Document RJk11L1w0eNy9myMMD2kVOQ8a

i' LJ c/la i *--"/ Hydraulics equipment with flammable petroleum oil as the working fluid began its real growth in the late 1920's and early 1930*c because hydraulics were a lightweight, efficient and economical means of transferring power. As they came into wide use in in dustrial applications, where there were ample sources of ignition, many fires resulted. This created a need for a fire resistant hydraulic fluid^^^PCB's were first used as a hydraulic fluid in the mid-1930`s by a major automotive company. / In general, the majority of industry did not follow this example and no real viable market developed for a number of years. In the late 1940's Monsanto began research to develop formulated fire resistant (FR) hydraulic fluids to meet the infant industry's needs. Pydraul F9, a PCB containing fluid, was first introduced in about 1951. We used PCB as a component because of its excellent fire .resistance and stability in hydraulic systems as well as its low cost. Because of the significant price differential between FR fluids and petroleum oil ($2.50/$5.00 versus $.40/$.50 for oil) the only markets for FR fluids are those where there is a significant danger --- of fire. In general, the major market is the metal working indus try where white hot or molten metal is abundant and where a non-FR hydraulic leak can mean a fiery death and loss of plant. In the early 1950's a major metal working company, using, petroleum DSW 332128 STLCOPCB4078704 oils, lost three plaints involving loss of life as well as property. Another company in the famed Lavonia fire lost their hydramatic transmission plant for the same reason. These incidents, plus substantial pushing by insurance companies and their approval (Aaa. cii ag^ic>e^_sjietu-as Factory Mutual, caused a major shift in industry's interest in FR fluids and signaled a significant growth in demand for these fluids. In 1969 we realized that large quantities of uncontrolled PCB's entering the environment were a contaminant. We were aware that because of the high pressures (2,000 psi) and severe mechanical stress it was very difficult to contain hydraulic fluids. So in that same year we began a research program with the goals of formu lating PCB's out of our FR hydraulic fluids without decreasing the fire resistance and performance our customers needed to protect their people and plant. DSW 332129 STLCOPCB4078705 in February 1970 we began selling the first of the new fluid and discontinuing sale of some of the old PCB containing products. In early 1971 the last of the reformulation work was completed and after March 31, 1971, no further PCB formulated fluids were produced. At this time all remaining miscellaneous stocks of PCB containing fluids have been either incinerated or are in line for incineration. In summary, our PCB containing fluids were designed to. provide U. S. industry with maximum safety from loss of life and property at minimum cost. They served this function well. We know of no loss of life or personal injury in over twenty years' use of these fluids and we know of many instances where loss of life and serious property damage most likely would have happened with other than FR fluids^/^^dshould be addpd) that our reformulated fluids, thpjagjh not yet mpre costly to Jztie u^er, are mos^costlV to Monsanff). Oyfer some/^eriod of time/we would expect/prices to /rise as the indue- / / / / / // trial user andyhis customers begin to share /their portion off the burden of environmental protection. We can only hope higher prices ^il^riot cause industry to decrease their/ us^of FR fluids and sub sequently fire safety to the disadvantageV-of their workers. DSW 332130 STLCOPCB4078706 Askarel (PCB) Dielectric Fluids I. Historical /i j In 1929 -fcW aenerir?; "Eluu Lric Go. discovered that poly chlori nated biphenyls possessed the same good electrical insulating values as mineral oil dielectrics and that these PCBs are very unusual organic liquids because they do not burn. More over, it was discovered that their electric arc formed gases do not support combustion and that the electrical capacitance of PCBs is twice that of mineral oil. TA/j ' i c v general Electrgc patented their, digeovery because the industry was in great need of fire safe dielectric fluids for special use in capacitors and transformers. The World Almanac docu mented the advent of PCB dielectrics as being one of the world's greatest discoveries. PCBs are manufactured at reasonably low cost. Possessing twice the capacitance of mineral oil allows making capacitors half the size of mineral oil units and yet able to do the same work. This has proved to be an impelling economic ad vancement as the saving of materials and space are great. The unusual combination of safety from fire - good electrical insulating properties - and strong economic advantages,account for the fact that since their discovery over forty years ago these PCB fluids have been used exclusively for certain types of essential capacitors and transformers. Replacements are not at hand today and it is most unlikely that anything similar can be found II. Essential Applications A. Capacitors PCBs are used exclusively for the following type capacitors: 1. Utility line power factor correction. Including balance of all the EHV lines on down to power conservation at industrial and commercial sites. Absence of the PCB capacitors from these power and distribution lines would result in massive power failure and economic chaos. PI ctnre line capacitor--^ 2. By law, all air conditioning apparatus must be fitted with PCB motor-run capacitors to con serve power. Similar PCB capacitors are used for the efficient operation of most large motors used for industrial purposes and for large appliances. ^ -ft V y <r C pifj/tr-A /*/'>'-/' /-w /4 4L ( 'lb e i- v DSW 332131 STLCOPCB4078707 It. I l* u. }( ),'jt 5 i -V I- * fL .f/ ; 1 v ^ <* * * F "v f ^ POV/0/1 LJA'3 DSW 332132 - CAP^nOR STLCOPCB4078708 sw 332133 DESIGN AND QUALITY COME FIRST AT EUC Contact EUC for information concerning other capacitor types such as:- MOTOR RUNNING AND POWER SUPPLY INDUSTRIAL POWER FACTOR IGNITION -MAGNETO- FEED-THRU INDUCTION HEATING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC COMMUTATING * ELECTRICAL UTILITIES COMPANY. LASALLE, ILLINOIS 61301 U.S.A .. . PHONE 815-223-1732 TWX 910-642-3947 *' ' STLCOPCB4078709 0 z /$ i 0 oc i 01 H1 < >1 >] cr D o a: iii Q Z < k z LlJ O (/) li( Q? 0 STLCOPCB4078710 STLCOPCB4078711 ELECTRICAL UTILITIES COMPANY LASALLE ILLINOIS U.S.A SPECIALISTS IN CAPACITORS - OUR ONLY PRODUCT STLCOPCB4078712 METAL ENCASED CT * M ; ' -V 'T-. i ASKAREL IMPREGNi JJl MeTtm-R>jy OAPAetTdKS Service....................................................................................................................................................Alternating Current Voltage . ............................................................................................................................................. 220 to 440 Volts AC Temperature Range..................................................................................... --40F. to -f 104F. (--40C to -f 40C.) Dielectric ........................ .......................................................................................................... Low temperature Askarel Winding Type .............................................................................................................................. Inserted Tab (Inductive) Terminals............................................................................................ Silicone rubber Feed-thru type bushings -- Solder lug or single, 2, 3, 4 blade quick connect Seal ........................................................................................................................................................................... Hermetic Case Material .......................................................................................................................................... Drawn steel case Finish............................. Lead coated steel. Tin coated steel. Electro-plated zinc chromate converted, regular single coat paint or Underwriter's Lab approved paint per customer specifications. STANDARD MOUNTING BRACKETS STLCOPCB4078713 -2- 3. All fluorescent and mercury vapor lighting ballasts for indoor and outdoor lighting operate with PCB capacitors. Pict/ure^I-T citgr^ 4. Other essential PCB capacitor applications include induction heating capacitors for steel production and metal working; voltage regulator capacitors for communication sys tems such as telephones, TV, radio and micro wave, high energy storage capacitors for atomic fission, lasser operation, impulse testing of large electrical apparatus, special metal forming operations and a variety of space age related functions. Over the forty years of existence of PCB type capacitors attempts at possible replacement have been made in various areas of ap plication. hone have been successful, with the exception of a case such as electronic circuits where it was possible to rede sign the entire system to solid state. As-ai-ready--men11-one-d,- a-bs-enee--of-PCB"Capaeit-oris--from our power systems create a national, iwloeaust. =, ,{ B. Transformers Promptly following their discovery PCB fluids were employed to make fire-resistant type transformers for specialty applications in confined and populated areas to protect people and property from fire hazard. The generic name askarel was assigned to PCB dielec trics and as manufacturer of these fluids Monsanto patented the trade name Aroclor. Transformer makers assigned their own names. Examples are Pyranol fggnoral- Eloetrie^le-. ), Inerteen ( Vfostinghouse), Noflamol (-Wagner Electric), and Chlorextol fAl-lls -0fcaluBe**s-). The askarel transformer is strictly a specialty type unit selected in place of mineral oil where judg-amants made aboub need for safety from fire warrant paying the askarel transformer unit premium cost. Those judgements are made by individual industrial electrical engineers, or by individual electrical architects and by organizations such as the utilities, and Government agencies including the Army and Navy. The judgements DSW 332138 STLCOPCB4078714 -3- and requirement for fire safe transformer use are incorporated into various civic building codes and requirements by the Fire underwriters. The popular size of askarel transformers ranges from about 350 KVA to 3^000 KVA. Accordingly they are quite small as compared against typical mineral oil filled power transformers which are usually located in remote areas. In a number of instances the transformer selection is a matter of judgement of an askarel unit vs. an open dry type transformer. Here advantages of askarel units are their ability to withstand greater over loads, greater line surges, greater impulse resistance, satisfactory operation at higher voltage levels, lower heat loss, lower cost operation and lower noise levels. Also as the askarel unit is hermetically sealed it can be used in areas of high humidity, or where water flooding may be expected. A good example of this is the use of askarel transformers by utilities along our coastal areas, and the fact that our east coast electric train systems operate with askarel units in-! stead of dry type transformers which failed during the snow storms. Open dry units are also not well suited for many industrial sites where there is a dusty or corrosive environment. Maintenance of the open dry unit is excessive even when located in more favorable atmosphere. . Another important factor is that the size of an as karel unit for a given rating is usually significantly smaller than a comparable dry type transformer. As transformers like most everything else are usually fitted into the minimum space area it would be very difficult in many instances to replace existing aska rel units with dry type units. Due to all of these considerations representatives of the electrical industry advise that if askarel type units and PCB fluids were not available the result would be a blackout of the entire North East section of our country and some other areas. Again, as in the case of capacitors there are no known satisfactory fire resistant fluids available as replacement for transformer (PCB) askarels. There are several types of askarel transformers: 1. Industrial load -- small to medium power center transformers" These power centers are used by the stee1 DSW 332139 STLCOPCB4078715 STLCOPCB4078716 4- - mills, textile mills, paper mills, -Jiebsss&Bfe&fts; automotive manufacturing, air craft manufacturers, chemical manu facturers, petroleum refiners, copper mines and in general by over all indus try. The Government is a large user of aska rel transformer load centers at all the space centers and atomic energy centers, such as Cape Kennedy, Houston, Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, Hanover, etc. The Army and Navy use askarel unit power supplies, not only domestically but around the world. Examples are at ship docks and communication power supplies as for example the Dew-line early warning system. Askarel power supplies are used by all of the Government's mints. 2. Distribution Type Transformers Many utilities use askarel distribution type transformers, especially for under ground networks. ExanjpTes^df large user's'llre CommopweaLtih Soston/Ed., Power, Pla./Power and Light, /Pacifi-dCras add Electrip^ltansas City(^Power and LigntT, American Electric Power, TVA, Bonneville, The Bureau of Reclamation and many others A1sj6 under th-heading of distribution trains form^rSare] the manyinstallatioj ay airpedts, offlicehtflldings, Wnhedls, h&apdrals, shopping centers, stores and many Government buildings and institutions. 3. Other important uses include rectifier transformers, metering transformers, instru ment transformers, electric railroad trans formers, subway transformers, as the new Metro system being built in Washington, D.C. DSVV 332141 STLCOPCB4078717 / 5- - III. Annual Consumption of Dielectric PCBs In/the states the annual pounds of electrical PCBs used is divided nearly equal between capacitors and transferers. Including the pounds of transformer PCBs blendepKby General Electric Cq. the total pounds of PCB-contaiirig dielectric fluids used^in the states over the years 19^5 through 1970 are shown In th attached tabulation prepared as confiden tial information lipr certain Governmprit people. The world-wide use, infc-luding thre USA domestic quantity is somewhat over double the the USA. Around the world, starting abotht 33 years ago the same essential uses forPCBs in capacrtqrs and transformers de veloped rapidly in Canada, Germany,i!rance, Belgium, Swit zerland, Britain, Spain, Italy and Scandinavian countries. This was followed by strong use in Mexic^^nd So. America, in japan^Australia, India, Russia and in crfch^r iron cur tain countries. Today these fluids are employed world-wide incoming remote areas where some of the applications in- ,,ve critical defense uses. In addition to their manufacture in the USA the PCBs are now produced in: England Germany Prance Russia Japan Italy Spain Czechoslovakia Rumania (contemplated) ^ The of ~PCB have^beeh producejPrar over fort^years with^rro unusual health hazard to .humans\ nop k<5wn environmental dama IV. Steps Already Taken to Avoid Environmental Pollution PCBs fi.re highly stable, non-corrosive, inert, high baling. essentially water insolubl* iterials. Because their higty stability and ine^fchess Jhey had not been ought of as potential environmental pollutants, and most widely used PCBs were kn; m to be practically non ifoxic oraVly to animals. Aicordlngljr/PCBs had rather/large use ih a variety/of nonetLectricaVsystems open to/the environment. Also Special irecautipns had not been taken to prevent scrap from the hectrical use of PCB from entering the environment, ^gome enWr^d sewers and stream^ and sjame of the scrap found use to oil roads. DSW 332142 STLCOPCB4078718 6- - ps were with the electrical ry earlv^step was to eliminate tlje^aale of PCB for lasti/Tizen, seair7\iydrauli^fluid\ and 11^rion-e let tribal usa^. witjr'the excqpt^<5h of heat nsfer regarded as a Biased system. A Because of essential use and lack of replacements and because PCB capacitors and transformers are hermetically sealed metal apparatus the electrical use of PCBs is continued. \ C\ c C This e essentially the same posture takers by the Swedish Government wher^\PCB en^Aonmenkal\pollution in area \birds/wals firsl? noYed smd wher^striict ^atti^ tudes toward enviromfentar'^Jollutionare he. le S\ iish irnment bannec .1 non- ;ctrii se ?Bs. callow's itinu/ use toy cahac: transl ?mers ieticc sealed iparatt Since it has been the more highly chlorinated (more refractory) PCBs that have been found, in general, in the environment, Monsanto developed Aroclor 1016 which has these materials removed. This is now sup plied as total replacement for Aroclor 1242 used by the capacitor makers. Obvious initial steps taken were improvement of Mon santo's plants and those of the capacitor and trans former makers to virtually prevent any PCB from entering the environment. Monsanto built a. irge capacj4^y->incinerator caps bl<fe of pj<opei\ destpdction of al^PCBj scrap f/uid. Monsant^6 accepts 9fll s<\rap PCB/for incineratlonl a ;e/bents p&rriound. Several incinerators are-^ table at locations j.thr than Monsanto plants. Monsanto's Environmental Group has in operation a machine capable of incinerating small PCB capacitors such as ballast and motor-run units. 9 to co Q Irf collaboration witl rernment agericids, Mon^thto veloped sophistic; ed aVialytlcal/procefflures/tisea to obe /or very sma/1 amounts of PUBs in nlanz effluents 'om the general environment and fromv-4Jlsh, birds 'animals. I"61 w AxjJLc *'~c -e Vl~-cfs-v cv JL C\_>__-t ^ ^ ^--- STLCOPCB4078719 7- - H. Monsanto is continuing-expensive studies to determj thot Mrd^e^adabjJ^fc^rof th^varioufik^ommbri_PCB-d^omers aruikrelatea^ffiatrgrials. Future Steps Underway A. Judgements and guide lines will be formulated about the proper disposal of solid scrap impregnated with PCBs and generated by the electrical industry. Examples are failed capacitors from ballast, motor run and power correction applications, and scrap core and coils from askarel transformers. The guide lines for disposal of both liquid and solid scrap must reach many end users, beyond the reach of Monsanto and the electrical manufacturers. B. To proceed with this and all aspects of PCB pollution as related to the electrical industry Committee C107 has been formed at ANSI. Working sub committees will be formed at a meeting to be held in Washington, D.C. on Sept. 14 at the National Bureau of Standards. C. Composition o - C107 The broad -j'epreseni the routing responc to participate: 1 Respondents Certified Ballast Manufacturers Association Dr. A. Pozefsky / General Electric Company Industrial and Power Capacitor Products Dept. John Street / Hudson Falls, N./y. 12839 N. R. Clark / Universal Manufacturing Company 902 Crescent Ikve. Bridgeport, ^!onn. 06607 Institute bf Electrical & Electronic Engineers, Inc. E. L. Raab, Manager - Insulation Systems Section General/Electrlc Company Power Distribution Division 100 WoZdlawn Avenue Pittsfield, Mass. 01201 DSW 332144 STLCOPCB4078720 -8 1/ J \j National Electrical Manufact ers Assn. D. E. Allen, Manager, Market Power Distribution Division/ AIlls-Chalmers Corporation Columbus & Preble Avenues Pittsburgh, Pa. 15233 g Services J. P. Kuzela, Engineer! Power Capacitors Sangamo Electric Company P.0. Box 359 ' Springfield, 111. 62/05 Manager R. D. McClain Westinghouse Electric Corporation P.0. Box 341 Bloomington, Ind. /47402 W. C. Reinhardt, Manager, Res. & Dev, Central Moloney Transformer Division Colt Industries P.0. Box 101 St. Louis, Mo. / 63166 H. R. Rowe, General Manager Lighting & Capacitor Products McGraw-Edisor/ Power Systems Division P.0. Box 160/ South Milwau/cee, Wis. Department ybf the Army David M. Crabtree, Chief of the Electrical Eng. Section Facilities Engineering Division Office off the Chief of Engineers Department of the Army Washington, D. C. 20314 Environmental Protection Agency Earl Pershing Ployd 5555 Ridge Avenue Cincinnati, Ohio 45213 G----e--n- ej--r-a---l---S--e---r-v--i-c--e--s-----A---d--m----i-n--i-s---t-r-a---t-io---n-- Reu/en T. Morgan Federal Supply Service, Room 507 General Services Administration Washington, D. C. 20406 0S>N 332A45 STLCOPCB4078721 / -vy 9- - Aaron J. Woloshln t Office of Environmental Affairs General Services Administration Washington, D. C. 20A05 National Bureau of Standards Dr. Stanley P. Wasik Research Chemist / National Bureau or Standards Room Al45 Chemistry Building Washington, D. C4 20234 Rural Electrification Administration Department of Agriculture Dr. John Leutrltz, Jr. Timber Products Specialist Distribution Engineering Branch Power Supplv, Management and Engineering Standards Division Rural Electrification Administration Washington/, D. C. 20250 Tennessee/Valley Authority William H. Nicholas Asst. Chief of the Water Quality Branch In the Div. of Environmental Res. and Dev. Office of Health and Environmental Science Tennessee Valley Authority Chattanooga, Tenn. 37401 Chem-Trol Pollution Services Inc. Louis/E. Wagner, President 48l8 Lake Avenue Blasdfell, N. Y. 14219 Doble Engineering Company A. L. Rickley, Vice President 32 /Locust Street Belmont, Mass. 02178 Electrical Utilities Company A. 0. Hauser, President 2427 St. Vincent Avenue La Salle, 111. 61301 DSW 332146 STLCOPCB4078722 -10- Monsanto Company W. B. Papageorge, Mgr. Environmental Control 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd. St. Louis, Mo. 63166 j P. G. Benignus, Marketing Manager, Dielectric Fluids Rollins-Purle Inc. H. A. Alsentzer P.0., Box 2349 J Wilmington, Delaware 19899 0C. W. Hart P. Williamson 2. List of National ana Government Groups Invited American Public Power Association 2600 Virginia Ave/ N.W. Washington, D. C./ 20037 Alex Rodin, General Manager American Society for Testing and Materials 1916 Race Street Philadelphia^ Pa. 19103 Assoc, /of Edison Illuminating Companies 51 E. 42nd St. New York, N. Y. 10017 W. Floyd-Jones, Secretary Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. 320 New Center Building Detroit, Michigan 48202 Thomas C. Mann, President DSW 332147 STLCOPCB4078723 -11- Certified Ballast Manufacturers Assn, 2120 Keith Building Cleveland, Ohio 44115 / M. R. Davies, Secretary-Treasurer Edison Electric Institute 750 Third Avenue / New York, N. Y. 10017 / " ./ W. Donham Crawford, Managing Director Institute of Electripal & Electronic Eng., Inc, 345 E. 47th St. New York, N. Y. 10017 Donald G. Pink, General Manager Manufacturing Chemists Assoc. 1825 Connecticut^ Ave., N.W. Washington, D. p. 20009 William J. Driver, President National Electrical Manufacturers Assoc. 155 E. 44th Et. New York, Ny Y. 10017 A. M. Salazar, Executive Secretary, Power Equipment Division National Fire Protection Association 60 Battenymarch St. Boston, Mass. 02110 Charles/S. Morgan, General Manager V Underwriter's Laboratories, Inc. 207 e/ Ohio Street Chica/go, 111. 6o6ll Baron Whitaker, President ' V Walter Pollution Control Federation 3900 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Washington, D. C. 20016 Robert A. Canham, Executive Secretary oSVM 332148 STLCOPCB4078724 / e/ / / / \/ -12- Atomic Energy Commission Washington, D. C. 20545 Glenn T. Seaborg, Chairma: Department of the Army The Pentagon Washington, D. C. 203+0 Lt. General E. J. Clarke, Chief of Engineers Department of Interior C Street Between l8th and 19th Sts. NW Washington, D. C. 0240 James R. Smith, Assistant Secretary - Water and Power Development Ellis L. Armstrong, Commissioner of Reclamation Henry R. Richmond! Administrator Bonneville Power Adminastration Carl L. Klein, Assistant Secretary - Water Quality anp Research Environmental Brotection Agency 1626 K St. N.W/ Washington, D./C. 20460 William D. Ruikelhaus, Administrator Pood and Drug Administration Department of Health, Education and Welfare 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, Aid. 20852 Charles CJ Edwards, Commissioner of Pood and Drugs General services Administration Federal/Supply Service Washington, D. C. 20406 A. P. Sampson, Commissioner /C. C. Travis, Director Standardization Div. National Bureau of Standards Washington, D. C. 20234 Lewis M. Branscomb, Director SVV332l4d STLCOPCB4078725 -13- Rural Electrification Administration Department of Agriculture' l4th St. and Independence Ave. S.W. Washington, D. C. 20250 David W. Hamil, Administrator Tennessee Valley Authority New Sprankle Building Knoxville, Tenn. 37S02 James F. Watson, Manager of Power Chem-Trol Pollution Services Inc. 48l8 Lake Avenue Blasdell, N. Y. M219 Lewis E. Wagner, President Doble Engineering Co. p.o. Box 105 r Belmont, Mass. /02178 R. I. Lowe, President Electrical Utilities Co 2427 St. Vinq/ent Avenue La Salle, 111. 61301 A. 0. Hauser Monsanto Company 800 N. Limdbergh Blvd. St. Louis/, Mo. 63166 W. B. Papageorge, Manager Environmental Control P. G. Bemignus, Marketing Mgr., Dielectric Fluids Rollins-Purle Inc. 3208 Cencord Pike Wilmington, Delaware 19803 John E. O'Brien, President DSW 332150 STLCOPCB4078726 -14D. The Scope of Committee C107 Procedures and guides for safe use, maintenance and disposal of askarel and askarel-soaked materials used in electrical equipment E. Proposed Objectives In addition to developing the procedures and guides referred to in the scope, above, it shall be the ob jectives of the ANSI Committee to: 1. Serve as a source for technical information and advice for Federal, State and local authorities and for the information of all others concerned. 2. Encourage the development of suitable disposal facilities and maintain a list of their capabili ties and locations, for the information of all concerned. 3. Serve as the advisory group for U.S. participation in CEE, IEC, COPANT, SEGRA and other international organizations. 05^332151 STLCOPCB4078727