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National Safety Congress Iransactions Public Utilities National Safety Council 425 North Michigan Ave. Chicago, Illinois 60611 PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT 61st NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS Papers Delivered in the PUBLIC UTILITIES SESSIONS The "Hidden" Hazards......................................................................... Stuart B. Eynon 1 First Aid Training for Utilities............................................................ Cliff E. Lundberg 6 Solving Safety Problems....................................................................... Ralph J. Richey 12 Gas Industry Safety Programming.............................................................. J. L. Sutliff 14 Accident Prevention in the Bell System......................................... James L. Shumaker 16 Impact of OSHA on Independent Telephony........................................... J. J. Profilet 20 Safety and Innovations in Electric Utilities.........................................Horace C. Burch 23 Changing Concepts in Work Area Protection............................ Donald H. Marshall 26 Officers of the Public Utilities Section 1973-74 .......................................................... 29 Future Oates of the National Safety Congress............... ....................... Inside Back Cover Other Volumes in 1973 National Safety Congress Transactions......................Back Cover Public Utilities Sessions THE "HIDDEN" HAZARDS By STUART B. EYNON Vice President, Engineering & Technical Planning, Heath Consultants Inc., Stoughton, Mass. All of our actions in life, whether personal or occupational, involve some degree of risk. In our present technologically oriented socie ty, we are confronted with a great many more hazards than were present just a few years ago. Fortunately, as new tools, chemi cals, and machines have been developed, for ward-looking manufacturers and managers have developed safe operating techniques and procedures to safeguard the user or em ployee. Safety of the consumer and the employee is a major factor in our economy today. A review of safe practices and procedures in most of our public utilities today would prob ably show that, voluntarily or by law of Con gress, our employees are assured of a safe environment and necessary safety equip ment. An objective study of day to day operations in the utility business will indicate that we have reached a reasonable degree of safety with respect to the hazards we can see, hear, feel, and smell. But what about those hazards that we cannot see, hear, feel, or smell, "the hidden hazards"? When was the last time one of your employees entered an excavation, underground structure, or confined atmo sphere without first testing for hidden haz ards? Fortunately, the odds are pretty good, so hidden hazards only catch up with us oc casionally. But when they do, it's usually a tragedy. The hidden hazards are: 1. Oxygen Deficiency. Standards require that the atmosphere should contain 19.5 per cent oxygen, and the remaining portion may contain any one or a mixture of inert, non combustible, non-toxic elements. 2. Combustible Vapors. These include all flammable vapors and gases which when mixed with the required air or oxygen will explode or propagate flame in the presence of a source of ignition. 3. Toxic Vapors. All vapors and gases which have been demonstrated to produce short and long term disease or bodily injury, to effect health adversely, to produce acute discomfort, or to endanger life of man or ani mal resulting from exposure via the respir atory tract,- skin, eye, mouth, or other route. It can be generally stated that any opera tion we perform in an excavation, under ground structure, or confined atmosphere may expose us to atmospheric hazards. Re cently, a sewer contractor installing a large interceptor line experienced an explosion and fire caused by an accumulation of to luene in the soil. The toluene had leaked from storage tanks and accumulated on the water table. As the ground water seeped into the excavation, the toluene vaporized and accumulated in the ditch atmosphere, as well as in the open ended sewer line. A spark from the backhoe provided the ignition. In another instance, telephone employees assigned to work in a cable vault tested the atmosphere for combustible vapors, with negative results. They entered the vault and proceeded with their work. A short time lat er, they were badly burned by an explosion. Removal of the vault cover had changed the natural flow of air in the system, and a com bustible vapor venting from the conduits was ignited. In yet another incident, a gas company employee entered a regulator pit and col lapsed. A second and third employee entered the pit to assist him and also collapsed. The cause of the tragedy was oxygen deficiency. During investigation of a reported flash fire in a residence, it was determined that a drain in the basement floor was connected to the city sanitary sewer without a trap. Com- 1 . IC XS' !^ i| 1 b rG d .*S Sc - *.fx228oC*Uo5*"25j3.V*s'i2<i--*G^or>aaUDucs3i-t.>-*^*~--B*cg>GO*egerigS0ia-*-t^,.\*.~o->.--1gSatcaa2>..-.&wg-ej5zoot3-gsf.*C:-sao(c=8..b2acaSi2a*>\.>,'jt.-.-$'XJ21Sc*OfnGcUwOooso3>oj..,1j,J*a5w3auOgOogSOyiOv*s5S.>Z.'^X*CQ2wM8vvUoSbVaSS-5->3..*<g,,48Rsacg*Q>c">Jl.. *"lS'3w*HH8OSotG3-o Gi_X--s-SO=R!o"GaaS.-3l3|*SUOoOS?*3s'3Ol!1XI*8aG*OfG83tJ. .VIS4^JCO25 o_IT*U=!QSfG30cO33lj>l-i--"2>gQPoS"DS3-Sl's.fO*.1spfcCJCvCa|oePM1.=|-2Qgs"2u5Sl3 ' s $ .bft. rOS 2O 3U J' 2' IX 8C SP nj >*5, LS ;-j3 : ~e :" ^ ' g-a o-.2 `2 O 2 *5 G, E ag,,sX &* G G II x^ i ! 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O g G X.P s Of p - _o u ,, o aoSg x <> w *G " O'*. O 3? C O. O - 5's s >U8 ^X o c O 1O G *o *.5S2 .`OS 3 *-> . ` g^i s E? 3 s b 8 x -G> T__3 *Rg g 8> ._2 1 3 C` 51 " VI. I6 3 Gx " I-^3 ..glies G g o s*SO y i> lill |S?' xb -ca "c o8s?. C >* PJJ -- GC 9 3 3 C in lV-^-13 ---0 >s g- guO J -a G G OX s H.a to ^ to b Eo X-r o o b 2 . ? D.X x *5 1973 National Safety Congress ing kits available. These kits normally consist of a sampling pump to draw the sample to be tested through a chemically filled detector tube. Detector tubes are available for each specific gas. Suggested Procedure for Testing Manholes & Underground Structures If the manhole cover contains vent holes, the first combustible gas indicator test should be conducted by inserting the probe into the confined atmosphere through a vent hole. Where no vent holes are present, the cover should be pried open on the down wind side just enough to allow the test probe to be in serted. Care should be exercised to avoid gen eration of friction sparks. The purpose of this initial test is to determine if any lighter than air combustibles have accumulated in the structure. Remove the cover and conduct C.G.I. tests from outside the structure of the atmosphere at the bottom, as well as adjacent to any pipes, conduits, or cables entering the struc ture. If the interior shape of the structure is irregular, tests should be conducted within any such confined atmospheres. If the C.G.I. tests are negative, a similar series of tests should be conducted to determine that the structure contains a safe oxygen level. If the atmosphere is free of combustibles and has adequate oxygen, the next test should be a check for the presence of carbon monoxide. If this is negative, then it would appear safe to enter the structure. The man entering the manhole should wear a life line, attended by at least one man on the surface prepared to remove him if required. Upon entering the structure, obser vations should be made for any unusual odors or physical sensations which might in dicate the presence of a toxic vapor. If work is to be conducted which requires a man to remain in an underground struc ture, then it is recommended that instru ments for continuous monitoring for both combustible vapors and oxygen deficiency be employed. If combustible vapors below the lower ex plosive limit are detected in an underground structure, forced air ventilation may be used to clear the structure; however, the preferred 4 procedure is to eliminate the source of the combustible vapor before working in the structure. If combustible vapors above the lower explosive level are detected, all source of ignition should' be eliminated and the structure ventilated. In instances where com bustible vapors above the explosive limit are detected, it must be recognized that natural or forced ventilation will create an explosive mixture in the structure before it is cleared, so all sources of ignition should be eliminat ed. Sanitary Landfills & Filled Marshes or Wetlands Before any projects are undertaken on such sites, a complete survey of the sub-soil atmosphere should be conducted. The sub soil at such sites may have low oxygen con tent and may be producing methane gas from trace quantities to 100 per cent gas in air, depending on their age and the type of material in or under the fill. In some instan ces hydrogen gas as well as methane has been detected. With such limitations, sites are rec ommended for use as parks or recreational areas. However, if the existing conditions are fully understood and taken into considera tion during the design stage, it may be possi ble to use such sites for building purposes. Tank Leakage, Spills & Disposal of Flammable Liquids A common source of combustible vapors found in the soil and underground structures can be traced to tank leakage, spills, and direct disposal of flammable liquids into the soil. Many of these materials will migrate to and float on the water table, where they may accumulate over an extended period of time. Tanks and containers for storage of flamma ble liquids should be of approved design and construction, cathodically protected, and be inspected regularly. These inspections can be accomplished by testing the soil under and around them with appropriate instruments or by hydrostatic tests of the tanks and associ ated piping. Whenever leakage is detected, the source should be eliminated and any re sulting reservoir in the soil should be effec tively removed. In the case of spills and direct disposal of flammable vapors into the soil or sewer systems, we need improved public and Public Utilities Sessions industry awareness of the hazards such prac tices create. Flammable liquids may remain in the soil for several years before they ap pear in excavations or underground struc tures. Determination of Unknown Gases Often in utility operations, we encounter unknown combustible gases and have no knowledge of their physical properties or source. There are several simple procedures and attachments to combustible gas indica tors which can be helpful. 1. Separation of gasoline vapors from nat ural gas or methane. One manufacturer builds this capability into a combustible gas indicator and separates the gases on the basis of variation in ignition temperatures. Several manufacturers provide accessory filters which filter out the heavier hydrocarbons. 2. Separation of natural gas from marsh or soil gas. Two manufacturers provide simple portable chromatographs which separate methane and ethane. Natural gas is actually a mixture of hydrocarbons, the two major components being methane and ethane. Soil or marsh gas is normally pure methane. If both methane and ethane are present, then it can be assumed the unknown is natural gas. However, if only methane is detected, it would indicate the unknown is a decomposi tion gas, such as soil or sewer gas. In the event that the above simple field procedures are not successful in determina tion of an unknown, then it is suggested that a sample be collected for laboratory analysis. The two most common methods of sample collection are by liquid displacement and vacuum bottle. Considerable care must be exercised in the method and materials cho sen, to avoid loss of the sample by solubility in the liquid, reaction with the liquid or con tainer, or impurities in the equipment em ployed. Summary Suggestions for Improving Safety in Pub lic Utility Operations are: 1. Develop a system safety approach to an alyze all phases of your operation for hidden hazards. 2. Provide Ventilation holes in the covers of all underground structures. 3. Education of supervisors in atmospheric hazards. 4. Education of employees in safe operat ing procedures. 5. Provide proper instrumentation for the detection of atmospheric hazards, and a pro gram that will insure their effective operation and accurate calibration in field use. 6. Training of employees in proper opera tion and maintenance of instruments for the detection of atmospheric hazards. 7. Public utility operators who have or use manholes or underground structures should inspect them regularly for atmospheric haz ards. Records of inspections should be main tained, and existence of any hazardous con ditions should be reported to other utilities, as well as to the local authorities. 8. 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S'r s X >s . w> U -- V Nx *- C eC 2M -,,3 .52 J^. --, oV. z o h u LU H 3 o o J u Cl. < UJ Q o o < Q o 5 xc Q J to Z* UJ oC zU 7^ * PQ <4 o u zo o A t oz < X u g C *g *J* _g 2 g w | ~rtg.epo2?go p j; 0 jo c 9 'S' x*5 &?. c- 1-1 ( ^? ^|ca $ 5 o x . s i.* [11! I ? S -w- TJ rt - o XOX JWS 3.{] S SV Sa>2a5 *0u2 'S35: 'w5al.TM5 >c.~~J1"1*i2w JO9.. w-QV xcCM X5to_ ol*5S XX .Sy Eu _qoe cb S a 85 Sg-lX "o E.iHal Sr sSaS^S^S ^S-sIw'SPS6 `r>2i=r-Sno!5 1973 National Safety Congress during 1972 was more than 53, we can as sume that not all those accidents were hot tar down someone's back. State highway crews had a rate of just over 17, indicating the awareness of state workmen to the hazard. Also from Accident Facts, we can note that property damage in motor vehicle accidents during 1972 was an estimated 86 billion. Mo tor vehicle accidents is the leading cause of accidental deaths in the nation. There is a motor vehicle accident every 15 seconds. That's why we need all this work area pro tection. Those crazy, fool drivers don't watch where they're going, and in the water utility industry we can't tolerate any more job inju ries than we already have. We don't get much real work done any more, what with all the safety standards and the necessity of in stalling work area protection, but we hope to reduce the hazards of working, especially along roadways, and reduce our frequency rate to something more reasonable. The Accident Prevention Committee of the American Water Works Association has a short safety talk on the subject of traffic warning devices which contains six points that might be well to remember: 1. Whenever possible, use a flagman when setting up or breaking down the work area. 2. Use more, rather than too little, warning equipment at the work area. 3. Anticipate the unexpected and irration al acts of motorists and pedestrians. 4. Do not use the same set-up on streets with fast-moving traffic as would be used on slow traffic streets. 5. Concentrate your warnings on the side vulnerable to the oncoming traffic. Park the crew truck between the work area and the oncoming traffic. 6. Keep all tools and materials within the confines of the protected work area. 28 OFFICERS OF THE PUBLIC UTILITIES SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1973-74 Genetal Chaiiman--Colon 1-'. Stani.ky. Safety Manager, General Telephone Co. of Florida. Tampa, Via. First 1 "tce-Chemman--John R. Yf.aman, Jr.. Division Safety Engineer, Virginia Electric & Power Co., Alexandria. Ya. Second Vice-Chairman--Ernest G. Shearer, Director, Training & Safety Education, Indiana Statewide R. E. G., Indianapolis. Ind. Secretary--Gerai.d R. Thomas. Safety Director. Columbus & Southern Ohio Electric Co., Columbus. Ohio Program Committee--Richard J. Ouriiant (Chairman), Safety Director, Denver Water Dept., Denver, Colo.; G. Benton Nicholas (Vice Chairman-Electric), Supervisor, Safely Engineering Services, Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattanooga, Tcnn.; Jack B. O'Neill (Vice Chairman-Gas). Director of Safety, Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corp., Houston. Tex.; Louts M. Ellison (Vice Chairman-Communications), Stall'Director, Employee Safety & Benefits. United Telecommunications, Inc., Kansas City, Mo.; Darrel R. Barnes -(Vice Chairman-Water). Safety Director, City of Colorado Springs. Dept, of Utilities, Colorado Springs, Colo. Technical Publications Commillct--Prank E. Johnson (Chairman), Loss Prevention Training, Administrator, General Telephone Co. of Michigan. Muskegon, Mieh.; Hiram G. Tripp (Vice Chairman-Electric). Safety Director, Chattanooga Electric Power Board, Chattanooga, Tenn.; Jack B. O'Neill (Vice Chairman-Gas), Director of Safety, Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corp., Houston. Texas; Frank E. Johnson (Vice Chairman-Communications), Loss Prevention Training Administrator, General Tele phone Co. of Michigan. Muskegon. Mich.; Howard G. Hosted (Vice ChairmanWater), Safety Engineer, Dept, of Water & Power. City or Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif.; *J. E. Apple, Safety Engineer, Commonwealth Edison Co.. Chicago, 111. Training Committee--Ralph J. Richey (Chairman), Staff Supervisor-Safety, AT&T Long Lines Dept., Pittsburgh, Pa.; Wendell K. Stevens (Vice Chairman), Plant Stafr Supervisor, Indiana Bell Telephone Co., Indianapolis, Ind.; Carl IV. Luckowiak, Plant Supervisor-Safety, Wisconsin Telephone Co., Milwaukee, Wis.; Eugene Mire, Safety Specialist, Columbia Gulf Transmission Corp., Houston, Tex.; Edgar E. Kimball Jr., Safety Counselor, New Orleans Public Service, Inc., New Orleans, La.; Charles J. Poi'kk, Safety Director. The L. E. Myers Co.. Chicago, III.; Richard Schafstall, Supervisor of Safety, Education and Training, The Cincinnati Gas & Electric Co., Cincinnati, Ohio; Jack E. Lacey. Safety Engineer-Gas, Public Service Electric & Gas Co.. Newark. N.J.; Donald H. Marshall, Manager, EmployeeCommunity Relations. Si. Louis County Water Co., St. Louis, Mo.; Marvin O. Nelson, Safety Coordinator, National Rural Elccuic Co-operative Assn., Washington, 29 OJf-The-Job Safety Committee--Vern A. Siixf.rt (Chairman), Loss Prevention Manager, GTE Service Corp., Stamford, Conn.; Tom J. O'Donneix (Vice Chairman), Safety Director, El Paso Natural Gas Co., El Paso, Tex.; T. O. Gili., Assistant ManagerSafety, Texas Power & Light Co., Dallas, Tex. Membership Committee--Edmund J. Kei.i.y (Chairman), Operations Staff Supervisor-Safety, A. T. & T. Co.-Long Lines, Somerset, N.J.; Ernest W. Traut (Vice Chairman), Safety Director, General Telephone Co. of Pennsylvania, Erie, Pa. Industrial Hygiene Committee--Clarence O. Lind (Chain..an), Company Safety Coordinator, Illinois Bell Telephone Co., Chicago, III.; G. Benton Nicholas (Vice Chairman), Supervisor, Safety Engineering Services. Tennessee Valley Authority, Division of Power Production, Chattanooga, Tenn.; Dave Trayer, Supervisor, Hygiene Special Projects, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Ala. Audio Visual & '/'raining Aids Committee--Bruce G. Gai.lacher (Chairman), Safety Co ordinator, Ontario Hydro, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; A. L. Furanna, General Manager, Public Utilities Commission, London, Ontario, Canada; Charles H. Tupper, Director, Safety Dept., International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Washington, D.C.; Hugh Burke, Training & Safety Supervisor, Dairyland Power Cooperative, La Crosse, Wis. Contests & Awards Committer--H. E. Spaulding (Chairman), Safely Director, Central Vermont Public Service Corp., Rutland, Vt.; James G. Anderson (Vice Chairman), Safety Director, Arkansas Louisiana Gas Co., Shreveport, La; Robert S. Shierry, Distribution Manager, Northern Illinois Water Corp., Champaign, 111. Publicity Committee--William W. Williford (Chairman), Safety Methods Supervisor, The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Companies, Washington, D.C.; T. L. Powers (Vice Chairman). Consultant. Upper Montclair, N.J. Newsletter Committee--Rigiiard V. Moi.en (Editor), Manager, Safety Planning & Analysis, Con Edison, New York, N.Y.; J. Wesley Sammis (Associate Editor), Assistant Man ager-Safety, Philadelphia Electric Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. Research Committee--Ashby B. Randolph (Chairman), Manager of Safety, Consolidated Gas Supply Corp., Clarksburg, W. Va,; George E. Jones, Operations Safety Co ordinator, Minneapolis Gas Co., Minneapolis, Minn.; Norman R. Daneelt, ManagerSafety, Metropolitan Edison Co., Reading, Pa.; Robert S. Horn, Director, Job Training & Safety, Pennsylvania Rural Electric Association, Harrisburg, Pa.; William J. Bryan. Senior Safety Coordinator, Michigan Wisconsin Pipe Line Co.. Detroit, Mich. Nominating Committee--`Robert H. Ward (Chairman), Safety Director, Omaha Public Power District. Omaha. Neb.; `Robert F. Mills, Consultant, 140 Hemlock Way, Broomfield, Colo.; *B. J. Lorenz. Manager of Safety, Northern Indiana Public Service Co., Hammond. Ind.; `Charles W. Sgiiweighart, President, Hoosier En gineering Co.. Dublin. Ohio; `Paul Windsor. Consultant. 247 E. Chestnut St., Apt. 1204. Chicago. 111. bOfill Cameron Award Coordinator--Ernest G. Shearer (Chairman) 30 Special Rejrreseutatires--American Gas Association, Ashby B. Randolph; Canadian Electrical Association. Bruce G. Gallagher; National Job Training & Safety Association. Ernest G. Shearer; National Rural Electric Cooperative Association. Marvin O. Nelson: American Public Power Association. Hiram G. Tripp; American Water Works Association, Richard J. Oliphant; Harry W. Becker (Alternate) Safety Director. A. W. W. A.. New York. N.Y. ' Staff Re/ttesenlalwt--Ralph M. Coe. National Safety Council. 425 N. Michigan Ave.. Chicago. 111. GOG 11 ' `Past General Chairman 31 National Safety Council A Membership Organization Dedicated to Protecting Life and Promoting Health March 21, 2001 Baron & Budd, P.C. The Centrum 3102 Oak Lawn Avenue, Ste. 1100 Dallas, TX 75219-4281 To Whom It May Concern: The attached records are kept and maintained in the regular course of business of the National Safety Council, and it is the regular course of business of the National Safety Council to keep and maintain the attached records. The attached photocopied material is an authentic reproduction of an original file copy of: NATIONAL SAFETY COLNCIL CONGRESS TRANSACTIONS 1973, VOLUMES 1-5, 7-23, 25-28. National Safety Council, Chicago, IL. Respectfully, Robert J. Marecek Manager, Library 1121 Spring Lake Drive Itasca. IL 60143-3201 (630) 285-1121 FAX (630) 285-1315 SAFETY ) AIR bag SAFETY: BUCKLE EVERYONE! CHILDREN IN BACK! http: .www.nsc.org