American Telephone and Telegraph Compaoy. Welter S. Landis, Vice President *tnd Chief Technologist, American Cyanamid Company. M. C. Whitaker, Vice President, American Cyanamid Com* pany. L H. Baekeland, President, Bekelite Corporation. Willis R. Whitney, Vice President m Charge of Research, Gen* eral Electric Company. Lawrence V. Redman, Vice President and Director of Research, Bakelite Corporation. . Charles L Reese, Director, L Du Pont de Nemours & Com* pany. Charles M. A. Stine, Director and Vice President, E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Company. George O. Curme, JrM Vice President, Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corporation. Charles F. Kettering, Vice President, General Motors Corpora* tion. Ear) P. Stevenson, Vies President and Director, Arthur D. Uttfe, Inc. Irenee du Pont, Vice Chairman of Board, E. i. Du Pont de Nemours & Company. --Cited by Or. Arthur D. Little. A. H. Cooke, Vice Prasident for Engineering and Research, The Atlantic Coast Fisheries Company. --Cited by Harden F. Taylor. S. M. Kintner, Vice President in Charge of Engineering, West* inghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company. --Cited by Or. C. t Sklantr, IN THE DU PONT ORGANIZATION ALONE: William P. Allen, Vice President and Director. H. Fletcher Brown, Vice President and Director. Jasper E. Craee, Vice President, Director and Member of the Executive Committee. W. F. Harrington, Vice President, Director and Member of the Executive Committee. 'Fin Sparre, Director. E. G. Robinson, General Manager of Organic Chemicals. J. W. McCoy, General Manager of Explosives Department. --Cited by Dr. Charles L. Rees*. C. J. Patterson, Officer, Campbell, Taggart Baking Industry. G. Cullen Thomas, Vice President, General Mills, Inc. --Cited by Or. H. E. Barnard. 48 RESEARCH LABORATORY RECORD, NOVEMBER, 1932 \ ) in Action,' by Weidlein and Hamor; `Chemistry in Industry,' by Howe." He refers also to the 1930 and 1931 toois organised by the National Research Coun cil for the purpose-of taking bankers and executives to industrial research laboratories. "There are many reasons why it is advantageous to a corporation to advance its reseaxdTdirector to-aa-executive position or to: a directorship," -states' Dr. Little. "Perhaps the fundamental one'is-that he brings to either office the Elmer A.- Sperry was made president of' the American Society of Mechanical Engineers . and chairman of the American Committee of the World Engineering Congress, held in Tokyo, leader of the most distinguished delegation of professional en gineers ever to leave this country in a body. Dr. Little was elected president of the Society of Chemical Industry (London), one of few Americans to be serhonored. He has received the Perkin medal scientific point of.view and a specialized knowledge anil the degree of Doctor of Science from Tufts Col of the technical aspects of the company's affairs, lege and Columbia University.' While in Eiigland processes and products." in 1929 he received the same degree from Manchester - Taking the: opposite view Dr. Bassett states that, University and was made Honorary Associate of the "A research director may be promoted to a position' Manchester College of Technology. of higher executive authority, but if this is done he Harden F. Taylor, who was,vice president of At would be unable to conduct his regular line of duty." lantic Coast Fisheries at the time the book was writ In the opinion of Dr. Reese, "every large company ten; has been advanced to president. with a number of directors should have at least one Dr. Bassett, a.year or two after the book was writ-, chemist on its board of dire&ors, and also on its ten, was made president of the American Institute executive committee, since many questions naturally of Mining & Metallurgical Engineers and is . vice come up which require the knowledge and experience president of the American Society for Testing Ma of a chemist.. Of course these can be discussed with terials. the chemical directors by a non-technical board, but E. C. Sullivan, vice president of Corning Glass in it is much better to have men on the board with ex charge of research at- the time the book was written, perience to enable them to discuss these questions, has since been made president of that company. not as an advisor, but as an actual member." Dr. Barnard, president of American Institute of Dr. Barnard believes that, "A research director Baking at the time was later appointed to the dis whose field of work is limited to the laboratory tinguished post of director of The White House Con operations would not be a successful director Very ference on Child Welfare. long. Hia value may be in part due to his scientific Since the date referred to Dr. Reese has been ability but even more important is the successful elected vice president of the International Union of application of what he knows and what he discovers Chemistry; vice president of the Print. Club of to factory production." Philadelphia; member of the Raven Society of Uni Recognition of "Industrial Explorers" versity of Virginia; Honorary member at the British Institution of Chemical Engineers; fellow of the THTS entire subject of indications of the growing importance of the research man grew from -a Royal Society of Arts; member' of the Visiting Comimittee of the Bureau of Standards; and chairman of conversation in which' conjecture was made as to the the Board of Directors of the American Chemical surprising advances made since 1928 by the subjects Society. of Maurice Holland's and Henry F. Pringle's "In George D. McLaughlin, Director of Research of dustrial'Explorers." When this volume appeared in the Tanner's Council of America, was called to ah the Fall of 1928 it was extensively reviewed through important post as an executive in the Tanning In out the technical trade and. lay press. Some 300 dustry. clippings are on file in Mr. Holland's office at Divi C. E. Skinner has received other recognition since sion of Engineering and Industrial Research of the 1928. He was sent as a-delegate to the World En National Research -Council,--an unusual publicity gineering Congress. On June 1931 he Was awarded volume for a class reader book. It is' interesting to the Lamme Medal, given by Ohio State University follow the history of the men whose place in their to an alumnus of Ohio State College of Engineering respective niches in the Hall of Fame was noted in for meritorious achievement in engineering. It was "`the chapters of this remarkable book. The discovery the first presentation of the Medal after its establish of the advances made by the'subjects since its issu ment by the will of the. late Benjamin G. Lamme, ance four years ago is the best possible proof of the Class of 1888, Ohio State, and for many yearn chief growing recognition of the research man, both engineer of the Westinghouse company. Mr. Skin through public honor and acdaim as well as through ner also was elected president .of tiie American In promotion within their own companies. Here are a stitute of Electrical Engineers for the 1931-32 term. few indications: This possibly does not report every honor and ad In the year following the appearance of "Indus vancement that came to each of the subjects of Mr. trial Explorers," Dr. Jewett was awarded the Edison Holland's book, but it saves to strongly indicate the Medal of the American Institute of Electrical En- trend toward recognition of the leadership of re gineers for distinguished achievement in the field .of search men. - communications. He has also been awarded the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science, University of Chicago; Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws, Miami University, and the Third Order of the Sacred Treasire, Empire of Japan. For elaboration of this topic see: _ ' . __ , . "Dreams and Beauties,'' L. XL Baekeland, Journal of Chemical Education, VoL 9. No. 9. _ Psies 542-549, "The Chemist," Harden F. Taylor. Industrial Explorers." Maurice Holland and Henry F. Pringle. "Science in Action," Weidlein and Hamor, "Chemistry in Industry," Howe. RESEARCH LABORATORY RECORD* NOVEMBER. 1932 49 STIECLITZ THE INVESTIGATOR Julius SKtglftx By Prof. RALPH H. McKEE Dpsrtmnt of CKomical Engmooring, ColumbU Unrvmlfy. Ralph K. MeKoo HE .preparation of Stieglitz -for a life of re tions, rates of reactions, pH relations, rather -than Tsearch was the best the world afforded at the preparative methods were. important in these re time, in the eighties--the public schools of searches of Stieglitz and his students. Sew York City, the gymnasium' of Karlsruhe, Ger Honored, but overworked, by the many students many, and the University of Berlin. who wish him to direct their researches leading to The New York City training in his formative the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, he has for more years gave him the American viewpoint that made than thirty years continued mth their help and 'that him the natural choice of the American Chemical of a few specially trained assistants the study of the Society for its President in th'e year of America's general mechanism of organic reactions, the theory -entrance into the Great "War. The years in the of indicator color changes, and the study of new Karlsruhe gymnasium gave him disciplinary train organic medidnals. ing in the fundamentals of clear and intelligent thinking--a practice he has continued to this day. How He Challenges Work In the University of Berlin, |hen the. world center of chemistry, he attended the lectures-of eminent chemists but his real interest was in his research work under Professor Thiemann. Dr. Stieglitz has ascribed much of his success in solving chemical problems in the complex field of organic chemistry not only to the thorough training of the German "gymnasium hut to initiative and the feeling of responsibility -for his own advancement and-success that were developed by freedom from direction while carrying on his thesis work/1 ' ALWAYS low voiced and never in a hurry, often XVencouraging but rarely critical, he can get a remarkable amount of work from the student. The writer recalls a conference 33 years ago when cer tain work was planned and- as he left, Professor. Stieglitz quietly said, ."You can finish' this by the last of next week." It was not an order. It was a challenge as well as a statement of what was ex pected. To fail would ixoplv that the student had insufficient ability and the failure would be a dis appointment to riie professor.. With such inspira On his return to America he' worked for Parke, tion every effort was put forth to complete the work Davis Sc Company but industrial work proved un by the date suggested. congenial and he soon resigned- and took a minor His broad, knowledge of chemistry and its various position in the Department of Chemistry of-Clark phases has brought him to believe it the most impor University. tant of the' sciences. This view is well expressed in When The University of Chicago was founded his statement that "chemistry as the fundamental and in 1892 took the leaders of the Department of - science of the transformation of matter must be used Chemistry from Clark University to. temporary more and more to insure progress." laboratories at Chicago, the young Stieglitz sensed His view of one of the supreme problems before the important role that the new university would the chemists of today may best be given in his own play in the chemical world and went along though words. "Its goal is to discover or prepare pure he was not offered a regular position. He was given specifics to destroy invading germs and thus cure the opportunity to work and teach, but without disease . . Any advance made is made for all time, salary as a Docent. How many young men who for the benefit of all... Is not the whole history of have had three years of chemical experience beyond civilization . . . evidence that the mind of man, the doctor's degree today seek teaching positions directed on ideals, is more powerful in alleviating without salary? ill than Nature ever was or is, in the blindness of Dr. StiegLitz's. early teaching at Chicago was in her work?" analytical chemistry but his researches were primar Editor's Note--The December installment of this ily and preferably in the field of organic chemistry series tuiU find Dr. Karl T. Compton, president of where the new and forward-looking ideas of phy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, writing about sical chemistry could be applied. Equilibrium reac . Dr. Hugh Taylor. CA RESEARCH LABO&AXORE D U BLECO&D, NOVEMBER, 1932 S ) THIS LABORATORY LITERATURE By A. W. ANDERSON Supervisor, the Uterehir* ftausch ft Lomb Optics! Company. RITING sales literature may seem a .little ing firm is not always in touch with the factory pro Wfar-removed' from the usual activity of the duction schedules. It remains the duty of some one Research and Engineering Staff of a manu division with access to the necessary information to facturing concern, and often the members of thcoisordinate the Development, Production, Sales, Ad division wish it could be farther removed. There vertising and Printing Departments, so that litera are included in the various types of literature pub ture will be on schedule. lished by manufacturers, two broad mediums through With our company the Research Division takes the which a member of the Research Department may initiative in the establishment of new products and express his ideas to distinct advantage; namely cata also originates the move for new printed matter. logs and directions. The descriptive leaflet or catalog -When the last step is taken in the official authorisa describes in detail the .product available for the pros tion for manufacture of a new product, there is issued pective purchaser. Directions for use go to the from the office of the Research Manager, and directed customer with the item and tell him how to use it. to the designer, a form (Fig. 1) giving some history Sales volume is affected to a marked degree by the relating to the progress of the project, with a request type of printed material that precedes as well as for certain literature. -When the Production Depart accompanies the delivery of the product. The mag ment has received a promise date from the factory, nitude of the sales volume may be used as a conveni the information is. relayed to the Research Manager's ent type of yardstick enabling the research director office. If literature has not been submitted by the to measure in a way the productivity of his division. time the promise date is received, the same form is From this it is-apparent that the Research Depart again sent oat, with the added information regarding ment should be willing to accept its share in the the factory promise date. This serves as a gentle re responsibility of writing sales literature. minder that time is getting short and the manuscript The task' of producing literature is by no means must soon be submitted. a simple one. Writing the manuscript is one phase Advertising material is not entirely technical in of the project, hut maximum value of printed matter its nature and therefore the write-up as supplied by is observed when it is distributed at the proper time. the Research Department is not taken as a finished It is advisable, therefore, to utilise some sort of fol product and so put in print. The Sales and Adver low-up in order to prevent any possibility of the tising Departments contribute their share in the product remaining inactive on the shelves due to number of points that have been set up as a guide to lack of distribution of printed matter. the editing of the company's sales manual.- Four teen points have been listed under two headings, System of Preparing Literature namely Technical Data and Sales Data. The first request is for the Technical Data, which is to be writ THE Bausch & Lomb Optical Company conducts ten by the Research Department, and is expected to a wide program in the development of scientific embrace the following points: instruments. In addition to the spectacle lens and frame sales, it enjoys the sale of a large variety of highly technical instruments, serving practically all 1. Definition and General Description 2. Purpose and General Functioning professional, educational and industrial needs. The 3. Distinctive Features company has in operation an effective system of pre 4. Equipment Application paring and routing manuscripts necessary for intro- 5. References and Bibliography _ducing and accompanying new products. This sys The manuscript covering the foregoing points is tem, requiring hut little effort, succeeds in producing then submitted to the Research Director's office. It literature with a considerable degree of satisfaction- is next forwarded to the Sales Department with a re and promptness. quest'that steps be taken to add to this Technical In general, the advertising staff of a manufactur Data material of such a nature that it will complete RESEARCH LABORATORY RECORD, NOVEMBER, 1032 51 Description of Laboratory WRITES THE SALES the story. The points that should receive considera tion are listed as follows: 6. Market, Prospective .Users, Buyers 7. Equipment Photos with Legend 8. Accessory Photos with Legend A Bctttcb G Lamb Optical Ctmpaav {Unfa and Optical Inittamcnu) Scientific Buretu Research Staff: W. B. R&yton, eleven optical, engineers and seven assistants. -Research Work: Development and use of optical apparatus, ophthalmia optics,-photographic and projection..apparatus, range finders and all types of'optical measuring instruments. Chsoueal Laboratory . Research Staff: F. P. Kolb, three chemists and two .assistants. 9. Sales Points with Advantages 10.'Comparison with Competitors.Products 11.. Meeting of Objections 12. Demonstration Method 13. Specifications, Terms, Price and Delivery 14. Placing of Order The request is-made by using the same form as shown in Figure 1, and gives the Sales Department Research Work: ' Emery and rouge washing and grading, grind ing and polishing, experiments, cements, fillers, glass washing, glass silvering, metal plating and all progress control problems of chem ical nature. Cwsmic Laboratory ' Research Staff:- M. R. Scott, one ceramic chemist and one assistant further dates so that they know when the literature must be ready. Using die Technical Data as a basis and supplementing it with the Sales Data supplied Research. Work: Problems con nected with the manufacture of op tical and colored glass. by the Sales Department, it is now sent to the Ad vertising Department, who whip it into final shape. This step crystallizes the write-ups and results in the duction of printed matter. This is derived from in attractive leaflet, booklet, folder or the sort of thing formation received by the Sales Department from the firm needs to advertise its new product. the Research Manager's office. The Advertising Department is advised by the Sales Department as to the date desired for the pro- Research. Department Supervises Literature To (The Designer) Subject {The project in case). , Nnw Unit Progress Sample Approved.............................. Estimate Approved.......................... Authorisation Approved.................. Production Promised ........... Remarks Direction* for Use ` Required . ................... Not Required............. Submitted................... (Packing, Unpacking and Set* ting'Up (Technique and Manipulation ^Adjusting (Trouble 8boot!ng Technics) Date Required .... Not Requited Submitted ... (Definitions and General De scription (Purpose and General Punetinning * (Distinctive Ventures (Equipment Applications . (Reference and Bibliography Seles Data (Market, Prospective Users, Buyers (Equipment Photos with Leg* end (Accessory Photos with Leg end* (Sales Points and Advantages (Comparison with Competitors Product (Meeting of Objections (Demonstration Method* (Specifications, Terms, Price & Delivery (Placing of the Order TTTF. question might be raised as to where the Ad vertising Department comes in. Advertising specialists produce excellent literature in. numerous and attractive forms. But the advertising staff is not always in a position to be fully conversant with, the more technical side of a particular new product or the technical tie-in with other products of the firm. The man who writes copy cannot be expected to be a research -associate and know the new product as familiarly as does the scientist who has worked, played and dreamed his problem for a considerable period of time. It is a reasonable request to make when asking the scientist to develop or improve an item in the sales listing, that he also consider writing the', descriptive matter for that development. Obviously, this- man knows the item better than anyone else, and should, therefore, be drafted to write .the manuscript The scientist must exerdse judgment when writ ing for his familiarity with the-product may allow him to leave out many pertinent thoughts that ap pear unnecessary to mention. These thoughts may appear obvious to the technical man, but are just the items necessary for the purchaser-to help him make up his mind. It is sometimes possible' that the de signer is prejudiced to the extent-that he may under rate or over-rate his own work.-" The thought that the research worker must hold uppermost in his mind while writing is the degree of technical development of the person who is expected to use the product. Literature should not be printed so far ahead of the production of the product that advertising stock 52 RESEARCH LABORATORY RECORD, NOVEMBER, 1332 inventory is needlessly increased before there is use should be used in the writing of technical data for for the. material, or so that prospective purchasers the. sales literature, the prejudices of the designer must be advised after receiving literature that the must be overlooked, so that certain features of the product will not be available until some later , date. instrument, as far as operation is concerned, are not In like manner, literature should not be delayed so favored. that stock lies idljnjn the.warehouse shelves until the silent salesmen create the demand necessary for mov ing the product. Production promise dates, as sup Submitting to Other Departments plied by the Research Manager's office, in an attempt to coordinate Sales, Advertising and Printing De partments is one way of assuring the prompt supply AFTER the directions for use have been completedby the designer, they should be submitted to other people in the organization; for instance, the of literature. It is up to the Sales Department to determine the quantity of printed matter to be made up. This is obtained from a complete mailing list that is kept active by the Sales Department. This list is divided by the type of purchaser so that one group gets one type of literature, a second group gets a second type and a third group may get both types, eta Sales Department and the Inspection Department, for-their impartial and valuable criticism. Having others look over the -directions will help insure against the fault of having the directions apply only to the research type of individual, as was the- writer. The "Sales Department can watch for possible addi tions of notes and use of auxiliary items, and in the same way the Sales and Sales Service Departments can caution and correct the use of language which Writing Directions for Use may arouse unwarranted sales-resistance. The same follow-up system is used to insure get PRODUCTS should be accompanied by appro priate "Directions for Use" whenever the product ting the directions for use out with the instrument at the proper time. One feature'in the printing "* is of such a nature 'that directions are required.order for directions differs from that of the sales These directions must be ready to go out with the in literature, in that the ordering is done by the Pro strument when the product is shipped. Nothing is duction Department from specifications, as is the more disconcerting to a purchaser than to receive the ordering of the instrument, instead of the Sales De product and not know how to properly set it up or partment originating the order. This is done to how to operate it correctly, or put it into adjustment. prevent a large stock of obsolete directions from-ac These four points are.covered by the directions: cumulating, because it is sometimes considered just 1. The packing, unpacking and setting up. as cheap to print 20,000 as 500. Quantity printing 2. Technique and Manipulation. is economy if no changes will be evident on ordering 3. Adjusting. the second lot of the instrument in the factory, but . 4. Troubleshooting. often directions must be altered, as well as the in It is obvious that if these points are to be adequately strument, after the first lot has been out and sugges and correctly covered, the member or members of tions have come from the field. This leaves the cor the. Research Department, responsible for the devel rections of instruments and directions up to the opment of the new product must write them. Specifications Department Requesting manuscript for the Directions and the There are other types of literature in which the Re subsequent writing of the manuscript is done in the search Division is also interested,-such as the periodic same way as for the sales literature. Sometimes the publications of scientific abstracts. A good many Directions are utilized as sales literature and in that times the research man or the designer writes tech case die manuscript is turned over to the Sales De nical articles for technical papers and presents them partment, so that they can make distribution of this before various technical organizations. Also, maga 'combination piece of literature. However^ in most zines, or the house organ, require articles written' in cases the directions are considered as part of the the language of the interested layman. These items, specifications of the instrument itself. They should being of a special nature, do not require any type of be attractive, but not necessarily showy so that they systematic follow up service, as do the items discussed are in competition with the descriptive literature. in the foregoing paragraphs. They should be made up as a serviceable card, book Following the rather simple procedure outlined in let, or whatever the need indicates. Directions must the foregoing paragraphs, the Bausch & Lomb Op be accurate. Care should be taken not to have the tical Company produces well-prepared literature writ directions written in such a manner as to be over ten in the language of the consumer, and available the head of the operators. On the other hand, it on time. It has come to be considered not only a .must not be made too elementary, thereby insulting the intelligence of the purchaser. The use of photo responsibility, but an added privilege of the Research Department. Ambiguity and misunderstanding deal graphs always enhances the value of directions for ing with technical subjects is prevented from folding use. The photographs are of a different type from its way into our literature and in their stead we have those used with the sales literature, in that they should be action pictures. For instance, in photo accurate and frank discussion of scientific achieve ment.' The set-up as briefly described here may not graphing instruments, it is well'to show the hands . inserting a part or malting some adjustment. Line drawings and schematics are also valuable to the di rections for use. In the same way that judgment be applicable to all firms, but we find that our results have justified our continuing the system, and we hope others may find some suggestions of merit in the foregoing. RESEARCH LABORATORY RECORD. NOVEMBER* 1932 53 STANDARDS Special Editor, Charles A. Marlies, School of Technology, College of the City of New York STANDARDS OF TEMPERATURE AS IS well known, temperature expresses the degree of warmth or coldness of a body. Two L. A. bodies are said to be at different tempera tures if one becomes hotter and the other cooler when brought in contact. The last-statement is a simple definition of temperature. That is, temperature con trols the flow of heat, and.it is sometimes defined as the intensity factor of heat energy, just as voltage, controlling the flow of electric charge, is called the intensity factor of electrical energy. Change .of temperature produces a great variety of changes in a body. The color, size, pressure if the body is confined, electrical resistance, magnetic prop erties, contact electromotive force--all undergo changes with the change of temperature and have all been used to measure temperature change. In deed, to date, the only property of a body winch has not been found to change on heating or cooling is its mass; and from Einstein's mass-energy equation, theoretically, even the mass should increase on rise of temperature, but the increment is far too small to be detected by our present methods of measuring mass; delicate though they may be. This universal influence of temperature on physical properties em phasizes the necessity for temperature measurement and control in all scientific measurements and indus trial processes. Establishment of a Temperature Scale TWO conditions are essential to the establishment of a temperature scale: (1) Two bodies at different temperatures must be available and it must be possible for any com petent and properly-equipped observer to reproduce these two temperatures at any time and place. -. (-2) The temperature interval .between these two fixed temperatures must be divided into a convenient number of steps, or degrees. An instrument used for interpolation between the fixed points is termed a thermometer if used at ordinary temperatures and a pyrometer if used at elevated temperatures, although these terms are by no means universal: Thus thermoelectric pyrometers are commonly called'thermocouples. The temperature measuring instruments in ordi nary use depend for their action upon the change of some physical property with temperature. It might be pointed out that another system of thermometry is possible, one founded upon the measurement of quantities of heat rather than upon the change in some physical property of a substance. Such a method is too inconvenient for ordinary use, al though it should be noted that the thermodynamic scale of temperature (see below) is based on such a method and this scale has the very desirable property of being independent of-the particular physical prop erties and the characteristics of the substance. The two fixed temperatures used in the establish ment of all temperature scales are the freezing and boiling points of water under standardized condi tions. These were fixed early in the development of thermometer scales, the others, such as.the tempera tures of summer and winter, the temperature of melt ing butter, etc., having been tried and discarded for one reason or another. Fahrenheit, the German maker of meteorological instruments, was the first to use the fixed points of freezing and boiling water. The inconvenient numerical values of his scale are a survival -from one he used in some earlier work in which a mixture of ice, water and sea salt (0F) and the body temperature (appr. 100F) were used as the fixed points. The Centigrade scale was intro duced about 100 years later, in the middle of the eighteenth century by an astronomer, Celsius, and has supplanted all other types in scientific work and is in common use everywhere except in the English speaking countries, where- the Fahrenheit scale still prevails, and in Germany, where a scale due to Reaumer which divides the range between the freez ing and boiling points of water into 80 parts is ex tensively used. A certain temperature may be expressed on the three scales as follows: 5/9 Ci - 32) - 5/4`r The universal use of the Centigrade scale in the laboratory along with the common use of the Farenheit scale in the plant has made the quick conversion from one scale to the other a decided convenience. Therefore charts and tables for such conversion axe in common use. One of the best-methods is that used in the Sauveur tables, whioh uses three columns of figures, the middle set being the temperature to be converted and the left and right the corresponding C and F respectively. Liquid in Glass Thermometers THE temperature measuring devices in common est me are liquid in glass thermometers. Their wide use is. due to their compactness and low cost of manufacture. Furthermore, since liquids in gen eral have much greater coefficients of expansion than solids, such thermometers can be made of almost any desired sensitivity merely by proper choice "of size of bulb and capillary stem by which the expansion is made apparent. For such thermometers mercury- is used in prac tically all cases for ordinary temperatures because of its large and fairly uniform volume -coefficient of expansion, its low freezing point (-40C) and high boiling point (356<>C) making a wide working range, its high surface tension so that it does not cling to the glass, its opacity and high reflecting power so that it is readily visible. For low temperatures toluene, alcohol or pentane 54 research laboratory RECORD,' NOVEMBER* 1832 may be used instead of mercury, the freezing points made an exhaustive study of clinical thermometer^, of which are -97C, -1130 and -200C respectively. the magnitude of their errors and the most common A small amount of dye is frequently added to render defects. Specifications were set up and thermometers the liquid visible. passing the test were given a certificate. This, work Since increase of pressure raises the boiling point distinctly improved the quality of the cliniTM] ther of a liquid, tie. upper range of the mercury ther-. mometers made in this country as was shown by the mometer may be extended beyond 356C by filling fact .that the corrections found after the standard had the upper part of the thermometer with an inert been in operation a few years were very much smaller gas. This is usually done by filling with nitrogen than the corrections of those submitted at the begin and sealing at a low temperature. As the mercury ning. This standard with slight modifications has expands on heating the nitrogen is compressed, the been adopted as mandatory by several states and by pressure increased and consequently the boiling point the Federal Specifications board. A Commercial of the mercury, raised. For very high temperatures Standard for Clinical Thermometers was set up in special borosilicate glass or even fused quartz must 1928 and revised in 1932 (the effective date for new be used as the container, because ordinary glasses will production was June 1, 1932.)-: Thermometers pass- soften, and become stretched under the high pressure. ing this standard are accompanied by a certificate of By this means the upper temperature limit of mer the manufacturer to that effect. cury thermometers may be extended to 650"C which The American Society for Testing Materials has is a cherry red heat. Recently a gallium in quartz set up specifications for the various thermometers thermometer has been made which can be used from' used in its standards. Some of these are total immer 30*C, the freezing point of gallium, to 1000*0, the sion, others partial, depending upon the iise to which 'softening point -of quartz (gallium boils over it is put In setting up a new standard in which a 1600*C). thermometer is required, one already in use is desig Liquid in glass thermometers is subject to many nated wherever possible. Thus Standard Methods of errors. Thus the capillary bore is never uniform so Test: that .calibration at several points must, be resorted to; D 20--30 Distillation of Bituminous Materials the glass of the bulb is' very thin so that its volume is D 86--30 Distillation of Gasoline, etc. affected by the external pressure, although in most D 246--30 Distillation of Creosote Oil cases this error is appreciable only when the differ- all use the same thermometer--A~S.T.M. High Dis ' ence in pressure from normal is half an atmosphere tillation Thermometer. All A.S.T.M. thermometers, ` or more. Furthermore, due to' hysteresis and/or with but .one exception,, are mereary-in-glass; the secular changes of the bulb and capillary the volume exception being the Low Cloud and Pour Thermom of the bulb, the length of the stem and the diameter. eter, a toluenedn-glass instrument; of the capillary may change slowly, necessitating fre The Federal Specifications Board has set up a quent' calibration. Finally, tinder the usual condi standard for Industrial Thermometers, -which is man tions of graduation whereby the distance between the datory for all Government Departments. Essentially initial calibration points, e.g. 0 and 100, is divided the same standard has been adopted by the Scientific into equal parts, the thermometer must be used with Apparatus Makers' Association. The thermometers all the mercury at the same temperature, . If not, described are the familiar mercury-in-glass type, and a correction must be applied for the temperature of in addition various holders and sockets are specified, the emergent stem. - adapting the instrument for industrial use. As a consequence of these corrections and sources For many years the Bureau of Standards has ac 'of error the liquid-in-glass thermometer has been cepted thermometers for test. Thermometers which abandoned as an instrument of high precision. This are free from defects of design, material or construc has resulted in the use of partial immersion ther tion, and are correct within reasonable tolerances are mometers, graduated and standardized for a particu given certificates. If a thermometer is not eligible lar depth of immersion, thus avoiding the necessity for certification, a report giving the result of the test . of determining and applying, the. correction for the is issued. Thermometers which receive certificates emergent stem. These thermometers are standard from the Bureau of Standards are probably as pre ized for stem temperatures corresponding to the aver cise as such instruments can be m&le. If such a age likely to occur in the use of the thermometer. thermometer is properly used, provided the calibra tion is recent and all corrections axe properly applied, Standards for Thermometers a temperature measurement may be made with a limit of accuracy of O.l the graduation interval, Le. TO DATE the only industrial standards for ther to O.OlC if the thermometer is graduated to 0.1 C. mometers which have been set up in the United Such accuracy is possible only with total immersion States are concerned with liquid-in-glass instruments, thermometers. Differential thermometers, e.g. Becki although the American Society of Mechanical En mann type, which are graduated to 0.01C can under gineers gives in its Power Test Codes a description proper conditions give a temperature difference accu and classification of other types of temperature meas rate to 0.001C. uring devices, their accuracy, corrections and instal This article .will be concluded in the next issue lation rules. with a discussion of the other instruments'used for The first of these standards was promulgated by temperature measurement, and the establishment of the Bureau of Standards shortly after its organiza the Thermodynamic Temperature Scale and the In tion. In response to numerous inquiries, the Bureau ternational Temperature Scale, and list of standards. 58 RESEARCH LABORATORY RECORD, NOVEMBER, 1832 The New Universal HOYER-KREUTER TECHNICAL DICTIONARY -- In Three Volumes Edited by DR. ALFRED SCHLOMANN Price Any one Volume, $19.50 Any rwo volumes, $37.50 Three 'volumes, $55.00 pine postage Write for particulars am installment payment plan Book. Department HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CEN. TURY BOOK OF RECIPES, FORMULAS AND PROCESSES Edited by GARDNER D. HISCOX, M. E. Analytical Chemist 800 pages 6x9 Bound in Cloth Price $4.00 #1** postage Book Department . PATENT LAW for Chemists, Engineers and Executives By FRED H. RHODES I Professor of' Industrial Chemistry, Cornett University 207 pages 5 54 x 8 Price $2eSO postage Book Department When ordering boohs advertised on this page, please clip and mail the coupon below. BOOK DEPARTMENT Research Laboratory Record 461 Eighth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Enclosed please and $ ............. ............ for copy of .............-..... -.........--.....................--..........Firm.............. ................................. ..... Name..... ........................_................ ................. Address.... ......................................................... VIBRATION PREVENTION in ENGINEERING by A. L. KIMBALL General Electric Company 145 pages 6x9 1 ! Price $2.50 &lus postage Book Department PHOTOCELLS and their APPLICATION By VLADIMIR K. ZWORYKIN and EARL D. WILSON Research Engineers, Westrnghouse Research Laboratories Second Edition 331 pages j | ! Price $3,00 &ut Po*taSe Book Departmesst ELECTRONICS By RALPH GORTON HUDSON Professor of Electrical Engineering, Hassaebussttt Institute of Technology Price $2.00 postage Book Department PROFITABLE PRACTICE m INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH Edited by MALCOLM ROSS With the collaboration of Maurice Holland and William Spararagen, Division of Engineering and Industrial Research, National Research CouapiL Price $4.00 pl11* postagr. . Book Department RESEARCH LABORATORY RECORD. NOVEMBER. 1932 59 Research in Review (Coatinueif from page 57) 700'degrees, according to amtouncemeat by the University of Michigan Department of Engineering Research, where experiments developing its use fulness were csrrtaL-Out. This chemical la diphenyl, wax-Wte, geranium odored, non-potsonous and Inexpensive, which may be used over and over without deterioration or In jury to heating equipment, according to a recent bulletin. Biphenyl has al ready been shown by test to be suit able for heating asphalt - Similar com mercial applications are said to be open in many related industrial Helds. ' The development of a new and sav ing heating method In asphalt working alone la of considerable economic im portance, since $55,000,000 worth of native and petroleum asphalts are produced annually and used' in such varied ways as road surfaces, roofing; dips, acid resisting coatings, putty' and varnish Several advantages of diphenyl are pointed out--in the report of the ex periments. It was found to be so stable chemically that it. could be used under commercial conditions at 750 degrees without substantial deteriora tion, Its boiling point being756 degrees at 150 pounds pressure, while under normal pressure its" boiling point is 492 degress. In addition, very accu rate heat control was found possible, avoiding uneven heating and coking; and the rate of heat transfer from the .diphenyl $lled coils to thp substance ' being treated was found to be unusu ally high. - Urges Larger Research Appropriations Much larger appropriations towards the support of research by the whole textile industry was urged on attend ants at the third annual meeting of the United States Institute for Textile Research, held in New Tork this month,-, by Professor H. B. Millard of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "A very fnmall contribution on a per centage basis by all of the textile manufacturers would provide a huge sum for scientific research," he ar gued. Other speakers pointed out the growing appreciation In all branches of the textile industry of the close re lationship between research and the ever-changing problems of production. Oenslager to Receive Perkin Medal in January George Oenslager of the B. F. Good rich' Company Laboratories, distin guished chemist of the rubber Indus try, will be presented with the Perkin Medal for 1983, for valuable work in applied chemistry, at a joint meeting of the American Chemical Society, the American Electro-Chemical Society, the American -Institute of Chemical Engineers, and' the Socletie de Chlmle Industrielle of France, in New Tork, January 6. His selection- was based on his pioneering work for the rubber in dustry on organic accelerators and other chemical research contributions. Chemical research on organic accelera tors alone has achieved a saving of aIt least $50,000,000 a year to motorists, It has been estimated. . Or. Langmuir Awarded Nobel Chemistry Prize Tbe greatest recognition any scien tist can' receive 'came to Dr. Irving Langmuir, associate director of the General Electric Research Laboratory, with the award to him this month of the Nobel Award in' Chemistry. Research Leads Patterson Into Heating Held As a result of intensive research and experimental work The Patterson Foundry A Machine Company is pre pared to enter the heating field about January L according to their Novem ber announcement. Studies were made in preparation for the manufacture of a complete line of conditioned* air heating systems, air conditioners, oil burners, domestic stokers and gas fired equipment tor all types and sizes' of heating loads. Railway Association To Expand Its Research On recommendation of the Board of Directors, The American Railway As sociation, at its aunnei meeting No vember II. in New Tork, directed the various divisions of the Association to make a survey of their various re search activities and possibilities of n6w fields of endeavor, with a view of recommending what further work can be undertaken in the interest of ob taining still greater safety, economy and efficiency in railroad operation. Reach far a . "SLIPSTICK" Instead of a Pencil Make Your Calculations with a Vest Pocket Slide Rule |ssiiHiij|iiijnTir^mg'|i|'nimjiiuii'|<niiiuni|Oi|iiiiMU That New Product. . . . . . . wchat are gjou going to do teith Ut Let it Die an unnatural death for want ofa market Kill it, because you don't know what to do with it? wmta Celluloid Laos ,, Thick - - Slack yusMral* Laboratory Men TechniciansEngineers Uui-Hitt accurate tfma saving device In solving prob lems of unit cash, prodaction schedules* ratios, areas, weights and measart, and making many rapid ectimatos required in a day's work. ANY ONE CAN LEARN to uso a slid* rulo a a fow minutn by following directions. Each rule-with a Genuine Leather Cate end a Book of Directions-^* $2.50 Postpaid or $242 C.O.O. HOMER H. ELDER 3652 Main St. : Rushing, N. Y. Forget it, because toomuch money has already been spent in its development. Or ara you going to make it repay you tor th untiring devotion you have spent in its.evolution! Perhaps we can help you determine what course to We've solved difficult marketing'* problems betore: om solution, probably, may be the one you have been leaking .for. At any rate you'll be under no obligation wh.Hoerer -to find out. TECHNICAL MARKETING SERVICE (IndMdifaJiza^ marketing and advtrtising service fortocknical and scientific products) 226 Williams Street New Yo*4, N. * 60 RESEARCH LABORATORY RECORD, NOVEMBER, 1932 TO HELP YOU IN YOUR WORK, INFORMATION REGARDING THE FOLLOWING LABORATORY ITEMS WILL JE SENT FREE UPON REQUEST ^ It is a good prac tice to check this list regularly because new sttbjects are be ing added constantly. Abrasives Acid-Resisting Materials Adapter* Agate Wart Agitators Aibunlxtometers Alloy* Ammeters Analytical Apparatus Anemometers . Aprons, Rubber Asbestos, Pure Aspirators Autoclaves Balances and Weights Ballistic Instruments Balls (for ball mills) Barometers Barrels, Tumbling . Baskets, Laboratory Waste Baths Batteries, Storage Beakars Benches, Work Bibliographies Blowers Blowpipes ' Boats, Combustion Boilers, Portable Bombs, Calorimeter, Catalytic Books Boosters Borers; Cork Bottles, all types Bridges, Electric, Slide-wire Brushes, all types Buckets Bulbs; KJeldahl, Nitrogen, Neon Borette* Burners Bus Bars Cabinets, Laboratory Calorimeters Cameras, Scientific Capacitors, Static Capsules. Silica Fused Carbon Dioxide Apparatus Carboys Casseroles Centrifugals, Laboratory Centrifuges, Laboratory Chargers, Battery Chemicals Chemists, Consulting Chronographs Circuit Breakers Clamps Colls. Electric Color Analyzers Color-Fastness Testers Colorimeters Combustion Apparatus Comparators Compounds Compressors Condensers Conductivity Apparatus Cones, Filter Coolers _ , _ Counters, Hand Tally Crucibles Crushers Cups, Testing Desks, Laboratory Digestion Apparatus DUatozneters Distilling Apparatus Drain Boards Dryers, Laboratory Ebollloscopes Electrodes Emulsifiers Engineers, Consulting Eudiometer* Extraction Apparatus Filter Presses Filters First Aid Outfits Fixtures Flues * Fansel* Furnaces, oil types Furniture Gauges Gauge Testers. Galvanometers Gasometers Generators Glass Glass Apparatus Glassware Goniometers Graritometers Grinders Guards. Burner Gutters Heaters Hemacytometers Hoods Hose. Rubber Hot Plates Hydrogen-Ion Apparatus Hydrometers Hygrometers Incubators Indicators Instruments Insulators Interferometers Jars, Glass, Porcelain, etc. Jets Lamps, Quarts, Spectroscope Lenses, Photographic Lenses, Projection Leyels Magnets Magnifiers Manometer Meters,* Flow, Recording Microfaradmeter* Micrometers Microscopes and Accessories Microtomes MUUsmeters * MiLUvoitmeters Mills, Grinding, Pulverising Mixers Moisture Testers Mortars and Pestela Motor Generator Sets Muffles Nepheiometers Nitrogen-determination Apparatus Nozzles Oscillograph* Ovens Pans Paper, Filtering Photometers Photomicrographs Photomicroscopic Apparatus Pipettes Plates, Filter Platinum Laboratory Ware Polarlcodes Polarlscopes Porcelain Ware Potentiometers Presses Prisma Psychrometers Pulverisers Pump* Pycnometers Pyrometers Quarts Apparatus Refractometers Refractories Regulators Resistances and Resistors Retorts Rheostats Saechsrimeters Scales Sclerescopes Scoops Scorifies* Screens Shelving Sieves Sifters Silica Sinks Slide Rules Slides, Lantern Slides, Microscopic Spatulas Spectometric Equipment Stereopticons Sterilizers Stills Stoneware Stoppers Stop Watches Storage Systems Strainers Stroboscopes Sublimators Superheaters Supports Switches Synchroaoacopes Syphons Tables Tachometers Tanks Telescopes Teasomerers Test Tubes Testing Apparatus Thermo-Regula to re Thermocouples Thermographs TherxDohydrometers Thermometers Thermostats Tintometers Titration Apparatus Tongs Trays Triangles Troughs, Table Tubes, sfl types Turbidimeters Turbine Sifters Tweezers Ultra-violet Ray Apparatus Viscosimeters Voltmeters ~ . .V Waste Cana * Waste Jars * W Wattmeters. w Wire ` X-Ray Equipment MAIL THIS COUPON `Regarding Any of The Above Items `ft you prtftr to kttp this pat* tntoot rtqvsst thi* information on lrunhand. RESEARCH LABORATORY RECORD 461 Eighth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Please send me without obligation information on the following: Name ....... ........................................ Laboratory............ Street .................................... City........ .................... State. Did You Find This Issue Interesting? A You Will Like The December Issue Too-- And Subsequent Issues Will Be Equally Good. A V ON OUR EDITORIAL PROGRAM Organization of the Library-Service to Meet Research Department Needs. Coordination of Patent Division with Research Laboratory. Research in Industrial Aerodynamics --A new Field. The Selection of Research Men. How the Research Man Can Make His Particular Service of Greater Value to His Company. Effective Methods of Accumulating and Tabulating for Easy Reference, the Resulting Data of Laboratory Work Performed. At What Point is it Wise or Profitable to Introduce a New Process into the Plant? Example of Practical Application of Research to Production. Descriptions of Layout and Equipment of New Laboratories as Related to Their Functions. A AT You Will Not Want to Miss Any of These Inter esting Articles, Some of Which Will Appear in the December Issue. Be Sure to Send Your Sub scription Today. Use the Convenient Post Card Order Form Enclosed. Contributors to RESEARCH LABORATORY RECORD Arthur W. Anderson, Research and Engineering, Rausch & Lomb Optical Company. Carl L. Bausch, Manager of Re search and Engineering, Bauach & Loan Optical Company. E. E. .Brinkman, Research Di rector, Holeproof Hoxery Com pany. A. ]*. Brown, Director, Factory Mutual Laboratories, Associ ated Factory Mutual Fire" Insurance -Companies. Dr. Vannevar Bush, Vice Presi dent and Dean of Engineering. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.' Frank T. Chesnut, Electrical Engineer, Ajax Eiectrotbermic Corporation. Dr. Arthur H. Compton, Nobel Prise Winner in Physics, Pro fessor of Physics, Chicago Uoivcrcity. Dr. Karl T. Compton, President. Massachusetts institute of Technology. Col. Bradley Dewey. President, The Dewey and Almy Chemi cal Company. Haas Ernst, Research Director, The Cincinnati Milling Ma chinery Company. Joshua Eyre Hannum, Editor, Engineering index Service. Msunce Holland. Director, The Division of Engineering and Industrial Research, National Research Council. Professor Dugald C Jsckson. Chairman, The Division of En gineering and Industrial Re search. National Research Council; member of faculty. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dr. Zay Jeffries. Research Con sultant. The Aluminum Com pany of America, General Electric Company. A. Maerz. Director, American Color Research Laboratory. Charles A. Marlies, School of Technology. College of the City of New York. Dr. William J. McConnell. Di rector Industrial Health Serv ice. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Dr. Ralph H. McKee, Depart ment of Chemical Engineering. Columbia University. Dr. Paul D. Merica, Assistant to the President. International Nickel Company. Dr. Jessie E, Minor. Analytic and Consulting Chemist to the Paper Industry. Dr. Fred O'Flaherty, Director Research. Tanners Council of America; Dcp't of Leather Research, Graduate School, University of Cincinnati Dr. Oliver C. Ralston. Research Director. The United Verde Copper Company. Dr. R. E. Rose. Director Tech nical Laboratory, Dyestuffs De partment, E I du Pom de Nemours & Company. Dr. Arthur Bessey Smith. Chief Research Engineer. Associated Electric Laboratories. Ine. Dr. Foster D. Snell. President, Foster D. SnelL Inc. Dr. Haig N. Sdakian. Chief Metallurgist, Geometric Tool Company. William Spraragen. Secretary, the Division of Engineering and Industrial Research. Na tional Research Council. Harden F. Taylor. President, The Atlantic Coast Fisheries Corapanr. Lev A. Trofimov, Development Engineer. The Electric Con troller Manufacturing Com pany. Richard F. Wilder. Department of Business and Engineering Administration. Massachusetts . Institute of Technology. Dr. WIRis R. Whitney, Vice- President in Charge of Re search. General Electric Com pany. CONTINENTAL CAN COMPANY finds many uses for the CHARLOTTE Colloid Mill in its ~ Research Laboratory at Chicago The versatility of the CHARLOTTE colloid mill makes it a most valuable piece of laboratory equipment. In many laboratories, as well as plants, it has become indispensable because of its ability to handle a widely diversified range of problems and products. Users of the CHARLOTTE colloid mill are always sure of better emulsification . . . finer reduction of fibrous ma terials . . . finer particle size . . . thorough blending . . . perfect extraction . . . instantaneous re-action . . . disin tegrations of solids . . . increased stability of suspensions . . . intimate mixing of compounds. The CHARLOTTE laboratory mill is built as sturdily as the plant models. It features the new continuous production method, which assures absolute uniformity of product, bet ter plant control with its consequent savings of floor space and labor, and the elimination of much bulky equipment. NUMEROUS laboratories have found that the CHAR LOTTE colloid mill has been a great aid toward the solution of many difficult plant problems. A request will bring more complete information. CHEMICOLLOID LABORATORIES INC. 44 Whitehall Street New York, N. Y. iiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiuimiiHiiiiiiiiiiimimimiiiiiiiiiiimimniumiiiiimimiiiiMiiiiiimiiiKiiiiiimmiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiimiimiiii THE CHARLOTTE P RI NCI PLE-GROOVED ROTOR AND STATOR liiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiimiuiiiiiimuiumiiiiimiimmmimiiiiMiiiiiiimiMiiiuimimimmiimmiummiimmiimmimmmnmiimtmimi