Document QXpaqyMpEGZ4N2VnzkJyNNNw6

ELSEVIER Chemosphere 114 (2014) 337-339 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chemosphere journal horn epage: www.e l s e v ier.corn/I o c a t e/chernosphere Chemosphere Helsing0r Statement on poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) (l)crossMark Martin Scheringer a,*, Xenia Trier b, Ian T. Cousinsc, Pim de Voogt d, Tony Fletcher e, Zhanyun Wang a, Thomas F. Webster f 'Institute for Chemical and Bioengineerni g, ETH Zurich. 8093Zurich. Switzerland bTechnical University of Denmark, Division of Food Chemistry, 2860 S0borg, Denmark cDepartment ofApplied Environmental Science (11M). Stockholm University, I0691 Stockholm, Sweden d Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University ofAmsterdam. 1090 CEAmsterdam. The Netherlands '1SLcohnodoolnoSfcPhuobollicoHf Heaylgthie,nBeos&toTnrUopnicivaelrMsietyd,iBdnoset,oLno.nMdAon02W1C1I8H, U9SSAH, United Kingdom ARTICLE INFO Article history: Received 18 March 2014 Accepted 19 May 2014 Available online 14 June 2014 Handling Editor: J. de Boer Keywords: PFOA PFOS PBT chemicals Auorinated surfactants Auorinated polymers ABSTRACT In this discussion paper, the transition from long chain poly and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) to fluorinated alternatives is addressed. Long chain PFASs include perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with 7 or more perfluorinated carbons, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) with 6 or more perfluorinated carbons, and their precursors. Because long chain PFASs have been found to be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, they are being replaced by a wide range of fluorinated alternatives. We summarize key concerns about the potential impacts of fluorinated alternatives on human health and the environment in order to provide concise information for different stakeholders and the public. These concerns include, amongst others, the likelihood of fluorinated alternatives or their transformation products becoming ubiquitously present in the global environ ment; the need for more information on uses, properties and effects of fluorinated alternatives; the formation of persistent terminal transformation products including PFCAs and PFSAs; increasing environmental and human exposure and potential of adverse efef cts as a consequence of the high ultimate persistence and increasing usage of fluorinated alternatives; the high societal costs that would be caused if the uses, environmental fate, and adverse effects of fluorinated alternatives had to be investigated by publicly funded research; and the lack of consideration of non persistent alternatives to long chain PFASs. 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY NC SA license (http:/fcreativecommons.org/licenses/b y nc sa /3.0/). Heisinger Statement on poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) We as scientists working on the characterization of the uses, properties, analysis, environmental distribution and adverse effects of poly and perfluorinated alkyl substances, PFASs, are con cerned that long chain PFASs are being replaced by a wide range of fluorinated alternatives for which we have only little information on production volumes, uses, properties and biological effects . Nevertheless, we do know that these replacements will be similarly resistant to ultimate degradation, i.e. persistent, in the environment as long chain PFASs (Scheringer et al., 2013; Strempel et al., 2012). * Corresponding author. Tel.: +41 44 632 3062. E-mail address: s c heringer@chem.ethz.ch (M. Scheringer). By long chain PFASs we denote perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with 7 or more perfluorinated carbons, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) with 6 or more perfluorinated carbons, and their precursors such as fluorotelomer based substances with 8 or more perfluorinated carbons and perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluoride based substances with 6 or more perfluorinated carbons. The terminology for nomenclature of PFASs used herein has been proposed by Buck et al. (2011). In the absence of clear evidence that the alternatives are a sub stantial improvement on long chain PFASs, we think that it is not sufficient that the substitution process of long chain PFASs leads to just an incremental shift in the type of products that are placed on the global market and will be used by millions of consumers and professional users. In this situation, we would like to bring the following statement to the attention of policy makers and various relevant stakeholders. http:/fdx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chemosphere2014 .05.044 0045-6535/ 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article u nder theCC BY-NC -SA license (http:/fcreative commons.org /licenses /by-nc-sa/3.0 /). 338 M. Scheringer et al. / Chemosphere 114 (2014) 337-339 1. PFASs are ubiquitous. A wide range of PFASs, including fluorinated alternatives to long chain PFASs, is present in environmental matrices (Giesy and Kannan, 2002; McLachlan et al., 2007; Ahrens, 2011; Li et al., 2011; Eschauzier et al., 2012; Mller et al., 2012; Zhao et al., 2012; Gawor et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2013; Zareitalabad et al., 2013), wildlife (Giesy and Kannan, 2002; Houde et al., 2011), and human tissue (Giesy and Kannan, 2002; Kannan et al., 2004; Martin et al., 2010; Kato et al., 2011; Loi et al., 2013; Yeung et al., 2013a,b) all over the globe. 2. Regulation has caused levels of some PFAS to decline, but others remain stable or continue to increase. Because perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and PFCAs with 11 14 perfluorinated carbons have been shown to be highly persistent and also bioaccumulative and toxic, these substances are now regulated in the EU and Canada and there have been several voluntary actions by the manufactur ing industry to phase out or reduce the emissions of these substances (EU, 2006; Canada Gazette, 2013; ECHA, 2014; US EPA, 2006); PFOS is also regulated globally under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (UNEP, 2014). These regulations were established already after a decade of intense scientific research. As a consequence of phase out actions and reg ulations, levels of PFOS and PFOA in human blood samples have now declined in many Western countries (Glynn et al., 2012; Kato et al., 2011; Harada et al., 2010; Yeung et al., 2013a). However, PFCAs with longer perfluorinated chains than PFOA, with 8 or more perfluoroalkyl carbons, have not yet shown signs of decline in human blood samples globally (Kato et al., 2011; Glynn et al., 2012; Yeung et al., 2013b). 3. More information on fluorinated alternatives is urgently needed. Currently, a wide range of fluorinated alternatives to long chain PFASs are being developed and commercialized (OECD, 2013; Wang et al., 2013). Many of these fluorinated alternatives are shorter chain homologues of long chain PFASs (typically with 6 or fewer perfluoroalkyl carbons). This has the advantage of making the substances less bioaccumulative than long chain PFASs, but the perfluorinated chain is still recalcitrant to degradation. Moreover, shorter chain alternatives are not always less bioaccumulative; there is evidence of higher uptake into maize shoots compared to long chain PFASs (Krippner et al., 2014). In many cases there is only very limited knowledge in the public domain on the struc tures, properties, uses and toxicological profiles of fluorinated alternatives. The levels of some fluorinated alternatives or their degradation products, such as perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) or perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), have been shown to be rising in recent years in the environment and human tissues in Europe (Glynn et al., 2012; Ahrens, 2011; Kirchgeorg et al., 2013). There is an urgent need to provide the necessary knowledge on the environmental and human health risks of this rapidly expanding range of fluorinated compounds, in a way that makes the informa tion publicly accessible. 4. Less efficient fluorinated alternatives may lead to increased use, emissions, and exposure. 2013) and so there is a concern that larger quantities and/or more substances will need to be used to provide the same performance, potentially cancelling out the benefit of lower bioaccumulation potential. 5. Concerns about low testing requirements. In the EU the testing requirements under REACH are defined by the production volume of a chemical. In cases where mixtures or combinations of fluorinated alternatives are used to replace a sin gle long chain PFAS, the amounts of the individual substances may be smaller than the amount of the long chain PFAS to be replaced so that also the testing requirements are lower. Furthermore, we are concerned that current testing requirements are not sufficient to identify effects such as immunotoxicity and endocrine disrup tion, which have been linked to PFAS exposure (Grandjean and Budtz Jrgensen, 2013; White et al., 2011). 6. Regulations need to be established in an increasing number of countries producing and applying PFASs. PFASs including fluorinated alternatives are manufactured by an increasing number of producers and in more and more regions of the world. As a consequence, the regulation of PFASs needs to be implemented in more countries than in the past. The types of prod ucts available on the global market are also more diverse and dif ficult to characterize. 7. PFASs, including fluorinated alternatives, lead to highly persistent transformation products, which implies increasing human and environmental exposure. In spite of the diversity of the fluorinated alternatives, current knowledge demonstrates that the perfluorinated parts of fluori nated alternatives are recalcitrant and will form terminal transfor mation products, including PFCAs and PFSAs (Lee et al., 2010; Young and Mabury, 2010; Liu and Mejia Avendao, 2013; Butt et al., 2014), which are persistent in the environment (Hurley et al., 2004; Liou et al., 2010; Vaalgamaa et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2013). Extensive and increasing use and emissions of fluorinated alternatives will lead to increasing levels of PFCAs, PFSAs and other stable perfluorinated degradation products in the environment, biota and humans. 8. Increasing exposure implies increasing risk of adverse effects. It is therefore likely that the fluorinated alternatives or their transformation products will lead to large scale environmental and human exposure to a range of PFASs and possibly result in adverse effects caused by these substances. As a consequence, we are concerned that the current introduction of fluorinated alterna tives eventually may lead to similar problems as occurred in the cases of PFOS and long chain PFCAs. If the highly persistent and environmentally mobile fluorinated alternatives are shown to cause adverse effects in the future, it may take decades to reverse global contamination to safe levels. 9. It is costly for society to produce new toxicological data; therefore data produced by chemical manufacturers should be made publicly available. While the shorter chain PFASs are being introduced because they are generally less bioaccumulative, in some cases their techni cal performance is lower (Renner, 2006; Daikin, 2009; Archroma, It would be an expensive and time consuming process to initi ate years of publicly funded research into the properties and potential effects of the fluorinated alternatives. Therefore, all data M. Scheringer et al. / Chemosphere 114 (2014) 337-339 339 on the chemical and toxicological properties of fluorinated alterna tives collected by manufacturers and suppliers that are not cur rently publicly available should be made accessible. In addition to the cost to society of publicly funded risk assessment, there is the risk that there will be an irreversible global environmental problem caused by the widespread occurrence of these fluorinated alternatives and/or their transformation products. 10. Non-persistent alternatives to long-chain PFASs should be used to protect clean food and water resources for a growing human population. The goal should be to introduce non persistent alternatives that can be fully degraded and mineralized, and this may imply non fluorinated products. Therefore, development of non persistent alternatives should be strongly encouraged and PFASs should only be used in applications where they are truly needed and proven indispensable. References Ahrens, L., 2011. Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the aquatic environment: a review of their occurrence and fate. J. Environ. Monit. 13, 20-31. Archroma, 2013. Regulatory affairs. 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Detections of commercial fluorosurfactants in Hong Kong marine environment and human blood: a pilot study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 4677-4685. Martin, J.W., Asher, B.J., Beesoon, S., Benskin, J.P., Ross, M.S., 2010. PFOS or PreFOS? are perfluorooctane sulfonate precursors (PreFOS) important determinants of human and environmental perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure? J. Environ. Monit. 12, 1979-2004. McLachlan, M.S., Holmstrm, K.E., Reth, M., Berger, U., 2007. Riverine discharge of perfluorinated carboxylates from the European continent. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 7260-7265. Mller, C.E., Gerecke, A.C., Bogdal, C., Wang, Z., Scheringer, M., Hungerbhler, K., 2012. Atmospheric fate of poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs): I. Day-night patterns of air concentrations in summer in Zurich, Switzerland. Environ. Pollut. 169, 196-203. OECD, 2013. OECD/UNEP Global PFC Group, Synthesis Paper on Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemicals (PFCs). Environment, Health and Safety, Environment Directorate, OECD, Paris, France. <http://www.oecd.org/env/ehs/ risk-management/PFC_FINAL-Web.pdf>. Renner, R., 2006. The long and the short of perfluorinated replacements. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 12-13. Scheringer, M., Strempel, S., Ng, C.A., Hungerbhler, K., 2013. Response to comment on screening for PBT chemicals among the ``Existing'' and ``New'' chemicals of the EU. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 6065-6066. Strempel, S., Scheringer, M., Ng, C.A., Hungerbhler, K., 2012. Screening for PBT chemicals among the ``Existing'' and ``New'' chemicals of the EU. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 5680-5687. UNEP, 2014. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. <http:// www.pops.int>. US EPA, 2006. 2010/15 PFOA Stewardship Program; United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). <http://www.epa.gov/oppt/pfoa/pubs/ stewardship>. Vaalgamaa, S., Vhtalo, A.V., Perkola, N., Huhtala, S., 2011. Photochemical reactivity of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in conditions representing surface water. Sci. Total Environ. 409, 3043-3048. Wang, Z., Cousins, I.T., Scheringer, M., Hungerbhler, K., 2013. Fluorinated alternatives to long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their potential precursors. Environ. Int. 60, 242-248. White, S.S., Fenton, S.E., Hines, E.P., 2011. Endocrine disrupting properties of perfluorooctanoic acid. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 127, 16-26. Yeung, L.W.-Y., Robinson, S., Koschorreck, J., Mabury, S.A., 2013a. Part II. A temporal study of PFOS and its precursors in human plasma from two German cities in 1982-2009. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 3875-3882. Yeung, L.W.-Y., Robinson, S., Koschorreck, J., Mabury, S.A., 2013b. Part I. A temporal study of PFCAs and its precursors in human plasma from two German cities 1982-2009. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 3865-3874. Young, C.J., Mabury, S.A., 2010. Atmospheric perfluorinated acid precursors: chemistry, occurrence, and impacts. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 208, 1-109. Zareitalabad, P., Siemens, J., Hamer, M., Amelung, W., 2013. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in surface waters, sediments, soils and wastewater - a review on concentrations and distribution coefficients. Chemosphere 91, 725-732. Zhao, Z., Xie, Z., Mller, A., Sturm, R., Tang, J., Zhang, G., Ebinghaus, R., 2012. Distribution and long-range transport of polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Arctic, Atlantic Ocean and Antarctic coast. Environ. Pollut. 170, 71-77. Perspectives A Section 508-conformant HTML version of this article is available at http:l/dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp .1509934. The Madrid Statement on Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances {PFASs) http://dx.doi.orgIl 0.1289/ehp. J509934 As scientists and other professionals from a variety of disciplines, we are concerned about the production and release into the environ ment of an increasing number of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) for the following reasons: 1 . PFASs are man-made and found everywhere. PFASs are highly persistent, as they contain perfluorinated chains that only degrade very slowly, if at all, under environmental conditions. It is documented that some polyfluorinated chemicals break down to form perfluorinated ones (D'Eon and Mabury 2007). 2. PFASs are found in the indoor and outdoor environments, wildlife, and human tissue and bodily fluids all over the globe. They are emitted via industrial processes and military and firefighting operations (Darwin 201 l; Fire Fighting Foam Coalition 2014), and they migrate out of consumer products into air (Shoeib et al. 2011), household dust (Bjorklund et al. 2009), food (Begley et al. 2008; Titdemier et al. 2007; Trier et al. 2011), soil (Sepulvado et al.201 l; Strynar et al. 2012), ground and surface water, and make their way into drinking water (Eschauzier et al. 2012; Rahman et al. 2014). 3. In animal studies, some long-chain PFASs have been found to cause liver toxicity, disruption of lipid metabolism and the immune and endocrine systems, adverse neurobehavioral effects, neonatal toxicity and death, and tumors in mul tiple organ systems (Lau et al. 2007; Post et al. 2012). In d1e growing body of epidemiological evidence, some of these effects are supported by significant or suggestive associations between specific long-chain PFASs and adverse outcomes, including associations with testicular and kidney cancers (Barry et al. 2013; Benbrahim-Tallaa et al. 2014), liver malfunction (Gallo et al. 2012), hypothyroidism (Lopez. Espinosa et al. 2012), high cholesterol (Fitz.Simon et al. 2013; Nelson et al. 2009), ulcerative colitis (Steenland et al. 2013), lower birth weight and size (Fei et al. 2007), obesity (Halldorsson et al.2012), decreased immune response to vac cines (Grandjean et al. 2012), and reduced hormone levels and delayed puberty (Lopez-Espinosa et al. 2011). 4. Due to their high persistence, global distribution, bio accumulation potential, and toxicity, some PFASs have been listed under the Stockholm Convention (United Nations Environment Programme 2009) as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). 5. A s documented in the Helsing0r Statement (Scheringer et al. 2014), a. Although some of the long-chain PFASs are being regu lated or phased out, the most common replacements are short-chain PFASs with similar structures, or compounds with fluorinated segments joined by ether linkages. b. While some shorter-cliain fluorinated alternatives seem to be less bioaccumulative, they are still as environmentally persistent as long-chain substances or have persistent deg radation products. Thus, a switch to short-chain and od1er fluorinated alternatives may not reduce d1e amounts of PFASs in the environment. In addition, because some of the shorter-chain PFASs are less effective, larger quantities may be needed to provide the same performance. c. While many fluorinated alternatives are being marketed, little information is publicly available on their chemical structures, properties, uses, and toxicological profiles. d. Increasing use of fluorinated alternatives will lead to increas ing levels of stable perfluorinated degradation products in me environment, and possibly also in biota and humans. This would increase d1e risks of adverse effects on human heald1 and me environment. 6. Initial efforts to estimate overall emissions of PFASs into the environment have been limited due to uncertainties related to product formulations, quantities of production, production locations, efficiency of emission controls, and long-term trends in production history (Wang et al. 2014). 7. The technical capacity to destroy PFASs is currently insufficient in many parts of the world. Global action through the Montreal Protocol (United Nations Environment Programme 2012) successfully reduced the use of d1e highly persistent ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), thus allowing for the recovery of the ozone layer. However, many of d1e organofluorine replacements for CFCs are still of concern due to d1eir high global warming potential. It is essential to learn from such past efforts and take measures at me international level to reduce me use of PFASs in products and prevent their replacement with fluorinated alternatives in order to avoid long-term harm to human healm and me environment. For these reasons, we call on the international community to cooperate in limiting the production and use of PFASs and in devel oping safer nonfluorinated alternatives. We d1erefore urge scientists, governments, chemical and product manufacturers, purchasing organizations, retailers, and consumers to take me following actions: Scientists: 1 . Assemble, in collaboration with industry and governments, a global inventory of all PFASs in use or in the environment, including precursors and degradation products, and their functionality, properties, and toxicology. 2. Develop analytical methods for the identification and quanti fication of additional families of PFASs, including fluorinated alternatives. 3. Continue monitoring for legacy PFASs in different matrices and for environmental reservoirs of PFASs. 4. Continue investigating me mechanisms of toxicity and exposure (e.g., sources, fate, transport, and bioaccumulation of PFASs), and improve methods for testing d1e safety of alternatives. 5. Bring research results to me attention of policy makers, industry, the media, and me public. Governments: 1 . Enact legislation to require only essential uses of PFASs, and enforce labeling to indicate uses. 2. Require manufacturers of PFASs to a. conduct more extensive toxicological testing, b. make cl1emical structures public, c. provide validated analytical methods for detection of PFASs, and d. assume extended producer responsibility and implement safe disposal of products and stockpiles containing PFASs. 3. Work wim industry to develop public registries of products con taining PFASs. 4. Make public annual statistical data on production, imports, and exports of PFASs. Environmental Health Perspectives VOLUME 1231 NUMBER 51 May2015 A107 Brief Communication 5. Whenever possible, avoid products containing, or manu factured using, PFASs in government procurement. 6. In collaboration with industry, ensure that an infrastructure is in place to safely transport, dispose of, and destroy PFASs and PFAS-containing products, and enforce these measures. Chemical manufacturers: 1. Make data on PFASs publicly available, including chemical structures, properties, and toxicology. 2. Provide scientists with standard samples of PFASs, including precursors and degradation products, to enable environmental monitoring of PFASs. 3. Work with scientists and governments to develop safe disposal methods for PFASs. 4. Provide the supply chain with documentation on PFAS content and safe disposal guidelines. 5. Develop nonfluorinated alternatives that are neither persistent nor toxic. Product manufacturers: 1. Stop using PFASs where they are not essential or when safer alternatives exist. 2. Develop inexpensive and sensitive PFAS quantification methods for compliance testing. 3. Label products containing PFASs, including chemical identity and safe disposal guidelines. 4. Invest in the development and use of nonfluorinated alternatives. Purchasing organizations, retailers, and individual consumers: 1. Whenever possible, avoid products containing, or manufactured using, PFASs. These include many products that are stain-resistant, waterproof, or nonstick. 2. Question the use of such fluorinated "performance" chemicals added to consumer products. The views expressed in this statement are solely those of the authors and signatories. The authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial interests. Arlene Blum,1,2 Simona A. Balan,2 Martin Scheringer,3,4 Xenia Trier,5 Gretta Goldenman,6 Ian T. Cousins,7 Miriam Diamond,8 Tony Fletcher,9 Christopher Higgins,10 Avery E. Lindeman,2 Graham Peaslee,11 Pim de Voogt,12 Zhanyun Wang,4 and Roland Weber13 1Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA; 2Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California, USA; 3Leuphana University, Lneburg, Germany; 4Safety and Environmental Technology Group, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zrich, Zrich, Switzerland; 5Division of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; 6European Centre on Sustainable Policies for Human and Environmental Rights, Brussels, Belgium; 7Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; 8Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 9Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; 10Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA; 11Chemistry Department, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, USA; 12Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; 13POPs Environmental Consulting, Schwbisch Gmnd, Germany E-mail: arlene@greensciencepolicy.org References Barry V, Winquist A, Steenland K. 2013. 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Exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and cholesterol, body weight, and insulin resistance in the general U.S. population. Environ Health Perspect 118(2):197-202; doi:10.1289/ehp.0901165. Post GB, Cohn PD, Cooper KR. 2012. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), an emerging drinking water contaminant: a critical review of recent literature. Environ Res 116:93-117; doi:10.1016/j.envres.2012.03.007. Rahman MF, Peldszus S, Anderson WB. 2014. Behaviour and fate of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water treatment: a review. Water Res 50:318-340; doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045. Scheringer M, Trier X, Cousins IT, de Voogt P, Fletcher T, Wang Z, et al. 2014. Helsingr Statement on poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs). Chemosphere 114:337-339; doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.044. Sepulvado JG, Blaine AC, Hundal LS, Higgins CP. 2011. Occurrence and fate of perfluorochemicals in soil following the land application of municipal biosolids. Environ Sci Technol 45(19):8106-8112; doi:10.1021/es103903d. Shoeib M, Harner T, Webster GM, Lee SC. 2011. Indoor sources of poly- and perfluorinated compounds (PFCS) in Vancouver, Canada: implications for human exposure. Environ Sci Technol 45(19):7999-8005; doi:10.1021/es103562v. Steenland K, Zhao L, Winquist A, Parks C. 2013. Ulcerative colitis and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a highly exposed population of community residents and workers in the MidOhio Valley. Environ Health Perspect 121(8):900-905; doi:10.1289/ehp.1206449. Strynar MJ, Lindstrom AB, Nakayama SF, Egeghy PP, Helfant LJ. 2012. Pilot scale application of a method for the analysis of perfluorinated compounds in surface soils. Chemosphere 86(3):252-257; doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.036. Tittlemier SA, Pepper K, Seymour C, Moisey J, Bronson, R, Cao XL, et al. 2007. Dietary exposure of Canadians to perfluorinated carboxylates and perfluorooctane sulfonate via consumption of meat, fish, fast foods, and food items prepared in their packaging. J Agric Food Chem 55(8):3203-3210; doi:10.1021/jf0634045. Trier X, Granby K, Christensen JH. 2011. Polyfluorinated surfactants (PFS) in paper and board coatings for food packaging. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 18(7):1108-1120; doi:10.1007/ s11356-010-0439-3. United Nations Environment Programme. 2009. The New POPs under the Stockholm Convention. Chtelaine, Switzerland:Stockholm Convention, United Nations Environment Programme. Available: http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/NewPOPs/TheNewPOPs/ tabid/672/Default.aspx [accessed 6 April 2015]. United Nations Environment Programme. 2012. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Nairobi, Kenya:Montreal Protocol, United Nations Environment Programme. Available: http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/Treaties/treaties_decisionshb.php?sec_id=5 [accessed 6 April 2015]. Wang Z, Cousins IT, Scheringer M, Buck RC, Hungerbhler K. 2014. Global emission inventories for C4-C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) homologues from 1951 to 2030, part II: the remaining pieces of the puzzle. Environ Int 69:166-176; doi:10.1016/j. envint.2014.04.006. A108 volume 123 | number 5 | May 2015 Environmental Health Perspectives Brief Communication Signatories The Madrid Statement on Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) (Signarories as of publication dare. lnstiturional affiliations arc provided for identification purposes only.) Ovokeroye Abafe, Researcher, School of Chcmisrry and Physics, University of Kwamlu-Natal,Durban, South Africa MarleneAgerstrand, PhD, Researcher, Department of Applied Environmcnral Science, Srockholm University, Srockholm, Sweden Lutz Ahrens, PhD, Research Scicnrist, Department of Aquadc Sciences and Assessment, Swedish Univcrsiry of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Beatriz H.Aristizabal, PhD, Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Univcrsiry of Colombia, Manizales, Colombia Abel Arkenbout, PhD, Chairman, NToexthiceorWlanatdcsh Foundarion, Harlingcn, rhc Misha Askren, MD, Physician, Urgent Care, Kaiser Pcrmancnrc, Los Angeles, California, USA JannickeBakkejord, Senior Engineer, National [n.sritutc of Nutridon and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway GeorgBecher, PhD, Professor Emcrirus, Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian [nstimtc of Public Health,Oslo, Norway TheaBechshoft, PhD,Posrdoctoral Fellow, University of Southern Denmark, Odcn.sc, Denmark PeterBehnisch, PhD, Director, BioDctcction S ystem, Amsrcrdam, the Netherlands SusanneBejerot,MD, Assisrant Professor, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska [nstitutc, Stockholm, Sweden StephenBent,MD, Associarc Professor of Medicine,Epidemiology and Biostatisdcs, and Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA UrsBerger, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Applied Environmcnral Science, Stockholm University, Srockholm, Sweden AkeBergman, PhD,Executive Director and Professor, Swedish Toxicology Sciences Sweden Research Center, Sodcrtiiljc, VladimirBdkoski, PhD,Assistant Professor, Facu lty of Chemistry, Univcrsiry of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia EmmanuelleBichon, Scientific and Technical Support Manager, Oniris, Nantes- Arlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France FUipBjurlid, PhD Srudcnr, M a n Tcchnology-Environmcnr Rc_ scarch Ccnrrc,Orcbro University,Orcbro, Sweden TaraBlank, PhD, Consultanr, Elixir Environmental, Ridgefield, Connccticur, USA DanielBorg, PhD, Toxicology Consultant, Trossa AB, Srockholm, Sweden Carl-GustafBornehag, PhD, Professor, Department of Health and Environment, Karlstad Univcrsiry, Karlsrad, Sweden HindrikBouwman, PhD, Lecturer, Zoology Group, North-West University, Mahikeng, South Africa LindsayBramwell, MSc, Research Associate, lnsritute of Health and Society, Newcastle Univcrsiry, Newcastle upon Tyne, Unircd Kingdom KnutBreivik, PhD, Senior Scicnrist and Professor, NILU-Norwegian lnstiturc for Air Research, Kjcllcr, Norway KatjaBroeg, PhD, Researcher, Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Srockholm, Sweden PhilBrown, PhD, University Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Health Sciences, and Director, Social Science Environmental Health Research ln.sdtutc,Northcastcrn University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA ThomasBruton, MS, PhD Srudcnr, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA David Camano, MS, Technical Advisor, Southwest Research [nsritutc, San Amonio, Tex.as, USA Louise Camenzuli, PhD Student, Safery and Environmental Technology Group, lnstirurc for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Argelia Castano, PhD,Head of Department, Arca of Environmental MToaxjiacdoalohgoyn,dlan,sStipruairno de Salud Carlos Ill, Carmela Centeno, Industrial DcvelopmcnrOfficer, United Nations IVnidenunstar,iaAl uDstcrvica lopmcm Organi2adon, Ibrahim Chahoud, PhD, Professor, Department of Toxicology, Charit<: Univcrsiditsmcdizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Kai Hsien Chi, PhD, Associate Professor, [nstirutc ofEnvironmcmaJ and Occuparional Health Sciences, Narional Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan Eliza Chin, MD, MPH,Executive Director,American N[cdicaJ Women's Association, Rcston, Virginia, USA Carsten Ch.ristophersen, PhD, Adjunct Professor, Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongcns Lyngby, Denmark Theo Colborn (1927-2014),PhD, President Emcrirus, TEDX (The Endoctinc Disruprion Exchange), Paonia, Colorado, USA Terrence J. Collins, PhD, Teresa Heinz Professor of Green Chemistry, Department of Chcmisrry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pimburgh,PA, USA; and Director, Institute for Green Science, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Johanna Congleton, MSPH, PhD, Senior Scientist,Environmental Working Group, Washingron, DC, USA Adrian Covaci, PhD, Professor, TAonxtiwcoelropg,iAcanltCwcernpr,crB,eUlgniuivmersity of Craig Criddle, PhD, Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA Oscar H. Fernandez Cubero, Technician, National Food Center, Majadahonda, Spain Jordi Dachs, PhD, Research Scientisr, Institute of Environmental Asscssmem and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, Spain Cynthia deWit, PhD, Professor, Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Barbara Demeneix, PhD,DSc, Professor, DepartmentROOM,National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France Pascal Oiefenbacher, PhD Srudcnt, Safery andEnvironmental Technology Group, lnstirurc for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Michelle Douskey, PhD, Chcmisrry Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, Univcrsiry of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA Timothy Elgren, PhD, Dean of Arts and Sciences,Oberlin College,Oberlin, Ohio, USA David Epel, PhD, Professor Emeritus, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, USA Ulrika Eriksson, PhD Srudcnt, Man Tcchnology-Environmcnr Rc_ scarch Centre,Orebro University,Orebro, Sweden Alexi Ernstoff,MS, PhD Srudcnr, Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Technical University of Denmark, Kongcns Lyngby, Denmark Igor Eulaers, PhD Srudcnt, Dcpartmcnr of Biology, University of A ntwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Heesoo Eun, PhD, Senior Researcher, Division ofOrganochem.icals, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan Peter Fantke, PhD, Assistanr Professor, Quantitative Sustainability Assessmem Division, Department of N[anagement Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark Marko FUipovic, FilLic, Department of Applied Environmental Science, Srockholm Univcrsiry, Stockholm, Sweden Marie Frederiksen, Researcher, Danish Building Research lnstirutc, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark Carey Friedman, PhD, Postdoctoral Associate, Ccnrcr for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Frederic Gallo, PhD, Senior Expert, Regional Activity Center for Sustainable Consumption and Production, Barcelona, Spain Joseph A. Gardella,Jr, PhD, Distinguished Professor andJohn and Frances Larkin Professor of Chcmisrry, Department of Chcmisrry, Univcrsiry of Buffalo-The Stare University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA Stephen Gardner, DVM, Veterinarian, Albany Animal HospiraI,Richmond, California, USA Caroline Gaus, PhD, Professor, National Centre for Environmental TQouxeicenolsolagnyd, T, BherisUbnainvee,rQsituyeoenf sland, Ausrralia \Vouter Gebbink, PhD, Researcher, Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Srockholm, Sweden David Gee, PhD,Associarc Fellow, Institute ofEnvironment, Health, and Societies, Brunel University, Brunel, United Kingdom Philip Germansdefer, DHC Che, MS ChE, Director of lnrcrnarional Sales and Markering, Fluid Management Sysrcms, Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, USA Bondi Nxuma Gevao, PhD, Research Scientist, Kuwait Institute for Sciemi6c Research, Safat, Kuwait Melissa Gomis, MS, PhD Srudcnt, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm Univcrsiry, Stockholm, Sweden Belen Gonzalez, PhD Srudcnr, lnstirutc of Environmental Assessmem and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, Spain Peter Gringinger, MSc, Principal, Cardno, Sassafras, Victoria, Australia Adam Grochowalski, PhD, Professor, Department of Analytical Chcmimy, Krakow University of Technology, Krakow, Poland Ramon Guardans, ScicnrificAdvisor, Ministry of Agriculture,Food and Environment, Madrid, Spain AlexeyGusev, PhD,Senior Scientisr, European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme Mercorological Synthesizing Centre-East, Moscow, Russia Arno Gutleb, PhD, Project Leader, Department of Environment and Agro oBfioStccicehnnceolaongdieTs,eLchunxeomlobou, rBgcIlvnasutixt,ute Luxembourg gy Tenzing Gyalpo, PhD Srudcnt, Safery and Environmental Technology Group, lnstirurc for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Johannes Hadrich, PhD, Head, Research Laboratory, European Union Reference Laboratory for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, Frciburg, Germany continued Envlronmental Health Perspectives VOLUME 1231 NUMBER 51 May 2015 A 109 Brief Communication Signatories ((l)IIUNJed} The Madrid Statement on Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances {PFASs) {Signatories as of publication da te. Institutional affiliations arc provided for identifi cation purposes only.) HelenHakansson, PhD, Professor of Toxicology and Chemicals Health Risk Assessmen t, Institute of Enviro nincntal Medicine, Karolinska lnsticucct, Stockholm, Sweden Tomas H ansson, PhD, Researcher, Departme nt ofApplied Environmental Sci ence, Stockholm UniYCrsity, Stockholm, Sweden Mikael Harju, PhD, Senior Sci entist, NILU-Norwcgian Institute for Air Research, Troin.s0, Norway Stuart H arrad, PhD, Professor of Environmental Chemistry, School of Geography, Earth an d Environmen tal Sciences, University of Birmi ngham, Edgbanon, United Kingdom B ernh ard He nnig, PhD, Professor of Nutrition and Toxicology, and Director, University of Kcnrucky Superfund Rescnrch Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA Eun h aHoh , PhD, Associate Pr ofess or, D eportment ofPublic Health, Sn D(ego State University, San Di ego, Califorma, USA S and ra Huber, PhD, Senior Research er, Enviro nmental Chemistry, NILU Norwcgian Insticutc for Air Research, TromS0,Norway FranfOis Ida.ak, Direction de la Su rveillance de l'Environncmcm, lnst1tuc Sci entifique de Service Public (ISScP), Liege, Belgiu m Al astair Iles, SJD, Asso ciate Professor, PDoelpicayr,tmanednMt oafnEangveirmoennmt, eUnntiveSrcsi.ietncoef. y Califo rnia, Berkdey, Ber ke ley, California, USA Ellen lngte-Khans, MSc, PhD Stude nt, D epartment of Applied Enviro nmental Sci ence, Stockholm University, Stockho lm, Sweden Alu, Constantin lo nas,PhD Candidate, Toxico logical Center, University of Anrwcrp, Anrwcrp, Belgium GrietJacobs,Researcher, Flemish Ins titute of Technological Res earch, Mol, Belgium A nnik aJ a hnke, PhD, Researcher, D epartme nt of Cell Toxico logy, He lmh oltzCentre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany VeerleJa spers, PhD, Associ ate Professor, Depanmcnt ofBi ology, Norwe gian Univers ity of Science an d Technology,Trondh eim,Norway Alla n Astru pJensen,PhD, Research Director and CEO,Nipscct, Frcdcribbc<g. D enmuk Javie r CastroJime nez, PhD Research Scientist, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scie nti6c Research, Barcelona, Spain Ingrid EricsonJogsten, Research Sc ientist, Sch ool PofhSDc,i_en ce and Technolo gy, Ore bro University, Orebro, Sweden Jon E.Joh ansen, Dr techn, Director, Ch iron AS, Trondheim, Norway Nikl asJohansson, Senior Consultant, Melica Biologko nsult, UpplandsVasby, Swed en P aul aJoh nson, PhD, MPH, Research Sci entist, California Department of Public Heal th, Richmond, California, USA Jill Johnston, PhD, Pondoctoral Fellow, D epar tmen t of Epidemiology, University of North Caro lina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,USA Olga,Io ann aKalantti, PhD, Assistant Professor, University of the Aeg ean, Myrilene, Grcccc: A nna Karrman,PhD, Asso ciate Professor, Man-Technolo gy- .. Environment Research Ccnttc, Orcbro University, Orebro, Sweden Naila Khalil, MBBS, MPH, PhD, Assistant Professor, Boonshoft School ofMedicine , Wright SrateUniver sity, Kettering, Ohio, USA MaJaKirkegaard, PhD, Cand Scient, Research Advisory, Head of Che,rucals Group, Worklwatch Institute Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark Jan aKlanova, PhD, Professor, Research Center for Toxic Compounds in th e Environment, Faculty of Science, Mnsar yk University, Brn o, C1ech Rep ublic Susan Klosterhaus, PhD,Vice Presiden t, S cien ce and Certification, Cradic to Cradic Products Innovation lnstirute, San Francisco, California, USA Candice Kollar, LEEDAP, Design Str ategist,Kollar Design I E<oCrcativc, San Francisco, California, USA Ja nna G. Koppe, PhD, Professor Emcrirus of Nconatology, Emma Children's HospitaVAcademic Medical Cent er, University of Amsterdam, Locnersloot, th eNetherland, lngjerd S unde Krogseth, PhD, Postdoctor>I Fellow,NILU -Norwegion Innirute for Air Research, Tromse, Norway Petr Ku kucka, PhD,Junior Res earcher, Research Center for Toxic Compounds in rh e Environment, Facul ty of Science, Mnsaryk University, Brno, C1ech Republic P eri han Blnnu r Kur tK ar akus, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Enginccdng, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkcy Henrik Kylin, PhD, Professor, Department ofTh ematic Studies Environ mental Change, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Swe den Remi Laane, PhD, Professor, D epartment of Environmental Chemistry, Univ ersity of Amsterdam, Ddrarcs,Vootburg, theNetherlands Jon San1, Landalure,PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of An alytical Chemistry, Univeisidad Complutcnsc de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Le ThiH ai Le, PhD, Depar tment Deputy D ircetor, Miniscry ofNarural Resources and Environmen t, HaNoi, Viet nam Jong-Hye on Lee,PhD,Director, NeoEnBi1, Gyeonggi-d o, South Korea Marike Martina Leljs, PhD, Professor, D epartment of De rmatology, University Ho,pital RWTH Aachen , Aachen, G ermany Xlaodong LI, PhD, Professor, Faculty of Engineering,Zhejiang University, H anguiou, China Yifan Li, PhD,Professor, l ntcrnarional Joint R cse:ueh Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, Hatbin lnnirute of Technol ogy, Harbin, China Danuta Ligocka, PhD, Senior Researcher, Department of Toxicology and Carcinog enesis,Nofcr Institute of Occupatio nal Medicine , l.6di, Poland Monica L ind, PhD, Scientist, Occupational an d Enviro nmen tal Medicin e, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Le e Lippincott,PhD, Assistant Professor of Che mistry, Allied Health Sciences, Merc er County Co mmunity College, Wes t Windsor,New Jersey, USA Mariann Lloyd-Smith, PhD, Senior Advisor, National Toxics Ncrwork, Easr Ballina,New South Wales,Aus tralia Karin Lofstrand, PhD,Postdoctoral Fellow, Department ofApplied Environ mental Scic; ncc, Sto ckholm University, Stockholm, Swed en Raine r Lohmann, PhD, Associate Professor, Graduate School of Oceanogr aphy, University of Rhode Island,IGng ston, Rhode Isla nd, USA Donald Lucas, PhD, Research Scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA JoseVinicioMacias, PhD, Researcher, Autonomous Univ ersity of Baja California, Baja California, Mexico Karl Mair,Magistcr, Senior Environmental Chemist, E<:o Research, Bcbcano, Italy Govindan Malarvannan, PhD, Research Scientist, Faculty of Pharmaceutica l, Biomedical and Vete rinary Sciences, University of Antwer p, Anrwcrp.Belgiu m Sve tlana Malysbeva, PhD,Research Scientist, Scicnti6c Institu te of Public Health, Ghent Universi ty, Brussels, B elgi um JonathanMartfo, PhD, Professor. Division of Analytical and Environ mental Toxicology, University of Alberta, Edmonton,Alb erta, Can ada LisaManioli, MSc, Scientist, Depar tmen t of Chemistry, Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Michael McL achlan,PhD,Pro fessor, Department of Applied Environme1ual Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Swoden LisaMelymuk, PhD, Junior Researcher, Research Center for Toxic Compo unds in ch e Enviro nment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Qcch Republic Annelle Mende,:, PhD Student, Safety and EnvironmentalTechnol ogy Group,Institute for Chemical and Bioenginee ring, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Swincrland Tom Muir, MS, Consu ltant{retired), E nvironment Canada, Bur. lington, Ontari o,Canada Mari e Danielle Mulder, PhD Student, Research Center for Toxic Comp ounds in rhc Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Bmo, Gcch Rep,,blic Jochen Muller, PhD, Professor, National Research Centr e for E nvironmental Toxicology,The University ofQueensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia P atricia Mu rphy,ND,LAc, Naruropathic Physician , Portland, Oregon, USA Takeshl Nakano, PhD, Specially Appointed Professor, Gradua te School of Engineerin g, Osaka UniYCrsity, Osaka, Japan AmgalanN ats agdotj, PhD, Associate Professor, D epartment of Chemistry, National Universi ty ofMongolia, Ulaanbaara r, Mongolia S ethNewton, PhD Stud en t, Depar tment of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Ta.by, Sweden Car la Ng, PhD, Senio r Scientist, Safe ty a n d Envi ronmental Technology Group, Institute for Ch emica land Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Bo Normande r, PhD, Executive Director, Worldwatch Institute E urope, Co penhagen, Denmark Ke es Olie, PhD, Retired, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosys tem Dynamics, Amsterdam, the Nethe rlands Bindu Panikka r,PhD, Research Associate, Arctic lnstiru te ofNorth America, Calgary, Alberta, Cana da Rich ard Peterson, PhD, Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univcrsiry of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Arianna Piersa nti, PhD, Lead Che mist, Food ofEnvironmental Control Department, lstituto Zooprofilattci o Spcrimentale ddl-Umbria e dell Marche, Perugia, Italy Merle Plassmann, PhD, Researcher, Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Sto ckholm, Sweden AnuschkaPolder, PhD, Scicntis<, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology,Nor wegian University ofLife Sci ences, Oslo, Norway contirued A 110 VOlUME 123 l NUMBER 51 May 2015 Environmental Health Perspectives Brief Communication Signatories (conti nued) The Madrid Statement on Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) (Signarories as of publication dare. lnstiturional affiliations arc provided fo r identification purposes only.) Mahe Posselt, BSc,MS Student, German FederalEnvironment A gency, Berlin, Germany Deborah0. Raphael, Director, San Francisco Department of rhe Environmenr, San Francisco, California, USA ShayReicher, PhD, Risk Asscssmcnr Director, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel Efstathios Reppas-Chrysovitsinos, MEng, PhD Candidate, Department of Applied Environmcnral Science, Srockholm Univcrsiry, Stockholm, Sweden CrystalReul-Chen, DEnv, Senior EnvironmenraJ Scicntisr, California EnvironmenraJ Prorection Agenc y, Sacramento, California, USA David Roberts, PhD, Kenan Professor of Physics, Dcpartmcnr of Physics, Brandeis Univcrsiry, Waltham, Massachuscrrs, USA Mary Roberts, PhD, Professor, Mcrkcrr Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chcsmut Hill, Massachuscrts, USA Camilla Rodrigues, PhD, Researcher, Environmental Saniradon Technology Company, San Paulo, Braz.iI Ott Roots, Dr s cnar ETH, Director of rhc [nstimte/Leading ResearchScicmist, Estonian Environmental Research ln.sdtutc, TaJlinn, Estonia MariaRos Rodriguez, Laboratory Technician, lnsdrnto de Qufmica Organica Gcncral-Conscjo Superior de lnvcsdgacioncs Cicnci6cas,Madrid, Spain Anna Rotander,PhD, Posrdoctoral Researcher, M a nT-cchnology Environment Research Centre,6rebro Univcrsir y, 6rebro, Sweden; and National ResearchCemre for Environmemal TQouxeicenolsolagnyd, T, BherisUbnainvee,rQsituyeoenf sland, Ausrralia Ruthann Rudel, MS, Director of Research, Silent Spring Instirurc, Newton, Massachuscrts, USA Christina Ruden, PhD, Professor, Department of Applied Environmental Science, Srockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Andreas Beguin Safron, MSc, PhD Candidarc, Department of Applied EUnnvivicrornsimry,enStraolcSkchieonlmce,,SSwtoedckenholm Amina Salamova, PhD, Research Scientisr, School of Public and Environmenral Afaf irs, Indiana Univcrsiry, Bloomingron,Indiana, USA Samira Salihovic, PhD,Posrdoctoral Fellow, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala Univcrsiry, Uppsala, Sweden Johanna Sandahl, MS, Prcsidcnr, Swedish Society for Nature Con.servadon, Stockholm, Sweden ErikSandell, Consulting Specialist, Nab Labs Oy,Espoo, Finland Andreas Schaeffer, PhD, lnsritute Director, Insdture for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen Univcrsiry, Aachen, Germany Julia Schaletzky, PhD, Senior Group Leader, Cytokinerics, South San Francisco, California, USA Arnold Schecter, PhD, Professor, School of Public Health, University of Texas-Dallas Campus, Dallas, Texas, USA TedSchettler, MD,MPH, Scienc e Director, Science and Environmental Health Ncrwork, Ames, Iowa, USA Margret Schlumpf, Dr sc natETH, Co-Director, Group for Rep roductive, Endocrine and Environmental STwoxiticzeorlloagnyd, University of Zurich, Zurich, PeterSchmid, PhD, Senior Scicnrisr, Department ofOrganicChcmimy, Swiss Federal lnstirurc for Marcrial Research and Testing,Diibcndorf,Swirzcrland LaraSchultes,MSc, PhD Student, Department of Applied Environmental Science, Srockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Susan Shaw, PhD, Professor, School of Public Health, University at Alba n y Stare University of New York, Albany, New York, USA; and Director, Marine Environmenral ResearchInstirurc, Blue Hill, Maine, USA Omotayo Sindiku, Research Assistant, Basel Convendon Coordinadn.g Center, lbadan, Nigeria Line Sm1stuen Haug, PhD, Senior Scientisr, Departmenr of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Insdtute of Public Health,Oslo, Norway Anna Sobek, PhD, Researcher, Department of Applied Environmental Science, Srockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Ana Sousa, PhD, Postdoctoral Researcher, Health Sciences Re s e a rch Cenrre, University o f B cira Imerior, Covilha, Portugal MMcatratlilnASGp, eRraln,Tshecohfcnni,cAiauns,rAriuasrria ThomasSteiner, PhD, CEO, Monirorin.gSystcms GmbH, Pressbaum, Ausrria ChristineSteinlin,PhD Studcnr, Safery andEnvironmental Technology Group, lnstirurc for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Alex Stone,ScD, Senior Chcmisr, Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program,Washing ron State Department of Ecology, Lacey,Washingron, USA WilliamStubbings, PhD Srudcnt, Univcrsir y of Birm ingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom Roxana Siihring, PhD Studcnr, Helmholtz-Zentrum Gccsrhacht, Liincburg, Germany Kimmo Suominen,PhD, Senior Researcher, Finish Food Safety Authority, Risk Assessment Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland Rebecca Sutton, PhD, Senior Scicnrist, SanFrancisco EstuaryInstirutc, Richmond, California, USA Joel Svedlund, BSc , Susrainability Manager,KJanermusen AB, Arc, Sweden David Szabo,PhD, Senior Scicntisr, RAmeseearirccahna,nWdiDnservoenlo-Spamleemnt,,NRoerytnholds Carolina, USA OnerTatli, LabManager, A&G Piir Analysis Laboratory,lzmir, Turkey Neeta Thacker,MSc, PhD, Former Chief Scicnrist and Quality Manager, Analytical Instruments Division, National Environmenral Engineering ResearchInsdrutc, Nagpur,India Oien Nguyen Thanh, PhD Student, Environment Preservadon Research Cenrer, Kyoto University, Kyoto,Japan Joao PauloMachado Torres, PhD, Associate Professor,Instiruto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Bra1,il MatthewTrass, PhD, Research Scientisr, Phenomenex,Torrance, California, USA TheodoraTsongas, PhD,MS, Environmental Health Scientist and Consultant, Porrland,Oregon, USA Mary Turyk, PhD, Associarc Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biosratisdcs, University of Illinois ar Chicago,Chicago, Illinois,USA Anthony C. Tweedale, MS, Consultant, Re burring Industry EScaisernpcoeinwrcit,hMKinchoiwglaend,gUe SCAonsultancy, MartaVenier, PhD, Scientist, School of Public and Environmental Afaf irs, Indiana Univcrsir y, Bloom.ingron, Indiana, USA RobinVestergren, PhD, Postdoctoral Researcher, Environmental Chemisrr y, N I L U -Norwcgian lnsrirutc for Air Research, Troms0, Norway StefanVoorspoels, PhD, Research Manager, Flemish lnsrirutc of Technological Research, Mol, Belgium Shu-Li\Vang, PhD, lnvcstigaror and Professor, Depanment of Environmemal Health andOccupational Medicine, National Health Research lnstirurc, Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan Glenys \Vebster, PhD, Posrdoctoral Fellow, Devdopmcmal Neurosciences and Child Health, Child and Family Research lnsrirutc, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser Unive rsity, Vancouver, Bridsh Columbia, Canada Larry\Veiss, MD, ChiefMarkcring Officer, AOBiomc, LLC, San Francisco, California, USA Philip \Vhite,Organics Analysr, Marine Instirutc, Galway, Ireland Karin\Viberg, PhD, Professor, Department of AquadcSciences and Assessment, Swedish Univcrsiry of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden GayleWindham, PhD,Research Scientisr, Division of Environmental andOccuparional Health Conrrol, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA Hendrik\Volschke, PhD Student, Helmholtz Zentrum Gees rhacht-Ccnrrc for Marcrials and Coastal Research, Gcesrhacht, Germany BoYuan, PhD, Posrdoctoral Fellow, Department of Applied Environmental Science, Srockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Elena Zaffonato,Organics Analysr, ChelabSri, Resana Treviso,Italy LingyanZhu, PhD, Professor, ECnolliengeeeroifnEgn, NviraonnkmaieUntnailvSe rcsieintyc,elianandjin, Chgina RobertZoeller, PhD, Professor, Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amhersr, Massachuscrrs, USA Envlronmental Health Perspectives VOLUME 1231 NUMBER 51 May 2015 A111