Document ZBxbkd3mbRqmg04vRKoVLeEeJ
734 ASBESTOS
ASBESTOS
Th* word OAlrtin* la * l.mad term applied in a numlrr of Mirons mineral mUratr* which differ in chemical competition. They may he divided into two large group*, one called terpmtin* (chrysotiie) and the other ampAibcU which contain* a* aubdivC
siona the mineral* anthophyilite, amoatte (ferroanthophyllite), erocidolite, tremoiit*. and actinolite.
Aa a fibrous mineral that can he wovtn. asbestos is unique. Its industrial use fulness is baaed on its nonflammability together with good flexing strength, good tensile strength, great surface area, low density, good absorption, fair resistance to heat and to acida and aikaliea. high ciectneai resistivity, snd low magnetic permeability.
History sad Depoaita
Historical records indicate that ubestoe haa been known for more then 2COO years. Psuaamaa whe.i describing the golden lampe made about 430 ac by Calli machus mentioned the wicks of Csrpastaa flax inconsumable by fire. Strabo, Solinus, and Plutarch in their writings refer to woven towels or cloths that did not bum and mention the "ever-burning lamps" in the Greek templet. The earliest known fiber tppeare to have been chrysotiie obtained from the quarries near Carystus m Euboea, a pan of the Greek Archipelago. The only other source of ubestoe known to the encient Greeks seems to have been on the Island of Cyprus near Soli.
The Romans obtained most of their asbestos from the Italian Alps and from a region near the Urals. Pliny the Elder referred to the "funeral drees of kings," a cremation doth which preserved the ashes to be placed in urns. Superstition and mystery were toon attached to asbestos and were practiced by Chariemagne to impress his enemy wanton (i).
By 1730 ubestoe depoaita were discovered in the Urals in Russia (2). About forty years lateg mining was begun end during the reign of Peter the Great a factory was built to manufacture asbestos snide*. The modem asbestos industry began in Italy about 1866 and two vanetree of asbestos were mined, chrysotiie and tremoiite (3).
The fine Canadian deposit of chrysotiie was found in the region of Dee Plantes River scar the villagu of St. Joseph and 3l Francis P.Q. (4). Between 1863 and 1877 the deposits st Thetford P.Q., were being mined on a commercial basis. At about the same time the large deposit at Asbe. os P.Q., was found by Webb.
U.S. asbestos was first diaoovsrcd in 1834 but little interest was shown until about 1883 when Tueksr located t deposit near the town of Lowell. Vermont (5). From 1893 on there wars email deposits reported in Oregon, Wyoming, Michigan, Virginia, Georgia, California, North Carolina, Massachusetts, Arisons, Connecticut, sad other states.
TTTinif Minn chrysotiie appeared in about 1906 and other deposits in the Transvaal known u the Carolina and Barberton areas became known between 1903 end 1911.
Smaller depcelta oi chrysotiie were discovered in Australia, Brasil, Chins, Venesusia, Swasiiand, Yugoslavia, Japan, Cornea, Columbia, India, Bcchuansland, Turkey, Moroeoo, sad Formant.
'Ciooidotit* was first discovered along the Orange river near Prieska, South Ifiiii abooi 1808 to 1808 by Lichtansteia, a German geologist (6). Stromeycr and TTiaannn in 1883 named it eroodoiit*. Depoaita of erocidolite occur in th* northern partof Caps of Good Hop* extending from a point near Prieaka beyond Kurumaa and
PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT DUP-2915
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DUP 0907394
DU 028495
VL 2
ASBESTOS
733
in U ?ictrr*r dirtriet of the Tron*v*U. Tt hw ,J,,
found in All)<tfaiia d
IViiivv. Dcpoeo* n{ other arophibolc* rucii tremolite, tctmoiite tnd
phytliM warn found in Finland. Yugoslavia. U.S., Japan. Dras.i, Bulgaria', India
&aq kenym.
*
**
Rmat Discoveriee and Dsvekpmema. The Cassiar deposit in Uritish Columbia
me into piwiurtwa in mt-MSB and l,.t* pmvcl to i a .Jrpc.t 0f grwl dirysntile. (niirf dc|M>iu in tins nrrn tiro imw lKmg invcsti|UiJ.
Tin* filack Lajcc deposit, Province of Quebec (once under water si a latte), has
been developed and ia now producing dirywtile m competition with other mine* of that area.
At the Advocate Mims, at Bale Vent ia Newfoundland, a large body of ehryiotilo
is lieing developed and wiil be in production in July 1041. fiber from this area
good for the production of atbestoi cement product* because it is easy to dewater in w
processed
The Aiomie Mining Properties at Chibougamau in Northwaetam Quebec and Coidea Age .Vine near Beauesvtlk, Quebec, and the Murray Mining Corporation
property near Deception Bay in the Ungive region of Northern Quebec, are being
explored. Additional explorations of asbestos deposits and (cophyaimi surveys are
bring conducted in the Lais Ahitibi and Matheeon areas of eastern Ontario.
Tn the United Statae several companies are exploring deposits of ehryaotik in the Coalings area ia California. One deposit is now in production (1962). This fiber is very short and is ussful in floor tils, paints, and plastics.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Th# properties at six yarietiis of asbartoa am described bsiow and summarised ia Table l.
Table 2 gives unit eel| msasurtmeats of five asbestos fibers. Prom this data the ehrysouk asbestos shows the amaUaat direensiona
.tCRPENTIKE
The serpentine fchrysociie) variety of fiber is used in about 90% of ail products requiring asbestos.
The empirical composition of ehryaotik is3Mg0.2SJOi.2R0; however, th* unit cell may be represented as Mgt(OH)e3LOw. Chemical analyses of chrysoclas have th* following approxmutt* vahies: SiO, 37-44%; MgO, 3-M%; FeO, 0.0-.0%s FtiOa 0.1-5.0%; AJsCk 02-14%; HA 12.0-13.0%; and CaO, tr-5.0%. Tbs variation* in analyses are due to impuritisa; some of which are pari of the crystal structure and others am astmaeaua minerals.
The eketw sainwgaapa pietawa of chryaotile (Fig. 1), as studied by a number of investigators, mm to iadkata the mdateneo of hollow tubes (11-16) with aa apparently amorphous material ax the autridaaad inside of tbatubea Other invasugatkna (9) on the iperile whutms of maim ehryaotik show a low poroaity and also iadkata that the fiban say axial aa a shaaa stnatum with a distortion probably due to aa internal mmiu. Basal mvastigttiona m the pom rtructum of ehryaotik by watervapor admpdta isotherms kd to tha ooodurnon that the fibrila wen eyimdrieai with aa arural outnr dkmalar of 200 to 290 A and aa average innsr diameter of 20 to
1 1
8
1
1
'Z$ ASBESTOS
Tahl* t. Pvrtnnm at Ubmum Fi!an (U)
ftfttCtUR
oucarti lanriartn*
one* /
iwaia$
S7*tal dnwuud eryttal *J***dl mi* UMT hariam. Hah* iparrtr fravuy rlaampi apdoipraparti** ntaflltid Mo* fadatr. **"*n
ornmtr WHO MM
ipiinbMp
Chryaoul*
AnUionhylUte
Anata tftrroaadMparliit*)
in von* at nrprauas. be
is aiUrtd ptndnuv* tdlarat ta rrrposuaa. and limatloa* naar contact nth b*a* i*n*oua rath*
laiaai'v. 6hra* Mnaait/orm
io eryttallioa aehifl*
tanadar, soar** to La* Abreufl tto mMvt>* form
ia eryttaUia* akin*. tu
aitantiea aad m* morphwn of baa* ipMou* ran* neb is inapioiaa aiuata
axtaaorphie, uiuady Iron outrun
maiaaarphi*
era* aad dip than hydra* oliaala* at
tbrou* ul whatifom mono;Lime (pands-
ortharhac
dip, maa ihar gnon*oid tad uitariariac
Mfaiiaata ouhtrao
pramaue, tanadar to SbTMM
snharhoadd*
era* Ibar
dliaata of Ta tad SI*, hi(bar ire* tha* aa, UsophvUit*
pnamaw, aaaila/ a Sbrou*
meeaeuiit
wMt*. ny, mom. r*tlend
tiiky
payiah whit*, bran. pT, *f p**
vitnna* m party
ah pay, crendh. or bmaa
vnreoa*. adnlat Pdaiy
iHI j.i-a.i 010 patfact
bMd paadtm trda*> tea* paniW
l.M-i.U
SHI 2.0-4 1 110 pad***
Maaai porttfcn ariastie* panda!
l.bt*
I.1-4.0 1.14 2S
110 part** hiaaiai pnauv* ixua--
Una panilrt t.M*
f<MM**lt, UKM2J0*C iti/unbid or diSadtiy fudbiaat (. lo*a *tiar
fuatM*
b MimM wp>p
ftuirw
vary laaWa
vary bntUa, nnalawbla food* imm Uua ^hryw^
tile
hartMlaa*
tort
2* ta 11* nria*
**A t* hand, ala* alky hand
man* bat *m*hal
pUahi*
**I*M* * ppn*l (lidrrawnraa* fairly radium in and* atody*7%
bM*
pan*
(air
--ill h Ml **AfcXT)
0.20
0.217
OUF 0907396
DU 028497
YL 3
TtM 1 (caalrntud)
ASBESTOS
737
4brant unMVM
Trwlttilta
Arviwiit#
tot|, .onimau* oit<l Sbroua nucuiaiad Im pnamaue cry*
wiflw
iuu4(an
in iran-mh alinoua is quanaan aetata
arpillita
ii Mf Itmrttaeaa at aiteniiaa product at hifkly mpiaii reeka, mtianorpaw aad ipa ova nru
in luMtuoa tad ia eryttaUiaa
iwmi
rtfteaal Mtamrphiam
mrtaatarpkk
rtNlu t ooatact matanarpkam
mm ter
lip or mam liar
lip or oua for
tilirala af Ha aad Ta witk nM Ca and M alicatt with hum Ca. Mg, Ta. alinua, water up
w*tt
*Wf
<4i%
Sima moooriintr
ton* vnd ikia toloniur a 4. loa tad tUa aaiaaaar ta
bnua
bnua
matadiaia
laeaadar. bfctt. gMcafc alky at dud
p%T-whna. pamrb, raOnrak.
kkte
alkr
alky
1 irt parfe* Iwuriai ttatardaa iariittd
1 T plearknia rtU(MX aa>n*c
ii
2M 3 llOparfaet Uaaol aaptiiva titktctioa lit-
rlifWk l l
MM**14. lltt.UIO'C
Ua 3.M] 119 parfaet
biate *Hatin trtiartma if diaad
l.U wtatty plnekrui
Mbit at 4. UteUtOC
fujrtt tan4 than tu bee aAwbitt raMynaataatlaMdi tut
9.3M
|aiHy bank. tamattawt lam- bnttk tad twifoiWa
ihb
akontabac
kartwlaa*
(MRiiy kanfc, tnavtinnt at hank
Cririy wMmIbtrt
nfaitrdy iaaoiwkb ia HQ
panlir fame, 'tat an ip*> paw abba
9.313
9.317
S OOP 0907397
DU 028498
7M A50KST0S
Tshie Xi t`nU CVII MfnKirrmmwi M pvi* \4lui Flirt*. A
Nine sf Star
UMtft snthapkrllHe chryseule Crandalls erandouU
A us
4 111 IS SO 4 1.1 9 90 9 97
U U.
IS 20 17 90 9 24 IS 10 17 S4
Cm.
J TO 4 27 7,13 4 5 30
UtUmirmjiHjr
w s 9
:o
The density of ehrysotiie i* usually given a* 2 4-2.fi, but recent accurate deter mination! pvt 2-33 or 2.53 (9).
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) of ehrysotiie (Fig. 2) ihowi a breed endo thermic peek between 000 end 720*C with e maximum peek et 670*C 02). At 700 to 310*C there is e sharp exothermic peek with the peek height et 800*C. At 070*C there is e lose of combined weter from the structure. At 800*C more water is lost end from observation of x-raye it eppeere that foretente, MfcSiO., is formed.
Surfsoe mensutwnenu of chryeotile (17) can very depending upon the degree of (iberisetioA of the fiber. Nitrogen edsorption techniques iiavc idiown surface arena varying from 4 to 12 m'/g; by additional fibensauon thene values eon ho inercoaed to 30 or even 50 m'/g. Thia is e very high value, greater than for any of tho usual nature! or man-made textile libera.
J
Chemically, e 0.5% suspension of ehrysotiie in water free of carbon dioxide acts
somewhat like magnesium hydroxide, giving a pH of 10.33 (17); magnesium hydroxide
suspended in distilled water in the seme manner gives a pH of 10.37. Chryeotile is
1reisernc at about pH 10.1 (17). However, aqueous suspensions of ehrysotiie have a
higher etmiirwl ooeductivity then eoneepnnds to saturated solutions of magnesium
hydroxide,
>t the presence a solution of other soluble sioetnlytsi (II). See
bslrw wndsr Grading and ten. Aasds readily attack chrywtiie (19) and dissolve the magnesium, leaving mostly a
Bastnctm. Caaslie tas effective in attacking ehrysotiie.
The tssmds etraj^ths of ehryeotile fiber* faeve bees reported as varying from
IQOjOW pei to 400JXM pm (19,20). Tho Young modulus is approximately 33.1 X
10> tbfm*.
/ N* emesewanminsme
9 907398
Du 028499
Vol. 3
ASBESTOS
730
T!it physical ctanetfrktico of ehryaotilt can fa* altand by haat to knpmve ita ciectnemj propartiaa, bulk, abeorptioo, and Ultrauon (19).
Traataaat with aeap forma a ourlaeo layar of magnaeiujn ataanta ( okata, tta) to maka the fiber water rtpelkat (31).
AMPH1BOLE FTBEH5 Then U a fundamental difference between the amphiboie Aben and ehryiotile.
For example, the ehryaotika are exceedingly small ia eroaa tectioa and aia tubular
whenaa the amphiboiaa ara large ia eroee eecuon, appear aa rtmigfat narrow ahaata. uk. _.e eolid. Chryaotiiae an epproximata./ 0.03 a in diameter and amphiboiaa an approximately 0.1 a in width (221. In ccnaml the amphiboiaa am hanh, hard, and pnney. and not ao Aexitaie and toft aa eliryiK.tiic.
Aathephyilit. Anthophyiiite whence a a magnenum iron iiiieate (Mg,Fa)r Si*0*(0ff) but low in m. A pun magnaamm inthopfayilita. Mg>8it0a(0H)i. upon
diiintcgratiea prodaeee eneutite (M*3iO), eratobalite (SiOO, and water; if iron ia
praaent. magnetite (FteOO, ia aka prom wd. Analyaas of anthophyilitaa thotr SiOi,
5*-M%; MgO,39-94%; FaO, 9-13%; AliOa 0 5-1.5%; and HiO, 10-0.0%. Eketron micrograph! ibew the fbrik of anthophyiiite to be taiga fiat tfatau
(F*3). DTA data aa aathapfcyflite (t) tbaw aa axotharmie reaction around U0*C duo
m aiirlatinti if r17 and ia tmftnhirrin mrirn imnrl 101S*C with the liberation of
water with aoetmtumehaoca.
aeaTuphyiiita (Then vary from eoft to aemihanh ta brittle ia tenure. They have goad baas nwmnrn, aaid neietaaee, aad low teaaiia atnngth, Ian thaa 4000 pai.
OUP 0907399
DU 028500
749 ASBESTOS
A"a*1** Amo*U uhmtee, found in the Union of South Africa in the Tmneveal ** tin* diatinguahcd by I Ml (0,23.24). It ran lw rvganied M * nigh imn (or low mcupicuum) tntJiopliyilitc.
The empirical formula of anionite ia npmMd u FetM*i,0<0HV Chemical onalyMi ehow SiO,, 40-.%; MgO, 1-7%; FeO, 34-W%; AiA. 2-0%; H,0 2-5%, end C*0 end NaA 0.5-2.3%.
OTA data on amoeitee (S) ehow an exothermic reaction at .100-400*0 and G30-735*C due to magnetite impuritiea and a third and fourth reaction at 800-1000*0 due to oxidation of FtO with the coilapn of the itructure and liberation of water. Apparently no andothermie reaction take* place.
We.4. BHateleaye>bal--ile( XMOW. Caonay 4ehae4faavtBa Unarm Cuter.
The Iben are hanh, fairiy brittle and are large ia dee ae earn bjr the eteema
mieweeope (FI*. 4). Apparently the amtoeolae form attaint flat aheeta. Thie fiber
hae good heat aadaaUieeimtaoe. Teama atnagtha vaiy from 11,000 to 170,000 pei
with Toaag modetae of 314 X 10* lb/la*.
QgeUUMh Oaeidelite aabamm (blue aabaetot) in a aodhan iron aiBgt)*, Aa iieipteri female ia HaeO.Fe'Os.IFeO.SSiOt.HiO. It ie found mainly in Africa aad t
liienile. illhnmlh eeller rtipmile here him Intrl in *mb Imirri
nil '
Lahmdoa TTm ippmmm rheaiiwl anaiyaae aia ae fnOowa: SiOa 40-43%; .
MgO, 0-3%; FeO, 11-30%; PeA. 17-30%; HA 1WJ\ aad NaA 4.0*4%. \
CMdaBta open diaintegratioa forma aemita <NaA.FeA.48iOi), hametito 1
(FhA). irimnheHta, aad water (I).
t
IW
DUP 0907400
DU 028501
li ifej'SStla Mil --TftlM
lift till! iiiiitltrltiefth IttfllilM
VoLX
ASBESTOS
741
The etrueture 0/ eraidoiiu rctcmbks tha flat ihecte of tmoaita rather than tho tubular appearance of ehryeotile. However, eloetron tmero*raphi ihow eroeidoliu t
bo itranht nmrilee (V>f. 5) jtpdjLpparentiy thinner in eroea taction than amanita.
fl*. *. Bmm mknrap* e( wendnliu (XiOOO). Connery Jokan-MutmUe
Crnimt.
n*. t. Senna miemanfti el uenteliu (XiOOO). Caunmj JofcawUumile
C-eetar.
n*. r. Qmm --wpiaa ef eeUae&ta (XiOOO). Ceunay Jehaa>MtaviOe Benartk Center.
DTA data ($} oa faar different eracidolitee ehoar two email enthe*mi. naotiona betwaaa MB and 40A*C followed by aa mteaea endothermic motion between 940 and 1027*C. Tba emtliamii mcuon formed a new mineral (aoaita) by omdatwa of Fa*'* and ftea fuaaao.
Cmaidolita fibem am not eo coaly attacked by acida aa amoaitae although a be iaarhad out by aoatiauoua boiling with HCL
DU 028502
742 ASBESTOS
Th heat reriauncc of thus fiber i* fair to poor, but iu acid resistance it good.
Tetailt strength vahro* hava been reported varying from 100,000 pit to over 500,000
f*i Youa* modulus (.20) of 27.1 x 10* Ib/ia.* for the African and Australian ftben.
Trcnoiite-AcUMlite Senes. These to fiber* uitTcr chemically in the amount of
iron present m the inoieeule. The tmnoiitc formula is Ca,Mg*SitO*(OH)f; tl oetmolite formula ts Cat(.\fg,Fe!tSi0<OH),.
Trcmoiite disintegrates into diopaide-cliiioeiutatitc (CaSiO,..MgSiOi), ensto-
halite, and water; actinolite disintegrates into a complex aenes of dioptide-clinoctv statite-hedcnbergit* (CaSiO, MgSKVFeSiOt), cnitobaiite, and water (8).
Electron raierograph* for trcmoiite (Fig. 8) show large thick structures; actiuolitc (Tig. 7) it smaller in width but very brittle and shows signs of shattering when pro* paring the sample for the pieuin.
DTA data oa tremolits show an txothermie reeetioii around S20*C and an ondo-
thermie reaction at 000 to 1C40*C. DTA data on actinolite show a small exothermic
reaction at
and an e'.dotltrnnie reaction at 1123*C.
Tremolits in many eaww allow* a stood fibrous utrueture snd is quite uxoful in commercial products; actinolite, on the othrr IuumI, is a dieap filler. Tcnmle strength values vary from 1000 to 8000 pat and Use texture vanca from flexible to hareh sad
brittle. Acuaohte is very brittle and no tensile itrength values have been reported.
Geolog} and Origin
The origin of asboatoe has been diseusssd by many pelegists and mincraiogwts sueh as Dmero (28), Tsbar (20.27), Hands (28), Ksith (29), Baa (30), Keep (31), Poitcvin (32), Graham (33), Cooke (34). and Hall (33).
The geological ages involved in the formation of asbestos an tht post-ordovieisa and pre-dsvoniaa followed by the middle and upper devonian (38).
In Canada the ehrysotile asbestos originate* from sueh rocks as dunite, peridotite, and pyrexenias which have hm altered to serpentina by hydrothermal reactions acting upon magnuia-rieh minsrala such as olivine, fomsrite, enstathe, and diopsid*.
In Arisoaa and in the Carolina diatneta of the Transvaal, chrysctil* asbestos occurs in iidi--itary reeks and is the product of alteration of magnesium iimostooe.
CroodoiiU* snd amosnas occur ia m. amorphoeed sdiceoue-farugiaou* sediments rich in iron and lilies called banded ironstones.
Cooke (34) concluded that ehryeotilr developed through actios of solutions which originated from outside the serpents* boh, that the replacement of the serpentina or peridotits by chryaotii* took pises through salectiv* solution* and crystalliseuoa in ths solid rook, asd that the flhar veiaa developed from openings ia the rock.
Rierdaa (17) sugpsled that ths magnesia sod a portion of tha niiea of the vein* forming materials wen obtained from the wall rock since the oompoaitioos of the piereiita sad aabsMS veiaa raaembtt that of the wail rock. Ho also Mggasted thaa several atagn af cfyattlUsaiioa tock place along srith the heating of tha wall rock and that strum caeditiaM wen set up to convert the piereiita into aabastec.
Marpwtite oftmt ooeun along tha walla of the fiber veos asd eomethma ia tho middla of a tw*4ber cryatalliaatiM. Although most of tho mogoetica is removed fraro ths ibenduriog tho mdUag operation, then is still a cooisdarable quantity ia tha final product^ varying from 2 to 3%.
' I
. j
ss mimwatfui isjiiuiigyit DUf 0907402
Vo*. 2
ASBESTOS
Mining and Milling
Minin* of asbestos i< often done by trenching or open pit methods, followed by underground mining by tunneling or oiock-cavinj metnods.
Milling practice m esaentiaiiy & dry torcening operation. It consists of multipio stages of crushing. screening, aspiration of the fiber from the reek, sifting, reeleaning tlie hher, and grading. Reeieaning methods have been adopted to eliminate most
dust sad_ improve the quality of the fiber grades. Huge bagiiouse installations have improvrdlhr working conditions by reducing dusta in the miiis and reeireuiaung die clmn iiitered air back into the working areas. The baghouae dusts ara also graded and Mid as filters. Most fiber* ara pressure-packed ready for shipment. This practice has improved warehousing and shipping facilities.
HaaiU sad Safety Factors. In asbestos mining and milling dusu in the form of serpentine reck and fiber fines may be pretent in various quantities. Free quarts a seldom present in any quantity and if it is present it is in extremely low concentrations.
Each worker is thoroughly examined and x-rayed by a medical staff, and a com plete history is Hated. Periodically each man ia reexamined and comparisons are made against previous records. Workmen are provided with dust masks which cover die now and mouth to protect against dusts if they should suddsniy appear. Masks are inspected and sterilised at given intervals and new ones issued (see Industrial
hygiene and toxicology). Production equipment ia tnciowti wherever possible and suction hoods are
located near tlr source of dusts. Tlic dusts are pickrd up by a fan system ana carried to the baa house where tiiry are deposited in the bag filter unit.
If a workman ia found by tests to be allergic to dusts, or if lie dovelops asbrntoau, he is transferred to other job* where he will not come into eoutact with dusts, and Uwreaftcr, hr is carefully examined by tlw mrdieal naff at the plant.
All possible care is being given to tlie workman to that his health is not affected by
hia work in tlw asbosths mine and miiL
Gradlag and Testa
Hsssllmisn Thu mctltod of i-lsaufying milled sslsaitoo fiburs ia C'snads is a staudaid procedure which makes urn of the Quebec Standard Asbestos Testing Machine. This consist* of a ram of th-i* sieves and a pan. Grades available are
Crude #1 fiber: in. staple and longer Crude fl fiber: to H <t*pfc Crude run of mine: umortod erodes Crodea, sundry: erodes other than specified abova
Groups 3 to 7 (with lattar dssipatwns withia each group) are miaud fibers of increasing fianssa down Is floats.
Chryaotiiafben ptodtwsd in the U S. follow tha Canadian grading system; other oousiriM uaa their own dmignatkroe.
Tesla fhr liemissI Uaes. Asbostoe fibers to bo used for electrical purposes am r to ^seal qualifying testa. Table 3 liata rspr--ntativs values of fibere
itebauasd. Tha votaM imisliiilr measured under humid condition*, after conditiooing far ltlwas7f*Faad9l%ifc. Tbs magneas rating ia aa estimate of tha quantity
DUP 0907403
DU 028504
744 ASBESTOS
Fiber
CVywnfc* It liulaa* Dm a* Columbia PirUma* tjurtme
. 1 mttVf CcenCeUe
Afnea
Taate a Tnt* far rben Can* 1* Qorutai Prwiueu*
Vaiiea. raacotm-n.
Total re. %
.Micmu* nun*.
ASTM 1111-97
CooCuetrotjr ot KiO xtnet,
oucromixu/em
0 03-0.39 O.OM.OI 0.03 o ooo-o. ir 0.711-1340
o.sa-t.ra
0 3-1.3 1.9-3.3 0 13-1.33 3.3-4 3 37 >00.3
33.3-33.3
0.3-3.4 0.70-1.3 0.10-0.3 0.1-9.7 0.3-0.3
0.4-3.1
117-390 323 134 I30-430 73.!W
74-134
v*a w,
%
0 050-0.13 0 134 0.00-0 11 o am-o xa 0.0U-0.079
0.0033-9.M
Uaii*4 JUia Alnea
10.1 a.
94 9 41
0.10 0.10
lit 33
0.093 0.033
of iron compound* promt in ease** of thoae in the aabrotoc itmetvrt; a low value * ueuaiiy rrcpiirrd. The irea content i* ail of ttve iron regardlm* ol it* form and the
value al.m include* any iron in the onbeaton itructurc. It ia al*e important to know tl coiKlnetivtty of tin eetaeto*. eliould it lireoine wetted; the fifth column five* the conductivity of an aqaeoue extract, and the laet column the quantity of aodhua clilondc that would give the eaiae ecnd'-tivny.
Predactwa aad Mean
Canada peodueea about 43% of the world rupply of aehrotoa aad the United Stataa import* about 33% of the world output (31). Th* U.S. preduetieu of aabeetea ia about 3% of it* le^iitomeetaor lo** than 3% of the world production. In 1M1 the US. inported ilf,U3 abort tone of aabeetet, of which 370.053 ton* earns from
aad the remainder from Union of South Africa, Rhodesia, Yugoslavia, aad
TM* 4. IMl Predseti** f laNw
Cwmrr
Short lam
CtaaCa
1.173.no
USJ.B. (ankaata*)
>i,oa>.ooa
Vm W Iwt AMea
194.84
llffn*eda a Hyeemmi
i9i.ua
CMaatauMecO)
ijne.Qoo
Italy
43.419
UaMIMaUB
U.S14
taaM
u.m
Am
M.au
f Cfptm
a.ooa 1I.4M
17.079
nril 1UM
ll.ltt 10.33*
9.703
Othn*(%3W>teaeerlew)
i.ooa
r-
n
it
n S;
t d: m pr
l. fv 0*. a: t* c:
lit
PO V
v
50 DUP 0907404
DU 028505
VL2
ASBESTOS
Auetralia. Th* tntrU workl production for |<XU (xe Table 4) i estimated !*tvm .,400,000 and 3,000,OflO ton*.
11m pm of animUM verin* greatly eceordiitg '<o quality (ItS). The apprnxanate price* for Canadian asimetc* art noted in Table 5.
TaUe *. Aopronmsta IMS friae for Hmriln Ajboiloo
Cnde
fl crude f3 crude Creep* Gres* 4 Creep*
Ddlit pm woniM
1400 730 4*0-4* 21*-1*1 143-1*
The other gnde* are told at eue**ively lover price*, down to 344 per ton for errtain type* of fleet* nurd mainly a* fllleni.
Ute*
'11m greatest use of asbestos it in U* manufacture of aiberto* cement products made meetly by wet procure. In the U S. approximately 3.10,000 aiiort tone of anlmatiw, of icmups 4, X ft, and 7, ie nerd in product* auch ee pipe*, flat nr eorrucaird sIkvu, aliinpire, ctrerned panels, and many other*. Thcte product* am noncorroeive, fine mutant, and have hrat-iimilatiitg properties
The meond lergaet uu of csbaetns ie in uphalt and vinyl floor tiles (an Floor materiait). Ran the fiber is meorporatad into plaonita or *ynthtie ratnu, formed into ahntt, and out into thapn of dnind nun. The vinyi tiln an very durable, mutant to put, oii, sod alkali**. In the UJ. about 105,000 then ton* of fiber of group 7 an uecd in tills type of product.
Aabeetae pepen, millboards, and rooting felt* require about 130,000 ton* of fiber. The gnde* include 3, 4, 5. and 4. Other urn of pepera include electrolytic ceOe cr diaplusms, wiek, pipe covering, laminated board*, and insulating jacket*. Cyiiodar molds or Fourditaiar maeiiinaa f*a* Paper) an uad for the manufacture of thme pro*'*!**.
The asbestos textile industry eotMumee about 10,000 ten* mad* up of group* (. 3, and 3. Usually the textiles contain blends eottou, nylon, orioo, or vino** fiber* which an added to give strength. The eabaato* content vane* from 79% to 90% depending upoo the gnde and ua* of the product (38,40). Today, giaee fiber* are also blended with eebenoe to improve the heat renatane*, electrical piopertiee, and snail* strength. Regular taxtfl* aquipmeat with minor changes, especially in the outline operation, can be adopted ie the use *< asbestos.
The quantity tt eebastoe eonaunud by tha automotive industry for ua* in beak* lining*, dutch faring*, and packings it about X.OOO tons of groups 3 to 7.
Miaeaflaaam uan, nek * puttie*. molding compound*, roof mating*, wridiag rad*, pual% aatting inniniml*. and fiHan in gooml, floamnn* about 30,000 too* of group 7 and float*.
1 ebon in In `hi fitoaiou industry far filtering vino*, fruit juion, bean, whisky, end pbaonmitfaafa ueunlly require* a ipacMf treatment with an add to climinew
DU? 0907405
j>U 028506
74 ASBESTOS
impurities whirii mny oflVvt the rpinlit.v of die prrvlnrt. F!1 ~r Irnct.li* mnv vnrv from m*-half inch to outhuxIttiiIIi uih) nuiv ! mml in U*w form nr a* a imi. l'<uU may contain 100% asbestos or blends with cotton or alpha prllulm*. The innnaxe of fiber ta not large in eompormwi with other pmdiief. ii*m.
llreentiy uint/w liirw luive lawn employed m nmwuic work. mU'llit-., .|xviai
packing* in atomic cnorRr eipnpinent. in reinforcing pianist, and in acpltait paving W). Serpentine rock haa also been mentioned aa a netitron *hield in atomic energy .nvaatigationa (42). In each of tlieaa ea*rs the proper grade of fiber muat be need.
In aaphalt paving a *hort 7 group fiber aeema to be retisfactery; it improves the plastic atrengtJt aa measured by atatic load tcau, increases tic tcwulc atrength, increa.ua the etatie aompnsaion strength, and decreases the cricking properties of thin films of asphait filler mixes. Experimental ssbestoe-asphait road (trip* have been laid in many itatae and are observed under regular traffic conditions.
Bibliography
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3. A. I- lliH. Umm S. A/am Dm. Uiam, CM. Smrf Mm. 12.1st ad. 19IX, 2mi ad. 1900. 7. It L Gamd and C. 8. Rasa, AM Cry*. I (3) (1943). tr.2 Ymrmmm. `The Anphibeia Aabaetat <f Smiik Afrirt" Tima. CM Mm. S. A/rim U.
190-233 UM3X
tr.L Pnedmdr, J. n*. Ckm. 40, Ml (19M); . 30(19*11
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11 T.P.BauakSaadtaaaJ.r. Misk. JMtM>UI.3l3(IN0X
II W. Nai sad H. IMa>. Area# JmA*. MmM IfMrsi tltOMU
14. T. r. laMiiadJ.J. Csnwr. fnr. Sink AM Cmf. Clayr mad Cta* Mmamit, Bwkatay, Call/.,
Amg. tM7.
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-- 'TW OiffratUae af X Kays V- a Cytiadneal Laufce t and 3," Ada Cryar.T
337-03 (19M); 3.3*1. 3B0(1IUX 17. r LitwMf. ***.<. aa.tnnnaix ti /lad., u. i3io (ma*t
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Miatag Asms. I9*t npsa masted tl Aaaasl GtMral Mauip af Ths Ciaadfis loretute af Miaaeg and
MatsPaigy, 10ft tt Ml 30 X. ZekseaU sad E. Care, "Treato tfreegtfc af Astanas," AaSpa 1*3.11-37 (1M0X
31 UX hi 1MU10
1*. 1I37X M. 1 gedallaa (e /ahaa MaamUa Carp.X
O. aMM Aa Mm ttornd. Capa As*it.a Ca. leedae. Finfand
33. C. a. ryeia. `laM lli Dteaavary tad Earty Hiaury,'' AArnm l*(4X3-4(l*3iX
34. A. L. Xad. `AsmM* Dap^ts af the Trawriai.'* 3. Afntm Mrnm Mmt. J.tUlt, 730-731
(KMX 311 iDfi "Bwladeary Bepart aa the laapaatine tad Aapahafad Xetka af hath Qvibac,"
Cm. OmL **m mATm.MmmiGml.Smn i/an. 0(1913). *1-41
311 Tatar. `TieCaataa af Aetama uf Aatattafarei Miana." fdL Am.lrnm Miami Mmfm.
110. 1973 (lOMk ar. I.Tah, fneAaafad. J/Mef Jdpra. ST.*3(1917): .3(ltt9X
vl. J
ASCORBIC ACID
747
3*. It. If.mrir, "Tti* VfTMtjn* [V-lf. ri F/inirm Townrhije in Qiielm," Cm. /V*t ^iig md
r-* .t-uva, *7M .Viimy, imimUiaM *,% luuml no firtii v^v m 111 l.|!)|9.
?. S a Knth tni tl. W, Itai*. "ChryMUl* AMmda. I. Chrvamii* Vdm," tom. CmL IT l(:* (103).
It U. W. Hal*. "f.TifvwtiiW tala*,**. i. din*-->#it#."44uin,H," 'inm. (/--e JT, m-XMnOlt
tl. K hi Kaap,
id U* .xlmJinjM Minmi it.it, llrlinw Uwtnft, * X 'fLTimn Grd
Siirrrr Hull U. 101-103 (I*J29).
"i- E. Paiainn nndR.R0. CMam, "CaAUihution to Um Mincr*Jny <d 0* ni>,v i.l.
Qu*(w.`' C. Drpl. Uimm and Far*. Surmyt. CM. 5wwy dull. XT, [Q| (toil),
33. ItP.D. Graham, "On** af Mamra Sarpiau** and Chryaeula Aahaales, Black Uk* That/art Art*. Quebec, * firm. CM 13(3), IMIIH7L
34. if. C. Cook*. "That/nrd, Diaraati. cod EmUr* Half of Waraick Mae Aram, Quakaa," Cm.
Oc**. J/taia end Trek. Siaarv*. CM Jxnay A/m. lit (1037>, I2&.I40.
33. A.' L Hail, "Ajleetn* in Uw Oman *f koutk Ainc*," 0*im 3. 4/nca OtfL itmm, CM JWwy 3/m. 13(11(101.
31 0. Pimiff and M. .4. Bniiuilet. "Tit* Kpiotnm* *f tin Mineral* and ICaeka of da* flarpMUM
3eit, Easton Toaraahta. Quahre." Cm. kUmmfJ. U (3), 137-197(1907).
17. P. tl. Rierdaa. "Gama id Attain* m Ullrahm* Rock*," Am CM 39.439(1139).
19. Pfftenal rmunaiwaum te authnr (ram 1. M. Wt**, Duma** of Mian. Wdtadaa, D C;
and H. M. Waadmita, Bureau id Mines. (Rue*. Ontana. J. M. WaM tad V. IL Mrtmk, US. Aumui / Vian )* irtaat. l!t, U>. Huraau *f Mine*. WnMaetna, O.C.
l!V M. ft. ItaluUet ** H. W. Kilaertuu, "IVvartM* *f Aataue films imyirttii ina* Um V 5.,"
Trvu. Cm. IiuL MMs# Mat 13. 19-14 (1990).
40. "Aatatia Itaafareamaeia," J/admt PtaMnr, Eoeyeiopadia lam far 1991, 39 (1A), 337-939
(Sant 1910).
41. J. H. Katsman. TU M/m af Skmt .latnfca Ain m Mmk Rnn( fiapmaw of AiftmM RMa# Mum, Hi*hwv ft mirk Beard Riwwcmui*. Widdapm. O.C, Jm. u, im
41 R*mt J*akit 9um*mt fan* 1991, *. 9. 4*. M. & ladalM, "Aatatca * Uinni af OapanllaM PwpMnM'' Tran*. CM fma. ifMao
JM 90.193(1991).
M. 1 Basoiut
ASBESTOS-CEMENT PRODUCTS. See Oman*.
ASBESTOSB. See Induwiel hyfw.
ASCORBIC ACID
Ateorbie odd and viumia C art the two mom by which i^xyloajecrhie tdd is commonly known it pnatnt; howoww, durtnf iu biftoricol dcvtlopoant it hw ban colled centuaic acid, the antiaeorbutie viumia, haxuraaie acid, aeorbutosua, and redetM, tba Udt liimin *4 ita atrocturoJ reiatinndiip to mduetooo. that cool of hy> dxosyiaathyisijrmaL Wbao pun, the viuaua id o white crystallise aohotanwo It ia raioted to 9osw seida, sad that to dehrod from t eubohydnto front whfcfc the mail isiyathodjad baolofieoHy. The moat ii*niBe*m eharaetdiiatit of aaoorbie add (IJ is iu revanobit esddtioo ta dehydroenoortie and (1). TTu latter ie rwvarohly raduead ia the body to the phymiefieaBy aotioo uaerbie acid; therefore, Munition <d the vitamin in* pcoaido maem of dcterminin both forme.
WUi'iha uoaptiio of the pranatm and (uiaao pi (aaa p. 733), all animate
rtnilii ten the eapodty to aynthndre aaoorbie add. Deptnotioa of vtumia C ia hMus born* aauai the douriontion of a aumber e< phydotefioal fuaetioat, finally
I
^Ionian-- -iT*9tun.AuaDBMfcU naem
DUP 0907407
DU 028508
