Document dnGqEjBQbDym8J62r8xYR4D65

346 NOTES TO PAGES 255-61 on humans without first checking and rechecking the results in animal tests" ("Ergebnisse," p. 113). Brehmer after the war claimed that his life had been threatened, his speeches and publications banned, and that he had been put under. Gestapo surveillance; see his "Siphonospira", p. 170. 16. Borst and Gruneisen, "Niederschrift liber die Mitgliederversammlung des Reichsausschusses fur Krebsbekampfung am l.Dezember 1933," E 1498, THW. 17. "Geschaftsbericht," R86 2764, BAK; A. Rothacker and H. Degler, "Das magische Reis und seine Probleme," Hippokrates 8 (1937): 331-58. 18. "Mitteilungen," Monatsschrift fur Krebsbekdntpfung 5 (1937): 116. The court also ruled that it was the duty of every German to alert the police to anyone's trying to sell such devices. 19. "Mitteilungen," Monatsschrift fur Krebsbekampfung 9 (1941): 159. 20. Goebbels, Tagebiicher, p. 651 (entry for May 20,1941). 21. "Mitteilungen," Monatsschrift fur Krebsbekampfung 9 (1941): 219. 22. See Albert Hellwig, "Keine Krebsbehandlungen durch Nichtarzte," Arzteblatt fur das Sudetenland, no. 13 (1941), reporting on a three-year sentence imposed on a quack healer. 23. Werberat, Volksgesundheit und Werbung, p. 28. 24. Auler, Der Krebs und seine Bekampfung, p. 4. 25. Werberat, Volksgesundheit und Werbung, pp. 7-10. 26. Ibid., p. 33; the words are those of Heinrich Hunke. 27. Hans Auler and Heinrich Martius, Diagnostik der bosartigen Geschwulste (Munich: Lehmann, 1943), preface. 28. See my Cancer Wars, pp. 36-48. 29. "Referate: Geschwulst," Monatsschriftfiir Unfallheilkunde 46 (1939): 280- 81; Dietrich, "Krebs als Kriegsfolge." 30. Deichmann, Biologen unter Hitler, pp. 126-29. This ruse of using cancer research to obtain military deferment was apparently practiced often enough to raise some eyebrows: Richard Kuhn in October of 1942 informed the Reich Research Council that "work in the cancer area ... should not automatically disqualify one from military service" (ibid., p. 126). 31. Himmler pointed out that as of February 20,1945, there were 28,145 KZ prisoners over the age of fifty and 4,898 over the age of sixty (it is clear he is talking only about camps on German soil--though he does point out that the recent "clearing" of Auschwitz and Monowitz may have elevated the German figures). Himmler in January of 1945 had asked Grawitz to test certain cancer chemotherapeutic agents at Joachim Mrugowski's Hygiene Institut der Waffen-SS; Grawitz had already had Hermann Druckrey test a bismuth compound known as "del Franco" in 1944. Druckrey tested dozens of other substances in his capacity as senior adviser on toxicology for the Wehrmacht; see Grawitz file, BDC. I would like to thank Ulf Schmidt for drawing these files to my attention. 32. Himmler to Grawitz, n.d. (after February 20,1945), Grawitz file, BDC. 33. Blome was a doctoral student under Reich Health Office chief Hans Reiter and, like Reiter, sported dueling scars from his student days. Blome also NOTES TO PAGES 261-63 347 was an ardent antisemite and friendly with Weimar foreign minister Walther Rathenau's murderers; ten years prior to the Machtergreifung he was already distributing Nazi propaganda in his office for his patients to read; see his Arzt im Kampf--Erlebnisse und Gedanken (Leipzig: Barth, 1942), pp. 25,130, 220, 242; Peter-Ferdinand Koch, Menschenversuche (Munich: Piper, 1996), pp. 206-26. Ferdinand Lonne suggested to Blome the need for a centralized institute in 1938; see Blome, "Krebsforschung," p. 411. The Reich Institute for Cancer Rer search was administered by the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft and included on its board of directors, apart from Mentzel and Blome: Prof. Erich Schumann, head of the Abteilung Wissenschaft im Oberkommando der Wehrmacht; C. H. Lasch, deputy director of the Landesverbande fur Geschwulstforschung in Berlin; Ernst Telschow, general director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft; Kurt Huchzermeyer of the NSDAP's Public Health Office for the Reichsgau Wartheland; and Harms Streit, Kurator der Reichsuniversitat, Posen ("Satzung des Zentralinstituts fiir Krebsforschung e.V." June 18, 1942, R2/12540 BAK). Keitel approved the facility (Klee, Auschwitz, pp. 87-93). Hermann Goring named Kurt Blome Bevollmachtigter fur Krebsforschung in April of 1943. For further background, see Deichmann's excellent Biologen, pp. 211-24. 34. Ramm, "Systematische Krebsbekampfung." 35. Joan Austoker, A History of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund 1902-1986 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988). 36. Friedrich Hansen, Biologische Kriegsfuhrung im Dritten Reich (Frankfurt: Campus, 1993). 37. Gotz Aly, "Die schwarze Ratte im U-Boot," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, March 9,1994; Klee, Auschwitz, pp. 87-93. 38. Other scientists appointed to the institute included Dr. (Bodo?) Trappe, as Oberassistent, and a Dr. Dehn, responsible for animal experiments. Not everyone at the institute had suspicious origins--Friedrich Holtz, for example, had been head of the physical chemistry laboratory of Berlin's Allgemeines Institut gegen die Geschwulstkrankheiten (from 1935 to 1938) prior to being named director of the Nesselstedt facility in 1943; his primary research focus in the 1930s was on cancers caused by ultraviolet light (Hansen, Biologische Kriegsfuhrung, pp. 141-52). 39. Ibid., pp. 158-61. 40. Klee states that experiments on Russian POWs "probably were per formed" at Nesselstedt (Auschwitz, p. 88). Blome was recruited in 1951 to work for the U.S. Army Chemical Corps under its secret "Project 63"; he had been acquitted of wrongdoing in Nuremberg (his incriminating interrogation by U.S. intelligence officials had not been admitted as evidence), but the U.S. con sul in Frankfurt ruled him inadmissible for immigration on the basis of the intelligence report. Blome eventually agreed to work as a Project 63 physician at Camp King; see Linda Hunt, Secret Agenda: The United States Government, Nazi Scientists, and Project Paperclip, 1945 to 1990 (New York: St. Martin's, 1991), pp. 180-81. Blome helped with Himmler's plan to develop a vaccine against the rinderpest virus at the Reich Research Institute on the island of Riems; Riems was captured by the Russians in 1945 and reestablished as a biowarfare