Document VKN6LeYZyRRBk5qaj1XRJg4NZ
Volume 5
MARCH, 1935
i
Number 2
LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION
Graybar Building 420 Lexington A^ LIA25312
Survey Shows Architects Prefer White Lead Paint
O help answer questions asked by lumber manu
Returns indicate that 68.3 per cent of architects
Tfacturers and lumber dealers about the paint
specify pure white lead for all coats on exterior
thev might safely recommend to eliminate paint wood. Since practically all architects replying
troubles on wood, the Forest Products--Better Paint
specify' three coats (a few specifying four or more
Campaign made a survey of the paint specifications
coats), figuring an average of three coats per job.
used by architects in every section of the United
72.6 per cent of all the paint coats specified by
States.
architects are pure
A survey card,
white lead. Con
as described below,
sidering priming
was mailed to each o f approximately 3,600 architects in
Pure white lead and ______ _ oil, first two coats \
i________coats only, 74.0 per cent are speci fied as pure white
all parts of the
lead by architects.
country asking what paint they generally
Pure white lead and
Priming coats are naturally the most
specified for use on
important o f all
exterior wood. The wording of the sur
Pure white lead and oil, last two coats
coats because n n paint can hold to
vey card was care fully selected so that architects
Pure white lead and oil, or an alternate
i
Hi
wood over a poor priming coat. These figures all disregard
would be free to reply as they actu
Paints other than pure
those specifying white lead or an
ally specify without being influenced by
How architects specify paint.
alternate, which naturally strike a
any leading question, The replies are tabulated
balance between white lead and other paints.
below:
An architect's function is to provide his client
Pure white lead and oil, all coats .......
23! with a beautiful, livable dwelling at the lowest cost
Pure white lead and oil, first two coats Pure white lead and oil, priming coat . Pure white lead and oil, last two coats Pure white lead and oil or an alternate ................ Paints other than pure white lead and oil*............
Total replies received ....................................
10 9
24 81 362
*.\lost of these paints are prepared paints, made by repu table manufacturers, generally specified by name, and con taining a high percentage of white lead in the pigment, or are specified as pure white lead and oil with the addition
and in a form economical to maintain. Since the client is usually uninformed as to the value of the various building materials available, he relies upon the architect's specialized knowledge. Therefore the architect closely studies the relative value of the materials he must specify, and the fact that a large proportion of architects specify white lead on all species of wood and under all climatic conditions, is a definite assurance that white lead will give beau
of small amounts of zinc oxide (the average zinc oxide content given by those architects who stated the amount added was just under 23 per cent).
The survey card, which was distributed to archi tects in January, 1935, read:
tiful, economical results and the utmost service.
This survey duplicates other strong endorsements of white lead, Thus. 85 per cent of master painters paint their own homes with pure white lead (Lead . November, 1934). Surveys of the paint specifica-
"Will you assist us to determine the practice of archi
tects in specifying exterior paint for wood by filling out
the attached card and returning it to us. \o postage is
necessarv.
Sincerely yours,
cations of State Highway Departments (Lead March, 1933) and of Class I railroads, the Federal Government paint specifications (Lead , March. 1931), New York (Lead , May, 1932) and other
Fo r es t Pr o d u c t s -Be t t e r Pa in t Ca mp aig n '
municipal paint specifications, tests by State Gov
The attached return postal said:
"For exterior paint on wood, I generally specify the
following:
Signed..................................................
ernments (Lead , July, 1934) and other impartial organizations, and recommendations of building and loan societies (Lead , September, 1932), all reveal the great confidence placed in white lead by
No signature is necessary if you do not wish to sign."
those who know paint intimately.
[21 LIA25313
Lead Expansion Bolts For Montreal Dock Repairs
1 EAD expansion bolts have been used in an interest|__ ing new way by The Western Waterproofing Co., Montreal, Canada, on work just completed for the Harbor Commissioners of Montreal. The harbor dock walls of the Bickerdike Pier had become badly cracked and broken up through sears of wear and tea- of shipping and action of the elements. It was decided to repair the dock by completely re surfacing with Gunite and in this operation "Cinch" Expansion Bolt-Anchors played an important part.
All soft, loose and defective concrete was first cleared from the wall face by cutting away with pneumatic hammers and wire-brushing. A clean, solid, toothed concrete surface resulted, to form a sound base for and a solid bond with the Gunite. The amount of defective material removed varied, 2 in. being the minimum. The roughened surface was then given a coating of powdered cast iron mixed with water and nn oxidizing agent to pre vent the rusting of wire mesh and anchor-bolts by the penetration of dampness or water from the upper dock surfaces, and to bond the Gunite to the structure.
Holes 2 in. deep and / in. in diameter were then drilled in the surface 20 in. apart and staggered. A J4 in. w'ire nail, secured by calking in two sepa rate Ya in. plain unit "Cinch" Expansion BoltAnchors (described in detail in Lead , January, 1933), made and supplied by Canadian "Cinch" .Anchoring Systems Limited, Montreal, was inserted in each hole with the nail ends projecting about
3 in. Steel mesh having 2 in. square mesh made of No. 10 gauge wire was placed over the nail ends which were then bent up and over, securing the mesh firmly to the wall. Gunite was then sprayed
Method of securing nails in concrete by means of lead expansion bolts.
on and before setting hard was smoothed off and corners rounded, completing a highly satisfactory and permanent repair job.
As can be seen from the sketch, lead expansion bolt-anchors utilize the principle of expanding one or more lead alloy cone rings within a hole by calk ing them over iron cones placed base down on the head of a bolt. The anchorage is also used to anchor the threaded end of the bolt in the hole by using the iron cone tapped with a standard machine bolt thread of any size. They are used for all types of anchorages in concrete and masonry, for install ing machinery, motors, shafting, pipe lines, theatre seats, and for electrical, plumbing, heating and ventilating work.
Three steps in re-jacing Montreal docks. At Lef t , inserting nails secured by lead expansion bolts m concrete; Cen t er , spraying gunite over steel mesh held by nails; Rig h t , the new finished surface.
[3]
LIA25314
White Lead Aids Restoration of Historic Carved Figure
HITE lead helped Mr. Arthur Smith, of
WTappan, N. Y., expert restorer of art objects, to restore to good condition the carved tvood figure of St. Paul that has adorned a niche under the gable of St. Paul's Chapel, Broadway and Fulton Streets, New York City, for 169 years. Many legends sur round this nine foot high figure said to have been carved by the artist who carved the figure-head of the frigate Constitution. One is that anyone passing St. Paul's at the stroke of twelve midnight would be greeted by a low bow from St. Paul de scended from his lofty niche. The figure has stood in its niche since the historic Chapel, once the place of worship of George Washington, was erected in 1766 and it was found to be in a bad state of repair when the building was restored several years ago.
After taking the figure down from its niche, decayed portions of the wood w'ere replaced and it was soaked in special baths of China wood oil thinned w'ith benzol and containing a preserva tive for the wood. After thorough satura tion with this preparation, it was painted
WURTS BROS.
Abo v e: Old St. Paul's Chapel, New York, with the wood carving of St. Paul in the
niche under the gable.
Lef t : Figure of St. Paul before restoration.
Bel o w : Beautiful interior of old St. Paul's after restoration in which white
lead was used for enamel undercoats.
with approximately fifteen coats of
pure white lead paste thinned with
a phenol resin China wood oil varnish.
After each coat of paint a layer of a
fifty-fifty mixture of marble dust and
white sand was applied and when the
paint was dry the next coat of white
lead. No marble dust was put on over
the last coat, but when dry, it was
given a finish with a half-and-half
mixture of white beeswax and paraffin.
The entire restoring operation required
about eighteen months, but the cover
photograph shows the excellent results of meticu
lous work.
This treatment should protect the figure for many
years to come, despite the inaccessibility of the
niche.
-'
Much white lead was also employed in restoring
the Chapel interior, which is exceptionally beautiful.
Although enamel finishes were principally used, the
undercoating for the enamel was pure white lead,
which provides the best bond to the surface being
painted and a fine foundation for enamel. Mr. John
\V. Davies of New York was the decorator. Good
enamel undercoats can be made as follows:
WURTS BROS.
[4]
' ^A253i `
' X^r; -#V-
if.
INTERIOR WOOD
INTERIOR PLASTER
Priming Coat
Subsequent Coats
Pnmmg Coat
Second Coat
Subsequent Coats
Soft Paste White Lead.......................................
100 lb.
100 lb.
100 lb.
100 lb.
100 lb.
Flatting Oil or Turpentine* ...........................
2K gal.
IK gaL
114 gai.
IK gal.
IK gal.
Raw Linseed Oil .............................................. Boiled Linseed Oil ............................................ Floor Varnish ...................................................
3 gal.
3 gal. 2 gal.
K gal.
1 Pt.
Liquid Drier ..................................................... Gallons of Paint ................................................ Approximate Coverage per Gallon....................
1 pt. 9 gal. 700 sq.ft.
5 gal. 800 sq.ft.
9K gal. 800 sq.ft.
5K gal. 800 sq.ft.
5 gal. 800 sq.ft.
When turpentine is used instead of flatting oil, / pt. of liquid drier should he added for each too lb. of white lead paste.
Lead Flashing and Clock on New Jersey Estate
Cap flashing was made of 6 lb. soft lead and runs completely through the walls. The copings which were placed over the lead through flashing are secured by means of dowels passing through the flashing into the wall below and coping above. This, of course, necessitates sealing the flashing where the dowels penetrate by capping the dowels with lead and soldering to the flashing.
WURTS BROS.
Library with clock tower on ex-Senator Kean's estate in New Jersey.
I EAD cap flashing and a lead clock face were emI ployed by Architect Julius F. Gayler of New York
on the attractive buildings of Green Lane Farms near Elizabeth, N. ]., the estate of former United States Senator Hamilton F. Kean of New Jersey.
A large separate building on the estate houses the former Senator's library, together with some living quarters. A large clock appears near the top of one face of an octagonal tower rising from an ell of this building. The face of the clock is lead with gilded brass numerals and hands. Lead was selected for this purpose because of the beautiful natural patina it acquires with exposure and because of the clear contrast it would make with the numerals and hands.
WURTS BROS.
Lead clock face on the library tower. Lead flashing is visible along sloping coping.
'A CRTS L.Ri'5.
Stables on the Kean estate. The ventilators in the roof
are flashed with lead.
Mr. Gayler always specifies lead for this purpose because once installed it is there to stay and because it is soft and pliable, permitting it to be dressed down easily, fitting itself to all irregularities and providing a good bed for copings. Lead is the most durable common metal when exposed to the atmos phere. It has the added advantage of attractive color, and water running over lead (lashing does not cause staining of adjacent materials.
[3]
L IA 2531 6
i !i;
ill?
I ;l
iA _x a
End Seal Lumber With White Lead to Preserve Paint
AAFRCHITECTS should specify and contractors should see that all joints in
exterior woodwork are end
sealed with white lead, espe
cially between siding boards
where they abut each other
and where they are joined to
window and door casings. End
sealing is recommended by
Method of end sealing lumber.
the Western Pine Association, the West Coast Lumbermen's
Association and the California Redwood Associa
tion in an endeavor to minimize paint failures on
wood. The members of these Associations produce
a large majority of the siding used in the United
States. Omission of end sealing permits moisture
to soak into ends of and behind siding boards. Later
end sealing of lumber.
the sun draws this moisture
out through the painted
surface and causes the paint
to peel. Even the best of
paint can not resist this vir
tually irresistible force and
paint troubles result.
It is true that some archi
tects and some contractors
do adhere to this principle,
but it is all too frequently forgotten. It is important that ail those who are respon
Some of the points
srhere end sealing is necessary.
sible for this part of a building -- the architect,
contractor, carpenter and painter, even the lumber
dealer who sells the lumber--see that squared ends
of siding boards are thoroughly sealed with white
lead and linseed oil mixed to the consistency of
thick cream and closely joined, and that siding is
sealed in like fashion and tightly joined against door
and window casings.
The efficacy of this method of sealing was demon
strated bv Mr. Albert Hermann, Research Engineer
of the Western Pine Association, whose tests were
briefly reported in Lead , September, 1934.
Following is a paragraph covering this point which
it is suggested architects include in their speci
fications :
All joints in siding, window and door trim, and all
joints between siding and window and door frames,
and all other joints in exterior woodwork, shall be
constructed by thoroughly sealing the ends of the
wood, before nailing, with pure white lead mixed
with linseed oil to the consistency of thick cream
and tightly joining the wood members so that mois
ture will be prevented either from entering the joint
or from entering the wood at joints.
Painter Tells Why He Always Uses White Lead
IN reply to a letter from a satisfied customer stating | that a paint job done by him ten years ago was still standing up, Mr. E. P. Haake, New f ork painter and decorator replied:
"I am happy to learn that the job I did tor you is still holding out as I feel that will show you w hat good material and good workmanship can do it people are willing to spend a little more and get good results.
''If everv painter would do as 1 do in using only
the best of materials, such as white lead, best of linseed oil and turpentine, properly mixed, for in and outsides of buildings, they would have no fault to find about their jobs, and customers would be satisfied.
"1 have been in business since 1904 and I have used nothing else but white lead, linseed oil and turpentine. 1 have often been told, '.Mr. Haake. you do good work but you are too expensive.' My answer is, ' The result of my work is cheapest in the
LIA25317
An Instructive, Useful Wall
Hanger About Lead Plumbing
LEAD PLUMBING
IS INSTALLED BY SKILLED CRAFTSMEN AND GIVES GREATER SATISFACTION AND PROTECTION TO HEALTH AND PROPERTY
Schmidt's Farm Restaurant. Scarsdale. .V
Painted
srith -jchite lead m 192S and has had one coat since.
end.' You ''''ill know that, as I painted your house
in June. 1925. and used white lead." .Mr. llaake's theory of doing business is sound.
He not only is able to get more for his jobs and to have satisfied customers, but, since white lead is an all-purpose paint, he need tie up little money in stocks of material, and his white lead costs him no more and often less than other materials he might use. White lead, therefore, is a bigger money maker for the painter and builds him a reputation for con sistently good work that has a large value in dollars and cents.
That the white lead job referred to by Mr. Haake stood up for ten years will not surprise those who know paint. Many white lead jobs have stood up longer. But this particular one is in New York City, subjected to the polluted atmosphere of a great industrial community and the salt air and rigorous exposure conditions and rapidly changing tempera tures of the northeastern seaboard. Two of Mr. Haake's jobs, both with good records, are illustrated.
White lead painted trim on a home in the Bronx. S'ezu York City. Painted 1928 and 19)4.
mo s t PLUM8ING IS CONCEALED BEHIND WALLS ANO aOORS WHERE IT IS EXPENSIVE TO GET AT AND V/HERE FAILURE MAY CAUSE MUCH DAMAGE BEFORE TROUBLE IS DISCOVERED THE DURABILITY AND RELIABILITY OF
LEAD PIPE and SHEET LEAD
Intltllcd by Lccntcd P1mbn nult bttutifui modern fixtures function most efficiently nd minimize cottly
>epin nd dm*4.
HAD INDUSTRIIS ASSOCIATION N*w York. N. Y.
2 ft. by 3 ft. wall hanger has just been prepared
A and is now available to plumbers showing a blue print of a proper installation of a lead and cast-iron soil and waste pipe system and lead service pipe. It also contains other valuable data includ ing sizes and correct weights of lead service and waste pipe, solder compositions and other informa tion of use to the plumber. Plumbers can make use of this wall hanger to impress upon customers and prospective customers the great complexity of that part of the plumbing system concealed behind floors and walls, which the public rarely sees and little understands. It also brings out the importance of employing licensed, skilled plumbers to make plumb ing installations that will give satisfaction and pro tect health and property. In addition plumbers will find it helpful in selecting proper weights of lead pipe and sheet lead and in obtaining other useful informa tion at a glance. Architects will also find this chart helpful. The Lead Industries Association will supply copies to readers of Lead free upon request.
LIA25318
A Lead Service Installed Where Another Kind Failed
T the corner of Springfield Boulevard and
A Jamaica Avenue, just outside the New York city limits on Long Island, a 2 in. lead service was
recently installed to replace the former service of
another metal. A year ago, after only six years in
the ground, the old service had needed repairs, and
in December, 1934, the seven-year old service had
to be replaced. It was rigid pipe which had
sheared off.
There is much heavy traffic at this intersection.
Vibration and settlement are unavoidable. There
fore the flexibility of lead pipe is essential if a per
manent installation is to be expected, for lead' pipe
will adjust itself without strain to movement in the
ground. Wiped joints, which are the type used
for connecting sections of lead pipe, can not vibrate
loose, for they bond the sections of pipe together
into one continuous pipe, and wiped joints strengthen
rather than weaken the pipe as do threaded joints.
When service pipes are installed in the ground
and particularly where it goes under pavements, the
cost of the pipe material is a minor part of the total
cost. Excavation, back-filling and opening and closing the pavement make up the larger expense. For that reason, it does not pay to put in short
LENS KOLD
Installing a 2 in. lead water service at a busy Long Island corner. Note flexibility of the pipe.
lived pipe. Only thick walled pipes made of durable
The installation of 36 ft. of 2 in. lead service
metal and flexible enough to stand settlement and the effects of heavy traffic passing overhead are economical for water services.
described in this article was made by H. Hudtwalcker and Charles Stork, both Long Island master plumbers.
Ninety-Five Year Old Lead Water Service Unearthed
AN interesting sample of lead's remarkable per-
to it which was recently dug up in the center of the
( formance underground was recently presented
city after 95 years in the ground. The photograph
to the Lead Industries Association by .Mr. E. D. of the wiped joint reveals that even after almost a
Swoyer. veteran Allentown, Pa., master plumber.
century of exposure to soil conditions it is in an
It is a drive ferrule with lead service pipe wiped
excellent state of preservation.
Use of this particular service was discontinued a
number of years ago. The pipe had been cut off
near the property line and the end beaten together
to close it off. Therefore, although not in use, it
had carried the city water pressure of 55 lbs. per
sq. in. up to that point during its entire life.
Idiis example is simply a reminder that there are
many lead services of comparable age in the ground
that have never come to light because there has been
CUSTIS
Drive ferrule and wiped joint which was attached to a 9i>-year-old lead water service in Allentown, Pa.
no occasion to dig them up. It clearly demon strates that lead has been thoroughly time-tested.
THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION INVITES INQUIRIES ON ANY SUBJECT RELATING TO LEAD AND
CWILL BE GLAD TO COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS
T1 Jj
LIA25319
MADISON SQUARE P NEW YORK
