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DE7EL0PMEHTS 15 THE HISTOCT 0? IflDOSTRIAL HTGIBTC 1870 ------- 1953 r\ DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HISTOHT OF INDUSTRIAL HTGIENE 1870 - 1900 V Industrial Clinics and Departments of Medical Education Industrial medical service in the United States was first established by the railroad industry for the care of accidents and illness about 1670. Medical department with full tine doctors was established by the Homestake Min ing Company in 1887, followed by the Crane Company, Chicago; John B. Stetson; Cambria Steel; and others. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE. HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1870 - 1900 I Partial List of Publications. Books, and Journals Hirt, (Germany) 1870: Diseases of Workers* Layet, (France) 1876: Hygiene of Industries (one of the earliest lists of hazardous occupations). Eulenberg, (Germany) 1676: Handbook of Industrial fygiene* Delpech & Hilairet, (France) 1876: Diseases of Chrome Workers - Carbon Bisulphide in Rubber Industry. Mantigasza, (Italy) 1881: Occupational Hygiene. Gruber, Max (Germany) 1882: Carbon Monoxide and Sulphurous Acid Asphyxiation with Respira tion Apparatus. Popper, (Germany) 1882: Text-book on Industrial Hygiene. Robe, G. H. (United States) 1884: Hygiene of Occupations. Ireland, J.H. (United States) 1886: Preventable Causes of Disease. Injury and Death in American Manufacturing and Workshops. Arlidge, (England) 1892: Diseases of Occupation. Robert, (Germany) 1895: Text-book of Industrial Poisons. Lloyd, J. H. (Bigland) 1895: Diseases of Occupation. Sanarelll & Traabuati, (Italy) 1895: Occupational Pathology and Hygiene. Albrecht, (Germany) 1896: Handbook of Practical Industrial Hygiene. Weyl, T. (Germany) 1897: Handbook of Industrial Hygiene. Soauserfeld, (Germany) 1898: Handbook of Practical Industrial Hygiene. Laudanheimer, R. (Germany) 1899: Carbon Bisulphide Poisoning in the Rubber Industry. developments in tee history of industrial hygiene 1870 - 1900 II Associations. Congresses, and Bureaus American Chemical Society, organized 1875. The work of this society has included many important contributions to the stndy of poisonous substances in industxy, and it has actire ly promoted industrial hygiene work in many ways. Three journals are published: Journal of the American Chemical Society Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Chemical Abstracts U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, established 1884. Carroll 0. Wright, first commissioner. This bureau has published, since its formation, a great many valu able studies on occupational mortality, morbidity, workmen's compensat industrial health hazards including investigations of lead poisoning in painting, enameling, storage battery plants, printing plants, pot teries by Or. Alice Hamilton and others; tuberculosis in dustry trades and in printing establishments by Or. ?. L. Hoffman and others. Phosphorus poisoning in the match industry by Mr. John B. Andrews. Causes of Death by Occupation and Occupational Hazards and Diagnostic Signs by Dr. Louis 1. Dublin. Radium Poisoning Survey in the Radium Watch Dial Industry, and a host of others. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HISTCHI OF INDUSTRIAL HIGIENE 1870 - 1900 III Investigations and Statistics Investigation and Report on Lead Poisoning in Broken Hill Mines by Commission, New South Wales, Australia, 1893 (later resulted in ccnpensation scheme - 1922) (lead poisoning was well known, having been mentioned by Hipoocrates 370 B.C.) Investigation and Report of British Home Office Departmental Committee on Miscellaneous Dangerous Trades, 1896 (at this time the British factory inspection system had long been in effect, the first inspectors having been appointed as early as 1844) In 1895 under the Workmen's Compensation Act, occupational diseases were made notifiable compulsorily. Statistics on mortality in various trades or industrial mortality in various trades or industrial districts had been published and in general industrial hygiene was more advanced than in the United States. British Employers' Liability and Workmen's Compensation Acts were established in 1660 and 1897 covering accidental injuries. These acts and the later revisions covering occupational diseases have served largely as & model for the workmen'a compensation laws throughout the British Dominions and some of the United States. DEVSLOPMJWJS IN THE HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1870 - 1900 IV Legislation (Labor) First labor laws is the United States were those on Child Labor in Massachusetts is 1826 asd 1842.(a) First Federal Labor Act in the Halted States was in 1875 and had nothing to do with health but was about Chinese Labor. Laws for the protection of women in factories and mercantile establishments date back to 1881 in Hew York and are now on the books in nearly all 8tates. The first act regulating hours of labor (except for children) was a Federal Act of 1888 on an 8-hour day for letter carriers. Now about half of the States regulate hours of labor in industries generally. The first compilation of United States Labor Laws was made 1892. Workmen's Compensation laws had been enacted by Switzerland, 1877; German, 1884; Great Britain 1897; and France and Italy, 1898. At the present time nearly all countries and states of Europe, South America, Mexico, British aspire, and the United States (all but 4 States) hare com pensation laws in fores. The first factory inspectors were appointed in the United States in Massachusetts In 1897. This led the way for the other important industrial States Mew Jersey, Ohio, Wisconsin, Connecticut, Minnesota, Maine, Pennsyl vania, Missouri, Tennessee, Illinois, Michigan and Phode Island. Som form of factory inspection now exists in nearly all States and codes on safety sad sanitation of factories have resulted in many States. British factory inspection system and the appointment of "certifying surgeons", a custom peculiar to British legislation, dates from 1844 and is of great interest and Importance in the development of occupational dis ease control. European factory laws in France and German also date from about the middle of the century. (a) Na+^nnl t-v--. * Ai. . DEVELOPMENTS IN TEE HISTORE OF INDUSTRIAL HEGIDTE 187C - 1900 VI Laboratories and Experimental Research Experiments on the effects of industrial gases on animals and humans, I. L. Lehmann, Nurtzburg, 1684. Experimental studies of the effects of dust on the lungs, Arnold, Leipzig, 1885. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1900 - 1910 I Publications nIl Lavoro" - Journal first published at Pavia, Italy, in 1901 - now called "La Medicine del Lavoro" and published at Milan. Pierracinii Milan, Italy, 1902 - Pathology of Work Neisser: "International Review of Industrial Hygiene,"at International Congress on Hygiene, Berlin, 1907. Leymann: "Industrial Lead Poisoning]! Jena, 1908. Greenwood, Major* "Physiological Effects of Exnosure to Compressed Air," London, 1908. Sober, Geroge M. "Report on Industrial and Personal Hygiene" (for Committee on Social Betterment) 1908, President's Homes Commissions, Onited States. Von Jaksch: "Industrial Poisons,* Vienna, 1910 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HISTORY 0? INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1900 - 1910 II Associations. Congresses and Bureaus Berlin Museum of Safety established in 1904. (a) Vienna Museum of Safety established in 19C6. First meeting of the International Permanent Committee on Occupational Diseases, Milan, 1906; followed by meetings at Brussels in 1910; Vienna, 1914; Iyons, 1929. It met jointly with International Congress on Occupa tional Accidents and Diseases for one convention held at Amsterdam, 1925 (but not in Budapest, 18?S; or Geneva, 1931). Industrial Hygiene Exhibit held at 6th International Congress for Prevention of Tuberculosis at Washington, D.C., 1908. First symposium on industrial medicine at the annual meeting of the American Medics Association (prepared by Dr. Otto Geier of Cincinnati Milling Machine Co.), 1906. (There is now a section on Preventive Medicine and Indus trial Byglene of the American Medical Association and during the years 1932-1933 exhibits showing progress in Industrial hygiene have been held at the meetings.) Establishment of the Bureau of Mines in the United States Department of Commerce, 1909. Since its ineeption, the Bureau of Mines has produced a volume of studies on mine safety and exposions, as well as the factors in mining that affect the workers' health which is second to none. Atmospheric conditions, mine ventilation, poisonous gases, heat, dust and other hazards in nines, quarries, oil fields and even in other industries have from the first been intensively studied in the field and in the laboratory. The list of publications fill a volume in itself. A laboratory building on a large scale was built at the Pittsburg Mine Experiment Station and dedicated in 1919. All sorts of experimental research on explosions and on ventilation and poisonous gases is carried on there. Dr. A. J. Lanza, and Dr. R. R. Sayers have each been Chief Surgeon of the United States Bureau of Mines. The present (1933) Chief Surgeon is Dr. A. E. Russell. First Annual Safety Congress met in 1910. (a) A number of the larger cities in Europe have such museums. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HISTOEI OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1900 - 1910 III Investigations and Statistics British Home Office Committee Report on Conditions in Potteries, 1901. * First investigation and report of Commission of Enquiry into the Ques tion of Silicosis among Gold Miners on the Witwatersrand, South Africa. (This investigation set off a train of events which is indirectly responsible for most of our modern knowledge of the causes and prevention of this disease (silicosis), though the dis ease itself was discussed long ago by Paracelsus and others) Study of Silicosis among Rock Choppers and Sewer Miners in the Cumberland District of Sydney, New South Vales, Australia, by the Sewer Works Ventilation Baord, 1902. (This much later led to a special act cover ing workmen's compensation for these workers) Investigation by Royal Commission (the first of many such enquiries) on Venti lation and Sanitation of Mines in Western Australia (Kalgoorlie) j in 1910 and 1911 a commission enquired into pulmonary disease among the miners. This also resulted In compensation in 1922. Report of British Homs Office Departmental Committee on Compensation for Industrial Diseases, 1907 (a number of occupational diseases were studied by this Commission). * First sanitary inspection of factories by tha Massachusetts Department of Health, 1905, Dr. William C. Hasson, - report and exhibit, 1907. Investigation and report by Sr. Summons on the Health of Miners in the Bendigo District of Victoria, Australia, 1907. (This enquiry did not result in a compensation act for silicosis, though it revealed a high inci dence of the disease). British Home Office Dept. Committee Report of Investigation on Humidity and Ventilation in Cotton Weaving Industry, 1909-1911. British Royal Commission of Enquiry Report on Metalliferous Mines and Quarries, 1909-1914. * In 1906 and 1909 tha United States Bureau of the Census made its only published analysis of mortality statistics showing deaths by occupation. The Registrar-General's statistics for Btagland have been thus compiled regularly.  DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1900 - 1910 IV Legislation .-lltfrfegx)----- British Factory & Workshop let 1901, dealing with sanitary conditions. British Workman1s Compensation Act extended to cower scheduled list of of 25 occupational diseases, 1906. This list has been further extended several times since. A code was developed in Massachusetts for permissible humidities in tex tile mills as early as 1910. In the United States the first workmen's compensation acts for industrial accidental injuries (apart from liability acts for railroads and United States civil employees) were enacted in Washington, Nevada, Hew Jersqr, California, and Wisconsin in 1911. None at that time covered occupational diseases but nevertheless the growth of com pensation legislation in the United States from 1910 on was prob ably the greatest single factor in influencing the employer to supe: vise sad protect the health of his workers. Hoi (1953 ) 44 states at 4 territories have workmen's compensation laws end most all the Canadian Provinces. Starting with California, from 191? on these acts were extended to cover occupational diseases la eleven States, 5 territories, and 8 Canadian Provinces. Practically all of the act make provision for allowing medical and surgical care for injured workers at the employer's expense. State legislation requiring physical examinations for fitness of compressed air workers was passed in New fork in 1909, followed in 1914 by New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 1917, and in Massachusessts by administra tive order. Following a Federal investigation on phosphorus poisoning in the match indus try, a prohibitory tax was placed on matches containing white phos phorus in the United States, 1912. This substance had been pro hibited in match manufacture in Europe at an earlier date. DEVELOPMENTS in the bistort or industrial hygiene 1900 - 1910 V Industrial Clinics and Departments of Medical Education Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, conducted courses in Industrie, hygiene as early as 1905. Until 1920, such courses were about the only form of medical education available in industrial hygiene sub jects. The University of Pennsylvania Medical School gave such courses in 1906. Physical examinations of workers are thought to have been started by Dr. Frank Fulton of Providence, R.I., who undertook & physical survey for tuberculosis in a saw factory in 1909. Physical examinations were also carried on by Dr. Barry Mock at Sears P.oebuck in Chicago and one or two other plants conducted them about that time. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company began offering free visiting nursing service and health educational work to its industrial policyholders in 1909. The first clinic end hospital for occupational diseases was opened at the University of Milan, Italy in 1910, Dr. L. Devoto, Director. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EISTOHT OF INDUSTRIAL HEC-IENE ISC- - 1910 VI Laboratories and yhrporigental Research First Research Institute for Industrial Hygiene was established at Frankfort- am-Maln in 1910.(a)It has to its credit a long list of reports by prominent German pathologists and industrial doctors on occupational diseases and poisons, many of which appear in Col. 1 and Col. 3 by name. This series of publications goes by the name of Schriften aus dem Gesaatgebiet fttr Gewerbeiygiene. The authors of these studies are L. Teleky, Kaestle, Koelsch, JStten, Araoldi, Saupe, and many other: The first psychological tests for the selection of street car motormen were con ducted by Prof. Hugo ilunsterberg of Harvard on the Boston Elevated Rail way employees in 1911. Since then similar tests have been quite widely developed. Similar tests were carried on by Gradenwitz at Berlin on tramway employees; in Paris by Bacqueyrisse and Yerdollin; in Milwaukee by Dr. Morris Viteles and Dr. Sadie M. Shellowj in Philadelphia on the Philadelphia Rapid Transit by Dr. Viteles;and more recently on auto truck drivers of R. H. Macy & Co. in Hew Tork by Dr. V. V. Anderson. Many psychological studies of accident proneness among groups of such workers grew out of this work. (a) Twenty or thirty European cities now have similar institutes. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL RIGIENE 1910 - 1920 WORLD WAR PERIOD Period of rapid growth in Industrial Hygiene began following the War. I Publications Legge and Goadby: Lead Poisoning, London, 1912. Aga9se-Lafont & Heim: Researches on Industrial Hygiene, Paris, 1912. Goldmark, J.t Fatigue and Efficiency, New lork City, 1912 Gilbreth, 7. & 7.: Fatigue Study, Hew Tork, 1912 Rambousek, J.: Industrial Poisoning, Prague, 1913. Munsterberg, Hugo: Psychology and Industrial Efficiency, Boston, 1913. Thompson, W. G.* Occupational Diseases, New lork City, 1914 Price, Georgs M.: Modern Factory, New York City, 1914 Collis, E. L.t Pneumoconiosis'. Dust Diseases of the Lungs, Milroy Lectures, London, 1915 (Published 1919) Kober, G. M. and Hanson, V. C.: Diseases of Occupation and Vocational Hygiene (tert-book), Philadelphia, 1916 (Revised by Kober and Hayhurst, 1924) Lee, Frederick S. (Columbia University): The Human Machine, New York, 1916 Wright, Florence S.: Industrial Nursing, New York, 1919. Hill, Leonard,: Science of Ventilation, British Medical Research Council, London, 1919. Mock, H. A Industrial Medicine and Surgery (text-book), Philadelphia, 1919. Journal of Industrial Hygiene (International Board of Editors), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, 1919 (now published at Baltimore) Modern Medicine: Chicago (later Nation* s Health, later combined with American Journal of Public Health, New York City, 1919. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1910 - 1920 II Associations, Congresses. and Bureaus United States Children's Bureau, established under Department of Labor, 1911. (Julia C. Lathrop, first chief.) Although some States had child labor laws greatly antedating this Bureau, its work in the promotion of the health and welfare of working children and child labor legislatici has been outstanding and nany studies have been published. Child labor laws were first enacted in Massachusetts in 1836, followed by Connecticut, Pennsylvania and others. By 1920 all States had some form of child labor legislation. American Museum of Safety established in New York City, 1911. National Safety Council formed at Chicago, 1911. Its work dealt principally with education in accident prevention, but later on a health section was established and various reports on occupational health hazards were issued. (Publishes National Safety News and Safe Practices and Health Practices Pamphlet series.) * Fifteenth International Congress on Hygiene and Demography had a section devote to occupational hygiene at meeting in Washington, D.C., 1912. * Division of Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation established under the United Stat Public Health Service, 1912. (Dr. J. V. Schereschewsky, first director This bureau has had an immense influence on the development of industr hygiene through the filed surveys which it has conducted for the study of the health of large groups of workers in a variety of industries through ply steal examinations of different classes of workers and the tabulation of statistics on physical defects. The subject of sanita tion has been widely studied and publications dealing with fatigue-, Illumination, Industrial medical service and so on have been frequent and have constituted a valuable guide to industrial hygienists in the United States. Laboratory research on occupational diseases and poi sons was instituted early in the history of Ibis division and many valuable reports of investigations such as the enquiry on lead poison ing in potteries, health of workers in duatry trades, benzol, and other too numerous to mention were published. The research work was first carried on at the Hygienic Laboratory, now combined with the National Institute of Health, (a) The present director of the Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation Division is Dr. R. R. Sayers. The Division of Statistics of the United States Public Health Service, under Dr. D. K. Brundage, issues practically the only statistics on a large scale dealing with morbidity among industrial workers. * New York State Department of Labor, Division of Industrial Hfgiene, 1313, and other States (see Col. 3). Conference Board of Physicians in Industry established 1914 to act as medical advisory board to National Industrial Conference Board, New York City Dr. Alexander Magnus, Dr. J. J. Moorehead, Dr. I. Irving Clark, Dr. F. L. Rector, executive officer. (A number of surveys of medical ser vice in industry have been published by this Board.) (a) U.S.P.H.S., 1912. Laboratory and field research are also carried on in col laboration with Yale University School of Medicine under Dr. C.E.-A. Winslow. DEVELOi-MkOTS Df THE KISTCRT CF INDUSTRIAL nJGIENE 1910 - 1220 Ila British Medical Research Council, founded in 1314, published many studies on industrial hygiene subjects. Industrial Hygiene Section organized in the American Public Health Association at Rochester, H.T. meeting in 1915. Dr. George M. Kober, first presi dent of section. In 1933, the following list of standing committees gives an idea of the scope of the work in which this section is in terested. Some of these committees were recently transferred to a new section on Research and Standards, but they are really studying subjects in the industrial tgrgivne field: Committee on Air Standards Committee on Industrial Plant Sanitation Committee on Industrial Anthrax Committee on Standard Practices in the Problem of Compen sation for Occupational Diseases Committee on Volatile Solvents Committee on Lead Poisoning Committee on Pneumoconiosis Committee on Skin Irritants Committee on Industrial Fatigue Committee on Ventilation and Atmospheric Pollution * American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons, organized at Detroit, 1916. * Council of National Defence, Section on Industrial Medicine, organized under Dr. Franklin Martin, 1917. Working Conditions Service of the United States Public Health Service, Division of Industrial Hygiene, established, 1917, Grant Hamilton, Director. Died out 1919 - lack of funds. * Harvard Mercentile Health Work, established at Boston; cooperative undertaking by Harvard Medical School, Department of Industrial Medicine, and a group of leading Boston merchants to study health conditions in department stores, Dr. A. B. Emmons, 2nd Director, 1919. * First International Labour Office convention, Washington, D.C., 1919, with Divi sion on Industrial Hrglsne established. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1310 - 1920 III Investigations and Statistics British Hone Office continued to appoint departmental committees to studyoccupational diseases and sanitary conditions in factories. During the decade 1910-1920, the following are among the reports which were issued, forming an important basis of knowledge on the aspects of Industrie! hygiene convered: Lead Poisoning in Potteries, 1910 Ulceration of Skin and Epitheliomatous Cancer, 1911 Incidence of Phthisis in Relation to Occupations (by British Medical Research Council),191.5; 1919-1920 Lead in Painting, 1915 Miners' Nystagmus (British Medical Research Council), 1915 Lighting of Factories and Workshops,1915 and 1922. Health of Munitions Yorkers (special committee) covered by fatigue, hours, ventilation, causes of accidents, etc., 1916-1918 Dietaries of Munitions Workers (British Medical Research Council), 1917 Silicosis in Quarry Workers of the Wheatley County Dis trict was also studied by the Medical Office of Shrop shire, 1911. In Australia, a Technical Committee of Investigation studied pneumoconiosis among the lead miners of the Broken Rill District of New South Wales, 1914. This enquiry led later on in 1920 to a workman's compensation scheme for miners' phthisis and silicosis including a medical control board. A survey of occupational diseases in Illinois was made by an Illinois State Commission, report published 1911, Chicago. New York State Factoxy Investigating Commission surveyed New York industries, 1912-1915. Following the recommendations of this Commission, a Divi sion of Industrial Hygiene was created in the State Department of Labor. It was not until 1924, however, that outstanding educational work in industrial hygiene was organised by this Division under Dr. Leland Go fer. Medical inspectors, both men and women, were appointed and did excellent work. Since its inception, studies on the following subjects, among others, have been issued by this State Bureau: Hygiene in Steam Laundries, 1924 Silicosis, 1925 Posture aid Seating (Women's Bureau), 1926 Benzol, 1927 Lead Poisoning, 1928 Carbon Monoxide, 1950 Effects of Noise on Hearing, 1930 Silicosis among Rock Drillers in Excavation Work, 1350 and many others. The Engineering Division maintains a permanent exhibit of protective devices and equipment used in factories in New fork City office. developments in tee histoht of industrial hkizne 1310-1320 Ilia In New Tork City, Dr. Louis I. Harris, Health Coanissioner, conducted a stu^y of Health in Fur and Hatters' Fur Trades (where mercury poisoning is a hazard), 1913 * A survey of occupational diseases in Ohio industries was made under the direction of Dr. Emery R. Hayhurst of the State Departnent of Health in 1315. (This study and the survey in Illinois led to the establishment of Divisions of Industrial Hygiene in the State Health Departments in several States, for instance, Ohio and Con necticut, (also Ontario), instead of under the Departnent of Labor as was done in New Xork, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. * Investigations were begun at this tine by the United States Bureau of Vines on the health of netal miners in the Joplin District of Missouri. These studies opened the investigation of silicosis among miners in the United States, which was later extended to Butte, Montana, 1921, Tri-state District of Oklahoma, Missouri, and Kansas, 1925. A survey of eye hazards in industry was carried out and a report published by the National Committee on the Prevention of Blindness in 1917. This proved to be an important basis for work on the prevention of industrial eye accidents end diseases, and it was followed by simi lar surveys and reports,bringing the subject up to date in 1922 and 1324. (Resnick ana Carris). * In 1920, a volume was published by the United States War Department in which the records of the draft boards during the World War were analyzed, and the statistics on the physical defects found in our aray draft personnel were compiled. This data undoubtedly had a profound ef fect in demonstrating to industrial management the need for routine physical examination of labor applicants. Later, growing out of this, the health examination movement for the periodic examination of all workers began to spread in the larger Industrial plants, 1924, et.seq. 2IV2LCPM-KT5 IS TI-2 HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL HIGI38E 1310 - 1920 17 Legislation (Labor ) Miners' Phthisis Act for compensation of niners on the Rand in South Africa was enacted in 1911. (This was the first of nine acts on this question. A Medical Board of control was set up - the Miners* Phthisis Medical Board, which did pioneer work in the study cf silicosis and the radiology of miners' lungs.) Miners' Phthisis Acts were also enacted in Australia: Western Australia, 1912 Queensland, 1916 Broken Hill Miners, Hew South Wales, 1920 Regulations requiring periodic examination of workers in lead were instituted in Ohio and Pennsylvania in 191S and in Hew Jersey in 1914. The first of the States in the United States to extend workmen's compensation acts to cover occupational diseases were Hawaii, 1917; California, 1918; Connecticut and Wisconsin, 1919; followed later on by the Philippines, North Dakota, and the District of Columbia. Massachu setts awarded compensation in such cases by court interpretation. Illinois, Minnesota, Hew Jersey, Hew York, Ohio and Porto Rico covered occupational diseases by scheduled list during the years 1920-1925. The British Workmen's Compensation Act was amended to empower the Secretary of State to make schemes for the compensation of silicosis in groups of industries in 191B.. Under this provision, the following schemes were rapidly drawn up for the Refractories Industry, 1925; Sandstone Industry, 1929; Metal Grinding Industries, 1927; Various Industries, 1928; Asbestos Industry, 1931; (a complete revision of all schemes took place in 1931). (By 1933, compensation had been extended to silicosis and allied dis eases in Great Britain and most of her dominions, 6 European countri and practically all of Latin America.) DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HISTOET OF INDUSTPJAL HTGIE3TE 1910 - 1220 V Industrial Clinics ana Departments of Medical Educate Occupational disease clinics were established as follows: Sprague Memorial Institute of Chicago, Rush Medical College, 1911 University of Pennsylvania Hospital Consultation Clinic on Occu pational Disease, 1914 Hew Tork City Department of Health, 1915 (Dr.S.S.Goldwater,Director) Ohio State University Medical College, 1915 Washington University School of Medicine, St.Louis, Mo., 1915 Massachusetts General Hospital (Harvard University Department of Industrial Medicine), Boston, 1916 (Dr. Wade Wright,Director) New Tork City Reconstruction Clinic for Rehabilitation of Disabled Soldiers and Workers, 1918 (Dr. W. G. Thompson, Director) In 1918, the Department of Industrial Medicine at Harvard University Medical School was the first in the United States to offer a complete course and a degree in Industrial Medicine, Hew Jersey operated six State Rehabilitation Clinics for industrial workers in different cities, 1919. the clinics at Newark and Jersey City under the direction of Dr. H. H. Kessler have done valuable work on the rehabilitation of occupational disease cases, such as lead and benzol poisoning. American Hospital, Chicago, 1920 Detroit Delray Industrial Hospital, 1920 DEVELOPMENTS 15 THE HISTOKE 0? INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1910 - 1920 VI Laboratories and Experimental Research * Experimental work was carried on by Beatie on the effects of coal dust on the lungs, London, 1912. * The John Howard McFadden Researches on Cancer included the pioneer studies of Ross and others on the causes of cancer among gas works, tar and pitch workers, London, 1913 A research division and laboratory for study of occupational disease was es tablished at Pittsburgh Marine Hospital in connection with the UnitedStates Public Health Service (see Col. 2). * At the South African Institute for Medical Research at Johannesburg from 1916 to date, a tremendous amount of valuable work has been done on the pathology, etiology, and radiology of silicosis and tubercu losis and on the causes of the excessive incidence of simple tubercu losis among the native mine laborers. The names of those prominent in this research are well known: Uavrogordato, Watklns-Pitchford, HcCr&e, Irvine, Simpson and Strachan. The present day knowledge of the nature and action of silica particles is largely due to the ef forts of this group. At the Saranac Laboratories for the Study of Tuberculosis at Trudeau Foundatior Saranac Lake, N.7., under Dr. L. U. Gardner, Director, and Mr. Donald Cummings, Assistant Director, important animal experimentation work has been conducted on the effects of the inhalation of mineral dusts on the lungs in relation to tuberculosis. Among the types of dust studied are quartz, carborundum, granite, and asbestos. These studies were started in 1918. In 1919, new buildings elaborately equipped for all kinds of research in con nection with the United States Bureau of Mines (see Col. 2) were dedic and are known as the Pittsburgh Experiment Station. Some years later, the American Society of Beating and Ventilating Engineers began using this building also for experimentation on ventilation. Through the work of a ooomittee of these two bodies, research has been carried out which has revolutionized the ideas on ventilation, 1919-1925. Koughto Taglou and McConnell developed the principle of three factors in air c ditinning affecting human comfort and efficiency, i.e., temperature, humidity, and air motion. The American Society of Heating and Ventila Engineers has published a standard code for ventilation of vax of buildings based on these studies. DEVELOPMENTS IN TEE HISTOHI CP INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1310 - 1920 Via Eritisk Industrial Fatigue Research Board, established in London by the Home Office in 1912, has done a vast amount of studying and experi mentation on the various aspects of industrial fatigue and its causes, including ventilation, lighting, hours of work, monotony, etc. A series of valuable reports has been published. This organization is now called Industrial Health Research Board and is under the direc tion of the British lledieal Research Council. Dr. H. M. Vernon has long been prominently identified with it as a research investigator. The Industrial Health Conservancy Laboratories at Cincinnati, 0.,(Dr. Carey F. McCord, Director) were established in 1920. A number of studies and investigations have been made on the toxicity of substances used in industry (lead, benzol, and others) in collaboration with University of Cincinnati,(Dr. Kehoe),and physical examination surveys of Industrie groups in collaboration with the Heart Council of Greater Cincinnati. The reports on these studies of physical defects in the industrial population are known as the Life Conservation Studies. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HISTORY Gf INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1920 - 1523 I` Publications Brezina, E. (Vienna), International Review of Industrial Diseases based on Factory Inspection Reports of the "Kulturlander" - 192C-1929 No. 24 and No. 36 of the Shriften aus dem(lGesamtgebiet der Gewerbehygiene on der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Gewerbehyginee, Frankfurt-*irMain, published in Berlin, 1929; 1931. (The reports briefly summa rised are chiefly from Digland, Germany, Austria, Belgium, and Hol land, and Switzerland, with a few from France; evidently the United States, Italy and Soviet Russia do not qualify.) Vernon, H.M. (London) Industrial Fatigue and Efficiency - 1921 Cppenheim, M. ,, Rllle, J. H., and Gilman, K. (Leipzig) Diseases of the Skin Due to Occupation or Profession, 3 vols. - 1922 Clark, W. Irving, Jr. (New York City) Health Service in Industry - 1922 International Labour Office Bibliography of Industrial Hygiene, issued quarter ly since 1923 (Geneva) Hope, E. W. (Health Officer, Liverpool), Hanna, W., and Stallybrass, C.O., Industrial Hygiene and Medicine, London, 1923. White, R. Prosser (London) Occupational Affections of the Skin, 1923 (completely revised and enlarged 1928; the one outstanding text-book on this subject in English.) Florence, ?. Sargent (New York) Economics of Fatigue and Unrest and the Efficiency of Labor, 1924. Clark, Janet H. (Johns Hopkins University) Lighting and the Public Health, Baltimore, 1924. Hamilton, Alice (New York City) Industrial Poisons in the United States, 1925. International Labour Office, Occupation and Health Brochures: Encyclopedia cf Industrial Hygiene, edited by Dr. L. Carozzi; begun Geneva 1925 and still being issued. Bingham, Walter Van D. (New York City) Procedures in Employment Psychology, 1926 National Industrial Conference Board: Medical Care of Industrial Workers, New York City, 1926 (a survey of 501 Industrial Plant Medical Services with Costs. Revised and enlarged 1920) Enmons, A. B. (Harvard Mercantile Health Work) Health Control in Mercantile Life, New Ycrk City, 1926. Aub, J. C., Fairhall, L.T., Minot, A. S. and P.eznikoff, P. Lead Poisoning, Baltimore, 1926 Pancoast, H. K. and Pendergrass, E. P. (University of Pennsylvania Hospital. Philadelphia) - Penumoconiosis (Silicosis) New York City, 1926 Gottstein, Schlossoan, Teleky (Berlin) Handbook of Social Hygiene and Health, Vol. II , Industrial Hygiene and Diseases, 1926 Henderson, Yandell, and Haggard, H.W. (Yale University) Noxious Gases, New York Cily, 1927 Atzeler, E. (Leipzig) Handbook on Physiology of Work, 1927 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1=20 1.933 la McEendrick, Archibald (Ked. Ref. 7?. C. A. Edinburgh Royal Inf.) Medico-legal Injuries, London, 1927 Moss, K. N. (London) Gases, Dust, Heat in Mine?. I09'7 Laird, Donald A. (Psychology Laboratory, Colgate University)New York City Psychology of Selecting Men, 1927 Laird, Donald A . (New York City) Psychology and Profits, 1929 Burtt, H. E., Professor of Psychology, Ohio University Principles of Bnployment Psychology, New York City, 1929 Anderson, V. V. (New York City) Psychiatry in Industry, 1929 layers, Charles S.,Director National Institute of Industrial Psychology (Londa Industrial Psychology, 1929 La Medicine du Travail,(Journal) Institute for Occupational Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Lyons, 1929 Archiv. fur Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygine, edited by Drs. Teleky,and Zangger (an important journal of international scope containing articles in German and English and dealing entirely with occupa tional diseases) Berlin, 1930 International Labour Office (Geneva) Silicosis: Report of International Conference held at Johannesburg, South Africa in 1930; Series F. No. 13, Studies and Reports, Inter national Labour Office, Geneva. Willis, H. S. (Johns Hopkins University) Pneumoconiosis and Tuberculosis "Medicine11 (Quarterly) Dec. 1930 Moore, B. V. and Hartmann (Pennsylvania State College) Readings in Industrial Psychology, 1931 Elkind, H.B. (New York City) Preventive Management: Mental Hygiene in Industry, 1931 Kessler, H. H. (Philadelphia) Accidental Injuries, 1931 Goldberg, Rosamund (New York City) Occupational Disease in Relation to Compensation, 1931 Koelsch, F. (Berlin) Physiology and Hygiene of Work, 1931 Welch, H. J. and Miles, G. H. (New York City) Industrial Psychology in Practice, 1932 Viteles, Morris (University of Pennsylvania) Industrial Psychology,New York City, 1932 Industrial Medicine (Journal) Cnigao, 1932 .. International Labour Office (Geneva) Pneumoconiosis: List of References (633 Titles) Studies and Reports Series F, No. 15, 1932 Collie, Sir John (London) Workmen's Coopensation:Medical Aspect, 1935 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE KI5TOEX OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1920 - 1935 II Associations, Congresses. Bureaus. Women's Bureau established in United States Department of Labor, 1920. This Bureau has studied the health and welfare of women in in dustry and has issued a number of bulletins of which several deal with women in hazardous occupations. Mazy Anderson,Director * - In Australia in 1921, a Division of Industrial fygieae was established in the Commonwealth Department of Health. Dr. A. J. Lanza was sent from the Rockefeller Foundation in New York City to help organize this work. Dr. D. G. Robertson was the first director. The method of carrying out the cooperation of this new Government department with the various states is to call a yearly conference of the gover ors and consult with them on industrial hygiene problems in their respective territories. Numerous studies and reports have been is sued on morbidity in occupations, industrial poisons, skin diseases women in industry, and health legislation. * An Industrial Hygiene Section was formed under the direction of Dr. L. Caroz: in the International Labour Office at Geneva. This Bureau has done important work in coordinating the knowledge on industrial diseases which is accumulated in the various countries, 1919-1933. An Industrial Health Bureau established by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Cc pany in 1924 to study the health of industrial employees insured under the Group Insurance plan. A series of publications on industr hygiene has been Issued covering first aid rooms, physical examinati Industrial dental service, industrial eye clinics and air conditions Dr. Wade Wright was the first director; present director, Dr. W. J. McConnell. The International Association for the Study and Improvement of Human Relation; in Industry held a summer school on the elimination of unnecessaiy fatigue at Baveno, Italy in 1927. Prominent students of this subjec were present from Europe and the United States. In 1928, the British Home Office opened an Industrial Museum and Exhibit on industrial health and safety, is London. A Permanent Industrial Hygiene Museum was also established at Dresden, German: in 1930. ** The most important congress held in this decade from the viewpoint of indus trial hygiene was the International Conference on Silicosis held unde the auspices of the International Labour Office at Johannesburg, Soul Africa, in 1930. Representatives were present from Australia, Canada Germany, Great Britain, South Africa, Italy, The Netherlands, and the United States. Reports ware presented on the status of knowledge of silicosis in these respective countries and these reports have been published in book form (Series T, No. 13, International Labour Office Geneva, 1930). * The Committee on the Cost of Medical Care, Washington, D.C., organized in 1927 made a 5-year study of all types of medical service from the economic standpoint. In 1932 and 1933, the final reports were issued. Twenty eight detailed statistical reports were issued by this Committee in t course of its investigations,'of which 4 dealt with industrial medical services. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HISTORY CF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1320 - 1933 III Investigations end Statistics In 1920, the Cleveland Hospital and Health Committee made a survey of hospital and health work in Cleveland, including industrial medical service. A similar study was made in Syracuse in 1923 and an Industrial heait survey of Nashville, Tenn. in 1926. An Investigation and Report on Economic Waste in Industry, arising from lowers health conditions, sickness, and accident among the working populati under Dr. Eugene Iyman Fisk, Medical Director of'the Life Extension Institute, for the Committee on Elimination of Waste in Industry of the Federated fisgineering Societies, New York, 1921. An investigation and clinical study of mercury poisoning among fur cutters and felt hat workers in Danbury, Conn., was conducted by Dr. Wade Wright of Harvard, 1922. An investigation and clinical study of granite cutters at Garre, Vt., was made by Dr. D. C. Jarvis of Barre, Vt., in 1922. This study was later taken up and expanded into a survey covering many years work by the United States Public Health Service. Complete report in Bulletin No 1929. The British Medical Research Council published an Investigation and Report on Miners' Nystagmus, 1922-1923. Study of silicosis in Ontario Gold Miners was made by Elliott in 1924. As a result of this and other studies, the Ontario Workmen's Compensation law was amended in 1926 with added special provisions for silicosis in mining. The United States Bureau of Mines continued its studies in the Tri-State mice fields during this decade (see above). An investigation was conducted by Harvard Medical School, Drs. Castle and Crink> and by Dr. Harrison S. Martiand, Essex County, N. J. Medical Examiner, into the cases of radium necrosis among watch dial painters in a r&di: watch dial factory in New Jersey in 1924-1925. This catastrophe caus< the lingering death of 18 or 20 women workers. Some of those &ffecte< are still living. Others who investigate this hazard were Dr. F. S. FI Inn of Columbia University and Dr. F. L. Hoffman of Newark, N.J. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics published a summary of the whole question in 1929 as did Dr. Martland in 1931. The British Medical Research Council published a report of an Investigation on Statistics of Cancer in Different Trades and Professions in 1926. In fhe United States, Dr. Frederick L. Hoffman and others' have studied the same subject. The Final Report of the Committee Investigating Benzol Poisoning for the Chemica and Rubber Section of the National Safety Council was issued in 1926; National Safety Council Report on Spray Painting, 1927. The Pennsylvania State Department of Labor also published an extensive survey on Sprty Painting Eazards in 1926, while the New York State Department of Labor studied lead poisoning and carbon monoxide poisoning in New York industries, reporting in 1928, and silicosis among rock drillers and excavators in 1929 and chrome poisoning in 1951- DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HISTORY CF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1320 - 1922 Ilia Keyfcurst, Kindel, and others reported on an investigation of silicosis in the sandstone quarries of Ohio, 1929. The British Home Office issued reports ty Departmental Committees appointed to study: Dust Inhalation in Grinding of Metals and Cleaning of Castings, 1923 Silicosis in Potteries, 1926 and 1928 Humidity in Cotton Cloth Factories, 1928 Health of Miners in the Coal fields of South Wales, 1929 Silicosis in the Sandstone Industry, 1929 Medical Arrangements for the Diagnosis of Silicosis under compensation act,1929 Effects of Inhalation of Asbestos Dust, 1930 Dust in Cotton Card Rooms, 1932 The British Department of Mines' Enquiry into the Occurrence of Disease of th< Lungs from Dust Inhalation in the Slate Industry in Wales was made in 1930. An extended study of silicosis in the industries of Germany ms compiled from various investigations by Drs. Teleky and Lochtkemper in German; and published in Arch. f. Gewerbepath. und Gewerbefcyg., 1932 Pulmonary asbestosls was investigated in German plants by Kruger and Saupe Arch. f. Gewerbepath. and Gewerbehyg., 1951 The Wisconsin Industrial Commission made an extensive study of silicosis in foundries in that State with the co-operation of the manufacture and the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company's Industrial Hygiene Laboratory. As a result a safety code has been adopted and & clinic established by the compensation insurance carrier group f the control of this situation. Silicosis in Vermont Slate and Granite Workers was studied by E. J. Rogers, Director of Vermont Sanitorium at Pittsford, 1933. A study of workers in cryolite dust was carried out by Dr. S. V. Gudjonsson, Department of Occupational Hygiene and industry Inspection, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1933. Silicosis among workers in diatomaceous earth was studied by Dr. R. T. Legge of the University of California, 1933. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1920 - 1933 IV Legislation (Labor) * The American Standard Code far Lighting of Factories, Mills and Work Places was developed by the Illuminating Engineering Society and the Aaeric Standards Committee in 1921. It res adopted in the form of regula tions by a number of the States. It was completely revised in 1930. * The International Convention on Compensation for Occupational Diseases was drafted at Geneva by the League of Nations, 1925. The principles se' forth in this convention were later ratified by the great majority of countries in the League membership. The British Workmen's Compensation Act was amended to provide for schemes for silicosis end asbestosis, and all the existing silicosis schemes were revised and new measures planned for medical certification, 1931 Factory regulations were also revised in some cases and new ones adde In Canada in 1930 and 1951, Quebec and Saskatchewan adopted workmen's compensa tion laws for occupational disease compensation similar to that of Ontario including provisions for silicosis. In the United States, during this decade, compensation for occupational dis eases was extended to a total of 11 States, the United States, Distri of Columbia, and three territories, some by blanket coverage laws and some by scheduled list. In 1933, owing to a sudden rise in damage suits brought in civil courts for silicosis, a flood of bills for the compensation of silicosis are be ing presented in the legislatures. Under about half the acts covering occupational disease, it is now compensable presumably, but it does not appear in any of the scheduled lists. Such bills have been draft* in New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, New Jersey, West Virigin, Michigs New Hampshire, Minnesota, and South Carolina. So far none has oassed (June-1933) DEVELOPMENTS IN THE '""TORT OF INDUSTRIAL ETGIENE 1920 - 1933 V Industrial Clinics and Departments of Medical Education In New York City, the Vanderbilt Clinic opened an occupational disease clinic in 1925. F. G. Pedley, first director. McGill University in Montreal organised a Department of Industrial Hygiene and established an industrial clinic in 1926. Several industrial surveys and studies have been made under its direction. The Picher Clinic for miners at Picher, Oklahoma, eras established in 1927. It was operated jointly by the United States Bureau of Mines,the Metro politan Life Insurance Company,and the Tri-State Mine Operators. The purpose was to control silicosis and other diseases through physical examination of the miners. A report on this work was issued by the United States Bureau of Mines in 1933. The Industrial Hygiene Institute at Paris was transferred in 1933 to a new foundation at the Paris School of Medicine. It will provide training for doctors in industrial hygiene, pathology, toxicology, and dinica work.