Document dD2jdVMK3Ly754xdzxmnwMqz5

A acute adenocanthoma adenocarcinoma adenofibrosis adenoma adenomatoid adenomatous adenosis adipose tissue adjuvant therapy adrenal cortical steroids adrenal aland aerosol albino alkaline alkvlatine agent APPENDIX E GLOSSARY in animal testing, pertains to administration of an agent in a single dose; not to be confused with the clinical term for a disease having a short and relatively severe course an adenocarcinoma in which some or the majority of the cells exhibit squamous (scaly or plate-like) differentiation a malignant tumor arising from the glandular epithelial tissue fibroid change in a gland a benign neoplasm of glandular epithelial tissue resembling an adenoma pertaining to adenoma or to nodular hyperplasia of a gland any disease of the glands [Adenosis of the breast = fibrocystic disease] fatty tissue therapy involving both a primary therapeutic agent and an additional material that enhances the action of the primary agent steroid hormones produced in the cortex of the adrenal gland a hormone-secreting organ located above each kidney a dispensed suspension of fine particles in gas an organism exhibiting deficient pigmentation in skin, eyes, and/or hair basic (as opposed to acidic); a material whose index of acidity (pH) is above 7 a substance that causes the incorporation of single-bonded carbon atoms into another molecule NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGEN'S 001 PBS alveoli ambient air concentration amenorrhea amine amyloidosis anabolic steroid analgesic analogue analytical grade androgen anemia anesthetic angiosarcoma anionic Glossary (Continued) usually referring to small, sac-like pouches in the portion of the lungs where gas exchange with the blood occurs; also, sac-like structures in the jaws where the teeth arise or in certain glands the concentration of a material in air outside of buildings, that is, air to which the general public is exposed the absence or abnormal cessation of menstruation an organic compound that may be derived from ammonia (NH.O by the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms (H) by hydrocarbon groups or other chemical moieties; replacing one, two, or three hydrogen atoms gives primary, secondary, or tertiary amines, respectively; if a fourth group is added to a tertiary amine (R3N), the compound formed is called a quaternary amine (R4N+) and the nitrogen carries a positive charge the accumulation of amyloid, an abnormal complex material probably comprised of protein and a carbohydrate, in body tissues a synthetic derivative of testosterone, a male sex hormone; used principally to promote growth and repair of body tissues in senility, debilitating illness, and convalescence a pain-relieving agent that does not cause loss of consciousness 1. one of two organs or parts in different species of animals or plants that differ in structure or development but are similar in function 2. a compound that resembles another in structure; may be an isomer, but not necessarily the highest available purity of a chemical a substance that enhances masculine characteristics a condition in which the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in a given volume of blood is less than normal a substance used to prevent the sensation of pain a type of malignant tumor containing many fine blood vessels pertains to an ion that carries a negative charge, e.g., chloride (Cf), sulfate (S042"), and acetate (CH3CO2); anions form salts with cations other than H+; the corresponding acids are formed when combined with H+ ions NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS G01?!i0 ankylosing spondylitis antibiotic anticonvulsant antieoileptic anti-inflammatorv antimicrobial antineoplastic antioxidant antipyretic antiseptic aorta aplastic anemia apoptosis aauaculture aaueous aromatic hydrocarbon arsenical Glossary (Continued) inflammation of the vertebrae, accompanied by inflammation and degeneration of connective tissue a chemical substance, produced by an organism, which is capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of other organisms. a substance that lessens the severity of convulsions a substance that lessens the severity of epileptic seizures counteracting or suppressing inflammation, which is characterized by heat, redness, edema, and pain in the involved part of the body a substance that kills microorganisms or arrests their multiplication or growth or otherwise prevents their pathogenic action; microbes include bacteria, fungi, and protozoa inhibiting the survival and proliferation of malignant tumors a substance that inhibits chemical oxidation of another material a substance that relieves or reduces fever a substance that inhibits the growth of microorganisms on living tissue the major artery that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries throughout the body a severe form of anemia that is characterized by decreased maturation of stem cells and is generally unresponsive to therapy cell deletion by fragmentation into membrane-bound particles which are phagocytosed by other cells the production of food by growing plants or animals in water containing water as one component an organic chemical compound formed primarily from carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms with a structure based on benzene rings AND resembling benzene in chemical behavior; substituents on the rings(s) may contain atoms other than C or H a compound containing arsenic NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS ^ k- 1 P.Qj arterial auditorv sebaceous eland autoimmune disease autoimmune hemolytic anemia azeotroDe the azide azo- B bactericide bacterioDhaee bacteriostat barbiturate benien tumor bile bile duct bioaccumulation bioassav Glossary (Continued) relating to one or more arteries or to the entire system of arteries a gland that secretes an oily substance and that is located in the inner layer of the ear's skin a condition in which one's own body or its components are subject to deleterious effects of its immune system anemia that occurs in some autoimmune diseases a mixture of two liquids that boils without change in proportion of two liquids, either in the liquid or the vapor phase a compound that contains the monovalent -N3 group a prefix denoting the presence in a molecule of the group -N=N- (see also diazo-) an agent (e.g., heat light, osmotic pressure) or a chemical that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth a virus with specific affinity for bacteria an agent that inhibits the growth of bacteria a drug used as a sedative or hypnotic an abnormal mass of tissue that does not spread and that is not lifethreatening a fluid produced in the liver that helps digest fat a tube through which bile passes from the liver to the small intestine the process by which a material in an organism's environment progressively concentrates within the organism the determination of the potency or concentration of a compound by its effect upon animals, isolated tissues, or microorganisms, as compared with a chemical or physical assay NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS bioavailabilitv biodeeradation blastocvst blood dvscrasia blood-producing tissue bowel breakdown Droduct bronchiole bronchoalveolar bronchogenic buffer c cancer carbonization carcinogen carcinogenesis Glossary (Continued) the extent to which an organism will metabolize material, as opposed to allowing it to pass through unchanged without altering the organism's physiology biotransformation; the conversion within an organism of molecules from one form to another, a change often associated with change in pharmacologic activity an early stage of embryonic development consisting of a ball of developing cells surrounding a central cavity any abnormal condition of the blood tissues in which blood elements are formed include the red bone marrow, spleen, liver, and thymus the intestine, or the part of the digestive tract extending from the stomach to the anus a chemical derived from a parent compound that has been altered, usually by heat, light, or enzymes a small division of a bronchus (lung airway) bronchovesicular; relating to the bronchial tubes and alveoli in the lungs originating in one of the larger air passages in the lung a mixture of an acid and its conjugate base that, when present in a solution, reduces any changes in pH that would otherwise occur in the solution when acid or alkali is added to it a general term used to indicate any of various types of malignant neoplasms the process of converting an organic compound to carbon or to a carbonic residue any cancer-producing substance the process by which normal tissue becomes cancerous NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS carcinogenicity carcinoma carcinostatic cardiovascular catalyze case-control study cation CBI Aggregate ceiling limit central nervous system fCNS) centromere cervix chelation chemical intermediate chemosterilant Glossary (Continued) the power, ability, or tendency to produce cancerous tissue from normal tissue a malignant neoplasm of the epithelium checking the growth of a carcinoma of, relating to, or involving the heart and blood vessels to induce a modification in the rate of a chemical reaction using material that usually remains unchanged at the end of the reaction an investigation in which select cases with a specific diagnosis (usually cancer) are compared to individuals from the same or related population(s) without the diagnosis an ion carrying a charge of positive electricity a quantitative range used to identify relative production of chemicals; though the exact amounts have been disclosed to the Environmental Protection Agency, these are considered confidential business information and cannot be precisely disclosed the concentration of a substance that should not be exceeded, even for an instant the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord the point of attachment of the two chromatids of a chromosome a necklike structure or constriction; most often used to refer to the neck of the uterus a complex formation involving a metal ion and two or more polar groupings of a single molecule; chelation can be used to remove an ion from participation in biological reactions, as in the chelation of Ca2+ in blood by EDTA a chemical formed or used during the process of producing another chemical a chemical compound that causes an organism to become sterile after exposure to it NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS GO IP chemotherapy chirality cholangiocarcinoma cholangiocellular chromatid chromatin chronic circulatory system cirrhosis clastogen climacteric clitoral gland clone coagulant coagulate coagulative Glossary (Continued) the treatment of disease with chemical agents the property of nonidentity of an object with its mirror image; used in chemistry with respect to stereochemical isomers; a chiral object has a mirror image that is different from the original object a carcinoma of the bile duct of or pertaining to the gallbladder or bile duct each of the two strands formed by the duplication of a chromosome during mitosis or meiosis the genetic material of the nucleus, consisting of DNA and nuclear proteins found in chromosomes continuing for a long time the system consisting of the blood, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and heart; involved in circulating blood and lymph throughout the body a chronic disease of the liver characterized by inflammation, pain, and jaundice (a yellowishness of the skin) an agent capable of causing breakage of chromosomes the syndrome of physiological and psychological changes occurring at menopause a small, elongated, erectile body situated at the front of the vulva (external parts of female sexual organs) a colony or group of organisms, or a colony of cells derived from a single organism or cell by asexual reproduction, all having identical characteristics an agent that causes, stimulates, or accelerates coagulation, especially with reference to blood to convert a fluid or a substance in solution into a solid or gel coagulant; causing coagulation NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS coal distillation cocarcinoeenic codon cohort studies colon colorectal commercial grade congenital conjugated conjunctiva connective tissue contaminant copolymer corpus uteri corticosteroids cross-linking Glossary (Continued) the separation of the components of coal by gradually increased heating and removal of the components as they gassify at different boiling point an agent that is not carcinogenic itself, but enhances the activity of another agent that is carcinogenic a sequence of three nucleotides in a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a specific amino acid a study of a group of people matched against a second group similar to it except for one factor (usually the suspected cause of a disease) the part of the large intestine extending from the cecum (pouch in which the large intestine begins) to the rectum (terminal portion of the digestive tube) relating to the colon and rectum, or to the entire large bowel less than the purest available form of a chemical; the purity normally produced for and adequate for commercial uses existing from birth bound together; in organic chemistry, conjugated refers to a molecular structure or substructure containing alternating double and single bonds between pairs of adjacent atoms the membrane that lines the eyelid and covers part of the eyeball a tissue that connects, supports, or surrounds other tissues or organs an impurity; in the environment, a chemical that is not ordinarily present and that may have deleterious effects a chemical (polymer) made up of repetitive subunits (monomers) that are not all alike the main part of the uterus adrenal cortex hormones the extension of chemical bonds in more than one direction (not just linearly); serves to strengthen polymers NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS 01 Q G cystitis cytochrome cvtolosy cytomegalic cytometry cytotoxic D DL- defoliant dermal penetration dermatitis dermatomvcosis dermatomvositis dermis desiccator diabetes Glossary (Continued) an inflammation of the urinary bladder a class of hemoprotein whose principal biological function is electron and/or hydrogen transport the study of cells, their origin, structure, function, and abnormalities denoting or characterized by markedly enlarged cells the counting of cells, especially blood cells, using a cytometer or hemocytometer having a poisonous effect on cells used separately, prefixes of D- for dextrorotary (rotated to the right) and L- for levorotary (rotated to the left) before the same chemical name refer to designations for optically active isomers that are chemically identical but that rotate plane polarized light in opposite directions; the isomers are mirror images of each other; when used together, DL-designates a racemic mixture of the two isomers, whose optical activities cancel each others' a chemical spray or dust that causes leaves to drop off plants prematurely the act of entering the body by penetrating the layers of the skin an inflammation of the skin a superficial infection of the skin by fungi an inflammation of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscles, involving death of muscle fibers the sensitive inner layer of the skin in the laboratory, a heavy glass container from which moisture is removed by vacuum or chemicals a disease in which the body's ability to use sugar is impaired and which usually involves the abnormal appearance of sugar in the urine; characterized by excessive urination NINTH REPORT OA CARCINOGENS 001 ?CS? diamine diazodimer distant tumor distillation dose-response relationship duodenum dysfunctional uterine bleeding dysplasia E eczema edema effluent electrolyte electrophile Glossary (Continued) an organic compound containing two amine groups, e.g., ethylenediamine, H2NCH2CH2NH2 a prefix denoting a compound containing the -N'N- or -N=N+ group (see also azo-) a compound or unit produced by the combination of two like molecules a tumor located far from the point at which abnormal growth originated the separation or purification of the components of a material by gradually increased heating and removal of the components that gassify at different boiling points a relationship between several doses or concentrations of a chemical, biological, or physical agent to which an organism is exposed and the degree of the desired or other monitored effect the first division of the small intestine; about 25 cm in length abnormal bleeding of the uterus abnormal tissue development an inflammation of the outer layer of skin, characterized by redness, itching, crusting, and scaling an accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in cells, tissues, or serous cavities wastewater discharged from a treatment plant, sewer, or industrial outfall into the environment, usually to surface waters a substance such as sodium chloride (NaCl) that dissociates into ions when fused (melted) or in solution, thereby becoming capable of conducting an electric current the electron-attracting atom or agent in an organic reaction NINTH REFORT ON CARCINOGENS 00 i 9q3 electrophilic emulsifier endogenous endometrium end use Entamoeba histolvtica enteritis environmental fate enzvme ependvmoblastoma epidemiology epidermis epilepsy epineuroendothelioma epithelial epithelium ervthroblast Glossary (Continued) relating to an electrophile an agent that causes the dispersion of one insoluble fluid within another originating within an organism the mucous membrane lining of the uterus the final intended purpose for a chemical or an item a microorganism that causes disease, particularly of the digestive tract a chronic inflammatory disease involving any part of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the small intestine the distribution and transformation of a chemical from its first release until its ultimate removal from or recycling through the environment a protein produced in organisms capable of accelerating a particular biochemical reaction; a biological catalyst a malignant tumor composed of primitive ependymal cells; tumor classified as a malignant ependymoma by some pathologists; the ependyma membrane lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord a science concerned with the occurrence and distribution of disease in populations the outer layer of skin a neurological disease usually characterized by seizures involving convulsions and loss of consciousness a tumor originating from the endothelium and situated upon a neural arch relating to or consisting of epithelium the tissue that covers internal and external surfaces of the body a term denoting all forms of human red blood cells containing a nucleus NINTH REPORT OH CARCINOGENS 0 0 ! 0 Cj 0 ervthroblastemia ervthroblastoDenia erythroblastosis erythrocyte esophagus estrogen estrogen-responsive tissues estrus eukaryote eukaryotic Ewing's sarcoma exogenous F feedstock fibroadenoma fibrocarcinoma fibroma fibrosarcoma Glossary (Continued) the presence of nucleated red cells in the peripheral blood a primary deficiency of erythroblasts in bone marrow; seen in aplastic anemia the presence of many erythroblasts in blood red blood cell or corpuscule; a mature red blood cell the passage through which food travels from the throat to the stomach any of a group of female sex hormones those tissues affected by the presence of estrogens the cycle of changes in the genital tract; produced as a result of ovarian hormonal activity an organism whose cells contain a limiting membrane around the nuclear material and which undergoes mitosis pertaining to a eukaryote a malignant tumor of the bone marrow, accompanied by pain and fever originating outside the organism the raw material supplied to a processing plant for use as the beginning chemicals for reactions that eventually create an end product a benign neoplasm that contains fibrous tissue a carcinoma with a hard structure due to the formation of dense connective tissue a benign neoplasm comprised mainly of fibrous or connective tissue a malignant neoplasm derived from fibrous connective tissue A INTH REPORT OH CARCINOGENS Gv ? 0 g G flammable flocculation follicular cell forestomach fumigant fungicide fungistatic fungus G gallbladder gastric (stomach) intubation gastrointestinal tract gavage gene genitourinary Glossary (Continued) that which will burn readily or continuously precipitation from solution in the form of fleecy masses; the process of becoming flocculent a modified epithelial cell that secretes fluid a nonglandular section of the stomach in certain mammals (e.g., rats and mice); not found in humans a pesticide in vapor or gaseous form used to kill pests or disinfect materials a pesticide used to control, prevent, or kill fungi inhibiting the growth of fungi a lower plant that feeds on other organic matter and lacks the chlorophyll and tissue differentiation of higher plants a reservoir for bile; located near the liver in research, the insertion of a tube through the mouth into the stomach of test animals to administer a substance under study; also called gavage and oral intubation; in larger animals and human medical patients, a gastric tube can also be inserted through a nasal passage to administer or withdraw substances from the stomach the part of the digestive system comprised of the stomach and intestine in animal experiments, the introduction of material through a tube passed through the mouth into the stomach a unit of hereditary information; the portion of a DNA molecule which contains, coded in its nucleotide sequence, the information required to determine the amino acid sequence of a single polypeptide chain pertaining to the genital and urinary organs NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS 01* 13 a 2 genotype geothermal germ cells gestation Giardia lamblia gland glandular stomach glioma gliosarcoma glomerulonephritis gonadal dysgenesis grand mal epilepsy granulocyte H half-life Glossary (Continued) genetic constitution of an individual of or relating to the heat of the earth's interior surface cells which give rise to the male and female gametes (the sperm and ova) pregnancy; in mammals, the period during which the young develops between the egg's fertilization and birth a microorganism causing gastrointestinal infection in humans an aggregation of cells, specialized to secrete or excrete certain biologically important materials the portion of the stomach in which the gastric juices are secreted any neoplasm derived from one of the various types of cells that form the interstitial tissue of the brain, spinal cord, pineal gland, posterior pituitary gland, and retina; e.g., astroblastoma, astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme, ganglioglioma, spongioblastoma polare, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, oligodenroglioma, etc. a glioma consisting of immature, undifferentiated, pleomorphic, spindle-shaped cells with relatively large, hyperchromatic, frequently bizarre nuclei and poorly formed fibrillary processes; sometimes used as a term for a malignant neoplasm derived from connective tissue in which there are proliferating glial cells a disease characterized by inflammation of blood vessels in the kidneys impaired development of the gonads an extreme form of epilepsy, with seizures involving loss of consciousness and generalized convulsions a mature granular leukocyte the time required for a substance to be reduced to one-half its present value through degradation or through elimination from an organism NINTH REPORT OK CARCINOGENS 001 Glossary (Continued) hamartoma a focal malformation that resembles a neoplasm, grossly and even microscopically, but results from faulty development in an organ; it is composed of an abnormal mixture of tissue elements, or an abnormal proportion of a single element, normally present in that site which develop and grow at virtually the same rate as normal components, and are not likely to result in compression of adjacent tissue (in contrast to neoplastic tissue). hard oalate the bony front portion of the partition separating the mouth from the nasal cavity harderian elands in some animals, accessory tear glands excreting a fluid that facilitates movement of the third eyelid, an extra fold of skin in the eye hemaneioendothelioma a hemangioma principally comprised of endothelial cells hemaneioendotheliosarcoma a hemangiosarcoma--a malignant tumor formed by proliferation of endothelial and fibroblastic tissue hemaneioma a benign tumor made up of newly-formed blood vessels hemaneiosarcoma a rare malignant neoplasm composed of cells from connective tissue and endothelial cells from blood vessels hematopoietic pertaining to or affecting the formation of blood cells heme the prosthetic, oxygen-carrying, color-furnishing constituent of hemoglobin hemoelobin the red, respiratory protein of erythrocytes; transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues hepatic pertaining to the liver hepatitis an inflammation of the liver hepatocarcinoma hepatocellular carcinoma hepatocellular pertaining to cells of the liver hepatocvte a parenchymal liver cell hepatoma a tumor of the liver herbicide heteroolasia histology histoma histooathogenesis Hodgkin's disease hormone hydrolysis hydrolyze hvdroxvl hvdroxvlation hyperplasia hyperthyroidism hypnotic Glossary (Continued) an agent that is destructive to plants the development of cytologic and histologic elements that are not normal for the organ or part in question, as the growth of bone in a site where there is normally fibrous connective tissue; see also metaplasia the branch of anatomy that deals with microscopic structure, composition, and function of tissues histioma; a benign neoplasm in which the cytologic and histologic elements are closely similar to those of normal tissue from which the neoplastic cells are derived abnormal embryonic development or growth of tissue a lymph system cancer characterized by painless, progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissues any of various chemical substances that are produced by the endocrine glands and that have specific regulatory effects on the activity of certain organs a chemical process whereby a compound is cleaved into two or more simpler compounds with the uptake of the H and OH parts of a water molecule on either side of the chemical bond cleaved to subject to hydrolysis the atom group or radical, OH the placing of a hydroxyl group on a compound in a position where one did not exist before an increase in the size of a tissue or organ due to an increased number of cells excessive activity of the thyroid gland and the resultant pathological condition characterized by increased metabolism, enlargement of the thyroid gland, rapid heart rate, and high blood pressure sleep-inducing; also, a drug that induces sleep NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS GO 1304 hvpoeonadism (hypogenitalism) hypotensive I ignitable ileum immunosuppression imDlantation incidence inhalation initiator injection site inorganic Glossary (Continued) a condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development causing a decrease in blood pressure capable of causing a fire or of burning; hazardous wastes in this RCRA category (D001) include liquids with flash points less than 60EC (140EF) (closed cup method); solids capable of causing fire through friction, absorption of moisture, or spontaneous chemical changes and which burn vigorously and persistently; chemical oxidizers; or ignitable compressed gases as defined in 49 CFR 173.300 the third portion of the small intestine, about 12 feet long, extending from the junction with the jejunum to the ileocecal opening artificial prevention or diminution of the [natural] immune response, e.g., by irradiation or by administration of substances such as pharmaceutical antimetabolites or specific antibodies to prevent sensitization; immunosuppression or immunodeficiency may also be used to describe the condition of acquired or congenital lowered immune response the insertion of a mass of material into an organism at a fixed site from which the mass does not move except by dissolving in the body fluids the number of new cases of a disease in a population over a period of time the drawing of air or other substances into the lungs a chemical that permanently alters a cell or group of cells and, in the case of carcinogens, is tumor-producing the site, usually in the skin, at which an agent is injected into an organism; this site may exhibit effects resulting from exposure to the agent combined with tissue injury from the injection syringe pertaining to materials or chemicals that do not contain carbon (for instance, glass or table salt) A7A'TH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS G ? 3 Cs 5 insoluble integument integumentary system intra-abdominal intrabronchial intragastric intramedullary intramuscular (i.m.) injection intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection intrapleural intratracheal intravenous (i.v.) injection intravesicular in utero invasive iron deficiency anemia Glossary (Continued) incapable of being dissolved in a particular solvent the rind, capsule, or covering of any body or part an enveloping layer (as a skin or membrane) of an organism or of one of its parts within the abdomen (the portion of the body between the chest cavity and the pelvis) situated or occurring within a bronchus (a division of the respiratory tract that leads into the lung) within the stomach the innermost part of an organ or structure, for instance, the inner portion of the spinal cord, the medulla oblongata of the brain, or the marrow of a bone an injection into muscle tissue an injection into the abdominal cavity, which is lined with the peritoneal membrane within the pleura, a membrane that secretes fluid, envelops the lungs, and lines the walls of the cavity containing them within the trachea (windpipe) an injection into a vein within membranes or fluid-filled pouches (such as the urinary bladder or the alveoli) within the uterus spreading beyond specific body tissues anemia that is characterized by low or non-existent iron stores and low concentrations of iron in the blood and that has such symptoms as pallor, mouth sores, digestive difficulties, and thin, brittle nails NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS isochromosome isoenzyme isomer isozyme J jaundice jejunum K Kaposi's sarcoma L labile lactation laminating large intestine Glossary (Continued) a chromosomal aberration, occurring during meiosis, in which two daughter chromosomes are formed each lacking one chromosome arm but with the other doubled see isozyme one of two or more variations of a chemical, each of which has the same chemical formula but a different structural arrangement one of a group of enzymes that are very similar in catalytic properties, but may be differentiated by variations in physical properties a yellowish staining of the integument, sclerae (whites of the eyes), and deeper tissues and the excretions with bile pigments, which are increased in the serum the portion of small intestine, about 8 feet in length, between the duodenum and ileum a multifocal malignant or benign neoplasm of primitive vasoformative (relating to the formation of blood or lymphatic vessels) tissue, occurring in the skin and sometimes in lymph nodes or viscera refers to the ability of a particular complex ion to participate rapidly in reactions that result in replacing one or more ligands in its coordination sphere; opposite is inert; "inert" and "labile" are not to be confused with "stable" and "unstable" which refer to the thermodynamic tendency of chemical species to exist under equilibrium conditions the secretion of milk separating or arranging in layers the lower portion of the intestine; a membranous tube extending from the small intestine to the anus NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS larvneeal cancer larvnx latency period leiomyoma leiomyosarcoma leukemia leukemoeenic lieand linear dose-resDonse IleM Iudus erythematosus lymph lymphatic lymphocytic leukemia Glossary (Continued) cancer of the larynx the upper end of the trachea (windpipe); the "voicebox" a seemingly inactive period, as that between the exposure of tissue to an injurious agent and a manifest response; often used to identify the period between exposure to a carcinogen and development of a tumor a benign tumor derived from smooth muscle, most commonly of the uterus a malignant tumor containing cells of smooth muscle, most commonly of the uterus or retroperitoneal region a cancer of the blood-forming tissues that is characterized by a marked increase in the number of abnormal white blood cells (leukocytes) causing leukemia, an acute or chronic disease characterized by an abnormal number of leukocytes or the presence of abnormal leukocytes any molecule or ion that binds to the surface of a protein by noncovalent bonds a consistent increase in biological response as increasing quantities of a test substance are administered any of various fats or waxes, which, along with proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, form the principal constituents of living cells a chronic inflammation of the skin, characterized by scales that leave scars a clear liquid that is collected from the tissues through the body and that flows in lymphatic vessels a small sac or node in which lymph is stored; pertaining to the lymph, lymph nodes, or vascular channels that transport lymph to the lymph nodes a leukemia associated with overactivity of the lymphoid tissue NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS UC f; lvirmhoid lvmphoma lymphopoietic lvmphoreticular lymphosarcoma M malignant mammary marmoset mastodvnia mastomys mediastinum meiosis melanocyte melanocvtoma melanoma menopause mesenchymoma Glossary (Continued) resembling lymph or lymphatic tissue a neoplasm of the lymphatic tissue relating to the formation of lymph pertaining to the proliferation of the reticuloendothelial cells of the lymph glands any of various malignant neoplastic disorders of lymphoid tissue, excluding Hodgkin's disease tending to become progressively worse; life-threatening pertaining to the breast a soft-furred, clawed monkey found in South and Central America a pain in the breast a small rodent used in certain laboratory experiments the mass of tissues and organs separating the two lungs, the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and other structures process of cell division that results in the formation of gametes, consisting of two nuclear divisions in rapid succession that result in the formation of four gametocytes each containing half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells pigment cell of the skin a neoplasm or hamartoma composed of melanocytes a neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming the pigment melanin the cessation of menstruation a mixed mesenchymal tumor composed of > 2 cellular elements not commonly associated, not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS mesentery mesothelioma meta- metabolism metabolite metaplasia metastasis microbe microglioma microsome microtubule miscible mitosis Glossary (Continued) in the lining of the abdominal cavity, a fold that attaches the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall by which the viscera are supported a neoplasm derived from cells lining the chest or abdominal cavities in chemistry, a prefix denoting that a compound is formed by two substitutions in the benzene ring separated by one carbon atom, i.e., linked to the first and third, second and fourth, etc., carbon atoms of the ring; usually abbreviated m- the process in which absorbed foods are broken down to release energy or in which absorbed nutrients are used to construct different compounds to be used structurally or in chemical reactions a substance produced by metabolism the abnormal transformation of an adult, fully differentiated tissue of one kind into a differentiated tissue of another kind; metaplasia is an acquired condition, in contrast to heteroplasia the appearance of a neoplasm in a part of the body remote from the site of its origin a microorganism; microbes include bacteria, fungi, and protozoa an intracranial neoplasm of miroglial cell origin that is structurally similar to reticulum cell sarcoma one of the small spherical vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum after disruption of cells by centrifugation a cylindrical cytoplasmic element 200 to 270 D in diameter and variable in length; microtubules increase in number during mitosis and meiosis, and occur widely in plant and animal cells, where they may be related to movement of the chromosomes or chromatids on the nuclear spindle during nuclear division capable of being mixed without separation into distinct components process of cell reproduction consisting of a sequence of modifications of the nucleus that result in the formation of two daughter cells with exactly the same chromosome and DNA content as that of the original cell NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS 001310 monoclonal monogenic monomer multiple myeloma multiple sclerosis mutagen mutagenicity myasthenia gravis mycosis fungoides myelocytic leukemia myeloid myeloma N nasal turbinates necropsy necrosis Glossary (Continued) in immunochemistry, pertaining to a protein from a single clone of cells, all molecules of which are the same relating to a hereditary disease or syndrome, or to an inherited characteristic, controlled by alleles at a single genetic locus a chemical subunit that is joined to other similar subunits so as to produce a polymer a malignant neoplasm derived from plasma cells and found at several locations in the body a disease characterized by loss of the sheathes surrounding the nerves throughout the central nervous system; symptoms include weakness, lack of coordination, and speech problems any agent that causes the production of a mutation the capability to induce mutation, or permanent change, in genetic material a neurological disorder causing muscular weakness and fatigue, especially in the face, eyes, lips, tongue, throat, and neck a rare, chronic, malignant, lymphoreticular neoplasm, first of the skin and in later stages of the lymph nodes and internal organs a leukemia arising from cells in the bone marrow pertaining to, derived from, or manifesting certain features of the bone marrow; sometimes used with reference to the spinal cord a tumor composed of cells normally found in the bone marrow the convoluting supportive structure of the nose the examination of the dead body of an animal by dissection so as to detail the effects of the disease the pathologic death of one or more cells, or of a portion of tissue or organ, resulting from irreversible damage NINTH REPORT ON CARCI^OGEf^ neonatal neodasia neoplasm nephroblastoma nephrotic svndrome neoplastic neural neuroblastoma neuroepithelioma neurogenic neurosarcoma nodule nuclease nucleic acid nucleolus nucleotide Glossary (Continued) relating to or affecting the first four weeks after birth the process that results in the formation and growth of a tumor any new and abnormal growth; neoplasms may be either benign or malignant see Wilms' tumor a condition characterized by swelling, excessive proteins in the urine, and extreme susceptibility to infections pertaining to or like any new or abnormal growth pertaining to the nerves a malignant tumor of the nervous system a rare type of glioma (usually of the retina); the neoplastic cells resemble primitive forms that develop into specialized sensory epithelium or the cerebrospinal axis; histologically is similar to a medulloepithelioma originating in the nervous tissue; forming nervous tissue an old, general term for a malignant neoplasm derived from cells of the nervous system a swelling or protuberance general term for enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleic acid into nucleotides or oligonucleotides by cleaving phosphodiester linkages a polymer of nucleotides in which the phosphate of one of the repeating nucleotide subunits is linked to the sugar of the adjacent one; functions in the storage and transmission of genetic information; found in chromosomes, nucleoli, mitochondria, and cytoplasm of all cells, and in viruses a small, rounded mass within the cell nucleus where ribonucleoprotein is produced the molecular subunit of nucleic acids; consists of a purine or pyrimidine base, a sugar, and phosphoric acid NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS 0 OlrliO nucleus 0 oat cell carcinoma off-gassing olfactory nerves oncogenes oncogenicity oncotherapy oocyte open vessel operations oral administration oral cavity organic oropharynx ortho- osteogenesis osteoporosis ovariectomy ovary ovulation Glossary (Continued) a large spherical or oval membrane-bound cell organelle present in most cells; contains most of the cell's DNA and some of its RNA a type of lung cancer the release of gaseous chemicals from a solid material the nerves associated with the sense of smell genes associated with cancer; malignant transformation of tissue appears to be associated with either the turning-on of these genes or an increase in the rate at which they form their specific proteins the capacity to induce tumors treatment of tumors the immature ovum industrial processes in which reacting materials are mixed in containers that are not closed administration of a drug or test substance via the mouth the space which includes the mouth, cheek, palate, teeth, and tongue in chemistry, relates to the chemistry of the compounds of carbon a division within the tube connecting the mouth and nasal passages to the esophagus in chemistry, denoting that a compound has two substitutions on adjacent carbon atoms in a benzene ring; usually abbreviated o- the formation or development of bones an abnormal loss of bone substance surgical removal of one or both ovaries one of the two female reproductive organs in which eggs are formed the discharge of an egg from an ovary NINTH REPORT ON CA^N^G^nC^ Glossary (Continued) ovum oxidant oxidase oxidation oxidize P Dalate pancreas papilloma para- paranasal parathyroid eland parenchyma parenteral Parkinson's syndrome particulate the female sex cell the substance that is reduced and that, therefore, oxidizes the other component of an oxidation-reduction system one of a group of enzymes now termed oxidoreductases that bring about oxidation by the addition of oxygen to a metabolite or by the removal of hydrogen or of one or more electrons the act of combining or causing to combine with oxygen or to lose electrons oxygenize; to combine or cause an element or radical to combine with oxygen or to lose electrons the partition separating the nasal and oral cavities a large gland behind the stomach that secretes both hormones and enzymes involved in digestion and metabolism a benign tumor derived from epithelial tissue in chemistry, a prefix designating two substitutions in the benzene ring arranged symmetrically, i.e., linked to opposite carbon atoms in the ring; usually abbreviated p- alongside the nose any one of four small glands situated beside the thyroid gland the distinguishing or specific cells of a gland or organ, contained in and supported by the connective tissue, framework, or stroma not through the alimentary (food) canal, but any subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous injection a neurological disease characterized by muscular rigidity, tremor, and salivation fine liquid or solid particles such as dust, smoke, mist, fumes, or smog suspended in air or atmospheric emissions NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS 0013* 4 Glossary (Continued) pathologist pathology oeliosis pelvis percutaneous absorption pericardium perinatal perithecia peritoneum permissible exposure limit (PEL) peroxidases peroxide an expert in pathology the study of the nature of diseases, especially of the structural and functional changes in body tissues, organs, or fluids caused by disease, physical and biological agents, and toxic substances a disorder characterized by purplish or brownish red discoloration that can be seen through the skin and is caused by hemorrhage the lower portion of the trunk of the body, bounded anteriorly and laterally by the two hipbones and posteriorly by the sacrum and coccyx. Also, the funnel-shaped part of the kidney leading into the ureter absorption through the skin the sac surrounding the heart and large blood vessels leading to and from it of, involving, or occurring during the period closely surrounding the time of birth in fungi, a flask-shaped ascocarp, one of the many shapes which bear asci and ascospores, and which are used as an aid in identifying a fungus the lining surrounding the abdominal cavity and containing the viscera (internal organs in the body's trunk) PELs are time-weighted average (TWA) air concentrations that must not be exceeded during any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour work week as defined by OSHA regulations enzymes in animal and plant tissues that catalyze the dehydrogenation (oxidation) of various substances in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, which acts as a hydrogen acceptor, being converted to water in the process that oxide of any series that contains the greatest number of oxygen atoms; applied most correctly to compounds containing an -O-O-link, as in hydrogen peroxide (H-O-O-H) NINTH RETORT ON CARCINOGENS 0 i* 1 3 1 neroxvpesticide petroleum distillate Eli phagocyte phagocytosis pharmacokinetics pharmacology pharynx phenotype pheochromocvtoma phlebotomy photodecomposition photosensitizers Glossary (Continued) prefix denoting the presence of an extra O atom, as in peroxides, peroxy acids (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, peroxyformic acid) as defined by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), a pesticide includes "any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, killing, repelling, or mitigating any pest, and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant" a material produced by a combination of vaporization and condensation of petroleum a numeric scale of acidity and alkalinity, ranging from 0 to 14, that expresses the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration carrier or scavenge cell; a cell possessing the property of ingesting bacteria, foreign particles, and other cells the process of ingestion and digestion by cells of solid substances, such as other cells, bacteria, bits of necrosed tissue, or foreign particles movements of drugs within biological systems, as affected by uptake, distribution, elimination, and biotransformation the science concerned with drugs, their sources, appearance, chemistry, actions, and uses the passage between the mouth and nose and the esophagus in genetics, a category or group to which an individual may be assigned on the basis of one or more characteristics observable clinically or by laboratory means that reflect genetic variation or gene-environment interaction. A phenotype may include more than one genotype pheochromoblastoma; a neoplasm, usually benign, derived from cells in the adrenal medullary tissue the incision of a vein for the letting of blood chemical breaking down by means of light substances that sensitize an organism, cell, or tissue to light NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS physiological saline pituitary gland placenta plant extract plasma plasmid platelet pleura polyclonal polvcvclic polycythemia vera polymer polyp porphyria porphyrins Glossary (Continued) a salt solution in water with properties similar to those of body fluid a small gland at the base of the brain that secretes several important hormones the organ in most mammals that connects the fetus with the mother's uterus material recovered from a plant usually by subjecting the plant to treatment(s) with a solvent such as water, alcohol, or ether the fluid part of blood or lymph, as distinguished from suspended material extrachromosomal element an irregularly shaped disk found in blood, containing granules in the central part and, peripherally, clear protoplasm, but no definite nucleus; it is about one-third to one-half the size of an erythrocyte, and contains no hemoglobin pertaining to the membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the chest cavity in immunochemistry, pertaining to proteins from more than a single clone of cells containing more than one benzene ring in a condensed form a disease characterized by an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume a chemical formed by the joining together of similar chemical subunits a protruding growth, from mucous membrane a disorder of pigment (porphyrin) metabolism characterized by increased excretion of porphyrins, and occasionally sensitivity to sunlight pigments widely distributed throughout nature (e.g., heme, bile pigments, cytochromes) NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS positive control postmenopausal osteoporosis postpartum prenatal prepuberty primary cancer primate prokaryote promoter promyelocytic prostate prostatitis psoriasis pulmonary pyelonephritis pyrolysis Glossary (Continued) in an experiment, an agent known to have a positive effect and used as a standard for measuring a tested substance's effect the development after menopause of enlarged spaces in the bones occurring after childbirth existing or occurring before birth the period prior to first being capable of sexual reproduction the original cancer developed in an organism any of an order of mammals including man, the apes, monkeys, and related forms a microorganismal cell that lacks mitochondria; its genome seems to consist of a single large molecule of DNA not enclosed within a membrane, and it does not undergo mitosis during replication a chemical that, though not carcinogenic itself, serves to dramatically potentiate the effect of a low dose of a carcinogen the developmental stage of a granular leukocyte between the myeloblast and myelocyte a gland in males that surrounds the neck of the urinary bladder and the urethra and secretes a milky fluid that is discharged at the time of emission of semen an inflammation of the prostate gland a chronic, hereditary, recurrent skin disease characterized by bright red elevations covered with silvery scales pertaining to the lungs inflammation of the kidneys and their pelves decomposition of a substance by heat in the absence of air NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS C0 f 3< 8 Glossary (Continued) Q. auaternarv R racemate racemic radioactive radiotherapy remission renal reportable auantitv (RO) respiratory tract respiratory tract filters reticulum cell retrospective study in chemistry, the term describes a substance with four chemical groups attached to a central atom; when the central atom is a trivalent nitrogen atom (N), adding the fourth group places a positive charge on N; compounds thus formed are called quaternary ammonium compounds a mixture of equal parts of isomers of opposite rotation denoting a mixture that is optically inactive, being composed of an equal number of dextro- and levorotary substances (see DL-), which are separable having the property of emitting radiation (such as alpha, beta, or gamma rays) from an atomic nucleus the treatment of disease by means of radioactive emissions or materials a diminution or abatement of the signs or symptoms of a disease pertaining to the kidney under CERCLA, the quantity of a hazardous substance that triggers mandatory immediate reports to the National Response Center if equaled or exceeded in releases to the environment; certain exemptions are listed in 40 CFR 302.6 the structures and organs involved in breathing; includes the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioli, and lungs those anatomical structures that remove particles from inhaled air a cell in the reticuloendothelial system that has endothelial and reticular attributes; system includes spleen and lymph nodes, cells in the liver, part of the bone marrow, and macrophages an epidemiological study that collects information about past events which may be related to the present distribution of disease A !NTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS 001319 revertant rheumatoid arthritis rodenticide s salivary eland sarcoma schwannoma scleroderma scrotum secondary cancer sedative sensitizer site limitation small intestine smelter soluble somatic Glossary (Continued) in microbial genetics, a mutant that has reverted to its former genotype or to the original phenotype a chronic disease of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes of joint structures any substance or mixture of substances used to kill rodents or to prevent them from damaging food, crops, etc. any of several exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva, a fluid that keeps the mouth moist and aids in digestion a malignant neoplasm derived from connective tissue a peripheral glioma a chronic hardening and shrinking of connective tissue; affects such parts of the body as the skin, heart, esophagus, kidneys, and lungs the pouch that contains the testes and their accessory organs a cancer arising through metastasis of primary cancer an agent that relieves excitement or anxiety and induces sleep a substance that causes dermatitis only after alteration (sensitization) of the skin by previous exposure to that substance a chemical consumption at the original location of production (use is limited to that site) the small tube of the intestine, about 20 feet long, extending from the opening of the stomach to the large intestine an establishment used to separate or refine a metal from its ore, often with accompanying chemical change capable of being dissolved; able to pass into solution in a particular solvent such as water, alcohol, or oil, and form a clear mixture pertaining to the body; related to the framework of outer walls of the body, including skin, skeletal muscle, tendons, and joints; somatic chromosomes include the nonsex chromosomes NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS 00*3 Glossary (Continued) spleen a large, vascular, lymphatic organ in the upper abdominal cavity that stores blood cells and produces lymphocytes sauamous cell a thin, flat epithelial cell stereoisomer a molecule containing the same number and kind of atom groupings as another but in a different arrangement in space, by virtue of which it exhibits different properties steroid hormone any of the various hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, testes, ovaries, and placenta subcutaneous (s.c.) injection an injection under the skin synergism the aspect of two agents interacting to produce an effect greater than the sum of the agents' individual effects 1 target organ the organ affected by a specific chemical in a specific species technical grade a purity standard applied to a chemical that may contain multiple impurities teratogen a drug or other agent that causes abnormal development teratology the study of malformation, monstrosities, or serious deviations from the normal type in organisms testes the male gonads; they are situated in the scrotum and they produce sperm thorax the part of the body that lies between the neck and the respiratory diaphragm and that is encased by ribs; the chest thrombocytopenic purpura a disorder characterized by purplish or brownish red discoloration that is visible through the skin; caused by hemorrhage into the tissues and involving a decrease in blood platelets (factors necessary for clotting) thrombophlebitis an inflammation of a vein, possibly leading to the formation of a blood clot NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS G01 Pc'* i thvmus thyroid eland time-weighted average (TWA) topical toxemia toxic trachea transfection transplacental tuberculosis tubular cell tumor tumorigenic u ulcerative colitis urinary bladder Glossary (Continued) a lymphoid gland located in the upper chest or the base of the neck and serving to help in developing the autoimmune system of most young vertebrates a large gland situated at the base of the neck and producing hormones which are involved in regulating the rate of metabolism the average exposure concentration of a chemical measured over a period of time (not an instantaneous concentration) designed for direct application to a specific part of the body the condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the blood stream of or pertaining to a poison the main trunk of the system of tubes to and from the lungs in vertebrates; runs between the pharynx and bronchi infection of a bacterium or cell with nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) that has been isolated from bacteriophage or animal or plant virus, and that results in replication of complete virus through the placenta a communicable disease caused by bacteria and principally affecting the lungs a cell which has a tubule or small tube-like structure a neoplasm; a mass of new tissue that persists and grows independently of its surrounding structures and that has no physiological use; it may be benign or malignant causing or producing tumors the chronic, recurrent breaking of tissue in the colon, with such symptoms as abdominal pain and rectal bleeding the sac, situated in the front pelvic area, that serves as a reservoir for urine NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS 0 01 3 `5 2 urinary tract uterus V vagina vaginal trichomoniasis valence vascular vector control vehicle vesicant viscera viscosity vitiligo volatile w Wegener's Glossary (Continued) the organs and ducts involved in secreting and eliminating urine in female animals, the hollow muscular organ in which the developing embryo and fetus lives and is nourished the passage leading from the uterus to the outside of the female body an infection of the vagina caused by a microorganism and involving vaginal discharge that is difficult to treat a numerical measure of combining capacity of an atom/ion with other atoms/ions to form chemical bonds; valence is the relative combining capacity with respect to that of the standard hydrogen atom (valence = 1) and depends on the electronic configuration of the atoms pertaining to vessels or ducts that convey fluids such as blood, lymph, or sap; in human or veterinary medicine, vascular pertains to blood vessels the control of insects and other organisms which are able to transmit infectious agents of disease the substance in which a compound is dissolved or mixed prior to an animal's being dosed with that compound causing blisters organs of the digestive, respiratory, urogenital, and endocrine systems, as well as the spleen, the heart, and great vessels the quality of resistance to flow a skin disorder in which smooth white spots appear on various parts of the body quality of a solid or liquid allowing it to pass into the vapor state at a given temperature a progressive disease characterized by tumor-like lesions of the NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS 00'i3?3 granulomatosis Wilms' tumor X xenobiotic X-irradiation z Zvmbal gland Glossary (Continued) respiratory tract, inflammation of the minute branches of the arteries, and, in the later stages, inflammation of all the organs of the body a rapidly developing malignant tumor of the kidneys, usually affecting children under age five a pharmacologically, endocrinologically, or toxicologically active substance not endogenously produced and therefore foreign to an organism exposure to X-rays any of several sebaceous glands surrounding the external ear canal in rodents NINTH REPORT ON CARCINOGENS Off .a:>4