Document VGMwVv4ZRp4XbKoxwOQ9G18yo

6 ;$&&> b$7 t- &r. 3g 0. S. DEFARH1EUT OF LABOR OFFICE OF IKFOSLUTIOH, TFASK1KGT0H. 0. C. 20218 WS CSDL -- 74-138 OeevMtiMl SiCity and Alcli Adaialttritloa Urr (202) 941-3914 (Iom) (703) 334-0199 9DR UUASCl MEDIATE liiday, March 22* 1974 oska aiwoukies gsucrvcT MEAstmea to ptoTtcr ippkcts ntoM vthti ottoxrec r fha Bcpamwa: of tabor aanouncad to4oy 1c will laeuo ao att|aer ctaporaTt, haalch ataadard to protect workers exposed to vinyl chloride while it proceed# with* normal tmlanaklng procedures for a pt-rr-* srandaTd* Assistant Stctcurj of tabor John R. Standcr, hoad of tha Occupational Stftej end Baalth Administration (OSHA) , sold tha awortency atandard will raduco paralsalblo expocota lavala of workora la induatry from 500 porta par million (ppn) In air to 4 50 ppn a ailing, and at tbo aaaa tlsa raptltt workplaca aooltorlag and, wbora exposure la I -T .V V .,T<' fmatar than tha 50 level, personal protective aoaauraa and equipment* tbo am followed diaclowwre bp efflelala of tha lf. Coodrleh Chenleal Co. plant .y * ix . . i* *,* ! tanlawllla, Xy., of a poaalbla connection baewaaa vinyl chlorldo exposure and tha vv- daatha of fowr ployees of aagioaareoaa--a rare form of livar cancer* Ona additional ' doath oobeequently haa boon roportad froa toulavillo, and ono oaeh fron Onion Carbide's tooth Oiarlaoton plane and Coodyaor*o Klatara plant. In addition, two praaont onplopoaa . "M- at tbo touiawllla facility Hava boon diagnosed to have angioaarcoow of tha llwor* Coder tha law, tha mmerganey ceeporary atandard sarvas oa a propoead permanent atandard* Stendar said a proposed pemanant atandard alao would bo boaod an rocormonda* tiona which hawa b*n publlahad by the National tnatituea for Occupational Safety and f VY/'i':- ' Boalth (510SH), 9* MOAE - ;-.xMv - t < -fcjfij ' vi>4r4'| r -s*. All proposed pmMMt auntfnd would establish nethode ef monitoring work areas >'||f Ylajl chlorlda, art work rractictt eo be follovad, Inacltuea a nodical MrralUaaea yngy-- far employees, and raqulra specific personal protective equipment. * 'i XC alas nonId prohibit any a*poaura to vinyl chloride, a aubstaaca that la used * uldalj la the manufacture of polyvinyl chlotlda (pvc), a typo of plastic. (Monitoring devices currently available can caesura exposures as lev as one part par ullllon 1b air.) * The ouargancy standard* to bo published Is the Federal Jtsglator soon, can remain la offact up ta six uontha. 2t will bo superseded, hovover, ae aoeu as tba permanent * Standard propoeal la adopted. Itfldat said that "theoretically, the poraeaant standard can bo os the books as o usrly ss June*" ^kssvUU," ho coatlav ed, "the emergency atandard will serve to protect workers As tbs grave danger ve boa exists." fallowing the report from l.f. Goodrich, OSBA bold on naergeney fact-finding boar* tag Vab* 13. Later, Standar and other high OSHA officials vlslead aevarnl chculcal * iMlfc :U plaafc far en-the-epet Invaatigatlona to dotornlao poaalblo aaaaa of 1initing worker to vinyl chloride. # said scientific evidence presented at the Tab. IS hearing by Professor Cmstc Utltonl, an Italian scientist, lad to the aserganey celling reduction. Raleottl,S Madias dSBosstretod that reduction froa 500 to 50 ppo provides a considerable dagraa of pruceetlea from tba 250 ppa eonceotratloa observed by Mai tool to be caaeer-ceuslng la \*'i . : IV/ y-.: iV-'* '* >, SSlaala, ahllo those exposed only eo 50 ppa shoved no apparent ill effects. lIMftt'l visits and aaatinga followed a field*study by a tetavf^OSRA industrial hygienists and chaalcal engineers at a aunber of cheeleal planes In tnulslana ta develop a toeholds! rccecaendations. USs'***,.. . Although the soargancy standard will becooa effective snortly after publication la tbd federal keglater, the permanent standard will not be adopted until the publte has given an opportunity ta coonent and. If requested, a public hearing is held. ### -Jr&: -t\ __ 'm '~0- vr. T r*d*UdlCv -v.;r aMWiTi-ffinii i7i'f nUfTtHS RSV 0011881 II | -----1-------n || I............ ... 4+*!/IV 9* OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY a HEALTH REPORTER If, Mml Deal Viae Health ead ___ACt f IM. a IttL 749 CM UJ.C. Ml tw. Ht-lt M iHWBtH *f M. L IMM. M SMt (I UkC Mm --rmrj e* UMrt fder 1A-TI: M m STM.) rffreffo* d*u. The new ptnmph Id) , 1ft Added to 20 era 72J.91I to f- feettve April 1, 1114 tad to applicable to an etolmt filed under Part C of TlUo XT of to Federal Coal Mint Health and Safety Act of 1969. at amended, on or after January 1.1974. Stoned at Washington. D.C. thto 23d day of March. 1974. Bnmu 2. DsLmrr, fiitrtnl Secretory /or foploruel TTrmifiTrdi If* 0ea.7.7*M PM 6-aat4::M ia| 139 FK 11175, April 1,1974) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION EMERGENCY TEMPORARY STANDARD FOR EXPOSURE TO VINYL CHLORIDE TWo "Labor CHAPTER XVlt--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DE PARTMENT OP LABOR ' PART 1910--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS Emergency Temporary Standard for Exposure to Vinyl Chloride 1. Background. Vinyl chloride (ehloroethese), Chemical Abetrmcte Service Heelstry No. 79019. to a synthetic cheat. ' eal mad# by oxyehlorinaUon of ethylene or by hydroehlorination of acetylene. It to tho parent compound of a *e.ies of tht-moplastic resin polymers -nd co polymers which are widely used lor con tainers, wrapping Usenet, electrical In sulation, pipe, conduit and a variety of other products. Vinyl chloride has been made commercially In this country since --y 1939 and present production to In excess ' of seven billion pounds per year, v: Vinyl chloride (VC) to a gas at affl uent temperature and pressure and to a chlorinated hydrocarbon which his mod erate liver toxicity. The present standard sets a celling value of 500 parts per mu-- (ppm) (29 CTR 1910.93). Os January 23.1974. the Occupational Safety and Health Administration was Informed by toe National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) tost the B. F. Ooodrlch Chezn- teal Company reported that deaths of several of Its employees fror> a rare form of liver cancer may have been occupa tionally related. As a result of thto notifi cation. and after consultation with NIOSH and a joint inspection of the plant by OSHA. NIOSH. and the Ken' lucky Department of Labor, a fact-find ing hearing on possible hazards involved , with too manufacture and use of both VO and polyvinyl ehlotide was an nounced on January SO, 1974 09 FR . 9174), and held on February 19. 1974. 2. Corctnooenlcitr of VC. Information produced at toe hearing demonstrated that exposure of laboratory animats (mostly Sprague-Dawley rsts) to VC by inhalation at and below the current OSHA standard of 900 ppm induced turnon, including angiosarcomas of the liver. Professor Cmare Maltoni. of toe Institute dl oneolocla. Bologna. Italy, re ported on a series of experiments on toe effect of expos e of rata, mlee. and hamsters to VC at concentrations of 10.000: 6.000: 2400; 500 : 390: and 50 ppm for varying periods of time <TR 43-03 >. Some of the experiments have been con cluded. end others are still enromc. The experimental results so far reported are that tumors haee been observed in troupe of "* exposed to VC at con centrations as low as 250 ppm. No tumors hare been observed in the group of uii- mala exposed to VC at a concentration of 60 ppm. Zt also appears so far that the total number of tumors, as well as the numbers of angiosarcomas of toe liver, decrease as the concentrations of VC are reduced to 250 ppm. Finally, another experiment by Professor Mai- tonl to underway Involving the exposure of aoo animals to Vc at concentrelions of 50 ppm. in order to sssevs in a more definitive way whether that level of ex posure produces tumors in animals. Data reported by Torkelson. Oyen and Rowe (American Tr'du-**AI Jlyglr-.e Associa tion J 22:354-361 (1961)) odleate that exposure to VC at concentrations of 50 ppm failed to Induce tumors in rata, hamsters, rabbits, and docs. The employees of the B. F. Ooodrlch Chemical Company who died from an giosarcoma of toe liver had an avenge exposure of approximately 19 yean to vinyl chloride, at unknown concentra tions. and variable exposures to other volatile chemicals. <TR 93). Some em ployees of Union Carbide Company and Goodyear Company are also reported in a post-hearing comment from NIOSH dated March 11. 1974. to have had ex posure to vinyl chloride and to have died from angiosarcoma of toe liver. Finally, autopsies of four deceased employees re vealed that liver angiosarcoma tumors were htotoIogieaHy indistinguishable from toe angiosarcoma tumors observed in Professor Maltonrs experimental ani mals. It to concluded therefore, that vinyl chloride to carcinogenic for hu mans. W* therefore conclude tost the present standard for vc should be lowered from a ceiling of 900 ppm to a celling of 90 ppm for the following reasons: <Bi In Sent of the evidence referred to above including the Maitenl experi ments demonstrating that VC to carcino genic to animals at 250 ppm. we conclude that vc must be considered carcino genic in man at the same level: <b) Although Professor Maltonl did not Induce tumors in hi* experimental animals at an expoure concentration of 50 ppm. these data do not support the concept that occupational exposure of employees to concentrations of 50 ppm throushout their working lifetime would be without detrimental health efleets: (e) The Question whether cafe levels of exposure to carcinogens exist for hu mans and. U so. whet such levels would be. to the subject of continuing scientific deliberation. In toe ease of VC. Profes sor Millord did not observe tumors In his animals at exposure concentrations of 90 ppm. In addition. Torkelson. Oyen. and Rowe found that exposure to con centrations of 50 ppm of VC failed to in duce tumors in rats, hamsters, rabbits, and dogs. Accordingly, there Is Insuf ficient evidence at this time to conclude that VC at concentrations of 90 ppm or below poses a grave danger to (d) The emergency temporary stand ard adopted represents a substantia] re duction in the permissible level of expo sure and. in our practical Judgment, Is the lowest level that can be complied with Immediately: and <e> This standard will be In effect for a period of no longer than alx months, during which time the whole question of possible safe exposure of humans to VC will be reconsidered more fully and In the light of more information, including experiments which are under way at toll time ITR 47,49.71-74). 9. Petitions for on emergency tempo rary standard. In a telegram to U.3 As sistant Secretary of labor, received on or about March 14. 1974. toe President of'the United Rubber Workers Xnterna- UonaJ Union urged the establishment of in emergency temporary standard for VC. During the hearing of February 19. 19V. the Industrial Union Department; AFL-CIO. and the United Rubber Work ers International Union made a Joint petition for an emergency temporary standard for VC (TR 141-141). which was also Joined by the OIL Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union (TR 37). At the same hearing, several participants urged, on the other a regular rulemaking proceeding as toe most suitable for the orderly develop ment of relevant information cm lUL ISO). The petitions for an emergency *--*> porary standard specified ?n detail the contents of the standard requested. In substance, the request to to Issue a com prehensive fully-developed standard based e the recommendations of too Standards Advisory Committee on Car cinogens submitted to the Assistant Sec retary of Labor on or about August 27, 1973. The recommendations are far- ranging. and cover special categories of operaUona. signs and labels. sur veillance. reporting, etc.. Including a per mit system for the use of a carcinogen. We agree that an emergen^ tempo rary standard to neeeasary: we eanaot say or the basts of the information developed so far that a comprehensive standard, sueh sathe one requested, to either neces ary or even desirable. It has been de cided to promulgate a standard contain ing only those essential provisions which art deemed necessary to provide protee- Oeevyatiaffet SaUfy A H-alfb Rapartw RSV 0011882 CURRENT REPORT -p ttaa to rmplnrm from itb** dinger Btn a regular rulemaking proceeding in " accordance with sections <b) ind te> of the Aet cm be concluded. The res- ' tone for s decision to establish s celling value ef 90 ppm hie* already been mud A decision on otner possible, ap propriate provisions te best made after consideration of ill relevant dsU and Tim that Interested persons may sub mit during the proceeding soon lo be miosted. With respect to srguznenU in opposi tion to Issuance of in emergency tem porary standard, the concern and efforts of ervenl companies participating at the bearing for the protection of their em ployees are recognised. It mar also be thai some emotoyers In some plants have fully compiled with the Interim controls rw r*T rnmirl by MZOSH cm January 30. 1274. There is, however, reason to believe that employees are currently being * pored to VC at concentrations well above M ppm. This was asserted <eveni times at the hearing, and not seriously questV--* Moreover, a report, dated March 1974. of a survey by the staff of the Office of Stagtdirrts f5erclownent. OSHA, of everml faculties manufacturing VC and polyvinyl eWorld* revealed concentra tions for some Job classifications as high aa 229 ppm. Therefore, a regulation 1a considered necessary to provide. Immedi ately, adequate protection to workers ex posed to VC. Also, the eight-hour, timeweighted average standard suggested by several participants at the hearing (.tee. for instance, TR 178), has been rejected. The March 1974 report of the surrey re vealed that several kinds of work or oporations are of short duration. Loading or unloading of a tank car may require approximately IS minutes. The cleaning of a reactor may require approximately half ah hour. An eight-hour, timeweighted average standard would permit exposure to VC at concentrations of 400 ppm for one hour. Such upward excurotens. several uu.es the 59 ppm level, can not be permitted to occur. 4. T7e standard. The standard set out below contains only .the requirements deemed"necessary to provide protection before the conclusion of the rulemaking proceeding to be commenced shortly. FtretrT exposure to VC is hazardous, poll because such exposure can occur in the pipemsee of synthesizing or polym erising of VC or in the handling of VC polymers or copolymers which contain absorbed VC, this standard applies to all aueb processes and to the handling, re- acting; manufacturing, processing, reteaamg, repackaging, or storage of any of these materials. The momtonne require ments serve two purposes, to trigger into operation a compliance program and to check the effectiveness ot the program. Also,mgineertng controls are lavored lor compliance, and respirators are intended top* vide protection until such controls an bo installed or in eases where such control* arv not feasible. Accordingly, by reason of the foregoing and on the basis of the record of the hearing of February 15. 1974, with ex hibits, tbs written submissions received before the hearing pursuant to the notice of the hearing, the post-hearing written gubmlseioos by the participants at the hearing, the March 1174 report of fact finding survey recommendations received from NIOSK. and the other data referred to herein, it is found U> that VC ot con centrations in excess of 60 ppm is physi cally harmful and carelnogenie: <2> that exposure to VC at concentrations in ex cess of a concentration of 50 ppm poses a grave danger to employees; <3> that em ployee* are presently exposed to VC at concentrations in excess of 50 ppm; and <4> that the emergency temporary stand ard set out b-low is necessary to provide immediate protection to employees from such danger. Pursuant to section 0(c) of the Occu pational Safety and Health Act ot 1970, a proceeding wUL commence shortly In accordance wiln section 6(b) of the Act, in which the emergency temporary standard wtu serve as a proposed rule, together with other subsidiary rules. As soon as possible a draft environmental impact statement will be Wed with the President's Council on environmental Quality, and copies wiu be provided to ether appropriate -Federal agencies for their comments. Pursuant to sections 6(e) and 8(e) (3) o' Wiliam .-shelter Occupational Safety and Hei >th Act of 1976 (84 Stat. 1596, 1599; <29 7.S.C. 655. 657) >. and Secretary of Labor's Order No. 13-71 (38 PR 8754). 29 CFR Part 19101* amended by adding thereto a new | 1910.93q to read as set forth below. In addition, pur suant to section 4(b)(2) of the Act (84 Stat. 1593: (29 OS.C. 653)), the stand ard la the new | I9l0-93q is determined to be more effective than the corre sponding standards now in Subpart B of Pan 1910. in Parts 1915. 1926. 1917.1918. and 1926 of title 29. Code of Frder*' Reg ulations, and in Pan 50-204 of Title 41 of the Code of Federal Regulations. There fore. these corresoondmg standards are superseded by the new standard In t 19l0.93q. 1. In 29 CFR Part 1910. 1 1910 93 U amended by deleting from Table O-l the line; - C Vinyl chloride * 500 1300". 3. pan 1910 of Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations is amended by adding thereto a new | 1910.93q to read as follows; 'at Scope and application. (1) This section applies to any area or operation in which vinyl chloride (chloroethenei. Chemical Abstract* Service Registry Number 75015,1s manufactured, reacted, handled, processed, released, repacked, or scored. <2* This section does not apply to the handling, storage, or other use of vinyl chloride polymers and copolymers in the form o( fabricated products. fb* Pemtsstble exposure. The occupa tional environment snnli be controlled so that no employee U exposed to vinyl chloride at a concentration la excess of 50 parts per million (pptn) (127.0 ms'ctim). (cl Montfonnp--(1) initial monitorlay. As soon as possible but not later than April 22. 1974. every employer of an em ployee working in an area or operation in which vinyl chloride is manufactured, re acted, handled, promimd. released. re-* packed, or stored than begin monitoring uie ambient atr of the area to determine. whether it contains vinyl chloride in goo- eentratlens In excess of 50 ppm. <2) Frequency. Monitoring of a suffi cient number of employees so that a representative sample of exposures to vuiyl chloride may be determined shall be accomplished not less frequently than weekly until all results for three consecu tive weeks are at or below SO pom. There after. monitortrur shall be conducted not teas frequently than monthly so lone as the concentrations of vinyl eWorld* do not exceed 50 ppm. If a monitortngxam- pis reveals vinyl chloride in concentra tions in excess of 50 ppm. weekly moni toring shall bo resumed until all results for three consecutive weeks are at or be low 50 ppm. (3) Method ot monitoring. Personnel monitoring shall be accomplished by col lecting samples by suitable devtces worn by the employee. The samples shall be analyzed by gas chromatography or by any other method which 1s of equivalent sensitivity. The analytical procedure shall be sensitive to 5 ppm of vinyl chlo ride in air with an accuracy of ^20 per cent for a ten minute air sample. <4) Employee observation of monlfor- ing. Employees working in an area or operation whose ambient air is moni tored. or their representatives, shall be given a reasonable opportunity to observe the personnel monitoring required by this section. (5) Recordkeeping, The results of all monitoring shall be recorded In writing. The records shall be retained for at least 5 yean and shall be made available lor inspection and-copying by representa tives of the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health and the Director of the National Insti tute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (6) Employee seen*. Each employee and former employee shall have access to such records of the results of monitoring required by this section as will indicate his own exposure to airborne concentra tions of vinyl chloride. (7) Employe* notification. Each em ployer shall promptly notify any em ployee who has been or is being exposed to vtxiyl chloride in concentrations in ex cess of 50 ppdt, and shell inform him of the corrective action being taken. <d> Compliance. <i> Whenever any monitoring sample reveals vinyt chloride at a concentration in exeme of 60 ppm. or whenever any accident, such aa rup ture of equipment or spillage, indicates the likelihood of a greater than usual release of vinyl chJonde into the ambient as. all emplorees exposed to such con centrations shall be withdrawn to a safe area and shell not be permitted to re enter the work area unless they wear either Type C continuous flow or pres sure demand air supplied respirators or self-contained breathing apparatus. <2> Work wWch may reasonably be expected to release vinyl chloride in con centrations in excess af 50 ppm. such as repair, maintenance or cleaning of re actors or other equipment containing vinyl chloride, shall be accomplished only by employees wearing Type C continuous CepyrifM C 197* by TK* Bvu ! Affairs, Inc. RSV 0011883 OCCUPATIONAL. SAFETY % HEALTH REFOHTCT iad tifin^lid w 1. to 31 CTO Pert 1910. | llie.19 to by 11110.12, 11910.13. I1M94L r ccntatnu brwthtng ep- mtod to nod os follows: 11010.15. or 11919.19, in Usual any dif to lay (M emnd far yw*> pfae UMl) or of tMi neueo, to Hdttto i, prmiaf tbe icqulnd luwuralnra ttaa awetoyr shall ananas Mtrw too MWM Of ft** WtWllTI ooaocotnUoiii ot nail ehloito la order to detonnine fesalMe snftneenn* or n* rational eentvoto appropriate to reduce the tirtoni MawntoUaai to the per- mtoaablc level. Sueh controls shall be Implemented u quickly os possible. 11910.19 Special provision* fr air easttambiMli, (s) iitolM dust. Section 1*10.l3a shell apply to the exposure ol every to* ptovee to asbestos dust la every employ* meat and place of eoiploymeat covered bf 11010.12. 11010.13. 11010 H. 11010.1ft. or 11910.18. la lieu of ony dtf. lereni standard on expocure to asbestos dust which would otherwise be appli cable by virtue of any of those sections. ferent standard on expocure to vinyl chloride which would otherwleo bo ap plicable fay virtue of ony ol thooe cawUona. ffcrtlM dole. Those anirniimenle hall become effecUve on April A 1IT1 (Oew. 4. ft. aad I. M Otat. Iftts, 1SSC, IMS (to tra.a ess. ut. sit): ftwmy to tilt Order 1*0.1S-TI. SS PH C7M.) Signed at Washington, DC, tide ad day of April 1914. : v,"* % (4> Periodic teste shell be eoadueted lor eotopmeot leeks end lor emissions of vinyl chloride which mop result from (b) VtnW chloride. Section 1910J3* shall apply to the exposure of ereTT em ployee to Tlnyl chloride in every employ ment oad place of employment corerod Asriitant Secretory of Labor* (39 FK 12342 April 5.1974) STIPULATION AND SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT BETWEEN OSHA AND AMERICAN CAN COMPANY (Thd following agreement it pending befo-* the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commbslon and haa been cited by Oi>HA as the fiat compliance abatement agreement.) UNITED iTATES OF AMERICA OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION rertM J. BRENNAK Sscretsry of > Labor, Usttsd Stotos Dspartawat of Labor, j T& ` CofBptobtant. ) i OSHRC Docket Not. 2036, 2660 A 4119 J V:y=*--' 7 3' STIPULATION AND SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT Comte now Peter J. Brennan, Secretary of Labor, United States Department of Labor, hereinafter referred to as the Seaetaiy and respondent, American Can Com* paay, fasremafter referred to at the Company, and stipu* late herein aa follows: 1. AmsrfgM Can Company, m part of Hi continuing program of providing safe and healthful working eondL x: (tone for its employees has recognized that a companywide effort should mad*to'protect ha employm from the advene affect of excesrive notoe exposure. i'i . 2. Jurisdiction of (hit proceeding to conferred upon the :u/ Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission by section 10(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. ($4 Slat. 1604; 29 U.S.C. 651, er mg.), herein after referred to as the Act 3. American Can Company Is and at all times herein J after mentioned was a corporation with corporate headquartan at American Lane, Greenwich, Connecticut, and does bush a at Newnan, Georgia, North Kansas City, J ' Missouri, Detroit, Michigan and other locations through l, ! out the United States where it to enpyed principally in I} ' the businecs of manufacturing metal containers, plastic containers, folding cartons and flexible packsget. The Company la and at all times hereinafter mentioned has been an employer engaged in a bmines affecting cpp* iperer within the meaning of the Act. 4. Compliance Officers of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, United States Department of Labor, pursuant to their official duties, made inspection and investigations of the Company's workplaces at: Newnan, Georgia on November 16, 1972; North Kanos City, Mtosouri on March 15, 1973; and Detroit, idkfalgaa on June 27, 1973. 5. As a result of the inspections and Investigation, referred to in paragraph 4 above, pursuant to section 9(a) of the Act, the Company was towed: One (1) nonserious citation on Deerr.ber 18, 1972, for hs Newnan, Georgia paperboard facility; one (I) nonserious citation on March 19, 1973, for its North Kansas City, Missouri tin can facility; and one (l) nonserious citation on July 20,1973, for its Detroit, Michigan tin can facility. 6. The Compeny contested each of the citations in* ferred to in paragraph 5 above. These cates were -- the following docket numbers: Newnan, Georgia * OSHRC Docket No. 2036; North Kansas City, Misouri -- OSHRC Docket No. 2660; Detroit, Michigan - OSHRC Docket No. 4119. 7. The Company represents that the conditions re ferred to in paragraphs 1V(B) and (C) of the complaint filed in OSHRC Docket No. 2036 have been and will 8. The Company represents that consistent with tills stipulation and settlement agreement, h has paid or w31 pay the sum proposed in paragraph VI of the complaint filed in OSHRC Docket No. 2036 in th: amount of one hundred twenty dollars (SI 20.00) and the sum proposed in paragraph IV of the complaint filed in OSHRC Docket No. 2660 in the amount of thirty dollars (30.00). 9. The Company has characterized its operating facul ties set forth in Appendix A, attached hereto and made a part hereof, as either a meul, plastic or paperboard container manufacturing facility and represents that the t | i i t v* t " ----- - wS. 0CCUP..T1ONAL SAFETY & l.iALTH REPORTER |$%1 A wt+kfyrtvitwof occuputionslaftty sodhotfth tfrvrhpm0its ; Voluma X Number SO THE BUREAU OF NATIONAL AFFAIRS, INC. May 18, 1974 HIGHLIGHTS OF CURRENT REPORT THE LABOR DEPARTMENT MISSES (he three-year deadline for recommending changes to the Occupational Safety and Health Ac( (p. 1587). A MEMO OF UNDERSTANDING to avoid overlapping jurisdiction is signed by the Occupa tional Safety and Health Administration and the Consumer Product Safety Commission (p. 1587) ...Fun Text (p. 1615). THE REVIEW COMMISSION rules an order suspending penalties for failure to abate on condi tion that violated standards are obeyed is inaj> propriate (p. 1591) ... The OSAHRC rules a river sand processing operation b not exempt from OSHA (p. 1591)... A general contractor b not liable for exposure of a subcontractor's em ployees (p. 1592) ... OSHA may regulate sanita tion in meat processing plants (p. 1S93). SUPREME COURT REVIEW is sought for a lower court decision that held that OSHA is applicable to Puerto Rico (p. 1587). VINYL CHLORIDE HAZARDS may reach far enough to affect workers involved in fabrication of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride products (p. 1588) ... The emergency temporary rule for vinyl chloride should specify **no measurable con centration," according to a petition Hied with OSHA by the Industrial Union Department, AFL-CIO (p. 1587) ... The Society of the Hastics Industry urges hirings on the proposed vinyl chloride standard (p. t588). THE UNITED MINE WORKERS will oppose confirmation of James M. Day as administrator of the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administra tion (p. 1593). THE MNO HANDS IN DIES" RULES generate support from organized labor and opposition from industry during an OSHA hearing (p. 1593). NEW HEALTH STANDARDS for inorganic lead and beryllium will be proposed soon by OSHA, according to Daniel Boyd, new head of the OSHA Office of Standards (p. 1597). PESTICIDES STANDARDS to protect farm workers from exposure are adopted by the Envi ronmental Protection Agency (p. 1590) . .. Full Text (p. 1612). OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH RULES must be understandable for affected employers and em ployees, the American Industrial Hygiene Confer ence is told (p. 1589)... Greater state participa tion in development of health standards is urged (p. 1590). CALIFORNIA: The San Diego Unified School District contests alleged violation of state safety orders relating to hand and stairrail requirements (p. 1601) ... A bill to exempt small employers from safety enforcement b introduced in the state Assembly (p. 1602). This week's supplement to Occupational Safety and Health Reporter includes a Current Report Index, Decisions, and Digests of OSAHRC Judges* Decisions. "'F * . i. ,V.W.; *; RSV 0011885 u-&aW 'K- }*'. i . M* *T., > If Current Report 3 flewral Fuller OSHA MISSES THREE-YEAR DEADLINE FOR RECOMMENDING NEEDED CHANGES Use Occupational Safety and Health Administration. mined its three-year deadline for recommending changes to the Occupational Safety and Health Act to Congress. Section 4(b)(3) of the Act provides "The Secretary shall, within three years after the effective date of this Act, report to the Congrea his recommendations for legislation to avoid unnecessary duplication and to achieve coordination between this Act and other federal laws'* (Reference File 71:1102). The three-year deadline expired os April 28, the effective date of Ihe Act. An OSHA spokesman told OSHR the Labor Depart ment would ask Congress for a six-month extension of the deadline. General Policy PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION SIGNS MEMO OF UNDERSTANDING WITH OSHA A memorandum of undemanding to coordinate pro grams and avoid conflict was negotiated by the Consumer Product Safety Commission and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The memorandum was signed by Assistant Labor Secretary John H. Slender on April 8 and CPSC Chairman Richard 0. Simpson on April l L In carrying out their responsibilities, the CPSC and OSHA wfll, to the extent practical, consult and exchange information with each other through established coordina ting offices. The agencies will make every effort to avoid duplication of effort and obtain legal and policy positions on statutory authority regarding the extent to which one agency can remedy a particular condition or item that may be within the regulatory authority of both agencies. The memorandum of understanding appears in the Full Text of this report. LW^tkm HIGH CAA1BTOW CORPORATION ASKS COURT TO CONStOER APPLICABILITY OF ACT The Caribtow Corporation is setting review by the U.S. Supreme Court of the judgment of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Caribtow Corporation p. OSAHRC (1 OSHC 1503, Current Report. March 28, p. 137d). Counsel for the corporation filed the petition for certiorari bi the Court on May 6. The case has been assigned docket number 73-1665. 72* question presented by the petition is whether "the Congress lacks constitutional power to unilaterally make oew statutes applicable to Puerto Rico subsequent to the advent of the contractud commonwealth status entered Into by the people of Puerto Rico and the Congress.** According to the petition, recent lower court decisions have been inconsistent with regard to the status of Puerto Rico. In the decision cited, the Pint Circuit held that the Occupational Safety and Health Act b applicable to Puerto Rico. The Court will decide whether to grant review after the Government has an opportunity to respond to the peti tion. Health Hazard* IUD PETITIONS OSHA FOR REVISION OF EMERGENCY RULE FOR VINYL CHLORIDE The emergency temporary standard for vinyl chloride rfiould specify a worker exposure limit of "no measurable concentration," according to the Industrial Union Depart ment. AFL-C10. The IUD petitioned the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to amend the emergency rule on May 8. OSHA issued an emergency standard specifying an exposure limit of SO parts per minion on April 5 (Current Report, April 11, p. 1411). The OSHA proposed permanent standard would specify an exposure limit of "no detectable level" (Current Report, May 9, p. 1S39). The IUD petition is concerned with the emergency rule, however. The emergency has not abated because the action taken was timid and ill-founded, the IUD said. While the permanent standard progresses under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, no effective interim protection exists for the 700,000 workers estimated to be exposed to vinvt chloride in monomer, polymer, secondary, and tertiary production. Protection for three high-risk groups for whom critical periods of exposure Is measured in days literally does not exist, the IUD said. These are women of child-bearing age, anyone with liver and spleen damage related to exposure, and all those with a history of high exposures. An exposure level of SO ppm is unsafe for healthy workers, even though the effects may manifest after a long latent period, the IUD said. The data used by OSHA b inadequate for the setting of a numerical standard. Rejection of Limit In view of its Inability to describe a safe exposure level for vinyl chloride, the National Institute for Occupational Safely and Health rejected the concept of a threshold limit for vinyl chloride, the IUD said. NIOSH and the National Cancer Institute calculated that at the level of exposure permitted by the emergency standard, the level of risk could be as high as one death among every 50 workers exposed. The survey of operations in seven plants in March 1974 referred to by OSHA when It iuued the emergency rule, e )974 Kr IK* .f *<*> tnc. RSV 0011086 T ' l.- -.nvwv v . " 'i ' ,i" `-.v .*. v- p r. . .wmj 1 " tmvfwrrj'jrv* ` .' ' - ;; jV-1'1Z. " OCCUPATIONAL WCTY A HEALTH REPORTER ^ thowi that 50 ppm may seldom be exceeded. The study ^ * supports the assertion that limited use of personal proiecI Hon would mean that "a coal of no detectable exposure** j could be achieved In every case. Thb coincides with the j wide!)' accepted belief in the industry that many, if not most, operations In mob pbnu can easily achieve 10 ppm without resorting to personal protective equipment. This excellent OSHA survey indicates that a prime means of control is not exotic, expensive, and time-con suming re-engineering and process modification, but to paraphrase the report, an end to "inadequate" house keeping and to "nonexistent** preventive maintenance. A standard of 50 ppm allows an increase in the exposure of most covered workers, the fUD said, not a decrease. In every case it peimits unnecessary exposure. -j ^*>*t*> Hazards PLASTICS INDUSTRY URGES HEARINGS ON VC STANDARD, COMMISSIONS STUDY The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., will urge the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to hold a hearing on the proposed vinyl chloride standard so that Industry can present plans to assure worker safety and still permit the industry to continue working. SPI called the OSHA proposal "excessively and un realistically restrictive" (Current Report, May 9, p. 1539). An interruption of production of products made from vinyl chloride could mean severe unemployment in many industries which have no immediately available sibsiitule materials, SPI aid. Studies are in progress to produce information is quickly as possible on all dimensions of the health problems related to vinyl chloride exposure and to make the information known to OSHA. SPi commraoned the consulting firm of Arthur D. Little, Cambridge. Mas., to prepare an economic impact survey that is expected to be completed in six to eight weeks. SOTTV* the comp*"**? In fV* rrmm Allied Chemicals, Oiin Corporation, Diamond Shamrock, Dow Chemical, B.F. Goodrich Company, Goodyear. Gen eral Tire, Firestone Plastics, PPG Industries, Hooker Chemical, Robintech, Tenecho, Great American Chemical Corporation, Pantasote, Uniroyal, Borden Chemical, and Stauffer Chemical. Health Hazards POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN VINYL CHLORIDE AND FABRICATION WORKERS IS SUGGESTED NEW YORK -- (By an OSHR staff correspondent) The possibility that vinyl clJonde may cause disease in workers involved in the fabrication of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride products was suggested by German scientist* during a meeting in New York City on May 10-11. Scientists from several nations spoke during the con ference on vinyl chloride hazards sponsored by the New York Academy of Sciences, the American Cancer Society, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and other gnjpt. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration issued an emergency temporary standard for vinyl chkw ride prescribing an exposure limit of SO parti per million (Current Report, April II. p. 1411) and proposed a permanent standard requring "no detectable exposure" on May 9 (Current Report, May 9, p. 1539). Umtl now most concern for the vinyl chloride hazard was diiected to the approximately 6.500 workers involved in the manufacture of the substance. If the hazard Is established for aD workers involved in the fabrication of vinyl chloride products, Ihe total at risk group would be much larger, possibly as high as 700,000. The German scientists reported finding serious liver disease in six workers in a plant that converted polyvinyl chloride into floor tiles. The scientists did not find liver cancer in the floor tile workers, but did describe the liver disease found as a possible preliminary stage of angtosarcoma. MCA Invntipvtlofl A survey of 8 ,384 vinyl chloride workers sponsored by the Manufacturing Chemists Association revealed that overall death rates compared favorably with the general population, but that vinyl chloride workers, especially those with long exposure, experienced increased risk of cancers of the liver, lung, lymphatic system, brain, and urinary organs. Health Hazards* 2 3 AE RCSOL MANUFACTURERS USING VINYL CHLORIDE TO SUBMIT INFORMATION TO CPSC Manufacturers of consumer products in self-pressurized form that contain vinyl chloride monomer as a propellant or ingredient in their propellant-solvent system are rw ouirrd to report certain information to the Consumer Product Safety Commission by May 20. Thu requirement is applicable also to manufacturers of products who havt been previously notified by the com mission that one of their products contains a defect which could create a substantial hazard, even if the product was distributed prior to May 14, 1973, and b no lupprr in distribution. Ihe following information must be submitted in writ ing to Dr. Alan Ehrlich, Office of 6tandards Coordination and Appraisal, Consumer Product Safety Commission, Wa-ihingion. D.C. 20207: fl) Identification of specific self-pressurized products by ivp* and brand, in which vinyl chloride monomer Is now, or has been, used as a propellant or ingredient of the p'opellant-solveni system of self-pressurized products; (2) Production and sales history including Inventory turnover rites through the entire chain of distribution of the vinyl chloride monomer used; (3) Identifying features, such as use of package designs oi production codes that will identify the self-pressurized products containing vinyl chloride monomer as a propel lant or ingredient in the propellant-solvent system; IVa'y & RSV 0011887 7? I'.U : r?'.. CURRENT REPORT (4) httm or eoosimcr imp of the product. kicludteg frequency and duration of exposure and place and purpose oT use; <5) If available, acute and chronic toxicity data relative to vinyl chloride and products containing vinyl chloride; (6) IT tvaiUbk,.hunon experience data relative to vinyl chloride and products containing vinyl chloride, including advene effects and associated disease entities believed to be relevant (7) If available, special studies involving vinyl-chloride such as metabolic mutagenic, and teratologic studies. Health Hazards MCA CHEMISTS* SURVEY REVEALS LOWER VINYL CHLORIDE WORKER OVERALL DEATH RATE The overall death rates of vinyl chloride workers are ten than those of other industrial populations, according to recent Foldings of a Manufacturing Chemists Associa tion surrey. Initiated on June IS. 1973, the vinyl chloride/polyviny! chloride industry survey showed that although the total number of such cases was snail, there did appear to be suggestive dose-related increases in the incidence of caneers of the urinary orpns and the brain in the longer exposed workers, as compared with their counterparts who, at the time of death, had worked for shorter periods in jobs exposing them to vinyl chloride. The study showed, that statistically significant dif ferences in mortality appeared only where reported death rate were lower than that of the general public. General Policy STANDARDS SHOULD BE UNDERSTANDABLE. ROSE TELLS INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE GROUP MIAMI BEACH -- (By an OSHR staff correspondent) -- Occupational health standards must be written so they can be effectively applied or at least understood by the affected employers and employees, Vernon Rose. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Rockville, MiL, told s May 13 session of the American Industrial Hygiene Conference. To be truly effective, standards must be used not only for inspections but also for programs of self compliance, education of the employer and employee, and in joint management-worker problem-solving activities. Rose said. There is not enough professional industrial hygiene talent available on a day-to-day basis to cope with a majority of hazardous situations. Rose said. Standards must be (sable not only by those who develop them but by those directly affected. A determination of a safe environmental level is re quired to develop occupational health standards. Rose Hid, but these environmental limits must be the guiding factor, not the aim of the standard. Anna M. Baetjer, Johns Hopkins Urtiveislty, Baltimore, Md., Hid that too much emphasis has been put on the environmental "numbers game." Numbers put the em phasis on controttftg the environment rather than protect* lug man in hit work environment, rite said. Whh rite development of technical equipment, the focus of Industrial bypene is on instrumentation vid in uk, Baetjer said. The hazard so workers is evaluated iddy by comparison of measurement results with corresponding Figure in the occupational safety and health standard. The industrial hygienst may not even be famil iar with the industrial operation and the chemical analyst may not know the source of his sample and the possi bility of important contaminants, rite said. Baetjer called for more epidemiological studies, more biological testing, better testing methods, and better c^ ordination of all occupational health professions. Clyde M. Beny, University of Iowa, Oakdale, Iowa, aid the Occupational Safety and Health Act resulted in an "exhaustive drain" on the industrial hygiene manpower pod. The need far exceeds the demand and the demand far exceeds the supply of qualified individuals, he said. Federal funds for education are being eliminated at the same time the need increases, Beny Hid, adding that there should be a long-term effort to produce industrial hygienists. Sheldon Samuels, director. Environment. Safety Serv ices, Industrial Union Department, AFL-CIO, called for a health care system that blends community services corpo rate services, and federal and state services for the total man. The community emphasis has been on everything but the workplace environment, Samuels said. There has been more pressure for treatment of disease than for prevention, he said, but the economics of health ore are changing. Rising costs are creating an incentive to reduce duplicate services. Ralph J. Vernon, Texas A A M University, College Station, Tex^ said the cost-benefit analysis techniques are a useful tool for occupational safety and health personnel Workmens compensation programs provide valuable in formation for cost-benefit analysis, he said. He cited the design of a ventilation system as a typical example of where cost-benefit techniques could be applied. Industrial Hygienists In a joint American Conference of Governmental Indus trial Hygienists and an American Industrial Hygiene Association session, Rom aid there b a major thrust within the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to hire qualified Industrial hygienists. Severe limits on funds and grade level within OSHA have limited the agency's action on health standards, he said. The original OSHA goal was to have a single compli ance safety and health officer capable of detecting safety violations as weD as air contaminants. Rose said, adding that there have been problems in meeting this goal. Very few health citations are issued unless an OSHA area industrial hygienist a called in to make the measurements. As long as OSHA's health emphasis is on environmental levels, there is little hope for effective occupational health activity, he said. R. Tremblay, OSHA Atlanta Region, Hid that the noise standard is the occupational health standard hit region has had the most experience with. Most employers are trying to comply with the noise standard he said, adding that Capylehr 0 1974 by T1># ftuittv *1 Nalitntl Alltiii, Inc. RSV 0011888 V;-* ; **** ** "V mv-1 3 "> OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH REPORTER A weekly review of occupational safety and health developments Volume X Nomter 4a THE BUREAU OF NATIONAL AFFAIRS. INC. May 2,1974 HIGHLIGHTS OF CURRENT REPORT AN EMPLOYER FILES SUIT against enforce ment of New Jersey safety regulations, maintain ing preemption by the Occupational Safety and Health Act (p. 1507). SENATE FLOOR DEBATE on OSHA is ex pected in early May when Senator Peter H. Dominick (R-Colo), with 29 co-sponsors, intro duces proposals to amend the Act (p. 1S07) ... Associate Labor Solicitor Benjamin Mintz says the Occupational Safety and Health Administra tion is opposed to amendments to the Act at this time (p. 1508). METAL MINE JURISDICTION is clarified in a memorandum of understanding reached by OSHA and the Mining Enforcement and Safety Adminis tration (p. 1509)... Full Text (p. 1530). THE SECRETARY Ob LABOR acknowledges OSHA's third birthday and calls for union sup port of the state plans approach to job safety and health enforcement (p. 1510). SMALL FIRM ASSISTANCE is a major thrust of OSHA, the Senate Subcommittee on Govern ment Regulation is told (p. 1513) ... The House Select Labor Subcommittee is told OSHA and NICSH are suffering from a lack of financial and manpower capacity rather than a lack of concern (p. 1510) ... More training funds are needed by both OSHA and NIOSH, according to the Nation al Advisory Committee on Occupational Safety and Health (p. 1520). *'"'TYL CHLORIDE INSPECTIONS will be made under guidelines issued to compliance offi cers by OSHA in Program Directive 200-29 (p. 1516) ... OSHA announces its intent to issue an environmental impact statement for vinyl chloride (p. 1518)... Full Text (p. 1529). A PETITION FOR REVIEW of a decision by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Com mission b denied by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (p. 1514) ... Coal opera tors appeal a decision that upheld the black lung provisions of the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act (p. 1514). THE REVIEW COMMISSION remands a case to a judge to determine if the notice of contest was filed within 15 days (p. 1512)... A petition for discretionary review is granted in a case involving a jurisdictional dispute between OSHA and the Department of Defense (p. 1511) ... A vehicle ramp is not "a safe means of access" for employees (p. 1514) ... Unguarded service pits in a truck terminal are a nonserious violation (p. 1515). THE FIRST STANDARD covering marine ter minal operations is being developed by OSHA (p. 1522) ... Machine guarding standards are most often cited in wholesale and retail trade (p. 1523) . CALIFORNIA: An emergency regulation limit ing exposure to vinyl chloride to 50 parts per million is adopted (p. 1523) ... Revision of state standards is slated for completion by October 31, 1975 (p. 1524) ... Full Text (p. 1534). This week's supplement to Occupational Safety and Health Reporter Reference File includes the vinyl chloride standard, five new variances, and a revision to the Oregon state pLin developmental schedule. The Decisions supplement includes De cisions. 1974 by TK# ( Ni*ttnt Allnitt, Inc. RSV 001X689 j . T- r -.V - r v : TOT JJ 1 \M` - <v. > with the standard would be diffietdt is no defense to the chxgt, Van Nunee aid. The appropriate relief bi such a rituation j to seeic a variance or an amendment to the Standard. In a concurring opinion, Commissioner Timothy F. Cleary expanded upon Van Namee's discussion of the Walsh-HeaJy Act, concluding that that statute did cover certain workplaces of the type in question. Cleary also raised the matter of "reasonable promptness" in issuing the citation on which review also was directed (see Oucato Bridge i Iron Compaxy, 1 OSHC 1485 (1974), Current Report. January 31, p. 1103). Since the issue was not raised by the parties, Cleary said, citing Advance Air Conditioning, Inc.. 1 OSHC 1626 (1974), it cannot be considered at this late stage in the proceedings. Chairman Robert D. Moran dissented in total from the commission's decision. Moran would vacate the citation became it was issued 83 days after the inspection, hence not with "reasonable promptness" u required by Section 9 () of the Act. This issue, Moran contended, is a matter of jurisdiction which can bi raised at any stage of the proceedings. Moran also discussed at length the history of the Waish-Healy standards, noting that they were of limited applicability and were neither weQ-known nor vigorously enforced. He questioned whether the standards could be regarded as "operative" or "in effect" so as to qualify as "established federal standards" under Section 3 (10) of the Act. Moran also disagreed with the commis sion's decision on the merits of the violation, arguing that the employer's claim of difficulty of compliance had merit, and that there was insufficient evidence of employ ee exposure to the hazard. This decision will appear in a future Derations supple ment General Policy OSHA STUDIES POSSIBLE PROCEDURES FOR VOLUNTARY ABATEMENT AGREEMENTS Additional voluntary compliance agreements and the procedures to be followed in establishing them are being studied by the Occupational Safety and Health Adminis tration. The first such agreement was negotiated as a stipulated settlement to an enforcement action pending before the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. That agreement involved Continental Can Company's plans to provide feasible controls for noise at 83 plants (Current Report, April 11, p. 1411). Members of the National Advisory Committee for Occupational Safety and Health have endorsed the abate ment agreement concept and are studying possible pro cedures for the future (Current Report, March 21, p. The agreements are addressed to industry's difficulties In developing and applying engineering controls to comply with noise, air contaminants, and other health and safety standards requiring engineering controls. In many cases mote time is needed by companies to reseatch and develop feasible engineering controls to comply with federal standards more effectively. OCCUPATIONAL fc*FETY A HEALTH REPORTER OSHA has determined that voluntary abatement sgret* menu with one or more employers may be desirable where feasible engineering controls must be developed to comply with a standard and where personal protective equipment can be used during the development period. The agreements would allow industry more time to redeagn new equipment or modify old equipment under a specified abatement period outlined in the agreemenu. . As the controls are developed, they would be applied to abate health or safety standards specified in the abatement compliance ap-eemencs. In turn, this type of agreement would provide OSHA with available informa* tion on the feasibility of engineering controls ior various federal standards which could be shared with other employers and which could help OSHA standards develop ment. It is anticipated that the agreements will cover work places only under federal enforcement jurisdiction. Health Hazards OSHA ISSUES INSPECTOR GUIDELINES FOR ENFORCEMENT OF VINYL CHLORIDE RULE Guidelines for compliance officers to foOow when Inspecting for vinyl chloride hazards under (he emergency temporary standard were issued by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in Program Directire 200-29 on April 23. The emergency temporary standard for vinyl chloride was issued by OSHA on April 5 (Current Report, April 11, p. 1411). The "area of operation" refers, but is not limited to, activities or processes such as: (1) manufacturing or processing of vinyl chlonde (VC) or polyvinyl chloride (TVC), (2) loading and unloading of VC and PVC (pow der in bulk) relative to shipments, (3) sampling and analysis of VC and PVC for quality control during manufacturing processes, (4) compounding PVC into pow der or resin. (5) pouring PVC powder or resin from bags or containers, (6) packaging PVC resin powder, (7) main tenance and repair of vessels and/or reactors containing VC or PVC, (8) maintenance and repair of storage silos for PVC, and (9) leakage of VC in any area, particularly in processing areas. "Permissible exposure" refers to a ceiling value of 50 pans pet million (ppm) of VC. U does not mean a time-weigh`cd average (TWA) exposure of 50 ppm of VC with results which fluctuate above and below SO ppm. "Moniioimg of a sufficient number of employees so that a representative sample may be determined" means that ihe employer shall monitor at least 75 percent of the production, maintenance, sampling, laboratory, and ship ping employees on each shift. The employees monitored must be representative of each operation performed where exposure is likely to occur. Initially, representative em ployees from every operation should be monitored. After wards, where it is established that there is no likelihood of exposure for employees in certain operations such as those in offices, these employees may be exempted from monitoring requirements. Oecupatianel Sof tjr & F*p*<*r RSV 0011890 CURRENT RETORT "TUtsonneT monitorial" refers to measurements made by tha employer of employee exposure!. Sample! should be taken at the breathing zone Of the employee at the . times when the highest exposures of VC are likely to occur. The standard (or this directive) does not specify the method of analyses that the employer must use, only that the procedure be sensitive to SO ppm of VC in air with an accuracy of * 20 percent for a 10-minute air ample. Issuance ol Citations lo evaluating violations of the VC rule, the guidelines of the OSHA Compliance Operations Manual will be followed regarding serious and nonserious citations and grouping. Worker exposures to lewis of VC higher than 30 ppm may be considered for imminent danger citations, depend ing on the facts and circumstances in each case. Circum stances permitting imminent danger citations would be where employees are exposed to more than .50 ppm of VC and ate not wearing the required respiratory protec tion. Supplied air respirators, either in continuous flow or pressure demand or self-contained breathing apparatus (approved by either the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration or the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) are required when concentrations of VC are in excess of 50 ppm. Alleged violations will be supported by compound label information, employee statements, photographs, ventila tion measurements, other observed facts, measurements, and samples taken. No Imminent danger dtaiion will be issued where the employer voluntarily eliminates direct Internal contact with VC substances by removing the employees or by providing interim measures for their protection until permanent correction of the dangerous condition can be accomplished. In the citation issued later, the interim protective measures will be required until the date set for permanent correction of the danger. Where the employer refuses to eliminate the tecognued hazard, citations will be issued only after initial court proceedings are concluded regarding the imminent danger. If, on inspection, it is learned that the employer has not monitored the ambient air and/or the employees, a citation will be issued. H seems most likely that the violation would be nonserious, the directive said. How ever, each case must be evaluated on its own merits and would became matter of judgment for the compliance officer. Any establishment covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act that may contain VC may be inspected. The VC standard has higher priority than the Target Health Hazard Program. Inspections will be conducted by only an OSHA or state agreement industrial hygienist. Protective Equipment When a compliance officer goes to a VC or PVC plant to make an Inspection, the monitoring records should be checked before beginning the inspection or touting the facilities to ascertain the necessary protective equipment. The compliance officer is required to use the principle of safe distance or the organic vapor respirator as protection in areas where it appear! from the monitoring record* - ? that the exposure to VC b SO ppm or lees. "It must bo remembered that each cartridge of the respirator is not to be worn longer than 30 minute!," the directive said. If, from the monitoring records. It appear! there are areas In which the exposures to VC art In excess of 50 ppm, the compliance officer win wear a Type C continu ous flow or pressure demand air supplied respirator. Normally, the compliance officer would not enter areas where the employer has not monitored, the directive said. However, IT the compliance officer must go In for a reason, such as a fatality, and the employer has not monitored, it win be assumed that the level of VC is above 50 ppm. Therefore, the compliance -flicer wflj wear a respirator. In performing any inspection, the compliance ofTieer must exercise good judgment and make the appropriate evaluation regarding protection necessary for himself, the directive said. Often a factor such as distance, in lieu of respiratory protection, can be useful as a protective measure. When appropriate, the instructions from the manufac* turer may be used as guidelines for decontamination or deactivation of VC. Monitoring for VC Personal breathing zone samples should be collected from employees where exposure to VC b likely, the (Srecthre said. A Model SP-1 Sipin personal sampling pump shall be used to collect the sample on NIOSH* approved charcoal tubes. The flow rate of the pump shall be no more than 50 mfllOiter* per minute and the total sample size approximately one liter, and/or a sampling time of 20 minutes where a concentration of approxi mately SO ppm is suspected. Where concentrations may be greater than 50 ppm, but less than 100 ppm, the sampling time should be 10 minutes. For concentrations greater than 100 ppm, but less than 200 ppm, the sampling time should be five minutes. All measurements should represent the lime when exposures are likely to be (he greatest, rather than random exposure throughout the workday. Generally, no more than eight tubes per worker, per day, should be submitted for analysis. One or two tubes may suffice if they represent the maximum exposures. It is requested that the charcoal sampling tubes with the vinyl chloride samples be forwarded to the OSHA/ NIOSH laboratory. Salt Late City, Utah, on the same day the samples are taken. For shipment, the samples must be placed in a double matting container and inner part of the container masked "Cancel Causing Substance: Vinyl Chlo ride." SIC Code Numbers The following OSHA list of Standard Industrial Gistifi* cation code numbers for vinyl chloride is not all inclusive or restrictive. It gives some preliminary indication of where vinyl chloride monomer can be found. Many other locations will have VC or PVC powder or substances containing free vinyl chloride gai. 'Wwg.ewwijiWi ' ; - --'fi 'v. L I*-'-'? t- - O 1974 by Thi Bw'vovi l Alfatra, Inc. lymiuiuj, !tjm <nm.ii flgyw i >; _ ' . -r-;. - asv 00X1891 re V '%. SIC Numbar Industry 2821 5029 2851 2292 3079 2818 2813 3257 Polyvinyl chloride and vinyl resins Gan, compressed and liquified PlaatJe base paints Vinyl asbestos tile PVC 19m, pipe; maiding plutics Industrial organic chemicals Industrial gases Insulated wire VC*rvC Questionnaire Compliance officers were requested to fill out question* naires regarding VC inspections to provide OSHA with data to consider In developing a permanent standard. Following h a partial list of some of the questions on the questionnaire. (1) Is It an outdoor facility? (2) How long has the plant been in operation? (3) Is the equipment concMud? (4) Is the equipment in need of maintenance? (5) Is the housekeeping good? (6) Where b the control room? (7) What nw materials are used? (8) How are these handled? (9) What provisions are made for storage? (10) b entry to storage facilities done with an air* supplied mask? (11) How are withdrawals of raw materials controlled? (12) What process is used? (13) What is the method of recycle for the unreacted vinyl chloride? (14) Jn what form is the finished product? (15) How b It shipped? (16) What are the container sizes? (17) In the reaction process, what controls are used? (IS) What is the type of ventilation system? (19) Where b the air exhausted? (20) b makeup air introduced in sufficient volume to maintain correct operation? (21) b the entry air to the control room treated? (22) What b the disposition of waste materials? (23) What sanitation facilities are provided? (24) In which activities is there potential for exposure? (25) Are the activity areas regulated? (26) Are all employees aware of the VC or PVC hazards? (27) With what protective clothing are the employees provided? (28) Do employees wear different clothes at work? (29) Do they shower at the end of the day? (30) Do they wash before eating? (3!) Are the work clothes cleaned? (32) What kind of respiratory protection is provided? (33) b there training for employees? (34) How often are respiratory devices cheeked? (35) What procedures are established for maintenance and decontamination? (36) What provision <s made for cleanup of spills? (37) What provision a made for fire protection? (38) What b the method of sampling? OCCUPATIONAL WETY A HEALTH REPORTER (39) What method b used to analyte samples? (40) What does the bt-house medical program combi of? Health Hazards OSHA TO PREPARE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT .STATEMENT FOR VINYL CHLORIDE STANOARD An environmental Impact statement concerning any proposed standards for occupational exposure to vinyl chloride is being prepared by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The August 1, 1973, Guidelines of the Council on Environmental Quality require federal agencies to prepare statements considering the effects of proposed legislation on the human environment. OSHA adopted final regula tions for the issuance of the impact statements on March 15 (Current Report, March 21, p. 1332). OSHA b currently collecting Information on any ad verse environmental effects which cannot be avoided if the standard b adopted, irreversible commitments of resources which would be involved in complying with the standard, the relationship between short*term uses of the environment and the maintenance of long-term productiv ity, and alternatives to any standard which may finally be proposed. Information will be collected in the form of medical or toxicological evidence that exposure to vinyl chloride affects living organisms, combustible characteristics, iden tification of the uses of vinyl chloride and its polymers through finished products, and suggested actions for con trolling health hazards associated with the substance. A 45-day comment period wiO be allowed after the draft environmental impact statement is issued. OSHA's announcement of its intent to prepare the statement appears in the Full Text section of this report. Coal Mines PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE EXTENOS DEADLINE FOR SECOND CHEST X-RAYS The date of completion of the second round of chest X-ray examinations of underground coal miners was ex tended from June 30, 1974, to September 30, 1974, by the Public Health Service on April 25. The extension was made because the number of ap proved facilities for conducting the X-ray tests was fewer than necessary for all coal operators to fulfill their responsibilities under >he existing time limit. The regulations governing the second round of chest X-ray examinations of miners were published on July 27, 1973. They required coal operators to provide each miner the opportunity for a chest X-ray examination by June 30. 1974. However, the new regulation aid the facilities, both mobile and fixed-site, are so tightly scheduled that ``there is no allowance for equipment breakdown, illness of medical or technical staff, power shortages, scarcity of rrv lUty 4 Haailh P. RSV 0011692 ' ^ - - :- -*T*- v ; . ' '' - . . . jv-v-*;- 'Vv"'''''."-'-;'-- V. ... r - k "Ti-cru--r---h--e--w---t---r--e--p--o---r--t------------------------------------------------------- 1 * above povMoo b an adequate state response to the state i plan commitment (Reference File 81:4602) assuring * ' OSHA that current lav would be amended to remove possible sanctions against employees for violations of standards. The new state job afety and health law (AB 150) also varies from the program as It was initially approved in other areas. OSHA preliminary review indicated that some of these variations "enhance" the state plan while others * "leave its effectiveness unchanged.** These variations include the areas or authority to grant or deny temporary standards variances, the statutory mandate to provide for various types of training activities, and for on-site consultation services, permits required of employers before commencement of trench construction, and establishment of an investigation bureau for investi gating accidents caused by standards violations in which a serious injury or death occurs. Interested persons may comment on the proposed changes and supplements up until May 28, 2974. Com ments should be addressed to the Associate Assistant Secretary for Regional Programs, OSHA, Room 850, 1726 M Street, N.W., Washington, O.C. 20210. Interested per sons may request a formal hearing by filing written objections with the associate assistant secretary for region al programs. The Federal Register notice of the proposed changes and supplements appears in the Full Text section of this report. v/ IMS and provisions allowing no exemption for public employ* en from any of the penalty provisions. The above additional provisions appear to add to the state program's effectiveness, according to OSHA. However, the state's enacted enabling legislation diffeti from provisions of the legislation as approved by OSHA regarding imminent danger injunctions provisions requiring I "substantial probability" test rather than language used In the Occupational Safety and Health Act. The state law also dilTen from that originally approved regarding effective dates of standards adopted by the state. The enacted law eliminates any reference to a maximum time period in the effective date of standards, thereby allowing more than a six-month dglay in the elfectlve date of standards adopted by the state. Interested persons have up until May 29. 1974, to comment on the enacted law as it would supplement the state plan. Comments should be addressed to the Office of (he Associate Assistant Secretary for Regional Pro grams, Room 850, 1726 M Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20210. Comments should be addressed to the issue of whether the supplement conforms with the state's assurances as set out in the state's proposed bQI submitted as part of the state plan. Interested persons may request a formal hearing on the supplement by filing written objections at the above address. The Federal Register notice of the proposed addition of the supplement to the Washington approved state plan appears in the FuD Text section of this report. Washington WASHINGTON SUBMITS PROPOSED SUPPLEMENT TO APPROVED STATE JOB SAFETY, HEALTH PLAN Washington's state job safety and health law was submitted by the state to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration as a supplement to the approved state plan. OSHA preliminary review of the supplement shows no reason for rejecting it and OSHA approval is under consideration. The state job safety and health law, SB 2386, became effective on June 7, 1973 (Current Report, Match 15, 1973, p. 1201). State job safety and health legislation was revised by SB 2386 as the stats assured OSHA in the plan approval notice (Reference File 81:9201) in the areas of authority of the labor department d;reclor to adopt rules so that he may review citations and penalties prior to review by the Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals, authority for a separate on-site consultation stafT, and provisions for mandatory penalties of up to 81,000 Tor serious vio lations, and a discretionary penalty of up to 51,000 for oonserious violations. Tie state Included additional provisions in the enacted legislation which were not in the legislation approved by OSHA in the areas of employees' rights to receive copies of all citations and proposed penalties issued to employ ers, employees' rights to act privately upon alleged dis crimination when the labor department director deter mines discrimination provisions have not been violated, Arbitration USE OF NOISE PROTECTION DOES NOT AFFECT JOB STATUS, ARBITRATOR SAYS The Revaluation of 16 jobs in which management did not allow changes in job grade due to working conditions which required the utilization of ear plugs was upheld by a Board of Arbitration chaired by Joseph F. Gentile. The March 12 decision involved International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace, end Agricultural Imple ment Workers of Amenca end Grayson Controls Division. Ruberrshew Controls Company. The company was instructed in a former arbitration decision to reevaluate the job grades for 16 positions after the union argued that recognition of excessive noise levels as hazardous by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and required utilization of earplugs changed the working conditions of the employees. The company, in its Revaluation, said the use of ear plugs was a "superficial change" requiring no modification of the job categories. According to the union, the working conditions were changed due to the use of the ear plugs since the safety devices were considered as an irritant to employees. It was determined that the employees* physical and mental stress in use of the ear plugs was not sufficient to wi'Tint a higher job ranking. CapyrifM 1974 If TK* Bu'tou *t AIPcirs, lm, RSV 00X1893 Corbett Galluzzo Spaao Corey Fapageorge Graham Richard E3SH E3SH E2SE B2SL BIND B3MB T3A Park A3SA Klingsbora/ J. Fisher A2NC Ellsworth - Spgfld. - Fletcher - Spgfld. - SOCz -Tex. City - J. E. Pox. -Tex. City - w,-p; k;7i/<s J' - A. C. Erdman - Montreal - 3090 D. C. Lyall - I(cntreal - 5090 R. Deakln - Montreal - 3090 R. V. Todd - Oakville - 5100 J. R. Durland - Toyko - 5260 0. P. IO.egg -Barcelona-5370 S. P. Lio - Mexico-5300 Med. Dept. Staff - A2SA Asterisk indicates "did not * receive copy of this sailing" Health Hatards JL P. WbetJcr ACS. UNIONS URGE ADOPTION OF VC STANDARD; INDUSTRY CONTINUES FIGHT There is need for closer scrutiny of industry claims that a noftdetecubk level limit for vinyl chloride (VC) in the workplace is infeasible, Anthony Mazzocchi. citizenship* legislative director. Oil. Chemical, and Atomic Worken International Union, told continuing Labor Department hearings on July 9, in Washington. D.C The hearings, continuing from the week of June 24 (Current Report, July 4, p. IIS), are being held to develop a record for the Secretary of Labor to determine a final standard for workplace exposure to vinyl chloride. Mazzocchi urged adoption of the proposed Oeeupa* tlonal Safety and Health Administration VC exposure standard (Current Repori, May 9, p. 1539) by the proposed effective date of October, 1974, "so that those plants that can meet this level, will be required to meet it. It will be a tragedy if OSHA adopts a "common denominator** standard that "everybody*' can meet so that those plants that can go further are under no incentive at that time to do anything more, Mazzocchi said. For those plants which cannot genuinely meet a nondrtectable level, the variance procedures of the Occupational Safety and Health Act should be utilized, he urged. The OCAW opposes the vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) industry's proposal that the fabrication segment be exempted from the proposed standard. He cited testimony from Robintech, Goodyear, Diamond Shamrock. Goodrich, and others as well as the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (Current Report, June 37, p. 83) tlul indicated there is detectable exposure among some stages of the fabrication process. He said there is "general agreement (list known engineer* OccuMhAt SU*r & Hlih 8 RSV 001X894 CURRENT REPORT m ? * | ,j | I i s^ , I ] * tog Bhutan, m& wntfUtio* mi reduction of th wddiisl monomer Is Km polymw, wiU reduce npowit 10 & ' the aondetectabk level." Tim improvements would ink t,; . hm com* about had fabrication plants not bon included uudar tha emergency temporary standard and the pro* posed permanent standard, he said. Additionally, Maaocchl requested corerape of tlieve pbnts so that reduction of VC exposure b maintained, and so those employees who have already been exposed wdB receive the benefits of OSHA'i requirements for medical examinations and recordkeeping. Maazocchi said Dow Chemical testimony (Current Report, July 4. p. 115) indicated that its plants can meet such a level fat monomer operations. Mlt b our hope that tha proposed permanent standard would force the indus try Into a proper preventive maintenance program which win reduce exposure to VC to the nondetectable level.*' he said. He said the OCAW just reviewed monitoring data at the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company in Niagara Fafb. N.Y,, from Mrv 21 to May 38. and found the average concentration on all three daily shifts to have been It parts per million. The monitoring was for all hydrocarbons, so the actual VC would be lea than 11 ppm, he said. This plant b old, established in 1946, has smalt reactors, and b an enclosed plant. The Society for the Flastics Industry, Inc., proposed a 10 ppm TWA for 1976," Mazzocehi said, adding that this plant already comet very dose to meeting this level. The OCAW has not yet seen conclusive evidence that there are plants that cannot meet the nondetectable level by October 1974, and "we do not think that the industry has been hilly candid with OSHA on this point during these hearings," he said. Specific Recommendations Masocchi outlined several specific recommendations for modification of the proposed standard in the areas of medical surveillance, records, reports, and respiratory pro* tectlon. He noted the "striking similarities fat the record of OSHA hearings on asbestos in 1971. Industry used almost the same phrases, that the standard `would cripple the industry,* *b not economically feasible,' and 'cannot be achieved by any known engineering methods/" he said. "None of these predictions came true because none were based on fact." These arguments were used "to hound the Labor Department into adopting a weaker standard/' he said. Maazocchi was accompanied by union VC workers who described their experiences and cited problems with ac curacy of company monitoring and difficulties in obtain ing personal medial records. Worker Attitude Angelo Gefalo, special assistant to the president. Inter national Association of Machinists and Aerospace Work ers, said (he VC problem b creating a psychological problem among workers. A skilled VC worker said "his exposure to VC put him fat the frame of mind that a process of incubation was setting up in his body, that the effects of his sniffing and Inhaling VC has begun to hatch something la Ml that will riowly cause him doth from oncer/* ^ Workers know that fading company-sponsored physical examination by a company doctor on mean discharge which an unethical personnel director on ael up -< successfully and make stick. Cefakr said. He urged that / Industry remove duckies from its medical directors, engineers. Industrial hygienists, and aU Jon in Industry's jurisdiction whose brains are needed to mve workers from death. Toxicity In Fkh Crfalo cited the preliminary results of a study on die toxicity of VC in northern pike done by William C Dotowy, professor of microbiology. Chicago Medical School, whieh noted the carcinogenic efTect of VC in these Ash and "the natural incidence of tumor produced by VCln nature." ACS Endorsement Dr. Stephen T. Quigley. Department of Chemistry and Public Affairs, American Chemical Society, said in the absence of data establishing a safe level of exposure to VC, and in (he interests of public health and welfare, ACS endorses the proposed standard. However, he noted, the ACS believes that the standard for employee exposure would be dearer if set at a minimum practical level capable of detection by a recom mended method rather than at no detectable level. ACS recommends a reasonable period of time be given employers to allow for the detailed engineering design and development of equipment necessary for full compliance with the standard, Quigfey said. Quigley said the ACS b concerned that Increased reliance on ventilation methods as dealt with in sections (I) (6) and (n) of the standard "does not ameliorate the problem of the potential hazard to the general public." He recommended continuous monitoring in the vicinity of plants to insure maintenance of low ambient levels of VC. ACS also called for dearer definitions of the word "vessel" in section (b) and emphasized that adequate labeling must be maintained to achieve the objectives of informing handlers and others. Cancer Study A three-point program to research effects of vinyl, chloride and related compounds on the human body will be carried out by the Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Dr. Condict Moore, profes sor of surgery and oncology, and center director, said. The program will be funded by B. F. Goodrich Com pany and wiU take one year to 18 months to complete, Moore aid, describing the study that will involve the Goodrich plant in Louisville. Ky., where fatalities due to angiosarcomas of the liver were first reported early this year. The study will include a medical surveillance program in which a clinical team from the university will formally screen, with specially-designed questionnaires and com plete physical examinations, all employees of the Louis ville plant, under the supervision of an eminent CMV"fht 4 1974 bp Tha $ at National Affairs, Inc. RSV 0011895 - ............ OCCUPATIONAL >PSTY * HEALTH MPOHTEft ibtpmdugfit who wilt vtvte the protocol for bbmiory intflimcd oo ad employee. Medial comdtatiun '4> . vM he provided from i pood of wdvenlty ipecUlisti ' whenever required, he mid. Secondly, e registry for ett can of dlapmrd w suspected VCenociated disear occurring si the ptsnl will be established with ihc capability of being expanded throughout the industry and open to participation by other companies, Moore said. The thiid dement, a basic mearch program, wilt be designed to study the toxic and disease-producing effects of VC and related compounds, a program to be moni- lored by intramural and extramural scientific review com mittees. Moore mid also (hat a team of dtnidsns were formed and plans were made In the medial department of the Louisville plant to perform physicals and complete medical histories and special qucitionnariei on all employen beginning July 1. This special dinical study should be completed by the middle of August, he said. Contact was made with other Interested agencies con cerning these plans, including the National Cancer Insti tute, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the Environmental Protection Agency. The long-range aspect of this program is periodic re-examina tion. re-study, and careful follow-up on all previous, present and future employees, he said. Dr. E. Cuyfer Hammond, vice-president and epidemi ologist-statistician of the American Cancer Society. New York, N.Y., will be consultant for the program, Moore aid. Other Funding In the area of basic research, 17 research proposals were received, and seven proposals were funded at rela tively low levels to stimulate small pilot studies in the approved areas of research, Moore said. Goodrieh Exposure John L. Nelson, vice president, manufacturing. B.F. Goodrich Chemical Company, said after extensive and intensive epidemiological investigation of all Goodrich VC monomer and PVC workers, no eases of angiosarcoma of the liver have been found in any location other than the Louisville plant. Progress in reduction of levels of exposure were mea sured through the use of organic vapor analyzers, both portable and fixed, and based on hundreds of readings a day, he aid. The average of these readings was reduced from about 35-40 ppm early this year, to about 12-14 ppm at present, he said, .dding these readings range from 1-2 ppm to some excursions over 50 ppm. A summary of time-weighted average exposures by job classification showed considerable variation In TWA measurements rang ing from below 3 ppm to 31 ppm on polymerizer charging operations, he aid. Progress was made also in lead reduction, which Nelson ailed "the single greatest source of reduced VC levels.** New Goodrieh Plant NcImw aid conslniclion of a new PVC facility at the Uiuisvillc plum will Iwgin about mid-|07S. Preliminary engineering of this plant was started in late 1972. funds wot appropriated to July. 1973. tad Md cootruction work began aariy this year. "We expect vinyl ddoride txpoeufv Imte lo ba lower (ban that currently In oor PVC plants, but actual exposure levels win not be known until the fad of 1975," be oM. The pitot incorporates latest technology, but additional Improvemenu resulting from on-going research and development wifl be made. "It Is expected that some of these Improvemenu will take up to 24 months after the completion of the developmental effort " Nelson old. Goodrich has some 135 scientists and technicians at research and development facilities working on reducing exposure. "Our goal it to approach negligible losses of all VC from all sources,** he aid, adding there is no PVC production plant in the world operating in a completely dosed polymerizer mode because of the buildup problem in reactors. Goodrich opposes the proposed standard (Current Report, May 9, p. 1539). Achievement of a no detectable level is not technically feasible, he said. Neither is It afe lo require VCM and PVC workers to wear respiratory protection for full eight-hour work shifts. "Thus. If the proposed standard is adopted, Goodrich would have no alternative but to shut down Its monomer and PVC resin operationi," Nelson said reiterating the position of indus try. He said Goodrich endorses the Sodety of the Plasties Industry, lne,, proposal (Current Report, June 77, p. S3) whieh advocates a stepped reduction in VC monomer work areas. *^Ve aet zn internal goal of achieving a 25 ppm ceiling and 10 ppm TWA as soon a possible/* he aid. Nelson urged OSHA to reconsider the requirements covering the use of impervious clothing, rince such dothtag presents a serious restraint on wotket mobility and often exposes the worker to heat stress. Also, he urged that OSHA "give management the necessary flexibility to select and use the most appropriate respiratory equipment for worker protection. TTiis could indude the use of half-face air-purifying type protection," he aid. Rubber Manufacturers William Miller, manager, corporate safety and work men's compensation, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, recommended the adoption of three standards, one each for the producers of VC monomer, the producers of VC resin, and the processors and fabriators of PVC resin. Goodyear "fails to see how OSHA can scientifically conclude that exposure to VC at concentrations of SO ppm an constitute a aerious health hazard to humans," Miller said. He urged alio further definitions of the word "re leased" throughout the proposal, of the word "contami nated/* and of "detectable lever in 1910.93! (b) (6). Definitions of "emergency" are unnecessarily restrictive. Medical surveillance provisions should be similar to sub paragraph (o) in the carcinogens standard, he aid. Johns-Manvitte Richard P. Carter, director, government affairs, JohnsManvilie Corporation, said a single approach for ail indus try is insufficient. J-M Is the largest U-S. producer of PVC pipe and PVC pipe and pipe fitting operations should not be covered under the standard, he said. ' A R*#*rt*f RSV 0011696 I CURRENT RETORT CranR of (hot operations is uiMcruiry and inappro priate, he Bid. Carter recommended a specific standard for this segment of industry. International Remrficetlorn Robert I. Martin, president. Amur. Inc., said if the proposal is adopted it would open a "Pandora** box** in relation to foreign competition taking over the current production of fabricated PVC. With the absence of control in foreign countries and U.5. industries subjected to unnecessary stringent con trols, foreign companies, at the expense of American manpower and the already underpaid foreign employee, would "reap a bonanza at the expense of American labor,** he said. The hearings are expected to conclude this week. *Tf--------- i, f 4- sE v -kj 4 P WZueler " _'-.V ^ h wu.*WMwr>oaKafc mn *** WASHINGTON--teboe EWpariwani "rfflX*ii Mid they bop* **> inw im, tn^mr uncUm* (or hardline ftnyi _ <*:>* > Oct. S. when tha nttrmt' Un^vu; dart ,** -. , v - - Tfw drperOnynf *`V Mm day* M hrartftf a*. On* , /MW dwd borrinf txpeaing *>or**r* t **> ~d* verttr*#" urvxBvr ef the ebeml'al, T'* sear. Awe oavde*d 'mabftr dC'^.^ues tnrfaaoy mov*4 frAh i|V>rrT=tv'rrtt- i,Sdv<Wpft n&*Ar laUr b* r*ee rred and ma^d. ' l cOw* otfielajf at lb* but!<e fewlrt^AitSig. tba' IHdBncw dtfsT* mj*4fuy:Me^kiew rWWim^M 'dwdtfS ft* uMd^n an toduefcrUl pUnt, "or Iwveh would WtefrwAD.- W4\ m TSt i^ber^Orpwonan^ln Aprfl ttyowl' a t*f**<oKr} aUwMH'.ddtona dtn/t p4f4e p>dn ta so parta perj&f$M li t>U *, `tmditx^nr fjWrfl*y fhe prrr<**cl *!vWar<i e'rtdooo ty*wvH,'ean WuW m>'rmpomhia ta tnd vouid (nw li"'> ; , eift- Swi mueh ot tta tnduair/. twwt P.AinWf,dir*rt<i>jf e tSse * Bkd tm h#rtnf M*d *i & 'irpfiMnc ftPrr.ilupHWnf *^cr* t/W twu whm an effleiaj et ft Co Ca|- irww'PL/ww^wefotwv i*r*4 w^n#trx Ad- gon'CWp dMcrib*dMher>^`yv hew-' fiUr*nn<U4( mid tha eaW**H`lf Lh-'b*r- h( tfat.vtivyt eBarWt'*1* Mg N U-* fbVd-' fcwr m tcbdfai*r SB b*HS per* )mrr be ewtj*sae warow r*&atBy.n Wf t>w itoal Aanuard rVyaM be *M*f*b*" hwex utro'and'Cf/VX^*aw OU*i*hiJl MW wwAd ad afarfit tba W< * * ,v >* ^*TW> bwt any arbaecd' L . ___, ,baurt<M;.~ip^.>r* pang ta.ptf{Cw w- ''Mr War puumm." `lytMSWtSe (mipe of ^Sdtf^lpil^rappWraAsal Ihg; \i-i W ..au..yi4 "mi ae^''rr RSV 0011897 7T7C 4 WJP*-- rial. ' JL*. WbMkr OCCUPATIONAL -FETY A HEALTH REPORTER ^JRWdnUdjr 'ICC tafth standards for Ja workplace fai f^lht not few ytan (Current Report, /un 13, p. 35). H ** ;;predicted that fhc*' wfll bt ether ImpartsAt joint ventures * .-** NIOSH tinder Section (e) (3) of the Occupational * MttrtniHtltoA*. There is very littb duplication of effort between OSHA and NIOSH at present, OSHR was told. "However, we are obliged to study the data which NIOSH used fa formu lating their criteria. That much duplication is mtavoid* able," the spokeiman srid. OSHA has no ujbection to the current NIOSH practice of issuing contract t for research utilized in criteria docu ments. "Given L'*e limitations of the j resent personnel ceilings at NIOSJ, this is the only practical solution to Issuing needed c-T i*U documents," the spokesman added. s\.. Mr /id '*? !*-' .`r T1 -;-V .. A * * < h -.-M m m - **>'} '-rS-.*"-" Health Hazards 3\*V FIRESTONE RECOMMENDS VC STANDARD IN NEW STATEMENT OF INDUSTRY (OStTION Worker exposure to vinyl chloride should be limited to 40 parts per n4P\u with a 25 ppm thie-weighted aver* age, the firestone Elastics Company rccrmmended during Labor Departmen. hearings on die proposed Occupational Safety and Heait.l Administration permanent standard on July 10. T. C. Walker, "irestone Plastics preddent, srid Fire* stone does not concur with the position advanced by the Society of die FIaides Industry, Inc^ o;f a stepped-down seduction In expori.-e (Current Report, June 27, p. S3). Walker said firestone placed a purciase order for a constant sequentr. monitoring system to be installed as soon as possible in Jie company's two polyvinyl chloride plants, in Pottstown, Pa., and Perryville, Md. The cost of this equipment h hi excess of 5500,000, Walker arid. Stating specift; opposition to the OSHA proposal. Walker said no * dentine study exists which establishes to whit degree, if uiy, studies of the carcinogenic effects on rats and mice can be extrapolated to humans. He dted evidence showing :t is entirely proper tc inquire into the possibility that *ttn is considerably less susceptible to angiosarcoma than rodents exposed to VCM. "dearly, the l. unan deaths caused by admittedly high levels of VCM exposure not now permitted in Firestone's plants or Industry genen^y, suggest nothing with respect to the effects or* humans of the low levels of VCM exposure presently permitted in Firestone's plants and in the industry pixnally" Walker said. Pottitowu Study Firestone commissioned a study of death certificates of deceased employees who worked in* the Pottstown plant since 1947 (85 rA 87 deaths were stud'ed), and only the death of one employee was caused by angiosarcoma of the liver, he said. Other findings shewed that among the 22 malignancies ki the group of employees exposed to VCM, there w>s no difference fat type cf cancer in those exposed more or test than 10 yean except for the one igl(sarcoma Idenffled. Physiol examinations and Bret function tests are being performed on current Firestone employees la both plants. No results art available yet. Walker aid. Ha dted a Csllfomli study which concluded that VCM "la a very weak carcinogen rather than rofent on hi humans and animals," and "It is possible r.o work with VCM In relative Bfety at die low exposure level* achiev able by tfte industry.'* Citing carcinogen and asbestos standards adopted by OS IA, Walker Bid the Scoetary of Labor rejected the concept of no detectable level in these cases. Techrelogy Study Walker described professional engineering uonsuitants* conclusions that Fircifoi'c would have no ,`temaihrt but to cease VCM operation if the proposed standard is adopted. The studies ccnfirroed indication.' that between 550 and 555 million tvuld have to be expended by Firestone alone to atiet ipt to achieve no detectable level, he Bid. Even though a majeritr of the FVC industry is capable of operating under the temporary emergency standard, with the use of air-supplied respirators, tbs industry will not generally be able to function under exposure levels below 50 ppm wfthou* making extensive and costly expenditures for new eqr jpment and engineering changes over an extended peried < r time, Walker said. Walker criticized OS KA's measuring exposure devices for aO hydrocarbons lute ad of VC alone and said "Fire* stone would not Interpre or comply with the VC perma* pent standard or any other standard established to afe* guard Its employees, ex&pt to the Intent of that stand* ard, not merely to the letter of tew of the standard/* Consulting studies estreated as much as 510 million wffl be required to Insets Firestone operations are not exceeding the 50 ppm star-Jard in any area through engineering means alone Walker said. Deipi.e obtained cost figures. Firestone fe still recommend.ng a 40 ppm ceiling and 25 ppm TVA Work Practices Objections Francis Hoy, manafer, Firestone's Perry^Ue. M<L,PVC plant outlined the company's objections tj many work practices in the proposed standard, reiterating the position that the standard riiould be limited at this time to VCM producers. Concern should be wf h VCM at the employee breath* ing level where it rru/ be inhaled and not with the concentration levels that msy occu^ Inside a closed con* tainer where there h ro employee exposure, he said, noting that some areas mould be exempted from "regu lated areas" provisions mitn respect to the OSHA carcino gens standard. Operators and rnainter snee personnel we .ring full faca marks and carrying an j(r bottle or tracing air hose onnol provide the aleit surveillance needed to avoid accidents. Hoy said. Re pirators which are less cumber some and provide the employee a greate. degree of visibility, mobility, surd comfort, such s canister type respirators, should be sul tituted, he Bid. There are also problems wtth protect ve ind impervious clothing, he said. Firestone introduced righ pressure wale* systems to dean some reactors, sophisticated ventilation lyitema to *883 v7;:& Wiy A Health RapaMar RSV 0011698 v. <v./ Rtc*- j> f ) , , VOI from nteitn prior to employee tatty, tad exfcmto fltSatta| systems to lam atmospheres Inside wdo at concentrations Mow 50 ppm VCM, Hoy aid. Rtaetor ventilation b to me in both plants. Hoy said Fiitston* objected to other provisions of (he t propowd standard including those kivotring maintenance, randalory Aoww requirements, and emcrpency provfc stans. In lien of the monitoring and special reporting providons required by the proposed standard, the Secretary should require utilization of a constant monitoring system which will provide ill monitoring and information neces sary for protection of employees. Hoy said. * Firestone submitted extensive documentary evidence of Kt position in aD aspects, including sO scientific and consulting studies. ORC Position Wayne T. Brooks, Organization Resources Counselors Inc^ Washington, D.C., said then should be at least three standards, one each for production of VC monomer, PVC resin, and processing and fabricating PVC resin. Brooks urged the production of VCM be removed from the proposed standard and an American National Stand ards Institute Committee be convened on the subject. Because no emergency rituation exists in this production, tegular 6 (b) rulemaking proceedings could be commenced according to the Secretary's judgment, he aid, urging s similar recommendation for polymer handling operations. A standard with t scope and application section which does not include application to employees does not have the basic characteristic of an occupational safety and health standard. Brooks aid. "Not only is the proposed standard fatally deficient for this omission. Its scope would require work to be done and expenditures made which, because of no employee presence, would not be for the benefit of employee health.** There are r/orkpiaces in which VC is manufactured, reacted, released, repack aged, stored, or used where there Is no employee ex posure, or where, by operations] changes, employee ex posure will be eliminated. Such workplaces should be excluded from the application of this proposal, he said. Brooks said ORC U doing an epidemiological mortality study of workers exposed to low levels of VC. The study will be completed during 1974, he arid. Brooks urged a delayed effective date, and a phased application of various provisions of the permanent stand ard. He noted there are about 15 definitions "and that is about IS too many.** Definitions only confound confu sion and are antithetical to simple grimmer, he said. Health Research Croup Consideration of economic feasibility is not an Integral part of technological feasibility kt retting standards, Andrea Hricko, Ralph Nader's Health Research Croup, arid. Industry has offered no survey of technological feasi bility on which an economic Impact has been based and has simply assumed technological Infeasibility, Hricko arid. Hricko noted the amicus curiae brief filed by the HRG In industrial Union Department\ AFL-OO r. Hodgson In tire District of Columbia Circuit Court (I OSHC 1631), subject to petition foe rehearing, ha which tire ness point Is raised. HRG emphasized the need for extrapolation from animal data to predict hazards to man rather than waiting fee human evidence of disease to appear, la the future it Is hoped that evidence of disease and death fat animals, rather than workers, wfii serve to trigger strict regulatory controls by the Department of Labor,** rite said. Hricko aid because no dose-response relation can be extrapolated from existing data on carcinogenicity, no safe level of exposure can be established. "Only the removal of til human exposure will be successful fat assuring that occu pational cancer wiO be eliminated, "tire said. Wrong Diagnosis Bertram R. Cottine also of HRG, cited the ease of a VC worker at 0. F. Goodrich ! Louisville, Ky,, who was originally hospitalized for what was thought to be a bleeding ulcer. This diagnosis was eventually discounted. "Despite the abnormal liter function tests and his hos pitalization, the worker was not reassigned to work free from VC exposure," he noted. On rehospitalization, sur gery was performed to alleviate what was then diagnosed as toxic hepatitis secondary to chemicals. The worker, following additional hospitalizations eventually filed for workmen's compensation, was awarded a sum, and later filed again. He was awarded a second sum and two years later died. "Autopsy revealed angiosarcoma of the liver on the basis of gross and microscopic evidence,** Cottine said. Renter Products Gerald Kessler, corporate officer, Kessler Products Company, Inc., Youngstown, Ohio, a vinyl extrusion and moulding concern, said the complete plant should be monitored, not just the immediate extruder area. It should be mandatory that the results of the monitoring be routinely furnished to a central OSHA data bank along with medical records of aD employees of the plant that are deemed necessary and practical by qualified medical and statistical experts. "Our primary concern Is to stay ki business while maintaining the health of ourselves and our employees, and we feel the data accumulated In years to come will be of great help in formulating a logical working standard," Ke&alet raid. American Footwear Norman V. Germany, senior vice president, American Footwear Industries Association, Arlington, Va., aid although the AF1A is not bi a position to evaluate the medical evidence relating lo VC fat the atmosphere, it is fully in accord with establishing nfe working conditions for employees. However, he added, the final standard which is adopted for VC should reflect a PVC concentra tion level which plastics manufacturers can reasonably comply with. Unless PVC continues to be produced, the American footwear industry wil] be impaired seriously, he su'd. Calgon WQIiam Lovett, development department, Activated Carbon Division, Calgon Corporation, Merck A Company, CepT'lfht S 1974 by The 6urtw ,1 Netienel Athfri, Im, RSV 0011699 iKi: ib m:e> #T * d. m "J' ^ Ik, touted laboratory work In which Calgoa totally onood VC pi tea tk by filtering It through activated earbon. Loan odd It can bur hr mound and itused. Other ioduriiy representative* brought out bt questioning tfut Calgon did not riiow how the techniques could be used In the industrial plant or how expensive It would bt to install, Dm bearings concluded on July II. The hearing record wffl be kept open until August 23 which It the deadline for post-hearing comments. OS1IA must submit to the Council on Environmental Quality the final environmental Impact statement by September 5. Appropriation! AlHA, IUD OPPOSE HOUSE PROVISIONS ON SMALL BUSINESS, INSPECTOR FUNDS Theta are too few trained industrial hygienists In position of leadership in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, John A. Pendergrass, president, American Industrial Hygiene Association, told the Senate Appropriations Committee Subcommittee on the Depart ments of Labor and Health, Education, and Welfare on July 10. "We are convinced that It is esential Out people who are thoroughly versed in the principles and practices of industrial hygiene must be placed in influential positions throughout OSHA," Pendergrass said, urging that more Industrial hygienists be involved in standards development, that health and safety consultative services to business be established, that an active continuing education program be maintained for OSHA hygienists, and that a program for educating and training employers be established. Pendergrass presented AIHA*s strong opposition to the amendment exempting small businesses from the Occu pational Safety and Health Act, stating his hope that the Senate would modify this general appropriations bill for OSHA and NIOSH activities In order to remove this exemption (Current Report, July 4, p. 115). Streaatg the need to upgrade the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Pendergrass recommend ed that NIOSH be required to report directly to an assistant secretary of Health, Education, aid Welfare, giving Congress a better opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of programs for which money is spent and creating greater public and Congressional visibility for NIOSH. IUD Testimony The Industrial Union Department, AFL-C10, recom mended that NIOSH and the National Institute for En vironmental Health Sciences be expanded in occupational epidemiology and toxicology studies. Jacob dayman, secretary-treasurer of IUD, opposed the present trend of contracting private firms to conduct this research and suggested that 310 million hi additional funds and 20 additional professional positions be absorbed into NIOSH and five positions and $3 million fai NIEHS so this function can be fulfilled. The IUD opposed the cutting of funds avaDable for OCCUMTIONAI PITY * HEALTH HCPOftTCH hiring coityHanee officers, making wo provirion for _ higher grade average, while approving ISO new compfianci poritions. According to dayman this Howe MB provision encourages and may even necessitate the hiring of last drilled inspectors. Also the IUD spokesman criticized the House aetion which provided for state consultative services without availing additional funds for the purpose. The It'D concluded with a recommended basic Drecrim of early detection and early care of workers diseased by asbestos exposure: 1. Registry of workers exposed to asbestos for one month or more rince 1941. Because collaboration with labor and Industry can be expected, most of the cost will be spent by the private sector. 2. Notification and development of medical screening and surveillance for high risk groups in asbestos product manufacturing and application. 3. Extension of available therapy to asbestos cancer patients, including treatment of cancers in early stages. 4. Development of additional therapeutic measures. 5. Creation of resource centers both within HEW and In the private sector. 6. Pilot studies In at least one resource center prior to kiltlation of national programs. GenerriPofiey STENDER REVEALS TO CONTRACTORS OSHA MOVES TO MAKE COMPLIANCE EASIER A group of revised construction standards w(S soon be proposed, John H. Stender, Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, told the Associated General Contractors on July 11 In Washington, D.C. Stender said the proposed standard on trenching and excavations will be simplified by removing rules that require a foreman to be an expert on sods. He raid OSHA expects to drop the requirement that a physician must approve the first aid kits that must be maintained at Jobsites. Because the steel beams used in skeleton steel construc tion have grown larger, the old standard of a floor or safety- net 25 feet below steel workers was becoming almost impossible to foflow, Stender said. As result, OSHA recently changed that standard to 30 feet to reflect current Industry practices. Stender announced that the production of scripts and slides Is underway for presentation in a short course in trenching and shoring techniques which OSHA is assisting the AGC in producing and refining. OSHA published an updated copy of the construction indistry standards last month to make them easier to use. Stender said also that the **rather tricky business** of drawing together iQ the standards that apply to construc tion b progressing. Dus calls for redrawing the applicable general industry standards in Part 1910 and retting them into the Part 1926 vertical construction standards. Slender told the contractors that all of there projects should allow more time to concentrate on other concerns such as harard Identification and corrective action, which OccvpH*il Salary g, HaaliH Rapartar RSV 0011900 j | j i i i I i  *'* V "* *'.;r %'l.i / '* 4 v* ' * * .*. . ?** . * * *. # . t ' &&> : `.-v v A* / *. * .*-*~ *' f. \ ** /# *. i ' 4. */. .,*'%:<* . .* mr. V *: V4-i:u-sV\ i | Threshold Limit Values of Airborne Contaminants and * * Physical Agents with Intended Changes Adopted By ACGIH * *>' . For 1971 This infcrmafltm^fupplied by Industrial Hygiene Section Medical Department Monsanto Company, St Loots, Mo. ** RSV 0011901  ft # . r Copyright 1071, by American Conference at Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Tbs American Conference of Govern mental Industrial Hygienists will welcome, requests for permission to republish or re print these Threshold limit Values, Re quests for such permission shouldbe direct ed to the Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Box 1937, Cincinnati, Ohio 45201, PRICE EACH 1-40 ........................................................ 75$ 50-200 .................................................... 63* Quantities over 200, prices upon request Documentation of the Threshold limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. A separate companion piece to the Airborne TLVs Is Issued by ACGIH under this title. This publication gives the pertinent scienti fic information and data with reference to literature sources that were used to base each limit. Each documentationalso contains a statement defining the type of response against which the limit Is safeguarding the worker. For a better understanding of the TLVs it Is essential that the Documentation be consulted when the TLVs arebelngused. Information concerning the availability of copies of the Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances In Workroom Air should be directed to the Secretary-Treasurer. *' mOi Threshold Limit Values of Airborne Contaminants Adopted By tt RSV 0011902 1; V-u' Ui! y v. 1971 TLV AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS \ COMMITTEE j Paul E. CapUn j Herrty B. Elkina, Ph. D. ! W.G. Frederick, 5c. D. ) Barnard Crabola, P.E. | Paul Gross, M.D. | Wayland J. Hayes, Jr., M.D. 1 John W. Knauber | Harold N. MacFarland, Ph. D. j Frederick T. McDermott ' E. Mastromatteo, M.D. Col. Walter W. Melvin, Jr., M.D. Ralph G. Smith, Ph. D. Mitchell R. Zavon, M.D. Llolson Memberi: David A. Padden, Labor Union Vernon K. Rove, Industry \ Theodora R. Torkalson, Sc. D., Alternate t Herbert E. Stokinger, Ph. D., Chairman William D. Wagner, Recording Sec'y \ 4 T *T PREFACE AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS Threshold limit values refer to air borne concentrations of substances and re present conditions under which it is be lieved that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse effect. Because of wide varia tion in individual sueceptibillty, however, a small percentage of workere may ex perience discomfort from some substances at concentrations at or below the threshold limit, a smaller percentage may be af fected more seriously by aggravation of a pre-existing condition or by development of an occupational illness. Simple tests are now available (J. Occup. Med. 9,537, 1967; Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sd., 151 Art. 2, p. 968, 1966) that may be used to detect those individuals hypersusceptible to a variety of industrial chemicals (respiratory irritants, hemolyt ic chemicals, organic isocyanates, carbon disulfide). These tests may be used to screen out by appropriate job placement the hyperreactive worker and thus in ef fect improve this "coverage" of theTLVs. Threshold limit values refer to timeweighted concentrations for a 7 or 6-hour workday and 40-hour workweek. They should be used as guides In the control of health hazards and should not be used as fine lines between safe and dangerous concentrations. (Exceptions are the sub stances listed in Appendices A and E and those substances designated with a "C" or Celling value, Appendix C.) 1 i, ?V f f . . RSV 0011903 r t iifgA,1; uuiiiia* w* i I *I % i?%. i * T~l \ \ Time-weighted aTcraps permit ex\ cursions above the limit provided they are i compensated by equivalent excursion* be j low the limit during the workday. In some Instances it may be permissible to calcu late the average concentration (or a work- _ week rather than (or a workday. The det gree of permissible excursion is related to the magnitude of the threshold limit ; value of a particular substance as given in Appendix C. The relationship between ' threshold limit and permissible excursion i ij a rule of thumb and in certain eases may not apply. The amount by which threshold limits maybeexeeededforshort periods without injury to health depends upon a number of factors such as the nature of the contaminant, whether very high concentrations - even for short n periods - produce acute poisoning, whether I the effects are cumulative, the frequency i with which high concentrations occur, and ] the duration of such periods. All factors | must be taken into consideration in arriving | at decision as to whether a haxardoua I condition exists. , | Threshold limits are based on the best ,j available information from Industrial exlj perienee, from experimental human and | animal studies, and, when possible, from a combination of the three. The basis on which the values are established may differ from substance to substance; protection against impairment of health may be a guiding factor for some, whereas reason able freedom from Irritation, narcosis, nuisance or other forms of stress may form the basis for others. ,1 * 4 The committe holds to the opinion that limits based on physical irritation should be considered no less binding than those based on physical impairment. There is in creasing evidence that physical irritation may initiate, promote or accelerate physi cal impairment through interaction with other chemical or biologic agents. Zn spite of the fact that serious injury is not believed likely as a result of ex posure to the threshold limit concen trations, the best practice is to maintain concentrations of ail atmospheric contami nants as low as is practical. These limits are intended for use in the practice of industrial hygiene and should be interpreted and applied only by a person trained in this discipline. They are not intended for use, or for modification for use, (1) as a relative index of hazard or toxicity, (2) in the evaluation or control of community air pollution or air pollution nuisances, (3) in estimating the toxic potential of con tinuous uninterrupted exposures, (4) as proof or disproof of an existing disease or physical condition, or (5) for adoption by countries whose working conditions differ from those in the United States of America and where substances and pro cesses differ. Ceiling vs Time-Weighted Average Limits. Although the time-weighted aver age concentration provides the most satis factory, practical way of monitoring air borne agents for compliance with the limits, there are certain substances for which it Is Inappropriate. In the latter 3 RSV 001X904 ' W.1 ww LUf"wijmai*i,aj group are substances which art predomi nantly faat acting and whose threshold limit la more appropriately based on this particular response. Substances with this type of response are best controlled by a celling "C" limit that should not be ex ceeded. It is implicit In these definitions that the manner of sampling to determine compliance with 'he lunlts for each group must differ; a single brief sample, that ie applicable to a "C" limit, is not appro priate to the time-weighted limit; here, a sufficient number of samples are needed to permit a time-weighted average concen tration throughout a complete cycle of operations or throughoit the work shift. Whereas the ceiling limit places a de finite boundary which concentrations should not be permitted to exceed, the timeweighted average limit requires an ex plicit limit to the excursions that are permissible above the listed values. The magnitude of these excursions may be pegged to the magnitude of the threshold limit by an appropriate factor shown in Appendix C. It should be noted that the same factors are used by the Committee in making a Judgment whether to include or exclude a substance for a *'C" listing. "Skin" Notation. Listed substances followed by the designation "Skin" refer to tbs potential contribution to the over all exposure by the cutaneous route in cluding mucous membranes and eye, either by airborne, or more particularly, by direct contact with the substance. Vehicles can alter skin absorption. This attentioncalling designation is intended to suggest 4 appropriate measures for the prevention of cutaneous absorption so that the thres hold limit is not invalidated. Mixtures. Special consideration should be given also to the application of the TLVs In assessing the health hazards which may be associated with exposure to mixtures of two or more substances. A briefdiscussion of basic considerations involved in develop ing threshold limit values for mixtures, and methods for their development, am plified by specific examples are given in Appendix B, Nuisance Pasta. In contrast to fibrogenic dusts which cause sear tissue to be formed In lungs when inhaled in excessive amounts, so-called "nuisance** dusts have a long history of little adverse effect on lungs and do not produce significant organic disease or toxic effect when exposures are kept under reasonable control. The nui sance dusts have also been called (biologi cally) "inert" dusts, but the latter term Is inappropriate to the extent that there is no dust which does not evoke some cellular response in the lung when inhaled in sufficient amount. However, the lung-tissue reaction caused by inhalation of nuisance dusts has the following characteristics: 1) The architecture of the air spaces re mains intact. 2) Collagen (scar tissue) is not formed to a significant extent. 3) The tissue reaction is potentially reversible. Excessive concentrations of nuisance dusts in the workroom air may seriously reduce visibility (iron oxide), may cause unpleasant deposits in the eyes, ears and 5 RSV 0011905 nasal passages (Portland Cement dust), or cause injury to tbs skin or mucous memj braces by chemical or mechanical action per se or by the rigorous skin cleansing procedures necessary for their removal. i A threshold limit of lOmg/M^, or 30 mppcf, of total dust< tffcSiOj, whichever is less, is recommended for substances in these categories and for which no specific threshold limits have been assign ed. This limit, for a normal workday, does not apply to brief exposures at high* er concentrations. Neither does it apply to those substances which may eause physio logic impairment at lower concentrations but for which a threshold limit has not yet been adopted. Some "inert" particulates i are given in Appendix D. J * | Simple Asphyxiants - "Inert" Gases or Vapors. A number of gases and vapors, ; when present in high concentrations in air, act primarily as simple asphyxiants with out other significant physiologic effects. ; A TLV may not be recommended for each j simple asphyxiant because the limiting i factor is the available oxygen. The mini mal oxygen content should be 18 percent by volume under normal atmospheric pres sure (equivalent to a partial pressure, p02 of 13$ mm Rg). Atmospheres deficient in O2 do not provide adequate warning and most simple asphyxiants are odorless. Several simple asphyxiants present an explosion hazard. Account should be taken of this fac tor in limiting the concentration of the as phyxiant. Specific examples are listed in Appendix E. j6 I Physical Factors. It is recognized that such physical factors as heat, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, humidity, abnormal pressure (altitude) and the Like may place added stress on the body so that the effects from exposure at a threshold limitmay be altered. Most of these stressesactadversely to increase the toxic response of a substance. Although most threshold limits have built-in safety factors to guardagalnst adverse effects to moderate deviations from normal environments, the safety fac tors of most substances are not of such a magnitude as to take care of gross devia tions. For example, continuous work at temperatures above 90F or over-time extending the workweek more than 25%, might be considered gross deviations. In such instances Judgment must be exercised in the proper adjustments of the threshold limit values. Notice of Intent.** At the beginning of each year,proposedactionsoftheCommlttee for the forthcoming year are issuedin the form of a "Notice of Intent." This Notice provides not only an opportunity for comment, but solicits suggestions of substances to be added to the list. The suggestions should be accompanied by subStantiatlng evidence. The list of Intended Changes follows the Adopted Values in the TLV booklet. Legal Status. By publication in the Federal Register (Vol. 36, No. 103, May 2B, 1971) the "Threshold Limit Values for 1970" are now pfflcial federal standards for industrial air, exceptfor the American National Standards and except for certain values for mineral dusts. | f; * *1 5, !< Ii (| I, J jj f. | RSV 0011906 Reprint Permission. This publication tray be reprinted provided that written permission Is obtained from the Secre tary-Treasurer of the Conference and that It be published in its entirety. i ADOPTED VALUES (In Alphabetical Order) Substance ppfiW mg/M3b* Abate........................... * Acetaldehyde................ Acetic acid .............. 10 Acetic aihydrlde........ Acetone.................... 1,000 Acetonitrile..................... 40 2-AcetyhrainoAuorene- Skin............................ ~ Acetylene.................... Acetylene dichlorlde, E see 1, 2 - Dlchloroethylene .. Aeetyleae tetrabro- mlde.......................... 1 Acrolein ................... 0.1 Aerylandde-9cln........ Acrylonitrile-Skin.... 20 Aldrln-Skln................ Allyl alcOiol-Skin .... 2 AUyl chloride ................ 1 **C Allyl glycldyl ether... (AGE)..................... Allyl propyl disulfide . 2 Alundum (AI2O3)........ * 4-Amlnodiphenyl-Scin. -- 2-Amlnoetharol, see.. Ethanolamine........ 2-Aminopyrldine.......... 0.5 Ammonia ....................... ..Ammonium sulfamate. (Ammate)................... n-Amyl acetate.............. 100 aec-Amyl acetate..... 12s Aniline-Skin................... 9 10 29 2,400 70 A* 14 0.29 0.3 49 0.29 S 3 12 D A* 2 10 525 650 10 i 1 "1 n Footnotes (1 thru h) tee Pay* 28 mi AMMm at* RoQea o< lattndo* Chanc** 6 ii ii i F.pify**' i'"y RSV 0011907 T St*stoncs ppm1* mff/M3b) Anlaldine (o, p-Uomers) I Skin...................... Antimony 4 compounds 0.5 (ns Sb)................... 0.5 ANTtf (alpha naphthyl thiourea)................ 0.3 Argon .......................... Arsenic 4 Compounds (as As).................... o.s Arsine.......................... 0. OS 0.2 Asphalt (petroleum) fumes Azinphos methyl-Skln. 0.2 Barium (soluble compounds)....... C Benzene (benzol)- Skln.......................... Benzidine-Skin .......... 25 -- 0.5 80 A1 p-Benzoqulnone* see Quinone.......... .. Benzoyl peroxide........ Benzyl chloride.......... Beryllium.................... Biphenyl* see Diphenyl -- 1 -- -- ,, 5 5 0.002 -- Boron oxide.................. Boron trlbromide........ C Boron trifluorlde........ Bromine ............ Bromine pentafluorlde Bromoform-Skin........ -- 1 1 0.1 0.1 0.5 10 10 3 0.7 0.7 5 Butadiene (I, 3butadlene)............. . Butanethlol* see Butyl mercaptan... 2-Butanone ................. 2-Butoxy ethanol (Butyl CellosoWe) Scin...................... Butyl acetate (n-butyl acetate).................. 1*000 200 50 150 2*200 590 240 710 Capital letters refer to Appendices 1*11 Aeeuias 10 SiAttcnce ppm1* mg/M3b* see-Butyl acetate........ 200 tert-Butyl aeetate .... 200 Butyl alcohol................ 100 sec-Butyl alcohol. ... ISO tert-Butyl alcohol.... 100 C Butylamine-Skin ..... 5 C tert-Butyl chromate (as CrOg) -Skin ... -- n-Butyl glyeldyl ether (BCE)...................... 50 Butyl mercaptan. . 0.5 p-tert-Butyltoluene... 10 Cadmium (Metal dust and soluble salts).. -- C Cadmium oxide fume (as Cd).................... Calcium carbonate.. . .. Calcium arsenate........ .. Calcium oxide.............. -- Camphor (Synthetlel. Carbaryl (Sevln).... Carbon black......... -- Carbon dioxide 5*000 Carbon dlsulfide-Skln. 20 Carbon monoxide..... 50 Carbon tetrachloride -Skin...................... 10 Cellulose (paper fiber) Chlordane-Skin.......... -- Chlorinated camphene -Scin...................... -- Chlorinated diphenyl oxide........................ ---- Chlorine ...................... 1 Chlorine dioxide.......... 0.1 C Chlorine trifluoride... 0.1 C Chloroacetaldehyde, 1 -Chloroaeetophenone (phenacylchlorlde). 0.05 050 950 300 450 300 IS 0.1 270 1.5 60 0.2 0.1 D 1 5 5 3.5 9* 000 60 55 65 D 0.5 0.5 0.5 3 0.3 0.4 3 0.3 Capital letters refer to Appendices h notice of tolondod duacoe 11 y.r i t I1-\- . * I hSi |i 5 iit 1 RSV 0011908 Substance ppm ** mg/M3** Chlorobenzene (monochlorobenzene) 75 0-Chlorobenzylidene melononltrlle (OCBM).................. 0.05 Chlorobromomethane . 200 2-Chloro-l, 3-butadiene eee Chloroprene... Chlorodlphenyl (42% Chlorine) -Skin ... Chlorodlphenyl (54% Chlorine)-Skin.... 1-Chloro, 2. 3-epoxy- propane, eee Epichlorhydrln.... 2-Chloroethanol, eee iso A4 1,050 1 ft jt Ethylene ehlorohydnn.................... Chloroethylene, eee Vinyl chloride .... CChlorofonn (trlchioro- methane)................ 1-Chloro-1-nltropro- pane ....................... Chloropicrin................ Chloroprene (2-ehloro 20 0.1 100 <u -1, 3-butadiene) -Skin......................... 25 Chromic acid and chromates (as CrOj) -- Chromium, sol. chromic, chromoue salts aa Cr.. -- Metal & inaoi. salts -- Coal tar pitch volatiles (benzene soluble 90 A1 0.5 1 fraction) anthracene, BaP, phenanthrene, acridine, ehrysene, pyrene)...................... -- 0.2 **Sm Met e bi 12 Stfcstonee ppma) mg/M3^ Cobalt, metal fume 6 dust.................... . -- Copper fume................ -- Dusts and Mists .. -- Corundum (AljOj).... -- Cotton Dust (raw)..... Crag herbicide...... -- Cresol (all iaomera) .ftin........ .. 5 Crotonaldehyde............ 2 Cumene-Skin............... SO Cyanide (as CN)-Skln . .. Cyanogen...................... 10 Cyclohexane................ 300 Cyclohexanol............... 50 Cyclohexanone............ 50 Cyclohexene................ 300 Cyclopentadlene .......... 2, 4-D.......................... DDT-Skin.................... 75 .. -- DDVP, see Dlchlorroe Decaborane-Skin..... 0.05 Demeton -Stln.......... Dlacetone alcohol (4- hydroxy-4-methyl- 2-pentanone).......... 50 1, 2-Diamlnoethane, see Ethylenediamine............ .. .. Diazomethane.............. 0.2 Dibormne.................. .. 0.1 1, 2-Dibrocnoethane (ethylene dlbromide) -Skin........................ Dibrom ................ .. Dibutyl phosphate........ 1 Dlbutylphthalate...... -- C Dtchloroacetylene .... 0.1 C o-Dlchlorobenzene.,.. 50 0.1 0.1 1 D 1 10 22 6 245 S 1,050 200 200 1,015 200 10 1 -- 0.3 0.1 240 .. 0.4 0.1 3 5 5 0.4 300 >Sm Itottet f 13 ChueM i i JJ \: rr t f- f l RSV 0011909 3d>stoncs ppm*) p-Diehlorobenzene... 75 450 Dichlorobeiizldlne-Scta -- A* DiehlorodlfluoromtChane 1,000 4,050 1, 3-Dichloro-S, 5-di- methyl hydantoin . -- 0.2 1, l-Dlchlors^lhane.. 1, 2-Dichloroethane.. 50 200 1, 2-Dichloroethylne. 200 Dlchloroethyl tther- 700 Skin........................ Diehloromethane, see Methylene chloride Dichloromonofluor - methane................... 1,000 4,200 C 1,1-Dichloro-l- nltroethane............ 10 60 1,2-Dlchloropropane, see Propylene* dlchlortde......... Dichlorotetrafluoro- ethane...................... 1,000 7,000 Dichlorros (DDVP) Skin............................... 1 Dleldrln-Skin.............. -- 0.25 Diethylamine................ 25 75 Diethylamlno ethanol Skin...................... 10 50 C Diethylene trlaxnine Skin...................... Dlethylether, see Ethyl ether............ Dllluorodlbromo- methane.................. 100 860 C Diglycidyl ether (DG) 0.5 2.8 Dihydroxybenzene, see Rydroquinone . ** Diisobutyl ketone........ DUsopropylamlne-Stin 5 20 Capital letters refer to Appendices Jt11 ASftOaa --W-- Seoce f taiMSeS CUim 14 L Scfesttfice ppm* Dimethmcymethane, see Methylal................ .. Dimethyl acetamide Skin........................... 10 Dimethylamine............... 10 4-Dimethylarainoaxo- benzene........ ............ -- Dimethylaminobenxene, see Xylidene.......... Dimethylanlline (N- Him ethylanlline) .Skin.......... . 5 Dimethylbenzene, see Xylene.................... Dimethyl 1, 2-dibromo- 2-dlchloroethyl phos phate, see DiBroa Dimethyliormamide Skin...................... 10 2, 6-Dlxnethylheptanone, see Dllsobutyl ketone -- 1, 1-Dimethylhydrazlne -Skin...................... 0.5 Dlmethylphthalate .... -- DimethylsuUate-Skln . 1 Dinitrobenzene (all lsozners)~Skln .... -Dinitro-o-eresol-Skin. .. Dtnitrotoluene-Skin.. mm Dionne (Diethylene dlaxlde)-atln........ 100 Diphenyl ...................... 0.2 Diphenyl amine.......... Diphenylaethane dilaocyanate (see Methylene blsphenyl isocyanate (MDI).. -- 25 18 A1 25 20 1 5 5 1 0.2 1.5 360 1 10 -- Capital letters refer to Appendices ttri Asmow 15 e. RSV 0011910 &4)stoic* Dlpropylenc glycol methyl ether-Skln Di-sec, octyl phthalate (Dl-2-ethylhexyl- phthalate)................ Emery.......................... Eodoeulfan (Thiodaa) Skin...................... Endrin-Skln................ Eplchlorhydrln-Sdn $ EFN-Skia.......... ... 1, 2-Epoxypropane, see Propylene- oodde ...................... 2, 3-Epaxy-l-propanol, see Glycldol.......... Ethane............... E Ethanethiol, see Ethyl- mercaptan.............. Ethanolamine.............. 3 * 2-Ethaxyethanol-Skln . 2-Ethoxyethylacetate (Cellosolre acetate) -Skin...................... 100 Ethyl acetate.............. 400 Ethyl acrylate-Skln .. 23 Ethyl aleohol (ethanol) 1,000 Ethylamine.................. 10 Ethyl sec-amyl ketone (5-methyl-3-hep- taaone) .................. 25 Ethyl benzene.............. 100 Ethyl bromide.............. 200 Ethyl butyl ketone (3-Heptanonc)........ 50 Ethyl ehloride.............. 1,000 Ethyl ether.................. 400 Ethyl formate.............. 100 S D 0.1 0.1 19 0.5 540 1,400 100 1,900 18 130 435 690 230 2,600 1,200 300 letters refer to Appendices ** Node* ef WmM Oiiii 16 VF1 hhiteiu ppmm) mg/MS1 Ethyl mercaptan...... 0.5 Ethyl silicate.............. 100 Ethylene .................... . E Ethylene chloiohydrin Skin...................... 5 Ethylenediamlne........ 10 Ethylene dibromide, see 1, 2-DU>romo- ethane ........ ........... Ethylene dichloride, see 1, 2-Dlchloro- ethane....# -- C Ethylene glycol dini trate and/or Nltro- glycerin-Skin........ 0.2) Ethylene glycol mono methyl ether acetate (Methyl celloeolre acetate)-Skin........ 25 Ethylene imine-Skin .. 0.5 Ethylene oxide............ 50 Ethylldine chloride, see 1, 1-Dichloro- ethane.............. .. N-Ethylmorpholine -Skin...................... 20 Ferbam Ferroranadium dost . Fluoride (as F)............ Fluorine ...................... Fluorotriehloromethane 1,000 CFormaldehyde.............. 5 Formic tcid................ Furfuryl-Skln............ Furfuryl alcohol ..... 5 5 Gasoline........ ............. -- Glass, fibrous*) or 1 650 16 25 120 1 90 94 10 1 2.5 6 9 20 Footnotes (a thru h) see Pace : Capital letters refer to Appendices ~Sm MOM ef UnM Ckidn 17 nr } \ H i! ;' i RSV 00X1911 ~ -?~>/*>-iJMtefrtfMMifl m**' -f-*~v-...- ,w -.ISubitonci ppm*' mg/M3 ' - ":JGlycerin mist............ . -- D , Glycldol <3, 3-Epoxy-l -propanol).............. 90 190 Glycol monoethyl ether, h 2-Ethaxyethanol -- Graphite, (Synthetic).. -- Guthion, aee Azlnphos- D methyl .......... -- -- Gypsum........................... -- D Hafnium ......................... -- 0.9 Helium........... ........... E Heptachlor-Skin.......... -- 0.9 Heptane (n-heptane)... 900 2,000 Hexachloroethane -Skin...................... 1 10 Hexachloronaphthalene -Skin ............... -- 0.2 Hexane (n-hexane).... 900 1, 800 2-Hexanone.................. 100 410 Hexone (Methyl ieobutyl ketone).................... 100 410 sec-Hexyl acetate .... 90 300 Hydrazine-Skin.......... 1 1.3 Hydrogen .................... E Hydrogen bromide.... 3 10 C Hydrogen chloride.... 9 7 Hydrogen cyanide-Skin 10 11 Hydrogen fluoride .... 3 2 Hydrogen peroxide ... 1 1.4 Hydrogen selenlde ... 0.09 0.2 Hydrogen sulfide ..... 10 19 Hydroquinone.............. -- 2 Indene.......................... 10 Indium and compounds, 49 aaln ...................... -- 0.1 C Iodine .......................... 0.1 1 Iron oxide fume ...... -- 10 Iron salts, soluble, as Ft...................... -- 1 Capital letters refer to Appendices 18 kbitcnei ppm1* mg/M3b* Isoamyl acetate...... 100 525 Zsoamyl alcohol.......... 100 380 Isobutyl acetate.......... 190 Ieobutyl alcohol.......... 100 700 300 teisophorone........ ............... Uopropyl acetate..... 250 Isopropyl alcohol..... 400 050 880 Xsopropylamine....... 9 12 'Isopropylether............ Isopropyl glycidyl ether (IGE}............ 90 240 Kaolin.......................... _ Ketene.......................... 0.5 D 0.8 Lead ............................ Lead arsenate.............. 0.19 Limestone .................. D Lindane-Skin .................... __ 0.5 Lithium hydride.............. __ 0.025 L.F.G. (Liquified petroleum gas).... 1,000 1,800 Magnesite............................ -- D Magnesium codde fume .............................. -- 10 Malathlon-Skin................. -- 10 Maleic anhydride..... 0.29 1 ! Manganese and com- pounds, as Mn .... -- 5 Marble.................................... .. D Mercury (Alkyl com- pounds)-Stin.............. -- 0.01 Mercury (All forms except alkyl)...... -- 0.05 Mesityl oxide.................... 25 100 Methane .............................. E .. Methanethlol, see Methyl mercaptan . -- -- Methoxyehlor.............. -- 10 2-Metboxyethanol-Skln (Methyl cellosoWe) 25 80 Capital letters refer to Appendices --Sm Meoce at liindM flMigM 18 *v t h t jj RSV 0011912 -"*** ppm*) ms/M3b) Mithyl acetate............ 200 010 Methyl acetylene (pronmt)................. 1,000 1,650 Methyl acetylene-pro- padiene mixture (MAPP).................... 1,0001,800 Methyl acrylate-Skln.. 10 35 MethyUl (dimethoxy- methane)............... 1,000 3,100 Methyl alcohol (methanol) ............ 200 260 Methylamlne......... 10 12 Methyl amyl alcohol, see Methyl laobutyl carbinol ................ Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate 2 8 Methyl lsoamyl ketone 100 675 Methyl (n-amyl) ketone (2-Heptanooe)........ 100 465 Methyl bromlde-Skin . Methyl botyl ketone, see 2-Hexanone ... Methyl eellosoWe-Skln, see 2-Methoxyethanol -- Methyl cellosolre acetate -Scln, see Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate........ *C Methyl chloride........ 100 210 Methyl chloroform... 350 1,900 Methylcydohexane .. 500 2,000 Methyleyelohexanol.. o- Methyleyclohexa- none-Skln............ Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricar bonyl (as Mn)-Scin 0.1 0.2 Methyl demeton-Skln. -- 0.5 mi Addtaoa *** nmn at ****** a*m-- 20 Sibitaci ppm** mg/M3 Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), see 2-Bu- tanone........ . Methyl formate........ 100 250 Methyl Iodide-Skin... 5 28 Methyl laobutyl car- binol-Skln............ 25 100 Methyl laobutyl ketone. aee Besone .......... Methyl iaocyanate -Skin.................... 0.02 0.05 Methyl mercaptan ... 0.5 1 Methyl methacrylate 100 410 Methyl parathion-acin mm 0.2 Methyl propyl ketone. aee 2-Pentanone . .a Methyl silicate ........ 5 30 Methyl styrene ... 100 480 Methylene blapheoyl isocyanate (MDI). 0.02 0.2 Methylene chloride (diehloromethane) 500 1,740 Molybdenum (soluble compounds)........ -- 5 (insoluble com- poinds)................... Monomethyl aniline Skin.................... C Monomethyl hydrarine-Skin....... -- 2 0.2 10 5 Morpholine-Skin.... Naphtha (coal tar).. Naphthalene.............. 20 100 10 P-Naphthylamine ... Neon ............... Nickel carbonyl.... Nickel, metal and soluble cmpds, as E 0.001 0.007 Ni............................................ 1 Capital letters refer to Appendices mi AJdMo* 21 J RSV 0011913 * Substance PPm* > mg/M^1 Nlcotine-Skln.......... v. 0.5 HUrle acid............ *. 2 S Nitric oxide.............. 25 30 p-Nltroanlline-Skin. 1 6 i Nitrobenzene-Skin.. 1 5 p-NItrochlorobenzene -Skin.*........ . 1 NUroethane.............. 100 310 Nitrogen.................... E -- C Nitrogen dioxide ... 5 9 Nitrogen trlfluorlde. 10 29 Nitroglycerin-Skin.. 0.2 2 , Nltromethane.......... 100 250 _ , 1-Nitropropane........ 25 90 j 2-Nltropropane........ 25 90 N-Nitroaodimethyl- amlne (dimethyl- nitrosoamine) . -Scin.................... A* Nitrotoluene-Skln .. 5 30 Nltrotrichloromethane eee Chloropicrin Nitrous oodde.......... E -- Octachloronaphtha- lene-Scln .......... 0.1 Octane ...................... 400 1,900 Oil mist, particulate 51) Oil mist, vapor..... Osmium tetroxide .. >A3 -- -- 0.002 Oxalic acid ........ -- 1 Oxygen difluoride.. 0.05 0.1 Osone ...................... 0.1 0.2 Paraquat-Skin ..... -- 0.5 Parathlon-Skin........ -- 0.1 Pentaborane............ 0.005 0.01 1 Pentachloronaphthalene-Skin........... ,, 0.5 * Pentachloropftenol Skin.................... 0.5 Footnotes (a thru h) see Page 21 Capital letters refer to Appendieas 22 Substenco ppm*) mg/M3 Pentaerythritol .... Pentane.................... 2-Pentanone............ Ferchloroethylene.. Perchloromethyl mercaptan........ . Perchloryl fluoride --D 900 1,500 200 700 100 670 0.1 0.8 2 14 Petroleum Distillates (naphthal............ Phenol-Skin............ p-Phenylene diamine -9cin.................. Phenyl ether (vapor) Phenyl ether-Diphenyl mixture (vapor).. Phenylethylene, see Styrene................ Phenyl glycldyl ether (PCE).................. Phenylhydraaine . 5 1 1 10 -19 0.1 7 7 60 Skin.................. Phenothiazine-Skin. Fhosdrin (MevinphosG) 9cin.................. 5 -- -- 22 S 0.1 Phosgene (carbonyl chloride........ . 0.1 0.4 Phosphine................ Phosphoric acid.... 0.3 -- 0.4 1 Phosphorus (yellow) Pbosphoris penta- -- 0.1 chloride........ .. Phosphorus pentasul- ~ 1 .. ................................................ Phosphorus trichlo ride...................... 0.5 Phthallc anhydride.. 2 Picric acld-Skin.... -- 1 3 12 0.1 Footnotes (a thru h) ate Page 28 Capital lattera refer to Appendlcaa mi Atfsaoi 23 JeSSJW RSV 0011914 V PlvalOtf-Pivalyl-l, 3-lndandione)... Plaster ot Paris.... Platinum (Soluble Salts) as Pt........ Polytetralluoroethyl- ene decomposition products .............. Propane ..................... SPropiolactone .... Propargyl alcohol Skin.................. a-Propyl acetate ... Propyl alcohol........ n-Propyl nitrate ... Propylene dlchloride (1, 2-Dlchloro- propane).............. Propylene ixnine Skin.......... .. Propylene oxide.... Propyne, see Methyl* acetylene ..... Pyrethrura............ .. Pyridine.......... .. Quinone ....................... KDX-Skln................... Rhodium, Metal fume and dusts, asRh... Soluble salts.... Ronnel .......................... Rotenone (commer cial!........................ Rouge ..................... .. Selenium compounds (as Se) ................... Selenium hexafluoride Silicon carbide.......... mm E 1 200 200 23 75 2 100 .. -s 0.1 ... 0.05 -- 0.1 D 0.002 A* .. A* 840 500 110 350 5 240 5 IS 0.4 1.5 0.1 0.001 10 5 D 0.2 0.4 D Capital Utter* refer to Appendices 24 rwir stance ppm*} mg/M' Stiver, metaland soluble compounds -- 0.01 Sodium Ruoroacetate (1080)-Skin........ Sodium hydroxide .. Starr1- ...................... .. -- 0.05 2 .. D Sttbuie...................... 0.1 0.5 Stoddard solvent ... 200 1,150 Strychnine................ -- b. is Styrene (phenylethy- lene)................. .. Sucrose .................... 100 .. 420 D Sulfur dioxide.......... 5 13 Sulfur hexafluoride . 1,000 6,000 Sulfuric acid............ .. 1 Sulfur monochloride 1 6 Sulfur pentafluoride 0.025 0.25 Sulfuryl fluoride.... 5 Systox, see Demeton .. 20 2, 4, 5 T.................. 10 Tantalum.................. .. 0.2 TEDP-Skln............. -- 0.2 Teflondecomposition products.......... .... A* Tellurium................ __ 0.1 Tellurium hexafluoride 0.02 0.2 TEPP-Skln.............. 0.05 CTerphenyis.............. 1 9 1, 1, 1, 2-Tetrachloro -2, 2-dlfluoroethane 500 4,170 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloro -1, 2-dlfluoroethane 500 4,170 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloro- ethane-Skln........... 5 35 Tetrachloroethylene, see Perehloroethylene................ -- .. 2S J RSV 0011915 SAitonci ppm1* mg/M3b* Tctrschloromethsne, see Carbon tet rachloride ...... Tetraehloronaphtha- lene-Skta ............ 2 Tetraethyl lead (aa Pb) -Skin.................... 0.100*0 Tetrahydro/uran .... 200 590 Tetramethyl lead (as Pb) -Skin .... 0.150*0 Tetramethyl succinoni- trile-Skin............... 0.5 3 Tetranitromethane.. Tetryl (2( 4, 8-trini- 1 8 trophenyl-methylnl- tramine)-Skin ... 1.5 Thallium (soluble com pounds)-Stin (as Tl) -- 0.1 Thtram...................... 5 Tin (Inorganic empds, except S11H4 and S11O2) as Sn.......... 2 Tin (organic empds) -Skin (as Sn)........ 0.1 Tin oxide.................... D Titanium dioxide .... D Toluene (toluol). C Toluene-2, 4-dlisocya- nate........................ 0.02 0.14 o-Toluldlne................ Toxaphene, see Chlor 5 22 inated camphene . Tributyl phosphate .. 5 1, 1, 1-Trichloro- ethane, see Methyl chloroform.......... i 1, 1, 2-Trichloro- ethane-Skin........ 10 45 i Trichloroethylene ... 100 535 TaecnOTva ft thni h) ** It mSh WoOCC S IxMri OlMIM 28 StPltMl ppm1* mg/M^k* Trichloromethane, see Chloroform . Trlchloronaphthalene Skin...............................1, 2, 3-Trichloropro- 5 pana...................... 50 300 1, 1, 2-Trichloro 1, 2, 2-trifluoroethane. lt 000 7,600 Triethylamine.......... 25 100 Trinuoromonobromo- methane................ 1,000 8,100 Trimethyl benzene .. 25 120 2, 4, 8-Trlnitrophenol, see Picric acid .. 2, 4, 6-Trinltrophenyl- methylnitramine, see Tetryl........ ... Trinitrotoluene-Skin. -- 1.5 Trlorthocresyl phos phate .................... Triphenyl phosphate . Tungsten It compounds, 0.1 3 as W Soluble.................... Insoluble................ Turpentine................ 100 1 5 560 Uranium (natural) sol. It insol. compounds as U...................... C Vanadium (V^OSdust) 0.2 0.5 (V2O3 fume) Vinyl acetate ............ Vinyl benzene, see 10 0.1 30 Styrene................ C Vinyl chloride ...... Vinylcyanide, see Acrylonitrile .... Vinyl toluene............ 100 Warfarin.................... mi Atfdmaa See Watte* latmrfaS Ctowf 27 480 0.1 i i 11 *iu M < - l" l *"m\ *= ' f RSV 0011910 i, ; \ I A tj iI ;i Scfcttonce ppm1 mg/M3b) xylene (xylol)............ 200 Xyiidine-Skln....... 5 Yttrium...................... Zinc chloride lain* . -- Zinc oxide fume........ Zirconium compounds (uZr)............................- 439 25 1 1 5 st Parts of vapor or pas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25C and 760 mm. Hg. pressure. b) Approximate milligrams of particulate per cubic meter of air. d) An atmospheric concentration of not more than 0.02 ppm, or personal profaction may be necessary to avoid head ache. e) S-7m in diameter, f) As sampled by method that does not collect vapor. g) According to analytically determined composition. 10 For control of general roomair, biolo gic monitoring is essential for per sonnel control. Radioactivity: For permissible concentra tions of radioisotopes in air, see U.5. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards Handbook 69, "Maximum Per missible Body Burdens andMaximum Per missible Concentrations of Radionuclides In Air and in Water for Occupational Ex posure/* June 5, 1959. Also, see U.S. De partment of Commerce National Bureau of Standards, Handbook 59, "Permissible MSI UflttM sn node* of taiMrfc* cumii 28 mVT. Jh *' * .v# \sZ&* A. *v.^ *5 --rA Dos* from External Sources of Ionizing Radiation," September 24,1054, and adden dum of April 15, 1056, A report, Basic Radiation Protection Criteria, publishedtry the National Committee on Radiation Pro tection, revises and modernizes the con cept of the NCRP standards of 1954, 1957 and 1958; obtainable as NCRPRept. No. 39, P.O. Box 4867, Washington, D.C. 20008, MINERAL DUSTS Stbctcnet <t m.p.p.c.f.*1 SILICA, Crystalline Quartz,................ .. Cristobalite, Crys talline .................. Amorphous, Including natural dlatomaeeous earth 20 SILICATES (less than 1% crystalline silica) Asbestos, til types Mica...................... Perlite.................. Portland Cement.. Soapstone.............. Talc (non-asbestlform)...................... Talc (fibrous) use asbestos limit .. Tremolite (see Tale, fibrous)... Graphite (natural)... 20 30 50 20 20 15 29 ]( !! i; 4 i; >. i :t 0>l ^ RSV 0011917 + I 'Tnurt" or Nuisance Particulate* . 30 (or 10 Appendix D whichever U the im* allcr) of total dust *1% SIO2 | Conversion factors ; mppcf x 35.3 * million particles per | cubic meter ' - particles per c.c. 1 I) Millions of particles per cubic foot of air, based on Implnfer samples count ed bp light-field technics. j i See Notice of Intended Changes tor Mineral Dusts. 30 ,w-iy -cw*y\K" .wiijav^u-1 P-i-JA * 'U,V T-.-'r NOTICE OF INTENDED CHANGES (for 1971) These substances, with their corres pond^ values, comprise those for which either a Unit has been proposed for the first time, or for which a change in the "Adopted" listing has been proposed. In both cases, the proposed limits should be considered trial limits that will remain in the listing for a period of at least two pears. If, after two pears no evidence comes to light that questions the appropriateness of the values herein, the values will be re considered for the "Adopted" list. Docu mentation is available for each of these substances. SUBSTANCE ppm mg/M3 b) Acetaldehyde............ .. 100 CAcetic anhydride............ 5 Allpl glpcldpl ether ... 5 Ammonia.......................... 35 Ammonium chloride fume................................. Bismuth telluride.......... .. 4 Bismuth telluride (Se-doped) ................... ,, Butane................................. 500 Butyl lactate................... 1 Camphor (synthetic)... 3 4 Caprolactam (2-Oxohex- amethylenimine).... 4 Chloroform (trlchloro- methane)........................ 25 180 20 22 18 10 10 5 1200 5 12 5 120 4 1971 Revision or Addition Capital letters refer to Appenilces 31 r 1 I I >' RSV 0011918 -'-V *>r#* 00 | e% ! ' 1 '*' - SUBSTANCE ppm OUzinon-Skln........ ... . 1, 2-Dibromoethane (ethylene dlbromlde) Skin.......................... 20 2-N Dibutylamlno* ethanol-Skin.............. 2 1, 1-Dlchloroethane ... 300 Diehloroethyl ether -Skin................ . 6 Diethylene triamine Skin ............. . 1 Dilsobutyl ketone.......... 25 Diquat........................... Ethylene glycol, particulate.................. Ethylene glycol, vapor.. 100 2-Ethoxyethanol-Skln... 100 Fluorine.......................... 1 CForaaldehyde . ........... 2 + Furfuryl alcohol.......... . 5 Hexachlorocyclopenta- dlene ............................ 0.1 + Hexafluoroacetone 0.1 Iron pentaearbonyl........ 0.01 * Isophorone ...................... 10 + Isopropyl ether.............. 250 * Lead, Inorganic compounds fumes L dusts............ -- Methylacrylonltrile Skin............................ 1 * Methyl bromlde-Skln 15 Methyl ehloride 100 Methyl cyclohexanol.... 50 o-Methyl cyelohexanone Scin............................ 50 0.1 145 14 B20 30 4 150 O.S 10 260 370 2 3 20 1 0.7 0.08 55 1050 0.15 3 60 210 235 230 1971 Revision or Addition Capital letters refer to Appendices 32 SUBSTANCE ppm mg/M* Methyleyclopentadieayl manganese tricarbonyl (as Mn)-Skln 0.1 0.2 Mineral wool fiber.... .. D Paraffin vtx fume 1 Perlite....................... ~ 30mppcf CPhenylphosphlne.......... 0.0$ Propylene glycol mono methyl ether.............. 100 Rosin Core Solder, 0.25 360 pyrolysis products (as formaldehyde) . . 0.1 Silicon........................... CSubtilisins (Proteolytic 10 enzymes) ine enzyme)...................... 0.0003 Sulfur tetrafluoride .... 0.1 Toluene........................... 100 Vanadium (V2C>5 Fume) 0.4 37S as V ........................... 0.05 Vinyl bromide ............., 250 Vinyl chloride.............. 200 Wood dust (nonailer- 1100 770 genic)......................... a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25C and 760 mm. Hg. pressure. b) Approximate milligrams of particulate per cubic meter of air. 1971 Revision or Addition Capital letters refer to Appendices 33 jj RSV 0011919 NOTICE OF INTENDED CHANGES (CQnt*d) MINERAL DUSTS aviiwct XLX ir MHW (All lypHl * CmI <mi WmmmI Satan/Hi > Into total*1! S lfniiMto mc*' Oimtallu i CM m>MI Ita *! eaJnlMta Iron ita ( r mn tofMla* *r fMra. M * 'totn* *r iiiki im|. 19 ac^Ul r SO apprt Itattowr to tta Mtltorl to local Mt'< 1% Mj i i rtVto*99to: ,---9--0-0-*-*-> 4 rLV lor mflnUi <u*t la n/n3t 19 I 1 lira. teta t Tri4palM % lUspinMo pm 1 PLT lor "tool taoT, nvplnttm ita ouai--pnMti SO mt MS Oh onra torwlio Cm mwMU tta v*Jm ralcolatta ln JomlM lor ooora. I *1 j) As determined by the membrane filter j method at 400*450 X magnification * , (4 mra objective) phase contrast illu mination. Concentrations Sfibers/ml | but not to exceed 10, may be permitted I for 15-minute periods each hour up to 1 five times daily. 10 "Respirable** dust as defined by the British Medical Research Council Criteria (1) and as sampled by a de vice producing equivalent results (2). 34 t V *' .1.' (1) Hatch, T.E. and Gross, P., Pul monary Deposition and Reten tion of Inhaled Aerosols, p. 149. Academic Press, New York, New York, 1964. (2) Interim Guide for Respirable Mass Sampling, AXHA Aerosol Technology Committee, AIHA J. 31, 2, 1970, p. 133. m) The percentage of crystalline silica in the formula is the amount deter mined from airborne samples, except in those instances in which other methods have been shown to be ap plicable. n) Both concentration andper centquartz for the application of this limit are to be determined fromthe fraction pass ing a size-seleetor with the following characteristics: Aerodynamic Dia meter (mbi) (unit density sphere) 2 2.5 3.5 5.0 10 % passing selector 90 75 50 25 0 ! 35 i M RSV 0011920 r APPENDIX A Because of the high incidence of cancer, either In man or animals, no exposure or contact by any route, respiratory, oral or skin should be permitted for the compounds: 2-Acetylamlnofluorene 4-Amlnodiphenyl Benzidine 6 its salts Dichlorobenzidine 4-Diznethylaainoazobenzene beta-Naphthylamlne 4-NitrodLphenyl N-Nitrosodimethylaaine beta-propiolactone _ Because of the extremely high in cidence of bladder tumors In workers handling beta-naphthylamlne and the potential carcinogenic activity of the other compounds, the State of Penn sylvania prohibits the manufacture, use and other activites that involve human exposure without express ap ' i proval by the Department of Health. it A* Polytetrafluoroethylene* decomposi tion products. Thermal decomposition of the fluorocarbon chain in air leads 1 to the formation of oxidized products I containing carbon, fluorine and oxygen Because these products decompose in l part by hydrolysis In alkaline solu tion, they can be quantitatively deter 36 mined in air as fluoride to provide an index of exposure. No TLV is recommended pending determination of the toxicity of the products, butalr concentrations should be minimal. A3 Gasoline and/or Petroleum Distillates. The composition of these materials varies greatly and thus a single TLV for all types of these materials is no longer applicable. In general, the aromatic hydrocarbon content will determine what TLV applies. Consequently the content of benzene, other aromatics and additives should be determined to arrive at the approprlate TLV (Elkins, et ml. A.LH.A.J. 24, 90, 1063). * Itidt Nanwi: Alptls*, Fteoa, Rtit*, Mta, T*tr APPENDIX B B. 1 THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR MIXTURES When two or more hazardous substances are present, their combined effect, rather than that of either individually, should be given primary consideration. In the ab sence of information to the contrary, the effects of the different hazards should be considered as additive. That 1s, If the sum of the following fractions, j. (: (, j jI j, | \ It I 37 JJ o ------- JIUH ILL" if. ' ' &SV 0011921 Cj_ Cz* Ti*t3 + exceeds unity, then the threshold Limit of the mixture should be considered ns being exceeded. Cj Indicates the observed atmospheric concentration, and Tj the corresponding threshold limit, (See Ex ample lA.a.). Exceptions to the above rule may be made when there is good reason to be lieve that the chief effects of the dif ferent harmful substances are not in fact additive, but Independent as when purely local effects on different organs of the body are produced by the various components of the mixture. In such cases the threshold limit ordinarily is exceeded only when at least one member of the (Si aeries yr^ Tg /itself has a value exceeding unity, (See Example lA.b.). 2 Antagonistic action or potentiation may occur with some combinations of atmos pheric contaminants. Such cases at pre sent must be determined individually. Potentiating or antagonistic agents are not necessarily harmful by themselves. Potentiating effects of exposure to such agents by routes other than that of in halation is a'so possible, e.g. imbibed alcohol and inhaled narcotic (trichloro- 38 ethylene). Potentiation is characteristi cally exhibited at high concentrations, less probably at low. When a given operation or process characteristically emits a number of harm ful dusts, fumes, vapors or gases, it will frequently be only feasible to attempt to evaluate the hazard by measurement of a single substance. In such cases, the thres hold limit used for this substance should be reduced by a suitable factor, the magnitude of which will depend on the number, toxicity and relative quantity of the other contaminants ordinarily present. Examples of processes which are typi cally associated with two or more harm ful atmospheric contaminants are welding, automobile repair, blasting, painting, lac quering, certain foundry operations, die sel exhausts, etc., (Example 2). 39 TT RSV 0011922 > -V: THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR MIXTURES i EXAMPLES 1A. General cut, where Mr Is analyzed lor each component: i Additive effects. (note: It la esaen- t i tial that the atmosphere be anal yzed both qualitatively and quanti tatively lor each component pre- eeafj in -,rder to evaluate com* pliance or noncompilance with i % C2 * C3 TT 4 i Example No. 1: Air contains 9 ppm of car- " bon tetrachloride (TLV * 10 ppm) 20 ppm of ethylene dlchloride (TLV 50 ppm) and 10 ppm of ethylene dibromlde (TLV *25ppm) Atmospheric concentra tion of mixture * 5 20 10 35 ppm of mixture 5 a 20 10 25 + 20 + 20 . ,, 10 50*25" 50 Threshold Limit is ex ceeded. Furthermore, the TLV of this mixture may be calculated by reducing the total fraction to 1.0; i.e, TLV of mixture 27 ppm Example No. 2: Air contains 200 ppm of hexane (TLV S00 ppm) 200 ppm of methylene chloride (TLV . 900ppm) and 20 ppm of perchlorethylene (TLV-lOOppm) Atmospheric concentra tion of mixture* 200 100 20 * 320 ppm of mixture 200 100 20 200+100*100 400 ^ . ?o6-5oo*Ioo------- 555------ SOT*0- Threshold Limit is not exceeded. The TLV of this mixture * ^ 400ppm IB. Special case when the souree of con taminant is a liquid mixture and the atmospheric composition is assumed to be similar to that of the original material; e.g, on a time weighted average exposure basis, all of the liquid (solvent) mixture eventually evaporates. a. Additive effects (approximate sohitton) 1. The percent composition (by weight) of the liquid mixture Is laiown, the TLV* of the con stituents must be listed in ^I 'S* t i 1 \ i 40 j . " .!'! T1 > 41 u RSV 0011923 **?? ifMeif1B"ii 14 * v G22Z& an order to evaluate campltoct with this TLV, field sampling Instruments houi3 be calibrated, in the labora tory, for response to this specific quantitative andqual itative air-vapor miiturt, and also to fractional concentra tions of this mixture; c.g,, T72 the TLV; 1/10 the TLV; t X the TLV; 10 X the TLV; etc.) TLV of mixture TLVS <b *c TLVb * TLVC TLVn Example No. 1: Liquid solvent contains (by weight) 50% heptane (TLV - 2000 mg/M3) 30% methylene chloride (TLV* 1740 mg/lffS) 20% perch* lorethylene (TLV * 670 mg/M*) TLV of mixture 1 0.5, Q,fO 5553 ii4o i*f5 .7^5257755517^75553 1 755573" 1390 mg/M3 42 vrr -mWV Of this mixture: 90% or 60S mg/M3 jj heptane, 30% or 417 mg/ M3 is methylene ehloride and 20% or 278 mgAl3 is perehiorethylene These values can be converted to ppm as follows: heptane: 2000 mg/M3 900 ppm 1 mg/M3 0,25 ppm 695 mg/ld3 * 174 ppm methylene chloride: 1740 mg/M3 900 ppm 1 mg/M^ 0.287 ppm 417 mg/M3 H9 ppm perehiorethylene: 670 mg/M3 100 ppm 1 mg/M3 0.15 ppm 278 mg/M3 42 ppm The TLV of this mixture * 174 + 119 + 42 - 335 ppm. IB.b. General Exact Solution for Mixtures of N Components With Additive Ef fects and Different Vapor Pres* cures. (1) Cl TI C2 TT * -- . 4 C TT* 1; (2) Cl + C2 +.... * Cfi (2.1) Ci. C2 . %. T + T * 43 C: RSV 0011924 Tp y ,;r U By the Lav of Partial Pressures, I (3) CX - apjf aid by Raoult's Lav, W) PI - FlPlCombine (3) and (4) to obtain (5) Ci-aFjP!0. J Combining (1), (2,1) and (5), ve obtain (6) FlPl r2P2 -- y -- - | rnPn jy ' * 1 FlPl f2P2 FnPn "TT-+ "T3- + *-* + ~Tn"~ and solving for T, (6.1) _ riPi f2P2^ + + FnPn T" FlP? f2P26 FnPn [ i Tn i or i* n FjPi "* T- } z 1_ n ,^F1P1 t1 44 T - Threshold Limit Value in ppm. C - Vapor concentration in ppm. p Vapor pressure of component In solution. po- Vapor pressure of pure com- ponent. F - Mol fraction of component in solution. a - A constant of proportionality. Subscripts 1,2,... a relate the above quantities to components l,2f... n, respectively. Subscript 1 refers to an arbitrary component from 1 to n. Absence of subscript relates the quantity to the mixture. IB.c. Solution to be applied vhen there la a reservoir of the solvent mixture vbose composition does not change appreciably by evaporation. Exact Arithmetic Solution of Specific Mixture SotTtBl MoL Dvnaitr TLH t. 13C Mol fraction la half oolwtion bf efciM TrleWorotfiyltM 11} teel.4t/al 7tmR| 0.317 1.33 / UMaOirehl- oraform X) 133.41 c b 330 IlSaaallt 0.473 |. j. : j' ! 45 v: XT-: i,-1-' -s'- RSV 0011925 r FlPl0 (0.527) (73) - 32.2 F2P2 - (0.473) (125) - 59.2 TLV 38.2 59.2 _ (97.4) (350) _ 38.2 59.2 133.8 59.2 TKT * 350 .(97,4) (250). m 193.0 TLV - 177 ppm (Not* difference In TLV when Account U taken of vapor pressure and mol fraction in comparison above sample where such account is not taken.) 2. A mixture of one part of (1) paratbion (TLV, 0.1) and two parts of (2) EPN (TLV, 0.5). TCs,rr* Co2^-'t^* c2 sc, cm * 3C1 Cl 2Cj 3Cj 0.1 + 0.5 " Tm 7CL . 3C1 ^75 Tm Tm . - 0.21 mg/M3 46 For mixtures of biologically active mineral dusts the general formula for mixtures may be used. For a mixture containing 80% talc and 20% quarts, the TLV for 100% o the mixture is given by: TLV ----------1 - 8.4 mppcf 0.8 OjJ. 20 2.5 Essentially the same result will be obtained if the limit of the more (most) toxic component is used pro vided the effects are additive. In the above example the limit for 20% quartz is 10 mppcf. For another mixture of 25% quartz, 25% amorpbmis silica and 50% tale: TLV * * * 7,3 mppcf 0.25 0.25 0.5 2nr 20 20 The limit for 25% quartz approximates 8 mppcf. t. .i 47 RSV 0011926 : ;n. '\ APPENDIX C PERMISSIBLE excursions for time. Y WEIGHTED AVERAGE (TWA) LIMITS Tbc Excursion TLV FactorIn the Tabic automatically defines the magnitude of the permissible excursion abort the limit for those substances not given a "C" desig nation; i.e., the TWA limits. Examples in the Table show that nitrobenzene, the TLV for whieh is 1 ppm, should never be allowed to exceed 1 ppm. Similarly, cartoon tetrachloride, TLV 10 ppm, should never be allowed to exceed 20 ppm. By contrast, those substances with a "C" designation are not subject to the excursion factor and must be kept below the TLV. These limiting excursions are to be considered to provide a 'rule-of-thumb* guidance for listed substances generally, and may not provide the most appropriate excursion for a particular substance. Ef forts are being made to develop such specific excursions, when indicated to be significantly different from that recom mended by the present excursion factors. Substance Nitro benzene Carbon tetra chloride TLV ppra 10 Excursion Factor Max. Cone. Permitted for short time ppm 20 48 ! | Substance TLV ppm Excursion Factor Max* Cone* Permitted for short Ume ppm o-Dtehlorobenzene 50 1.5 75 Acetone 1000 1.25 1250 Boron Trtfluoride Cl 1 Butylamine C5 . 5 Styrene monomer C100 100 For all substances: Excursion TLV *0-1 (ppm or mg/M3), Factor 3 TLV *1-10 " w mj TLV *10-100 M " *1.5 TLV *100-1000 " H 1.25 BASIS FOR ASSIGNING LIMITING "C" VALUES By definition in the Preface, a listed value bearing a "C" designation refers to a 'ceiling' value that should not be exceeded; all values should fluctuate below the listed value. This, In effect, makes the "C" designation a maximal allowable con centration (MAC). Ingeneral, the bases for assigning or not assigning a "C" value rest on whether excursions of concentra tion above a proposed limit for periods up to 15 minutes may result in a) intoler able irritation, b) chronic, or irreversible 49 RSV 0011927 #|S0SF tUsue change, or c) Barecoir of sufficient dtfrtt to iaemit accident proneness, impair aetf-rtscus or materially reduce work efficiency. * APPENDIX D Some "Inert" or Nuisance Particulates^ Alundum (AljOj) Kaolin Calcium carbonate Limestone Cellulose (paper fiber) Magnesite ' Portland Cement Corundum (Al^Oj) Marble Pentaerythrltol Emery } Plaster of Paris Glass, fibrous^jr dust Glycerin Mist Rouge Graphite (synthetic) Silicon Carbide Gypsum Starch Vegetable oil mista (except castor, eashev nut, or Sucrose Tin Oxide Titanium Dioxide similar Irritant oila) p) When toxic impurities are not present, e.g. quart2l% q) <>S-?^un in diameter APPENDIX E Some Simple Asphyxiants - "Inert" Gases and Vapors?) Acetylene Argon Butane Ethane Ethylene Helium Hydrogen Methane Neon Nitrogen Nitrous Oxide Propane r) As defined of pg. 6 SO ; 'pjwt wup J. SI m&U gsv 0011928 . . 'j* ' .i--V--r-j.V fiV vV>* T'.J* + -vifirr>V iaiiNaft< 6Z6U00 . *=.*' *r- ft#' v .; -. -, *JVL&- ;;*o ' '' rv~'`j * r:" ..{. rj < i" '. r ;r.--*> K*. J * \' M (310N ts J *f I- ) iI I S3XON NOTES Threshold Limit Values < of ; Physical Agents ! i Adopted By ACGIH For 1971 RSV 0011930 -.-X tf-'i ii u *mi TLV PHYSICAL AGENTS COMMITTEE Herbert H. Jones, USPHS, Chairman Petsr A. Breysst, University ofWashington ,G*nM V. Cole*, Uganda Minintry of Labour Irving H. Davis, Micbigan Dept. of Health David A. Fraser, Univ. of North Carolina Ms). Oven H. Httilstad, U5AF Dr. Ernest Mastromatteo, Ontario Dept, of Health William A. Palmisa.no, U.S. Army David R. SUney, U.S. Army Dr. Robert N. Thompson, FAA Thomas K. Wilkinson, USPHS Eugene G. Wood, Kentucky Dept, of Health Ronald D. Dobbin, USPHS Any comments or questions regarding these limits should be addressed to: Herbert H. Jones, Chairman Threshold Limits Committee for Physical Agents American Conference Governmental Indus* trial Hygienists 1014 Broadway Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 I T PREFACE PHYSICAL AGENTS These threshold limit values refer to levels of physical agents and represent conditions under which it is believed nearly all workers may be repeatedly ex posed day after day without adverse effect. Because of wide variations in individual susceptibility, exposure of in occasional individual, at, or even below, the thres hold limit may not prevent annoyance, aggravation of a pre-existing condition, or physiological damage. Threshold limit values refer to levels of exposure for an 8-bour workday for a 40-hour work week. Exceptions are those limits which are given a celling value(C). They should be used as guides in the con trol of health hazards and should not be used as fine lines between safe and dan gerous levels oi exposures. These threshold limits are basedon the best available information from industrial experience, from experimental human and animal studies, and when possible, from a combination of the three. These limits are intended for use in the practice of industrial hygiene and should be interpreted and applied only by a person trained in this discipline. They are not Intended for use, or for modifica tion for use, (1) in the evaluation or eontrol of the levels of physical agents in the community, (2) as proof or disproof of an existing physical disability, or (3) for adoption by countries whose working conditions differ from those in the United States ot America. J j | j | 57 J j r m- . . :--v-rrr n. RSV 0011931 These values arc reviewed annually by the Committee on Threshold Limits for Physical Agents for revisionsor additions, as further Information becomes available. Celling Value - There are some phy sical agents which produce physiological response from short intense exposure and whose threshold limit is more appro priately based on this particular response. Physical agents with this type of response are best controlled by a ceiling "C" limit which is a maximum level of exposure which should not be exceeded. Notice of Intent - At the beginning of each year, proposed actions of the Com mittee for the forthcomingyear are issued in the form of a "Notice of Intent". This notice provides not only an opportunity for comment, but solicits suggestions of phy sical agents to be added to the list. The suggestions should be accompaniedby sub stantiating evidence. As Legislative Code - The Conference recognizes that the Threshold Limit Val ues may be adopted in legislative codes and regulations. If so used, the Intent of the concepts contained in the Preface should be maintainedand provisions should be made to keep the list current. Reprint Permission - This publication may be reprinted provided that written permission is obtained from the Secre tary-Treasurer of the Conference and that this Preface be published In Its en tirety along with the Threshold Limit Values. 58 NOISE These threshold limit values refer to sound pressure levels that representcon ditions under which It is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly ex posed without adverse effeet on their abil ity to hear and understand normal speech. The medicalprofession (1, 2) has defined bearing impairment as an average hearing threshold level In excess of 25 decibels (ANSI S3.6 - 1069) at 500, 1000, and 2000 Kz, and the limits which are given have been established to prevent a bear ing loss in excess erf this value. These val ues should be used as guides in the con trol of noise exposure and, due to in dividual susceptibility, should not be re garded as fine lines between safe and dangerous levels. Continuous or Intermittent The sound level shall be determined by a sound level meter, meeting the stand ards of the American National Standards Institute and operating on the A-welghting network with slow meter response. Duration of exposure shall not exceed that shown in Table I. 1. Guides for the Evaluation of Hearing Impairment. Transactions of the Amer ican Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, pp. 167-0 (March April, 1950). 2. Guides to the Evaluation of the Per manent Impairment; Ear, Nose, Throat and Related Structures. Journal of the American Medical Association 197:489 (August 1961). 59 vu- ,, J -- : . - :r'_rvi"A , _s ' RSV 0011932 TABLE I Permissible Noise Exposures ition per day Hours Sound Level dBA a) S 6 4 3 2 1-V2 1 3/4 1/2 1/4 90 92 95 9? 100 102 105 107 110 115* * Celling Value: No exposure in excess of US dBA t) Sound level in decibels as measured on a standard level meter operating on the A-weighting network with slow meter response. These values apply to total time of ex posure per working day regardless of whether this Is one continuous exposure or a number of short-term exposures but does not apply to impact or impulsive type of noises. When the dally noise exposure is com posed of two or more periods of noise exposure of different levels, their com bined effect should be considered, rather than the individual effect of each. If the sum of the following fractions: 60 .M rwr -' exceeds unity, then, the mixed exposure should be considered to exceed the thres hold limit value. Cl indicates the total time of exposure at a specified noise level, and T1 indicates the total time of exposure permitted at that level. Noise exposures of less than 90 dBA do not en ter into the above calculations. Impulse or Impact Noise. It is recom mended that exposure to Impulsive or Impact noise should not exceed 140 deci bels peak sound pressure level (ceiling value). 61 \ `i RSV 0011933 '*' ,,* "Tfr'j /*! * jg43A LASERS Eyt Protection . The threshold limit values for exposure of the eye refer to levels of lxser energy st the cornet under conditions to which nearly all workers may be exposed with out adverse effects. These threshold limit values should be used as guides in the control of exposures to the eye from QSwitched, and Non-Q-9witched User en ergy at 6943a, and should not be regarded as fine lines between safe and dangerous UveU. They are based on the best avail able information from experimental stud ies. Adopted The values apply to direct illumination or specular reflected User energy (6943A) at the cornea and do not apply to laser energy at any other wave length or oper ational mode. Mode Energy Density Joules/cm2 Q-Swltehed (In sec. - Ui sec. puUe) Non-Q-Switched (1m see. - 0.1 sec. puUe) 1 x 10~7* 1 x 10-9* * Celling Value 63 CONTINUOUS WAVE LASERS Eye Protection The threshold limit values for exposure of the eye refer to levels of User energy at the cornea under conditions to which nearly all workers may be exposedwithout adverse effecU. These threshold limit values should be used as guides in the control of exposures to the eye from Continuous Wave laser energy in the 4000A to 7500A region of the spectra, and should not be regarded as fine lines between safe and dangerous levels. They are based on the best available information from ex perimental studies. Adopted Values The values apply to direct illumination or specular reflected continuous wave User energy (4000A to 7500A) at the eornea and do not apply to User energy at any other wave length or operational mode. Mode Power Density Watt/cm2 Continuous Wave (>0.1 - .) 1 x 10-5* if jf ii. ;i Ceiling Value 63 TV T"T* RSV 0011934 '-4'l Skin Protection The threshold limit values lor expomire of the skin to levels of laser en ergy in the visible, oear infrared, and in frared portions of the spectra are under conditions which it is believed nearly all workers may be exposed without adverse effects. These values should be used as guides In the control of exposure to pulsed and continuous wave laser energy, and should not be regarded as fine lines between safe and dangerous levels. These thres hold limit values are based on the best available information from experimental studies. The notation "SION PROTECTION" refers to ths potential risk of exposure of the skin to laser energy. These limits art not dirsetly related to, or part of, the threshold limit value for eye protec tion and are intended to suggest that ap propriate control measures may be neces sary to prevent damage to the skin. Adopted Values -- The values apply to the maximum inten sity of laser energy Incident on the skin (excluding eyes) in the visible, near in frared and infrared wave length*. Mode 0.1 Joules/cm2* Pulsed (Energy Density) Continuous Wave * Ceiling Value 64 1.0 Watts/cra^* (power Density) NOTICE OF INTENT TO ESTABLISH THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES MICROWAVES These Threshold Limit Values refer to microwave energy in the frequency range of 100 MHz to 100 GHz and re present conditions under which it is be lieved that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effeet. These values should be used as guides In the control of exposure of microwaves and should not be regarded as a fine line between safe and dangerous levels. The values will be reviewed annually by the Committee on Physical Agents for revis ions or additions as further information becomes available. Recommended Values The Threshold Limit Value for occu pational microwave energy exposure where power densities are known and ex posure time controlled Is as follows: 1. For average power density levels up to but not exceeding 1C milliwatts per square centimeter, total exposure time shall be limited to the 6-hour workday (continuous exposure). 2. For average power density levels from 10 milliwatts per square centimeter up to but not exceeding 26 milliwatts per square centimeter, total exposure time shall be limited to no more than 10 minutes for any 60 minute period dur- 65 * W .|5 i'L -UJAl JSWn'" 11SJW ^ RSV 0011935 lag an 6-bour workday (intermittent exposure), 3. For average power density levels In exeeaa of 25 milliwatta per square centimeter, exposure ia not permissible (ceiling value). NOTE? For repetitively pulsed sources the average power density may be calcu lated by multiplying the peak power den sity by the duty cycle. The duty cycle is equal to the pulse duration In seconds times the pulse repetition rate in herti. 65 NOTICE OF INTENT TO ESTA8USH THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION These threshold limit values refer to ultraviolet radiation in the spectral re* gion between 200 and 400 nm and repre sent conditions under which U is believed that nearly all workers may be repeated* ly exposed without adverse effect. These values for exposure of the eye or the skin apply to ultraviolet radiation from area, gas, and vapor dischargee, and incandes* cent sources, but do not apply to ultra violet lasers or solar radiation. These levels should not be used for determining exposure of photosensitive individuals to ultraviolet radiation. These values should be used as guides in the control of ex posure to continuous sources where the exposure relation shall not be less than 0.1 see. These values should be used as guides in the control of exposure to ultraviolet aoureea and should not be regarded as a fine line between safe and dangerous levels. The values will be reviewed annual ly by the Committee on Physical Agents for revisions or additions as further in formation becomes available. Recommended Values? The threshold limit value for occupa tional exposure to ultraviolet radiation incident upon skin or eye where irradlance values are known and exposure time Is controlled are as followa: 67 TT 7"wm JHIJII, RSV 0011936 4 1* For the mat ultraviolet spectral re* (ion (320 to 400 no) total lrradlanee Incident upoa the unprotected akin or eye should not exceed 0.1 W/cm2. Wavelength (nm) TABLE 1 Relative Spectral TLV ,, Effectiveness (mJ/cm2) 8k 2. For the actinic ultraviolet spectral re gion (200 * 315 nm), radiant exposure Incident upon the unprotected skin or eye should not exceed the values given in Table 1 within a 24-bour period. 3. TO determine the effective lrradlanee of a broadband source weighted against the peak of the spectral effectiveness curve (270 nm), the followingwelghting formula should be used: Htt I where: 200 100 210 40 220 25 230 16 240 10 250 7.0 254 6.0 260 4.6 270 3.0 280 3.4 290 4.7 300 10 305 so 310 200 315 1000 0.03 0.075 0.12 0.19 0.30 0.43 0.5 0.65 1.0 0.88 0.64 0.30 0.06 0.015 0.003 ^eff " Ha effective lrradlanee relative to a monochromatic source at 270 nm spectral lrradlanee in W/cmJ /nm TABLE 2 Duration t of Exposure Effective lrradlanee. Per Day Hff GiW/em2) 8a relative spectral effective* ness (unitless) a a band width In nanometers 8 hrs. ............................. 4 hrs............................ 2 hrs................................. 1 hr................................... 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 4. Permissible exposure time In seconds for exposure to actinic ultraviolet radi ation incident upon theunprotectedskln or eye may be computed by dividing 0.003 J/em by Heff in W/cm*. The ex posure time may also be determined using Table 2 which provides exposure times corresponding to effective lrradiances in nW/cm2. 1/2 hr............................... 1.7 15 min.............................. 3.3 10 min............................ 5 5 min. ............................ 10 1 min............................. 50 30 sec............................... 100 10 sec............................... 300 1 sec....................................3,000 0.5 sec.............. .. 6,000 0.1 sec.......................... 30,000 68 69 Figure 1 Proposed Threshold Limit Values for Ultraviolet Radiation 70 i NOTICE OF INTENT TO ESTABLISH THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES HEAT STRESS These Threshold Limit Values refer to beat stress conditions under vhich it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse health effects. The TLVs shown in Table I are based on the assumption that nearly all acclimatized, fully clothed workers with adequate water and salt intake should be able to function effectively under the given working conditions without exceeding a deep body temperature of 3flC(WHO tech nical report series #413, 1969 Health Factora Involved in Working Under Con ditions of Heat Stress!. Since measurement of deep body tem perature Is impractical for monitoring the workers* heat load, the measurement of environmental factors is required which moat nearly correlate with deep body temperature and other physiological re sponses to heat. At the present time Wet Bulb-Globe Temperature Index (WBGT) is the simplest and most suitable techni que to measure the environmental factors. WBGT values are calculatedby the follow ing equations: 1. Outdoors with solar load: WBGT 0.7WB 0.2GT 0.1DB 2. Indoors or Outdoors with no solar load: WBGT 0.7WB 0.3GT 71 Jl I r IUJ.I2- " ^ ***** * ?'**''' t --.A*:'**'*v- --y... r '"WJ ~ ' RSV 001193b -fV* , WBGT Wei Bulb-Globe Temper* . * ature Index WB Natural Wet-Bulb Tern* jy--ature DB Dry-Bulb Temperature .* CT Globe Thermometer Tern* ^peracure The determination of WBGT require* the use of a black globe thermometer, a natural (atatic) vet-bulb thermometer, and a dry-bulb thermometer. TABLE i Permissible Rett Exposure Threshold Limit Valves Work Rett Redmen Work Load L1CM Moderate Retry Continuous work 73* Work . 3S* Real SO* Work - soi Rest 30.0 30. S 31.4 36.7 36.0 36.4 3S.0 13. t 27.6 as* Work - 75* Rest 33.1 31.1 30.0 Higher heat exposures than shown in Table I are permissible iX the workers have beenundergoing medical surveillance and it has been established that they are more tolerant to work in heat than the average worker. Workers should not be permitted to continue their work when their deep body temperature exceeds 38.0 C. 72 APPENDIX A HEAT STRES5 L Measurement of the Environment The Instruments required are a drybulb, a natural wet-bulb, a globe thermo meter, and a stand. The measurement of the environmental factors hau be per formed as follows: A. The range of the dry and the natural wet bulb thermometer shall be -5C - 50C with an accuracy of * 0.5<>C. The dry bulb thermometer must be shielded from the sun and die other radiant surfaces of the environment without restricting the air flow around the bulb. The wick of the natural wet-bulb thermometer shall be kept wetwithdlstllledwaterforat least 1/2 hour before the temperature reading is made. It is not enough to Immerse the other end of the wick into a reservoir of distilled water and wait until the whole wick becomes wet by capillarity. The wick shall be wetted by direct application of water from a syringe 1/2 hour before each reading. The wick shall extend over the bulb of the thermometer, covering the stem about one additional length. The wick should always be clean and new wicks should be washed before using. B. One globe thermometer, eonsistingof a 15 cm. (6-lnch) diameter hollow copper sphere, painted on the outside with a matte black finish or equivalent shall be used. The bulb or sensor of a thermo meter (range -SOC - 100C with an ac- 73 .1*." M1-1 - - :f i. " '++***. '-"T :-r--... RSV 0011939 curacy of O.SOQmust bo fixed in the center of the sphere. The globe thermo meter shall be exposed at least 2$ min utes before it is read. C. One stand shall be used to suspend the three thermometers so that they do not restrict lree air flow around the bulbs, J and the vet-bulb and globe thermometer J are not shaded. D. It Is permissible to use any other type of temperature sensor that gives iden i. tical reading to a mercury thermometer under the same conditions. S. The thermometers must be so placed that the readings are representative^the condition where the men work or rest, respectively. The methodology outlined above is more fully explained in the following publications: 1. "Prevention of Heat Casualties In Ma rine Corps Recruits, 1955-1060, with Comparative Incidence Rates and Climatic Beat Stresses in other Training Cate gories," by Captain David Mlnard, MC, U5N, Research Report Ho. 4, Contract No. MR 005.01-0001.01, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 21 February 1961. 2. "Heat Casualties In the Navy and Ma rine Corps, 1959-1962, with Appendices on the Field Use of the Wet Bulb-Globe Temperature lndex,"byCaptainDavldMlnard, MC, USN, and R.L. O'Brien, HMC, 74 USN. Research Report No. 7, Contract No. MR 00s.01-0001.01, Naval Medical Re search Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 12 March 1964. 3. Minard, D.#; Prevention of Heat Casulaties in Marine Corps Recruits. Mili tary Medicine 126(4): 261-272, 1961. H. Work Load Categories The beat produced by the body and the environmental beat together determine the total heat load. Therefore, If work is to be performed under hot environmental conditions, the workload category of each job shall be established and the heat ex posure limit pertinent to the work load evaluated against the applicable standard In order to protect the worker from ex posure beyond the permissible limit. A. The work load category may be estab lished by ranking each Job into light, medium, and heavy categories on the bas is of type of operation, where the work load U ranked into one of said three categories, i.e. (1) light work: e.g., sitting or standing to control machines, performing light hand or arm work, (2) moderate work; e.g., walking about with moderate lifting and pushing, (3) heavy work: e.g., pick and shovel work, the permissible heat exposure limit for 75 *. * , * \. . : .. .. 1- -V`i --;Vl^ ... * .' v 'V-***? V *v \v. ............. ''.^'**.** * RSV 0011940 1 r. '* "V.#r-r ~ that work load shall bs determined from Tabla 1* B. Iha ranking of the job mar ba parformed either by measuring the worker's metabolic rata while performing his job or by estimating his metabolic rata by the use of the schema shown in Table A. Tables available in the literature listed below and in other publications as well may also be utilized, 1. Per-Olaf Astrand and Kaare Rodahl: "Textbook of Work Physiology" McGrawBill Book Company, New York, San Fran cisco, 1970, 2. Ergonomics Guide to Assessment of Metabolic and Cardiac Costs of Physical Work, Amer, Ind, Hyg. J. 1971. (hi Press). 3. Energy Requirements for Physical Work, Purdue Farm Cardiac Project, Agricultural Experiment Station. Re search Progress Report No. 30, 1961. 4. J.V.G.A. Durnin and R, Passmore: "Energy, Work and Leisure/* Beinemann Educational Books, Ltd. London 1967. - ** j- w: 76 Sitting Standing Walking Walking up hill 0.3 o.e 2.0.3.0 add 0.8 per meter (yard) rise B. Type of Work Average Real. /min. Hand work light 0.4 heavy 0.9 Work with one arm light 1.0 heavy 1.8 Work with both arms light t.S heavy 3.5 Work with body light 3.5 moderate 5.0 heavy 7.0 very heavy 9.0 Range Keal. /min. 0.2-1.3 0.7.2.5 1.0*3.5 2.5-15.0 Light hand work: writing, hand knitting Heavy hand work: typewriting Heavy work with one arm: hammering la nails (shoemaker, upholsterer) Light work with two arms: filing metal, planing wood, raking of a garden Moderate work with the body: rt--nt-g a floor, beating a carpet Heavy work with the body: railroad track laying, digging, barking trees 77 *# ,,|!1 > IIU!JML. .. RSV 0011941 oiiviui* -* vv'c V kmplt CUnlatiM: Using i bsasy hind tool oa aa uwahly 11m A. Walking along 1.0 Keal. /min. B. bifsrmsdtst# vtiut bitwvm hsarjr voffc with two arms and light work with the body C. Add lor basal metabolism 3.0 Keti. /min. i.blCcal./min. 1,0 Heal, /min. Total 0.0 Keal./min. % ! Adapted from Lehmann. G.E., A. Muller and H. Spltzer: Oer Kalorlenbectut btl gewerbUehcr Arbeit. Arbeltsphysiol, ii _ U9W), US-23*. * : i XXL Work - Rest Regimen t The permissible exposure limits spe cified la Table I and Diagram A are .f< based on the assumption that the WBGT value of the resting place is the same or * very dose to that of the work place. If the resting place is air conditioned and its climate Is kept at or below 24C (750F.) WBGT, the allowable resting time may be reduced by 25%. The permissible exposure limits for continuous work are applicable where there is a work-rest re gimen of a 5-day work week and an 8hour work day with a short morning and afternoon break (approximately IS min j utes) and a longer lunch break (approxi mately 30 minutes). Higher exposure lim its are permitted if additional resting time is allowed. All breaks, including un i: scheduled pauses and administrative or j: operational waiting periods during work ii 78 4* * * -r *> may be counted as rest time when ad ditional rest allowance must be given because of high environmental temper atures. It is common experience that when the work on a Job is self-paced, the workers will spontaneously limit their hourlywork load to 30 - 50% of their maximum phy sical performance capacity. They do this either by setting an appropriate work speed or by interspersing unscheduled breaks. Thus the daily average of the workers* metabolic rate seldom exceeds 330 keal/hr. However, within an 8 hour work shift there may be periods where the workers* hourly average metabolic rate will be higher. IV. Water and Salt Supplementation During the hot season or when the worker Is exposed to artificially generat ed heat, drinking water shall be made available to the workers in such a way that they are stimulated to frequently drink small amounts, i.e., one cup every 15 - 20 minutes (about ISO ml or 1/4 pint). The water shall be kept reasonably cool (10 - 1SC or 50.0 - 60.0F.) and shall be placed dose to the workplace so that the worker can reach it without abandoning the work area. The workers should be encouraged to salt their food abundantly during the hot season and particularly during hot spells. If the workers are unacelimatized, salted 79 J! RSV 0011942 WMT> drlakliic vattr shall be mada available la a concentration oi 0.1% (1 g NaCl to 1.0 Utar or 1 1ml teaspoon of salt to 10 quarts of water). The added salt shall be completely dissolved before the water Is distributed, and the water shall be kept reasonably cool. V. Other Considerations A. Clothing: The permissible beat expo* sure TLVs are valid for light summer clothing as customarily worn by workers when working under hot environmental conditions. If special clothing is required ~ for performing a particular Job and this clothing is heavier or it impedes sweat evaporation or has higher Insulation value, the worker's heat tolerance ia reduced, and the permissible beat exposure limits Indicated in Table I and Diagram A are not applicable. For each Job category { where special clothing Is required, the permissible heat exposure limit shall be j established by an expert. B. Acclimatization and Fitness: The re commended heat stress TLVs are valid for acclimated workers who are physi Y: cally fit. mni ns uhm tnu isn auv Diagram A - Permissible Beat Exposure Threshold Limit Value 80 \ 81 '."V* *r ff RSV 0011943 Sn UA Department of Commerce Na tional Bureau of Standards, Handbook 99, "Permissible Doee from External Sources of lonlzinf Radiation,'* September 24, 1994, and addendum of April 19,1991, A report, Basic Radiation Protection Cri teria, published by the National Committee on Radiation Protection, revises and mod ernizes the concept of the NCRP standards Of 1954, 1997 and 1998; obtainable as NCRP Rept. No. 39, P.O. Box 4887, Washington, D.C. 20008. _i 4 < r. .i 82 rS .* ) t ' XsT* RSV 001194* r.I .,* ' ;;~V i f :?*> ;*i '^.4 ft?3 CK?f PM w r4 ki!`.! t irff : : u; tf 0 >} *. M' . ,. jtijjv'i I#1 'W Copyright 1977 by American Conference of Gcwem* (noma) Industrial Hyglenols. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists nil welcome requests tor po.mission to re* publish or reprint these Threshold Lima Values Re quests lor such permission should be directed to the Secretary-Treasurer, PO Box 1937, Cincinnati, Ohio 45201. PNC* EACH M9................................................................... $1.50 50-199 .............................................................. 1 25 200-999............................................................. 1.10 1000-4999 .............................................................. 75 5000 or more...........................................................65 Oocumwitwtion of (he rVnftoV Unff Vakm tor Sutb stances o Workroom 4r A separata companion piece to the Chemical TIVs is issued by ACGiH imder this brie. This publication gives the pertinent sdanliflc Information and data wi retwmea to literature sources that were used to bee eecn iimt Each documentation also con tains statement defining the type of response against which the Iml ki safeguards^) the worker. For a better understanding of We TIVs * a essential fsat the Docu mentation be consulted when the TIVs are being used. Information concerning (he mAabWty of copies of the Docummtatkn of We Threshold Urn* Values for Substances h Workroom Air should be directed to the Secretary-Treasurer, ACGIH. TLVs Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances in Workroom Air Adopted by ACGiH tor 1977 le I# : w*r*a*!.*: m 70 Co c o o o VJ1 #1 ^rr?11 t---- -r* - * r^*.- i A Kj* ttcnt) VAIIKO " tSS i* atmf nSTAIHI miutt tin. * ! Argon........................ . Anantc 4 compuuftdl IftAi) ................. Aa1-* .............. ......... Aib*to4 (U forma)...... Asphal (pmidmim) f oos *] 92 AH tonal................... . Aftnphot m*0*pl -- SM* B*rton (propoaw)....... Barium (tdubtp compounds)............. 6*u*na --SWA........... tO. A2 00 30. A3 Aanridln* production -- V**...' AH p>0WUOqu*AP, IM Ouinoftp......... ........... 01 04 NaioH ......... pvtaforarM.............. Suyi cNmfclt............. OaryHum................... . S A2 1S 0.002 0*2 pnaii.,.................. 1 OlsmuH Itluridp.......... 10 Bttmum !***. Sp-dop0.................. % * loratoo. wn. aodto* %*. My***............. OacahydraW............. PartaMrtt*............ onjA Odd*.................. ton** tribromktt........... t C Bom* IriAuortto........... tromfcH.................... 1 0t 07 trot** pifltsfluortto.... 0 1 07 .... 206 1.C96 aiMWO<orrw -- OS 5 ButadmnPti, 3-OuKtKM)............. Outant......................... 1.000 too 2.200 1.400 0 .-- . 03 _ _ __ _ 3 03 03 230 1,250 750 I _ -- AH , to 1 00 IS _ A10 1.2 -- A2 -- 0020 -- 20 10 -- -- -- 20 30 -- 2 2 1.309 -- 2.750 1.010 Capital ** rato a Hvdtoa tammas | trv *) m Papa 31. *Saa Mote* A k*pntftd 0*gaa. HIT Attto* c 10 liMaaci AOOTilO VAUE3 TWA ppm" mg/m*" TUJTAT1VI WUf im ppm'* */*** Butmatfilol, M Butyl marcaotan.............. t'Outanonp................ 2-Buioiy 'Hanoi iBulyt C<rio%^va| ~ Skin... n-Oufyt aeatatp............ sae-Butyl acaUla.......... ttfl-Outyl acaUla.......... CnBvtyt alcohol -- Skm.. Mc-Butyl alcohol.......... tttVButyi afcotal.......... C ButyTammp -- Skin....... C Itd-iutyl chrom** ( CrO) -- Ski*.......... n-Buiyl fllycxJyr attar (BC)..................... Buryi ladatt............. Buryi mpreaptan........... p-iad-Buiynduant........ Cadmium, dual 4 salts (a* Cd)................... C Cadmium odd* luma (at Cd>........................ Calcium carbona*........ Calcium artanaia (a At) Calcium cyarumHa....... 'Calcium tijrdrowdt........ * Calcium oaidfl............. Camphor, Tynttialk....... Caprolactam Oust...................... Vapor..................... * Captalol (Oddatan*) -- SW* . Caytart....................... tVbaV ,c*rk*) ........ CsrOoti*an (turaant*).. Carton btadi............... Carton dtonda............ Carton disultkla -- SUn 05 Mfi 50 IM 200 200 SO IM too 5 M 5 05 10 -- _ _ -- _ 2 -- 5 -- -- _ -- 5.000 20 Cap** W*i tttm to appanage*! *Sa*dd hasnOut Owign. Ii;? Addmon M ( 590 yx 240 IM 710 200 950 250 950 250 IM 4M __ 300 150 IS C.1 270 _ 23 1S _ 60 20 OOS OOS 1 05 __ S <5| 12 3 1_ 20 10 01 S s 0.1 35 9.000 60 -- _ 15.000 30 005 720 950 I.VJ0 I.H3 450 m0 _ _ 120 015 20 1 14 3 40 -- IS --, . 7 10.000 90 11 i <l O o .*...1 y. .y. m I / Wtlr'.*t*fjir. m r.v AP077H) VALUES TWA Maa" YG3TATTO VALUES tra mm" mi"t*" A-NjptithytamJnt........... Alt Haon............................. tecWcw*Qy.............. f 0.05 035 V -- McMnndl............... -- 1-- Mcfcd. sombu compound* (mM).... Hafirm -- $*n........... tttnc add.............v...... NKrtCO**................ MHroartlna --9dA.... NtobvuvM --- Stan . _ , 0.1 03 1$ 25 50 t 13 _ 4 35 2 2 p-NHroditoratannrw - SMA........................... 4-*todif*y.............. NAfoatm................... C Mkogan dtadda........... Mftogan irtflyorida ...... MnoQtvcvm* --SIM... NUiomatiana................. IWftopOfNM.............. 2 Ntfopropan*.............. 100 5 to 02 100 25 f Alb _ 510 ISO 1 20 2 --IS 250 ISO M 35 10 -- ft-Jtifrotodmatfiytamifta -$*...................... tt _ N*Ol9Vl* -- 9*A ... 5 50 10 NrtrotfdAoroflMffunt. aaa CMoraplcrtfi........ 01 07 03 Mamna..... .......... .......... 200 1.050 250 Octacfloronapndidana -SWA................ ... Oil Odin*........................... OMfflU.......................... 500 1.450 St 375 -- Otmium tatrarfda in Oa)............................. Oudcadd................... 0000_2 0 002 1 0.0000 -- 73 0yqn dltoridt.......... 005 0.1 0.13 in Otar*............................. 01 < fualtiA wpitomo......... 02 03 2-- Aib -- -- "* 0.3 1.9 10 43 12 10 2 Alb 4--05. 4--5 375 155 AS eo 9 1.301 03 1.000 10 o.ooi f 01 0 0 Capua mmt rdar la fraandcta O Foomom (a ftm A) aaa Papa 3 i- nvi ***** sO 24 * >o tabataaca `Pvaqual --$Wn............ Partition -- Shin........... Partaiita polycydc itrndt hydrocarbon* (PPAH) aibaruana tolubta... Pantbof ang.................. PanracAioronjpAtMlaftf, Ppitachtorophanoi -- Sian........................... PanUarythrtioi.............. Santana ....................... 2-Pantanon#.................. Pardtoroamytai* -- SHn........................... ParcNoromatfiyl marcaptan................ ParcNoryl AuOrida ....... Patrdaum dstaidaa (napAVii).................. rmut-i**. Ptianothunna -- 5*w p-Phanytant dwmt -- Sn ........................ Pitfiyt athaf (vapor)...... Phanyt adtar-Qiphanyl martyr (vapor)......... fbamytdriyiana. aat St ana...................... PSanyt gtycMyt amw (PCI)........................ Pba'ytrydradna -- SMn. C PhanytphoapNna........... Atoraia (TMmat*) -- SMa...................... Pboadrta (Mavtnfdoa*) -Sdn.................. ftioaoana (carbonyl cfttonda)....... ........... ADCP7E0 VALUES TWA mm* -- .(05) -- o.l TENTATIVE VALUES TEL 1mm* mtrn** -- 03 0.2. Ala v. 0 005 001 0015 *-- 05 -- -- 0.5 --C 600 1.100 750 200 700 250 100 70 ISO 0.1 01 m . 3 14 S 93 __ 3 5 ft -- r" _ 01 1 72 1 72 100 420 125 10 SO 15 5 22 10 00$ 025 -- 005 -- 001 0.1 003 0.10 0.4 Ala 003 1.5 IS 20 2.250 75 1.000 _ 20 _ 10* 14 14 525 9 44 015 03 Capaa Mart rd* *pm*cm "Sat Notka at tramdad Char^ta. 25 i I i I r. iJA a ' ,*?** Ttr TV'VriV x ;> "W T !V*.*T!*--i**-1 w -' .r ' ^ RSV OOX TSvm VAtUCt |0ffAT| mutt HA ITE m*m* aw*' i** 1, I. 2 TrtJAorol.J, Mrfluorotftane....... Tned^lamme............. . Trieyrtohey#IA hydroxide |P*cf*t*). TnHuoromonobiome- medians.............. . trtnelMbanrine......... 2, 4. 9-Trt*rphenel. Mt Picric add............ 1.4. t'TrMnvfcmyV me Tan* ........................ TrtodroMMM (TNI) -- SkM ..................... Tnorthocrewd pfioaehala Ir^tonylphioaetkaft . . . Tung*m A compounds. atW Soluble ................. .......... Ittfpwitofl* ........... (natural) voluble A mooiut** compounds. asU Vm4wii (V^l. aa V C Oust. ..................... Fume....................... Vbiyl (MM, Sue str ... Wry4 ftronude....... ' Wnyt (Mortde....... vH|i i|ipw. hi Acryawtm*...... Vinyl CTCtoMMfl* Nouide............ VlnyldanfcNotlda toiyt ttuw........ 1.000 25 1.000 25 - ~ 100 - -- 10 100 (290) (200) 20 to to 100 r.eoo i.ao 100 40 5-- 0.100 120 0.1 1.200 39 -- 0.900 ISO 10 7.029 too 03 1.0 |13) 01 3 -- 30 03 0 1 900 190 3 10 0*0 Of 01 009 30 420 (1.100) (910) 49 00 40 400 -- 20 ISO -- 30 20 190 00 19 00 030 -- 70 _ 10 720 'tV* t SaNMdMvMOwpi 30 aocttm vaiuci Idruin twa ppm" g/m** Warfarin..................... * Wilding lutnea (Tout parlicutati).............. Wood dust (nonaitatgenic)......... Xybne (o-.m-. f-nwi)~$Un ... C m-Xyi#nf a, . Xylidtne -- Sbn.......... Yffrum...................... line chloride luma........ * fine ctvomiie las Cr).... ZY*e eiida fume........... Zinc Morale............... Zirconium compounds iZr).................... -- 0.1 3, 03 9 100 -- 439 01 _9 29 1 -- -- 1 0 09. A2 9 --C 9 ManMonM Crmui mini nio leAppnmca TBITATItfK vaiuci mi ft*** -- 03 S3 -- 10 IS--O 9_9 10 90 3 --2 10 -- 20 10 l) Parts of vapor or gaa per million parts of contami nated air toy volume al 29*C amt 760 mm. Hg pmsort. 0) Approximate mANgrams of substance por cubic malar ola* 4) An atmospheric conconirallon of nol mora Iban 0 02 ppm. or parsons) protection may bo necessary to avoid headache for inlermittani exposure a) < 7 |m in diameter 0 At sampled by method that does not collect vapor. 0) According to analytically determined composition, h) for control of general room air, biologic monitoring la essential lor personnel control. Btdtotcthrty: For permissWe concentrations of radiobolopes in Nr, saa U S. Department of Commerce. Na tional Bureau of Standards Handbook 69. "Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radionuclides in Air and n Water tor 31 rT .... JL> have carcinogenic potential without m easkned UV: 4-Aminodiphfm4 (p-Xenytarolne) Benzidine production bata-Maphthytarmne 4-Nilrodiph<nyl 1c. Hun Care*ogart$. Substances with recognbtd carcinogenic potential awaiting reassignment ol TLV pending further data acquisition: Vtnytcttondf for the substances In 1b, no exposure or contact by any route -- respiratory, *fcn or oral, as de lected by the most sensitive methods -- shal be permitted. "Mo exposure or contact*' means henwWzfng the process or operation by the best practicable enginearing methods The worker should be properly tqwpped to insure virtually no contact with the carcinogen. 42. Industrie SuOstwices Suspect of Corzfnogmk ftnM Air MAM Chemical substances or sub* stances associated with industrial processes, whkh are suspect ol Inducing cancer, based on either (9) limited ep*demioioQtc ffridenee, txdusbs ol dncat reports ol smgte cases, or (2) demon stration aI carcinogenesis In one or more animal species by appropriate methods. Antimony trioxide production* Semen# -- Skin Benz(a)pyrane Beryllium Cadmium Oxide production Chloroform Chromates ol leed and zinc (as CO 3.3-OlcMoroberafdlne Obnethytcarbamyt chloride 0.05 mg/m* 10 ppm 2.0 ufl/m* OOSmg/m* 10 ppm 0.05 mg/m* `Ctarrtw amount ten w*mu IN d w>Kin unevt ** a er o**ti or tt*w tubeoncot or yroeosMi 38 I, t-Olmelhyf hydrazine Omeihyl sulfate EpicMorhydrin Hexamethyl phosphoramide ~ Skin Hydrazine 4, 4'-Methylene bit (2-chforoan<line) -- Skin 4. 4' Methylene damline Monomethyl hydrazine Nrirosammes Propane suitone beta-Proproiactone Vinyl cyclohexene dioxide O.S ppm 1 ppm S ppm -----0.1 ppm 1 0 0? ppm --0 2 ppm ---- ----------10 ppm for the above, worker exposure by a routes should be carefully controlled to levels consistent with the animal and human experience data (see Documentation), Including those substances with a listed UV, A3 GiMfethos Ay the OtsvfiaUon of Bxpertnontt! ANIMAL Carciuvi$ The following guidelines are offered m the present state of knowledge as an aid in classifying substances in the occupational envi ronment found to be carcinogenic m experimental animals A need was teh by (he Threshold Limits Committee for such a classification in order to lake the first step in developing an appropriate TLV tor occupational exposure. Deftrmnafibo of Approximate Thmhokf of Me* spottse Meguramenf- In order to determine In which category to classify an experimental carcin ogen for the purpose ol assigning an industrial air limit (TLV). an approximate threshold of neopfastic response must be determined. Because of practi cal experimental dffltcubies. a precisely defined threshold cannot be attained, for the purposes of standard-setting, this is of little moment, as an ap propriate risk, or safety, factor can be applied to the approximate threshold, the magnitude of which 39 RSV 0 0 1 1 9 5 2 *^^****^^: i- , . *' i \' . -\\ b 4# - . ...........