Document QVKVK9DBme8bp2awn83NQK17

FILE NAME: ZK DATE: DOC#: K DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION:WZK>ZE^ ZsZ Volume I . NATIONAL SAfETY CONGRESS TRANSACTIONS GENERAL SESSIONS ANNUAL MEETING OF MEMBERS CONGRESS BANQUET IJST OF EXHIBITORS GENERAL INDEX OF ALL VOLUMES NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 OfFICERS OF THE AEROSPACE SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1968-69 (;Ol(rll{ Cll<linll(/"~J. M. J)wm AM, Safety DirectoT, Martin MaricHa Corp, New Yor k, N. Y. Arli'J,1l Vir,. CJ1i1jrlJl(1I1~*FHI:f) R. Tnt!'!.!:, Chid Safcty Ellgineer, G('ll('fal nY!lalllic~ Corp., Fori Worth, Texas SC(r'(!ar:y-T,-m,rllrrr-*FIlr.n It T[~MPI.E, Chief Safcty ElIl;inC'cr, General DYl1atnic~ Corporatioll, Fort \Vorlh, Texas N('1(I.<;/tllrr Edi/m--E. L. MrNllWHA! 1., IIral!h and SafelY' E!l~illccr, The Boeing COIllp;my, Jl{)eilll~ Albnl it' Tesl C(,lller, Cocoa Beach, Fla. E,J.'Irtlcrri,J[l CJwir11um~F. G. THOliHIAN, Accident Prevention Administf<ltor, Westingholtse Electric Corporatioll, Astroflnc1car Laboratory, I'ittshnrgh, POl. I'roprom Clrainmw-W. W. AII.I~ON, Safety Consultant, Sandia Corporatio!l, Sandia, Albuqut'!qtIC, N. M. [du(n/illll 0' Traillill[l Chninl1lm-C. A. M<.:(;I-:I:, Chid, Indnstrial llyglCIlC & Sa[dy, North American j{ockwell Corp., CO\1I1111HI\ Ohio huffo/rial IfYFli('ll(' CIIO;nlllltf-HoWARIl 13 SPIELMAN, Head, Itldu,trial Hygiene & Safety, lorpoLltc Industrial Helatiol1~, Hllghes Aircraft Company, Los Angeles, Calif. lifcIII/!('rship ClUlirmall-EHNEST LI.vLNS, Director of Safety, Douglas Aircr:tft Company, Me DOIlJlell Douglas Corp., Santa Moniea, Calif. Statistics {y' e(lllirst c//(/irmml-J. J. MOLLOY, Spcci:d 1\~,i~t;tIlt. Indll',tri;d fI micl1f.' & Saft'ty. Aerospace & Systems Croup, North AlII('f';ran i<orkwcll (ll'p., EI Segundo, Ctlif. OlJ-Thr-Jo/J Safel}' Chairman-ll. J SWNl', Chief, Safety &. ]mlllqriallf:,girnr, Lockheed Missiil's 8;; Space Co., Sunnyvale, Calif. c.; n. Mililmy (wd GOl'mI1l1C1li Aprtl()' /?c/,rcsol/lI/iVt's--EAf(L.s. JIoWAHTI!, Chief, Ground Safety Branch. IIq. AFSC. Andrews AFB, Wa~hill)~t{)l1, 1\. ]{. EVANS, .In, knrrai ~afcty c.; Ofllccr, };av;tl Air Sys(('!1lS COllltlland, Navy Department, Wa~ltil1gt{)ll, D. E. A. BUltKf:, National Aeron:1ntirs am! Spare Admin, Mis~i~sipJli Test Facility, Bay S1. LOllis, Mis'i. LOIlD HOWle Flol/t1il19 Clwinllllll-))ANA A. FHA <;I [f(, IIe:1lth & Safety Engineer, Aerospace alld Sy,tCt11S Group, North Amc! iran Rockwell Corp., El Segundo, Calif. Staff R~>l'rcscl1l(/livc-JOSEI'Ii ZUlTlIOI'F, IlJ(lu~(rial rkpt., National Safety Council, 425 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill. 60611 ,. Pa~t Cel1CI al Chairm.m 27 National .\0 Safety Council (Board 0/ Directors, {(J11 timlcd) RUsstl.L E. HESToN, Director of Engineering, Grinnell :Mutual -Rcin~ . sura!lc~ompany. Grinnell, Iowa ../ W. C. HEWItT, S~ior Vice President, Phillips Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, Oklahoma DoNALDM. HIGGINS, Director, Health and Safety Service, National \ <:. \ COllnci~ Boy Scouts of ~mcrica, New Brunswick, New Jersey It RT. REV. MSGR~ GEORGE G. HIGGI~S, Director, Department of Social Adion, National Catho!,i~ Welfare Conference, Washington, D. C. CHAS. R. HOLLOWAY, JR., Vice President, Northwest Natural Gas Company, Portland, Oregon DR. GAROLD D. HOLSTINE, National Director, Red Cross Youth, The American National Red Cross, Washington, D. C. PAUL].' HooVf]!, Vice President, The Halle Bros. Co., Cleveland, Ohio W. G. HORTON, President, Bus Hortqtl IllC., Oklahoma. City, Oklahoma HAROLD R. Hos~:A. Safety Information Branch, Office of Highway S<lfety, U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, D. C. W. G. HOTCHKISS, Manager - Personnel Services, Chrysler Corporation, Detroit, Michigan W. L. HUFFMAN, Vice President and Genernl Manager, Northwestern Bell Telephone Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota fRED HUI.EEN, v,IllOratioll Director of Personnel, The Boeing Com- pany, Seattle, Washington . : ':-'" 4, , p \ ". , --------.. , 1 H. M. HUNTINGroN, General Supervisor, Safety:' t~;lcrn~tiolla1 Har- Charlotte~ville, vester Company, Chicago, Illinois CLAUDE A. JESSUP, President, Virginia Trailways, Virginia " Mrss RUTH JEWELL, State Musie Consultant, Slate Department of Public Instruction, Raleigh, North Carolina ~ PAUL H. JOHANSEN, President, Central Motor L~cs, Charlotte, North Carolina . FRED F. JOHNSON, Consultallt, Gulf States Utilities, Lake Charles, Louisiana 15 OffICERS Of THE CEMENT. qUARRY. AND MINERAL AGGREGATES SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1968-69 Gmcrll/ C/lllinuatl---MAllTlN D. GENTRY, Mgr., Industrial Relations, Cencral Portland CCIllCl1t Co., Dallas, Tcxa~ Fir_~t Virr-CJlllirmml-l'. C. HATLER, As,>t. Lahor Relatio!1~ Mgr., IdC:lJ Cetllent Co, Denver, Colo_ SrcoHd Viu-ChoirIllO/l.. -Ronr.ItT J GROMI.EY, Mgr. of SafelY & Personnel, Thc St;lIldani Slag OJ, YOtlllgstown, Ohio ,"I/'frl'lary-P, J. JUIl(;E, Illd\l~trial Relations Managn, HOl1daille Construction Materials, Inc., Morristown, N, J. Nrwslel/rr Edifor-(~uy M(!ULIlS, Huron Cemcnt (0, Div. N;<tiollZlI Gypsum Co., Alpcn;t, Michigan " AJJocia/r Eelitor-RoUER! M. HOLllERlf.D, A5sociate Director of S"fcty, Standard 1btcrial, Div" Martin-Marietta Corp., New York, N. Y. Program COlllmitl'c-l'. C. HATI.ER, AssL Labor Relatioll'; Mr,r., Ideal Cemrnt Co, Deliver, Colo.; ROnl'.ltT M. I IOl.OERIED, Associate Director of Safely, Standard Materials niv., Martin-Marietta COfp., New York, N. Y.; *HOWARO F. JOHNSTON, Div. Mgr., Industrial Rclations, The Rubcroid Co., Hound Brook. N. J.; SIDNEY A. QUIN, MJ~r, Loss Prcvention D('pt., Royal Globe Insurance Co., Dallas, Tcxa~; F. J. R()(,tJtS, MgT, Administrative Serviccs, GYPSUlll Association, ChicZlgo, J11. .\1rlll/Jcrsilip Co11!HJillcr-- SinN I:\, A. QUIN, Mv,r., Los') Prevention Dept., Royal Globe Insurance Co., Dallas, Texas; A. VICTOH ADNEE, JR, Secretary-General Mgr., Gypsum A~s{)('iation, Chicago III.; HOWARlJ K. J<j;CLF.STON, Man;Jging Director, National SJaf~ Assn., Alexandria, Va.; T. W. MYERS, Mgr., Employmcnt and Safety, The Diamond Portland Ccment Co" Division of the Flintkote Company, Mitldle Branch, Ohio; KEVIN C.1\I.LJ\lIAN I National Concrete Mllsonry Assn., Arlington, Va,; LWNARlJ R. FLICKER, Director of SafelY, K:li~cr Cemcnt & Gypsnm Corp., Oakland, Calif.; Ronr.RT M. KOCH, Prcsidcnt, National LimestoIle Institute, Inc., Washington, D. c.; E. J. WARING, Laverack & Haim's, Inc., Buffalo, N. Y.; G_ E. WII.LIAMS, SafclY Director, American Aggregates Corp, Grcenville, Ohio Statistics mid COIltcsls Comlllittee-POltREST MOYrR (Cbairman), U. S. Bureau of Mine" Wa,hington, D. c.; CIlARLf:S W. SCIINtIDrn, Nation;!\ Sand & Gravel Assn., National Ready Mix Concrete As,n., Silver Spring, Md.; E. BAUMAN, National Slag Associatioll, Wa~hington, D. C. En.'linrcri,rg Colllmitlec-LoYD L. CASH, JR. (Co-Chairman), Safety Dircctor, The Georgia Marble Co, Tate, Ga.; Anvl!) TIENSON. Director of Insurance amI. Safety, Material ~ S::-rvice Div, of GCIILfa\ Dynamics Corll., Chicago, 111.; C. RUSSEl, MATTSON, Safety 20 S\ll)('rvi~()r, })ravo Corp., Neville Isbnd, Pitl~ht1rl\lI, 1':1.; W. M. IloxlE (Co-Chair- mall, Fa:,t), Safely Engineer, Corps of Enginccn;, New Enp,iall(! Division, Waltham, Mass.; J. MILTON DURHAM, Saftty Dir., Martin Maril'lta COfp., New York, N. Y.; *IloWA\\tl Hllm:NsTAIIL, Mgr. of Tr;\inillli and Safety, A1l1ha Portland C('T1)('nt Co., Easton, Pa.; Hoy G. STon,. Mininv, II (';\It 11 and Safety FngilH'rr, U. S. Bureau of Mil1c~, W:lsJlingtoll, D. C; JOliN J. SWEENEY, Safety EllEillfCr, Bethlehem Mines Corp., McCoy Quarry, Kinf~ of Prussia, Pa.; E. J. WAnlN(;, Lavcrark and Baines, Inc., I3ufTalo, N. Y.; RAl.PH WltAY, Alllel irall Mutual Liability IIl~;l1Iancc Co., Baltimore, Md. Visiwl Aids Cummit/fe-CHARLES G. SIII]:roN (Chairman), Vulcan Materials Co., Mid-East Divisioll, Wimtoll-Sa1clll, N. c.; *HOWAl!1I F. JOHNSTON, Div. Mgr., Industrial Hebliom, The l{uheroid Co., Bound Brook, N. J.; ROllI:UT T. SMITH, Dravo COfp., Keystone Div., Pittsburgh, Pa.; FRED J. RO(,EHS, Mgr., Administrative Servircs, C;YPsllm Assn., Olir:tgo, Ill.; JOHN C. MCCl.lCI.I.ANIl, ,Tn., Dir. of l'uhlic Relations, National Crushed Stolle Assn., Washington, D. C ; DAVlIJ VISNAW, SafelY El1f~incer, Madi~on Silo Co., Div. MartinMarietta Corp., Madison, Wis. OU-tlle-Job Safcty COlllmittrc-J. MILTON DURIIAM (Chairman), Safrty Dir., Martin Marietta Corp., New York, N. Y.; l,OYO L. CASH, JR., Safety Dir., The (;con6" Marble Co., Tate, Ga.; LEONARD R FLICKER, Dir. of Safety, Kaioer Ccmrnt &: Gn)~lIl!1 Corp., Oakland, Calif.; Roy G. STorr, Mining Health and Sa.fety Engineer, U. S. Bnft';m of Mincs, Washington, D. C ; DON R. HOSSICNOI., Dr;wo Corp, Cincinnati, Ohio n. Publiejlj' COIlllllittrc-KENNETl! A. GUTSCIllCK (Chairn!all), Mgr., Trdllliral Services, National Limc Assn., Wa~hingt()lJ, c.; H. BR/lIJI.J:Y JOHNSON, Div. of Safely, AIIlI.'Tic;lI1 Mining Congress, Wa~hingtotl, n. c.; WILLIAM I.. CAltTEIl, Execntive Dir., N:ltiollal Cm<;hed Stone Assn, Washil1f~ton, D. c.; JOHN C. MCCU!.I.ANI1, In., Director (If I'lIhlic Relations, National Crushed Stolle AS'II., Washington, D. C. Traitlillg Committcc-*How Aim IhJ:FrN~TAIiI. (Chairman) '. Mgr., TraininR' and Safety, Alpha Portland Cement Co.. Ll<;tOIl, 1'a ; J. MILTON DURHAM, Safety Dir., Martill Marietta Corp, New York, N. Y.; WlI.I.JAM A. 1\11'1', Manager-SafelY, Universal Atlas Ccment Div., U. S. Corp., Pitlshl1rj;h, Pa.; GF.RAI.f) D. RAVER, Logal1~port, Ind.; C. RUSSEL MATTSON, Safety Supervisor, Dravo Corp., Nevillt Islam!, Pittsburgh, Pa. Ll'gi.ojrz titl{' C01Jl1ll ittff-j 011 N J. MCCLFLl.'\ Nn (Chairman), National Crnshcd Stone As- sociation, Washington, j) C.; *UOWAHD RIEFENSTAllL, Manager of TrainiJlg ami Safety, Alpha Portland (,Illent COI1l]lany, Ea<.loll, Pa.; Lr:oNAlH) R FUCKER, Director of Safety, K;liser Cell1ent &: Gypsum Corp, Oakland, .Calif.; E. ]. WARING, Asst. Vice Presidcnt, Laver:lc\c & Haines, IlIe, Buffalo, N. Y.; D. \V. WARD, MgT. Eng. & Loss Control, Harris-MODIC 8; i\~<;ociates. LMIll RlHl!lC Pimmit!!! CII1I1mi!l( -tJ IL TREAIlWAY (Chairman), Vlllcan Materials Co., Ilirmingham, Ala ; *FRANCIS W Bthll, SR, Director of Safety, M. 1. Grove Lime Co., Frederick, Md.; *HOWAHIl F. JOHNSTON, Div. Mgr., lndnstrial RelatioIls, The Rubcroid Co., BOllnd Brook, N. J.; *1 !OWAHII HHTPI STAll L, Mgr., Training and Safety, Alpha Portland Cemcnt Co., Easton, Pa.; *i\IlVIIl TJE.NSON, Dir. of Insurance and Safety, c.; Material Service Div. of Ceneral Dynamics Corp., Chic:tgo, III.; *GARI.AND E. MIDYETTE, Safety Dir., Superior Slone Co., Div., Martin Marietta Corp., Raleigh, N. "PAUL j. WOl,SECK, Manager-Safety and Welfare, Lehigh PortljH~~,.Cerncllt Co., Allen- town, Pa. 'JJ II ospitalily Cat1l1llittcc~RollEln J CROMl.EY (Chairman), Manager of Safety & Personnel, The Standaid Slag Co., Youngstown, Ohio; JOHN C. MCCLELLAND, JR., Director of 21 Pllhlic Relations, Natiollal Crushed StOIlC Assn., Wasl1ingtoll, n .c. i ARYID TIf:NSON, Dir. of Insurance and Safety, Material Service Div. of General Dynamics Corp., Olicago, III. Nominating Commitlrc-*J. R. TRfJ\DWAY (Olairman), Safety Dir., V11lcan Materials Co., Birmingham, Ala.: GARLAND E. MIDYItl'TE, Safety DiL, Superior Stolle Co., Div., Martin Marietta Corp., Raleigh, N. C.; FRANCIS W. BusH, SIl., Dir. of Safety, M .J. Grove Lime Co., Frederick. Md. Mfmbrrs-al-Largc-T. W. JONl::s, Vice President In Chargc of Produrtioll, New Hav(')l Trap Rock Co., New Haven, Conn,; IVAN F. LeGOlll':, Safety Dir" Portland Cemcnt Assll . Skokie, l11. : *LEs!.IE S. VOLTZ, Bellwood, III. . Siaff RrprexNl!o!ive-EDWARO J. SEDlACF.K, National ~afcty Council, 425 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill. 6(X')11 ~." . Past General 01ainnan OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE IN THE ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY By HARRY E. TEBROCK, M.D. ,,.General Telephone & Electronics Service Corp,,New York. N. Y. l't obably no other industry has developed so rapidly, made greater iuroads into the int riracies of science, or taxrd the imagination and ingenuity of man more than the electronics .industry. Frolll the simple, humble bcgitltlill!js of tlte rry<;tal set radio and vaeUl1m tube to thc complicated marvels of TV microwavc devices. computers, lao;crs, etc., electronic cngineers continuc to push hack the harriers of the seemingly illl1}()ssihlc to accomplish the incredible. Howcvcr, in thc course of such achiev\:lHents 1lI1tl1erOllS sa fely hazard$, toxicological problems and indtlstrial hygiene difficlllties have hecn cncOll!ltercd. Naturally, ill any dedronlc operation Otic has to deal with a variety of solv{,llls, gases, plating chemicals, caltstics. acios, fire and explosive hazards, indllstri;t\ aml diagnostic x-ray. noisc, toxic plant emtlcnt~ etc 1 shall treat hurriedly of these common universal h;17anls in order to provide time for the more exotic is';lles ill the electronics industry. The common chemical hazards include mercury, lead, arsenic. cyanidc~ (plating). hydrogen sulfide. lllolybdclll1lJ1, germaniuTll, trichloroethylene, he r y 11 i 11 III , magnesium, phosphinc (deborane) I methylene chloride, photo resist (mixture of polyvinyl, alcohol, ethyl :.ltohol and ammoniulll dichromate). c:lust ie, hyd ronuoric and other acids, sulfI1f dioxide, ammonia, amyl acetate, amine<;, vanadium, yttrium, curopiulI1, l1:1riu111, strolllil1ln, calcium, cadmium, zinc. mall!;alle,(', nickel, the epoxy resins. pofYlll ethane resin<;, radioactive ma{rrials, and phosphor:;. PlzospllOrs With the exception of thc phosphors, YOll undoubtedly have had experience with all of the aforementioned chemicals, hath as to their degree of hazard and the safeguards necessary to control these hazards. However. to same the word phosphor may bc a relatively new tenu, as it is primarily confined to fluorescent tube and TV tube manufacture, both monochrome and color. By definition, a phosphor is a combination of chemica!s hlended together to produce a IICW chemical structure with characteristics different from its constitucnts and capablc of luminesccnce. In the early development of lumincscent pho~phor chCJI1 i ca Is, you Illay rcmcmber herylliutn and the resultant toxicological hazards it prl'sented before eventually hcing hrought under control. Hard 011 the heels of the Auorcsccnt lamp camc a new electronic device: the television receiver. Furthermore, the develojlment of color TV in 1954 entailed the usc of new and exotic phosphors not previollsly etnjlloyed. Lookilll~ bark upon the history of beryllium phosphors, one may anticipate that new industrial hygienic problem, will come with the new phosphors. Rcgrcltably, as in the early Jays of berylliullI mc, no toxicological information of sufficient scope is available to give one ,\ background ill the approach to managcment of the clinical problems of workers who arc cxposed to tliese new materials in their occupations. Tile physician in indtl~try, therefore, Illllst devise an approach to determine {he level of toxicity and the extcnt of a medical enginecring control program !o protect cmployees as well as any 110telltiai product liability. Let me outline briefly how occupational medicine might attack stlrh a problem. Two main isslIcs present thcmsclveo: 1. That of exposure to the raw m,lterials used to make the powder or phosphor covering the face of the TV tuhe -:. in this instance europium-activated yttrium or thovanadate, Ilsed to produce a sllperior color ami brightness as compared to the alder and relatively les5 toxic silver-activated zinc cadmium sulfidr. 2. That of cxposurc to the finishcd phosphor aftcr it has heen fired ami a new chemic:t! structure formcd -- new in crystalline structure, solubility particle size, and new in its toxicological properties. As the nam~ implies, this new solid state compound curopium-activated yttrium orthovandate consists of a mixture of the metallic 5 clement vanadium as au orthovanadatc combined with yttrium, all activated ill the presence of specific quantity of the rarc earth enropium. The three components of this new luminesce1lt pllOsphor all cOHtaill their OWII individual toxicology, with vanadium being the only olle of which we have some depth of knowledgc The litelrlturg and scientific eX\lCricnce is conspicllollsly devoid of data rcgarding the Tare carths yttrium and europium. However, particularly in the dcctrOllics industry, the rare earths arc being utilized to an ever increasing degree ill the production of new types of alloys, microwa-:e devices, lasers, masers, ins1Ilators, capacitors, semiconductors, fCHodcctrics, and probably most of all in the m:mllacturc of powders or phosphors for color TV screens in order to produce more vivid color TCJlroduction. Pharmacology and toxicology reve;tl that the rarc earths jl<Jssess a relatively low level of toxicity. Vanadium and its compounds, on the other hand, arc known to be definitely toxic. Therefore, we must gear <nlr controls to the most toxic clement of tlle phmphof: namely vanadium. The human response to vanadium h:l~ hrcn well documented. The symptoms afC usually as follows: conjunctivitis; irritated nas.l1 passages with mucoUs discllargc; irritation of respiratory tmct with bronchitis and \lfonehospasm; chest pain with pneumonitis, dyspnea, and paroxysmal cough; weakness persisting after exposure; and, occ;tsionally, palpitation. A greenish Mack discoloration of the tongue is frequently present, as is a contact-tYPe dermatitis with associated hypersensitivity. Allergy is a factor, as some people may rcact positively to patch tests with a sodium vanadate solution. Because of these facts and because so little else is known partictJ!arly in reference to the finished TV phosphor and its application, the medical department decided upon the following medical control program: 1. Initial selection of workers i.e; made to exclude from exposure any new employees having any chronic disease of the lungs or respiratory tract sudl as chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, nasal or sinus infections, conjunctivitis, allergic disease of the skin, or other allergies. 2. Complete pre-employment physical examination repeated annually. 6 J. Ch~1 X-r.lj' (l4x17 FA) repeated :111- nual.ly. 4_ VitallAp;tcity --- rcpeat every ~ix months. 5. Body weight and hlood preSSIIH' - - rqK<lI every six months. 6. Complete blood count at prc-clllployment - repeat ;mflllally. 7. Thymol turbidity annually. 8. Urinalysis annually - urine albumin every six months. 9_ Urm.1TY v-;madium levels repeated annually or at any time signs of vanadium intoxlcatiotJ may ;tppear. As a result of this type of medical program in effect for the P3St five years we can now report that; 1. Exposure of a plant population (3,000 employees) has resulted in an incidence of 30 per cent aImual rate of minimal injury by vanadium - all Icvcrsibk. 2. No chronic or systemic disease effcct~ were found. J. No significant X-T;ty changes were ob- served over a five year period.. No blood dyscra..c;ias or elevation of blood pre'isnre or changes in pulmonary function. 4. The incorporation of vanadium a'i the orth<1Vanadatc into the crystalline lattice of the phosphor apparently results in the formation of a compound of much lower toxicity than that of vanadium pcn(oxide alOtlc at S. OpcIdtions were begun in 1963 and to date the population risk averages 3,000 people with 20,000 man hours of exposure. No toxicology )Yf 'it pcnnanent damaging nature has bCcn observed in ;my of onr exposures during this time. With the foregoing experience and the fact tllat we can keep our exposure levels to below 05 MG/Mll, the calculated safe level, we now can relax ollr medical program to some degree. However, in spite of the excellent prophylactic effects of preventing ocrupationat disc.1se f rom this toxic material. it is neccssary that continuing study be cxercised to ascertain if delayed cflttts :will OCCUr such as those which occurred with beryllium phosphors. No discussion of occupational medicine's part in the dcctronics industry would be complete without considerations of hazard mnlrol in la!>cr production ;InclllSc; also the imlllediately after an.'idcntal cX('(',<;il'r expo- usc of epoxy resins and, as YOll will recall, ~Ilr(', the recent aPI>rchcltsion r<,garding x-radiation from color TV sd~. 4. Each laser ~ollrcc and its char actc!'i~li('s to he rCI){)rtcd to thc medical and <;<If ely Lt1.JCYS L1.ser, or "light :lIliplification by stimulated cllljs~ioll of radiation," is an incredihle device develoPed as recently as 19CJO. There arc many projected and actual applications department hcforc activation. As with all significant industrial ha7ard!:, the hest ('Ontrol is at the source; perSOll;]) protective <leviers arc to Ill' regaldcd as "jllst in case". Some of thc principal points includc: for lasers. For instance, in the field of com- :I. Details of output c.1.1>acity of eacb lIlunication as a possible technique for range device should Ilc attached therelo. determination of both terrestrial and satel- h. The bcam should be controlled so as lite vehiclcs. Also as a clinical tool in certain to eliminate exposure to o~rators, ophthalmic or other biomedical procedurcs. hystanders, ;md thc public. For the welding of refractory metals, or as a milit.1.ry tool to fit into selective weapons systems as a Hew weapon or as the ultimatc in anti-ICBM weapons. Prevention is the most illlportant aspect of laser safety. Laser is potOltiaily a serious har.ard to the cye. Specific levels for safe viewing have bcen c:tlcubtro and may be acllieved by a combination of distance or suitably optically-absorbing ICllSC5. Specular reflections of laser beams possess health hazard J>Otentials. Subjective brightness of the lesser spot or Jack of immMiate!:CI1Salion is no measure of its physiologic.11 hazard. The laser working environment should ) (". Warning signs should he po<;trd for employees and anyolle apjlloarhing the area. d, Direct or rcflected viewing of thc heam lIlust be eliminated. e, Protective laser goggles may he t1sed for specific wave lengths up to their rated power)t"esi~tance. f. Electrical hazards should he eliminated by locked switches, procedures for bleeding off c.'lpacitors, etc. g. Lasers should never be left UI1attended when energized. h. Light pnmps (flash tubes) should be be considered off limil<; for all but those shielded to protect eyes from glare. traintd and associated with the instrument. l. Exposure to cryogenic materials (for Procedures involved in setting lip a control program against laser hazards in industry arc much the same as for other toxic exposures. Success depends on complete orientation, understanding, and cooperation by all concerned. The essentials arc: 1. Responsibility for safety rcsts with the supervisor, assisted by medical safety and cooling) may be avoided with gloves and aprons. Eye shields will protect from splashes or explosions of flash tubes. J. High voltage supply equipment should be checked against 'x-ra.y examination and snitahle shielding provided as necessary. the industrial hygienist. Epoxy Resins 2. All persons assigned to laser ollerations to he formally indoctrinated on hazards and controls, especially as they apply to the equipment in lise. Epoxy resins or thermosetting plastics have considerable application in the elec- tronics industry and do present a problem to industrial medicine. Epoxy resin syst~s 3. All such persons to receive a mroical contain two reactive componCllts .- the un- evaluation prior to taking up these activities. cured basie. resin and a curjn~ agent (also This wiII include visual acuity, a complete known as .a hardener, catalyst, sctting agent, ophthalmological examination, and whatever or :Ic1ivator). When the two components are \, other procedures are necessary 10 elicit cvi- mixed together, the resulting cured product \" dOlce of pre-existing disease Of conditiolls is a hard plastic having excellent chemical which might be aggravated by laser expo- resistance, hardness, adhesive qualities. elec- surc. Pcrsons legally blind in one eye are trical properties, and strCllgth. When com- not suited for assignment. The medical eval- pletely cured or hardened, these material~ uation to be repeated at yearly intervals and pose no apprcdablc toxic h:tlard. 7 1%8 Natio"al SlIlay COII!lrl'.u Tile I!llCllnd re';jn is usually tile coIH!ens:ltiolt prodn(l of "His Phenol-A" alld Cllichlorohydrin which, at rool1l tell1pCratllle, Clli be either ill the liquid or solid state. Fil1ers such a, fiberglas, silic.."\ flour, abcstoo, and diatomaceous earth may be added to the 1IIlctm:u rc<,ill. Djl\l('Jlls 'imlt :Ie, orga1lic solvents may also he added. Curing af',cnts c01l11110nly lIscd include ;1l0matic or aliphatic ami nt's, aeill allhydrid('~, organic acids, polyamidcs, ant! organit pcroxides. The chemical prOfess of ClIrill): call he done at room tCll1pnatmc (rold cure) or at elevated telllpcratllrc~. The Clli illg time will vary from a few Inilltltes to ~evc...1 hours, depending lIpon chemicals ami lemI)('ratnres IlSed. Hmill! Ha::anis. J'hc principal !talard associated with epoxy resin systems i~ a skin rraction or dermatitis. Epoxy resin (lcnnatitis i, largely oue to curing agCllh and solvents. Thc condition is simply irritation or allergic rcactioll of skin rather than a general systcmic toxicity. Amillc COlllpounds, :lcid anhydridc~, organic acids, ami organic peroxides which are used as cllfil1)~ agCllb are both primary irritants allli ,kin sensitizers. l'rolJ.lbly the 1110St trouhlesome of the chemicals are amine (ataly~t~. Skin contact with thc,e curing ;lgenl, is responsible [or the majority of derJl1atiti~ Cases associated with epoxy resin systems The ('olllplctcly cured cpoxy resins are reblively illert and do not com(i(lIk a derma- titis exposure. I Io\Vcver, derlllatiti, caSes are Common among workers machinin):; or ctltting resins thought to he rmcd, hilt whirh ~till contain free catalyst" Amine vapor" which are mua\ly abundantly liberated during hot curing proccsse~, ca\1~e irritation of the eyc~ and III II COliS mClJ1hrallc~. 1n ,OIne individuals, they also can canse a lnllg reaction rescmbling asthtlifl. These vapor:; may C;lll:;e dertnatitis among sensitized workers. Exposnre to dust from fillers slJch as silica flour. asbestos, and diatomaceous earth may lJrr~ent potential health hazards. Fiberglas, which is used ill laminating operations, can ca\lse irritation to the skin, eyes, and IllUCOUS mcmbranes. Dust re<;lIlting from rutting, grinding', and shaping of completely cured resins is relatively inert. If an excess of curing agent is' present in the resill, the cured product tIlay contain llnreacted coring agenls which present a dermatitis exposure. E'rp/oJioll 1!1lJ:(\rds. Most 1II1cllfed eJloxy I ('sillS have f1a~h Jloilll!i above .100" F awl do 1I0t present a 5crioll s fire It;u:anl. Some dilucnt", curing agents, and ~olv('[lts used with epoxy resill systcms arc flammahle. The fire and rxplo<;j(lll h;l1ards associalrd with epoxy rl'~in sy~tClll', ;\1 (' Ilormally ('Oll~idcfe(1 to he ,light. Fint Aid 1f skill COlitact with llllrcactcd epoxy resin system compollmls OlTlll~. ;\ffl'(II:<I areas should immediatrly he thoro\l!~hly wJ:;hed with a mild soap and water If eye contact occurs, wash for at l(':lst IS minutes allli refer to a physician. !>replacemcnt Medical l'mccdl(I'(,s. Work('rs with a history of skin diseases, allergies or abnon.nal pulmonary conditions should lIot he cmployc(! in arCJS wherc cpoxy resin mate! ial!; arc used. llc(//Ih Jlazard COlltrol Mt/lrods. 1. (~oo(1 general ventilation is Ile(c~s.\ry for area5 using cpoxy rcsin systems. Local exhallst ventilation may be nceded at mixing station'; :\11(1 clIring areas, especially if large qlt:llititics of materials arc involved. (tiring ()\,~~Il~ should Iw exliausted to the outside. 2. Adequate wash [acititie~ shoul(! 1)(' !lTOvide(1 in the af(~a where CJlOXY resin systCt\l~ ar(' Ilscd. All ample ~\lp(lly of mild S(XlP and disposable towels should be Jlrovided. J. If possible, arras using epoxy resin ,YSlcIllS should he isolated from other are;lS of the plaut. <I. Cood hOllseheping j-; ('ssentia!. All spills shol1ld he cleaned immediately. The usc of di~p()sahle paper overlap on work areas is <le<;jrablc. (ont:nninated paper should be removed ;md stored in covered meta1 ('olltail1<'rs.. The scrap shoul(\ he removed f rom the plant (l:1il),. 5. All gloves or tools contaminated with epoxy resin cOll1ponentg should he washed in a suitable solvent such as acetone or alcohol, followed by soap and water. 6. Workers !;IlOuld be thoroughly Hlstructed in proper handling techniqucs for epoxy resin ~ystcm5, he aCQuainted with potential hazard" ;\11<1 have clme supervision. Per-sO/wi Protcclioll. 1. Rubber or plastic gloves (preferably eotion lined) or disposahle surgical gloves and ann protection ~hOl1ld \)(' worn where Elrriflfflics 0' Urrlri({J/ l:qlliplIlrtlt skin contact is po'i!,iblc. I\(t('[ 11,C ;ulll bcfmc removal from the haulh, the gloves sho1lld be washed in solvents (;lrctOJlC Or alrollOls) , followw by n water diN'. Bdorc rC-\1';e, gloves ~hUllld be inspected for leaks. 2. The usc of eye protection, apron,'>, or llllifortJlS lllay be indicated if thi, j~ :t potential spJ<lshing hazard. 3. Smoking should he pIOhihitcd. 4. If skin contamination call1lot hc I cmoved with a mild !;oall alld water, ~fllall area~ of the skin may he washed with acetOIlC 01 alcohols, followed by washing with mild soap and water. Petroleum solvents should not he used to clean the skill, S. Barrier type protective Cl'ea!ll~ h:lVC heen u~cd with Sllccess for derlllatitis conlrol in many plants. However, they arc Hot intended to be a substitute for protective clothing- or good personal llygiclle. X-Radiatjo/l At this point 1 would like to take you into the controver~i;ll field of x-I-;Idiatioll from TV sets. This is a medical engineering problem; one that has occupied the attention of the medical \lcpartmcnt over the pa~t many years. It is necessary at this time to sep;lratc the fact:; from fiction and the fantastic. Man polllltes hi!; world gradually, almost imperceptibly. and in many different ways. One of the least obtmsive ways he has yet invented is the introduction ()f man-made radiation into the environment. Attcntion wag called dramatically to that kind of pollution last year when a major TV producer placed on the markct more than 100,000 TV <;ets s\l~pccted of emitting', x-rays. 11 is a fact that color set:; rcquire higher voltage than black-and-white and arc capable of producing sOlne x-radiation. In the case of the aforemcntioned sets, the problem hat! to do with a shunt regulator tube which rc!(ulatcs the high electron voltage to the picture tube. Dne to engineering error, thb tubc was poorly shielded and mounted in a position which permitted x-rays to cscapc from the set Further inve!;tigation with other manufacturers' sets revealed tllat diff erent kinds of design or servicing problems could account for defective control of color TV x-radiation. TV set x-radiation can be thoroughly controlled by proper shielding, set design, amI lllollitorilig level, at ji1ll(' of manufactl1re. The level of radiatioll f rOll! the vast majority of dcfcctiv~~ 5<'10; as idmtilicd by the United State~ Puhlic llealth Servirc r('Jlrc~elJte(1 110 Imowll risk to the hca.lth of viewers, th01lgh in a few ra'iC'i thcre were hif:h levd~ of ex\'\'s~iv(' radiafioll--as high as 2S Or mOle tilllcs the accept cd limits. The maill concern was over possiiJlc harlll to desccndants of the viewers, bllt cvcn that seeJJlcd hiR'h Iy illlpfohablc. 11 is the mcdic;l) (!t-parlmcllt's rcsponsibility, in c(){)pcration with the cngineers, to keep ladiafillll fWIIl TV sets at the proJler level. This level can easily bc maintaincd below 0.5 milliroentgen \){,f hour, thc limit acccpted hy ,drllce, government, and industry ao; prudent in a world where man is addinli significantly to the radiation dose bequeathed by nature. TV set prOd\1CCf~ arc IIQW providing t'01lsUlllcr and. technici;l11-proof sets incapable of producing cxc('ssivc ! adiatiol1 de~'pilc the most flagrant ta1ll!lerillj~. However, the problems of Ji:-radiation still ('xist in th(' manufaclnrillg and testing arC':l, and therefore require tOllst:lllt monitoring, medical engineering sllPcrvision, and control. We have demonstrated that a propcrly ('ollstfllrtcd ~\)lor TV ~ct offers tl0 health hillanl whatsoever. , The following letter, :lnthori7.e(\ hy a COI11llCtcnt medical authority, j<; for the cdifiea.. lion of our cllstomcr<; and ;wailahle for );fllrral puhlic information: "Color alld black-am\whitc television sets manufactured by Sylvania Electric Products, he., G.T.&E. more than s;ltisfy all the s~fety requirements of the National Council of Radiation Protection Measurclllent:;, as well as those of the Illternatiollill COlllmission all Radiological Protection." Sylvania subjects its television production lincs to exacting scicntific te~ts for rmi,sion of x-radiation. In addition, w(' periodically employ outside scientists to make indcpcndCIIt tests of our sets, both in (ile plant and after they have left the factories, These tests elllploy stringent' govcmmcllt-~cccptcd and industry-accepted methods of ll]('ilsurCll1Cnt. Constantly, OUf engineers conduct tests for x-radiation on OUr color television srts in production and as consumer products. All tec;ts showed that in more than nine out of tCll instances the Sylvania sets showed no detcctable x-radiation whatsoever. The only rCOlding in these tests wa5 fhe background 9 1968 Nulimw/ S!1[ci}' CongrC.,H level of 'radiation normally prescnt in the atmosphere Even in the very few sets where an actllal radiation reading wag detected, the level of radiation wag well within tlie acceptable levels established by government and quasi-governmcnt bodies. In other words, Sylnnia tdcvi~ion sets afC safe. Wc shall make rertain that sets we produce in the f~tre also will he safe. In COnclll';iofl, T trust we ha\'e hridty <'" stll11l11nri7.cd sOllle of the major lllcdiral a~pcct~ ;U1d safely problems Jleculiar to the electronics industry. There arc others, to bc sure, well as control of cadmium, the gelleral overall control of plant cffinents, etc., but we must lIcccs5arily limit our discussion to the maj'or :111(1 newer toxkological proh lems; establishing the facts, and discarding the fiction: ;'llong with the somrtil11l's f;\I1tastic J11i$COllr('ptioll~. THE ROLE OF THE INDUSTRIAL NURSE IN THE ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL -EqUIPMENT INDUSTRY By PATRICIA M. TUOHEY. R.N. Health Consultant. Loss Prevention Medical, Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., New York, N. Y. ~ 'fo Iho~e who represent the c1cdronic ami of minor complaillb that arc not expected electrical equipment industries and who ex:- to rC{],uire the services of a physician. The ped to hear magic words jnst for thelll more serious ills that q.Jerit medical attention alone, I apologize. I know of nOliI'. Thl' should be referred to tile family physician. problems of industry arc people - all people - not so much thc exposures, nor the environments, but the people who work in those exposures and environments. In addition to her technical skills, the Hurse should recognize the possibility that each visit to the health service may represent a problem of deeper significance than To handle the people we need a good mcdi- the symptom for which attention is being cal Jlrogram. To handle the medical program ~ought. Tile sCH:alled "dlronic complainer," we ncrd a good industrial nursc. To have a the employee who suffers frequent minor good industrial nurse we mll:;t undcrstand what her rolc should be. Let us discuss ,Ollle of the illd\1~trial nurse's major functions. injuries, or even the daily visitor to the scale llIay well be an individnal crying for help. Caref ul listening on the part of the nurse Nursing ClIre Care for occupational alld non-occupational injuries and ilIncss6 will always be a major function of the industrial nurse. She has a responsibility to initiate prompt and skillful emergcncy care, cOT1sistmt with her professional training and knowledge of fir~t may help to uncover an underlying emotional problem and avoid a major tragedy. For this reason, -{"'lightened management has Ie;'lmcd not to discourage nOll-occuP~Qt1al visit, to the medical department, Ill) matter how ,implc the complaint. Medical Examinations aid techni(lucs, until the services of a Jlhysician can bc obtained. The nurse's interest in ami concern for the welfare of the ill or injured combined with prompt attention, good judgment, and sOllnd management can be a step toward prompt and uneventful rehabilitation. Medical examinations are an important component of a sound occupational health program. Their value as an aid in providing criteria for safe job placement, in tmcovering early physical :1nd emotional change" and in detecting the effects of harmful working conditions contributes to the maintenance The nature and ex.tent of tlte nursing care provided for non-OC"':Upational injuries and illnesses should he determine!1 by the company physician. Generally accepted practice all()w~ fOf the simple (palliative) t rratment of a safe, healthy and productive employee population. The plant nurse becomes an active participant in the company examination program as she conducts the health interview and perfonns the preliminary evaluations H} ,. 1968 Nolill,wl ."'oldy CO/lyrr.u 11. SwaIn. A. D.; "Rcllnblo BYIlI<'mn Verml!J Automnlk l'\~lft!nr.." }'rocccding 01 tho Nlntll Nalimutl Bympollium 011 Reliability and Qualltv Control, Inotltuto or Hn<\lo 1i:l1)'dn('or!l. Npw YorK, Jrm. 19G..1. 3HO390. (AlflO sclt-r.s.~) lZ. Swnln. A. D.: A lIfot/rod for I'cr/nrmin[1 (l 1IIIman FactOTIl llellallm!y MllIlmiRSCH(1M. Snndl, COllI., Albuquerque .N. M. AIII{Ufll lHU!!. "l 13. Swnln. A. D.; "Hliman or RcllnbJe Syntcnlo," l''nctol1l in Proco('d{nllil Denlgn till! Tenth NntttJtlal B),ImpolI!um on Rolla !lily (lnd QUllllty Control, Inotllutc of JT;ter-trlml nnd Eilcctronk El1~~lJwel1l. New York .Trm. 1964. 250-9. (Also SCR-748) 14. Swnln, A. D.; TilBRI', SC-R-G1-J3JH. Snndln Carll.. Albuquerquc, N. M., AU/f. 1961- 15. Swatn. A. D.; "Some Problema In the Mr.anurrment of Human P('rformnnc() In Mnn-Mnchlne Synlcms." Human Ft'lc(or~, 1964, 6, 687-700. (A1:1O SC-R-66-9(6). 16. Swain. A D.; "The Hllmnn 1imtoTil .1\11!'roach to R('t\U<'iYl& Productton mrror:l." Employco RrIot4onll 81111c/ln April ?-I. 1965, Hcport No. !149, 1-1. (A(110 SC-H-fi71014). 17. 8waln. A. D.; Rafol" 1'18 (l DeniOtt F'llllturo ilJ SUBlemll, SC-R-6t>-9!l1. SlUldln C()rp., Albuqut:njllc, N. M. Scpl 19{;5. 18. Swnln. A. D.; "Some' Limitation!! In Urlln" the Simple MultllJ\I('ativ(' Model In Behavior QUllnllflcnllon." W. H. Ankrcn (F.{I.). Sumralllrlm OH Reliability of 1111man Pcr/or11lallCO In Work, AMHL-tR-67Ilf!. Wright-PaUcraon AF'H. Ohio. May 1967, 17-31. (A100 BC-R-G8-1(97). 19. SWllln. A. D.; "Flrld Calibrate{} SlmuJn- 11011." Proc('cdinps of the Rumpf/Bllim on 'n Hnman Performanc(} Quantification 8118- Icms Effcct/1J(;IIC"8, Nnvnl Material Commllnd and the Natlonnl Academy of l~n!dlleerlllr, WlUlh.! D. C. .1 nil. 1967, t IV-A-l - IV-A-ZL (Also SC- l-G1-1(15). 20. Swnln. A. D., Altman. J. W.. and Rook. L. W.: Human Error QllantiflcaUorl ,1 Symposirl7!l, BCR-61O, Samlln Corp., Afbu'lllcnlIH', N. M., April 19G.1. 21. Swain. A. D., Shclton. G. C., nnd ntgby. L. V.; Maximum TOrqliC for Small l(nobR 01JCmtcd With and Without Glov(Js, SCDC-68-2262. Snndln Corp., Albuquerque, N. M., JullC 1968. HOW I MAINTAIN AN ACCIDENT FREE SHOP By OBED A. GOOD Machine Shop Foreman, Martin Marietta Corp., Aerospace Division, Orlando, Florida M.lrtill \1ar;('lta Corp., has threr ;JefOo;parc divio;;lllls:' ill Baltimore. 1hryl;md; Ilrnvrr, Colorado; ;ll1d ill Orlalllto. Floril!'!. 1 ;\111 happy to ftc cl11plo},cd at thc Orlando j)iyi- ~lon. \\1(' ;11 the Or1a!lIlo j)ivi~i{)11 have hern hO!loll'll (0 win tllP National Safety COllncil's "w,m! of 11ollllr; which we I1;\VC ltelll for two ~r.\rs ill ~llrrt~~ioll. I shonJd ;\lso 111('11t iOIl I hat wc ha \'(~ placed s('rond for the Safety Award a!l1on~ the Class "A" Arro5pace divi:-.iol1<;; ant! have <;et lIew fr('onl., of Opel atio1\ witho\lt Io<;t til11r :lccidCllf. Jt \\'a<; Ihrnllgh the team effort of all ollr l11aIJaf~e m('nt and rtl1JlI(1yrc~ whirll I1l:HIl' it jlo,sihle for l1S to win this aW;lr(1 for 19b7. For the past two years we have heen l1~in!~ color ~li(1cs in Ollr safety prcs('ntafioll to all manu fact llring management awl sllp<'rvi ~ion. E"eh Illonth one !I1ember of a departmcnt is given the opportunity of making- the presentation. He will lOUT the ll1:lJlufaetllring facilit)', taking photos of un,afc and saie condition,;. (Sollle of the ;lctll,d slides wele showll ill the prescnfafion.) JII these s:lfely .scs~jnll<;, we di.'iclIs'i how \\'C' ran cortcct the LIlla fc conditions and how to prevent thelll froJl1 rerllning in Ihe lulmc. We have rmll II1 that a photo of !Hl,afc (,()Il- (lil iOIJ<; make a grraler imprc.;sioll on the minds of our ~lIllcrvisors alld tilat lhcy witl r\'lnn! to Ihrir work as,igTJ1l1cl1l., lookillg for tlt('~e ull';afC c(lll<iitiolls witllin tf:cir OWll d('parll1lcnt <;. Through Ihe IC:Hll work ;11:<1 cooperation (,f all levels of Illall;]f,CtllCllt alII! hy ~hnwilll~ .,lill('s in :\11 attitude of (()ll~tnH'tiv(' critici'Jll, we pa~o; lhis inforl11atioll 011 10 om employers. Throllg-h the cooperation of Ollr (,l1li)l()ycc~ who !I1ake m aware of allY prohkms whirh they sec, and the willinf:llcss o[ no managcmcnt to listen, wc can ('orrect prob- lems lll;Jtter how slllall they m:1y seem. We at the Orlando division say thOlt SafelY dO('5 not hegi!! with the Safety Engineer, hut with all the cllIployees from the botto1l1 to the top. 6