Document MomRD4qOM3NYa1YGv08p8qEM9

0007-SWP-000006349 CONTENTS Coorxsht. ApM loss by HECKF.L PUSUSHINC COMPANY. Inc. 1534 ChMinat Street r Phil*, t. h, First Edition -- October, 1934 Second Edition -- January, 1936 Third Edition -- October, 1937 Fourth Edition --July, 1232 Fifth Edition -- March, 1241 Sixth Edition -- September, 1943 Seventh Edition -- March, 1946 Eighth Edition -- April, 1943 Ninth Edition-->May, 1949 ' Tenth Edition -- April, 1951 Foreword ..................................... Pw Psint Section ................................ .... 6- 38 Index of Psint Section............ .... 39-43 Vsrnish Section ......................... Index of Varnish Section .... .... 91- 24 Lacquer Section ......................... Index of Lacquer Section .... .... 233-135 Index to Advertisers.................. .... 136 Neoi w Books Section ............................ 145 -151 Now Reports Section......................... 151252 1 51252 Heekcl Publiahinc Co. Publication*.. 160 PAINTED IN U.S.A. 3 0007-SWP-000006350 THE PAINT SECTION , can Procose" and "French Process"), leaded 1. What ta point? t since (containing definite percentages of load A mixture of opaque or semi-opaque sub stances (pigments, or finely divided motala, eommoniy known u "bronao powders") with liquids, suitable for application to surfaces by moans of a brush or a spray painting machino I sulphate, (6 to 85%), lithopons (of which [ there an four typos), titanium dioxide( cither pun or combined with definite percentsgw of barium sulphate or calcium sulphate?) and antimony oxide ("Timonox"). or by "dipping,H and solidifying ("drying") to form an adherent protective and/or decora 9. What Is Basic Carbonate White Lead? tive coating thereon. I A compound of lead, carbonic ndd (COi) land the elements of water (H*0). Its chem 2. What la the purpose of paint? ical formula is 2 Pb COPb (OH)* The To protect or to decorate surfaces, or to modern process of manufaetun originated in serve both purposes. Holland, hence the name "Old Dutch Process." 3. What additional aorvicoa deea paiat The American procedun may be outlined aa follows: Load is melted and cnat into per reader? ' forated disks, called "boekles," about tixtaebes It is a sanitary agency and a preventive of in diameter, whfeh an aland la ywrwlsls pets decay and corrosion. In white or light tint*, containing, in wells, about one pint of duute it reflects sad diffuse* light, thus reducing the 8% acetic add (vinegar). Then are placed cost of Interior illumination and eliminating in rooms bolding several layers, or tier*, <00 eyt strain. to 1000 pots each. The pots an covered with A What is Haws Paiat? Paiat designed to protect and beautify the surfaces of materials used in the construction of building*-especially of- dwellings. boards and lams of tan-bark, plaesd between each tier. The rooms, technically called "tacks." an kept dosed. During n period of about 120 days the best and the carbonic add gas generated by fermentation of tho tanbsrk, S. What is the best Ho mo Paint? together with the add vapors, combine to That which host and longest protects and transform the lead men or leas completely beautifies ths surfaces to which it Is applied. into s white, flaky substance bonstt). (basic land ear- i What materials are used la maMnf House This, after it is crushed, screened. Anted, Painte? ground in water and dried, forma the white Pigments, drying and semi-drying oils, vola* lead of commerce, and la either sold la the dry tils "thinners" and ooivsnts, driers ("japans") state to paint and color manufacturers, or and varnishes. ground in linseed oil and soU for general ?. Hew may each pigments be classified? painting purposes. The product may be regarded ea a com As white "bases," inert or "reinforcing" pound of lead carbonate <2 Pb CO,) and lead pigments, natural earth colors, chemical colon dioxide (2 Pb O HiO) the relative propor or dyes, lake colors, etc tions of which vary according to conditions In 8. What an the white colon? different parts of the stack, then differences White lead: the basic carbonate (of which then an several varieties), basic sulphate ("sublimed") white lend, sine oxide ("Ameri- being compensated mere when combined. However, though Dr. S. found tlm lend carbonate or less completely P. Sadtie.?, h 1PM, content of fifteen 6 0007-SWP-000006351 commercial samples to vary from 60.T% to cell. The settled white lead ia filtered, washed 81.9%, such variations have since ban * and dried. The carbonate ions that are duced to Tory Borrow limits. removed from the eatholyte, by migration Buie carbonate, white load, though not ao through the diaphragm, to precipitate the intensely white as the other white pigments, white lead, are replaced by carbonados of is r7 whit*. It unites readily with Unsaod the eatholyte external to the celL--F. 0. Cass. and other "drying" oils, stimulates their dry* The preduet is a very pure, brilliantly int, works easily under the brush and produces white and finely divided pigment. s very opaque Ilia, with correspondingly re Ul What to Easton White Lead? duced "spreading rate.** Euston White Lead it made by a unique 16. What is "Carter* or "Quick Preens" White Lead? In this process the melted lead is blown into fins granules by aeans of a Jet f air or superheated steam. This powdered lead chemical process. Basic lead acetate solution to first prepared by dissolving lead oxide, formed on the surface of highly purified, feathered lead through the action of air, in normal lead acetate solution. This basic solution to clarified and treated is charged into large, slowly revolving uoraien with CO* whereby the basic portion is precipi cylinders or drums, moistened with dilute tated as white lead. The white lead is sep acetic acid and subjected during several days arated from the normal lead acetate solution to the action of sir and purified carbonic add remaining and washed, dried, pulverised and gas from burning coke Tbs subsequent pro packed dir or ground in eiL cedure resembles closely the methods at the The strict control possible ia responsible for old Dutch process. the exceptional purity and clean white eolor of The white lead produced is generally finer Euston White Lead. in particle, and somewhat whiter and more uniform than Dutch process wUte lead. Chem ically it practically is identical with the latter, 12. What are the Characteristics -at Carbonate WUto Lead? Basic but owing to its greater subdivision, requires It to one of the moat opaque of whits pig more oil to prepare it for use. ments, a fact dus largely to the small propor tion of liquid required to reduee it to painting 11. What is "Anaconda" or Electrolytic consistency; its spreading rate, however, is White Lead? correspondingly reduced. The lead hydrate pie***--Anodes--suspended in a solation -of Sodium Acetate containing a trues of Sodium Carbonate, and iron plates cathodes --suspended in a solution of Sodium Car* bonate, and iron plate* cathodes--suspended m e solution of Sodium Carbonate and tne two solutions separated by a fabric diaphragm, form an electrolytic eelL On application of contained in it may unite, under certain con ditions, with the acids of linseed oil to form a toad soap, which, while improving iu brush ing qualities, may reduee its durability. It changes into tfie black lead sulphide on ex posure to hydrogen sulphide rss, but further oxidation yields toad sulphate, which to, again, white. This reactivity, however, pre the electric current the lead dissolves as lead ** anode and ia precipitated im mediately in the anolyte aa Basie lead carbonata. It ia then carried in suspension by cludes its use with sulphide tinting colors, such as "quicksilver vermilion," cadmium, yellow, etc. While a moet useful and valuable pigment on account of its opacity and work .V ettier. of analyts through the eeU to a The clear analyte retains to the ing qualities, it is subject to gradual disinte gration---"chalking." ! r i 1 I 0007-SWP-000006352 IS. What la Palp Grata* WUta Uad? pigment less........ Its physical structure ia en After washing and settling la tanka, tin tirely different from the ordinary lead sulpb* exeeca water is decanted. The residue it ate, which has so pigment value, because it is "pulp lead." Formerly this pulp was passed crystalline and transparent in oil The sine through a filter pram and finally dried by oxide present is caused by the presence of a heat. Later the preferential affinity of whiti small amount of sine sulphide (sphalerite) in lead for oU was utilised to displace the residual the ore used in its manufacture.''--Hughs*, water in the "pulp." The moist pigment ia agitated with oil tn a special type of mixet 15. What are the Characteristics at Basic and the displaced water is drawn off. Tht Sulphate White Lad? completeness of the displacement depends upot "Like ell pigments produced by sublimation the energy and duration of the piocesa Then process, sublimed lead p o s s u ms in its ultimate is no sppredable difference in the products d particles a fineness far superior to that of Dig* the two processes, but the letter is by far tin meats otherwise produced. On account oi the more economical extreme fineness of its partaelas it does not 14. What Is HubBmsd" White Lesd? or Basic Sulphati settle out of liquid mixtures. Being an oxysulpbate, it resists the discoloring action of hydrogen sulphide and other harmful gases ia "This product is so named heesnae It is oh the atmosphere longer than does any other tainsd by a sublimation process or `fume lead pigment. It is uniform in composition." process from lead sulphide (galenite or 'gal It reacts less strongly than the basic car ena'') ores by a process analogous to tha! bonate with the "drying oils." When used used to produce American sine oxide and leader alone, it "chalks" rather more freely than sines. The product is obtained directly as i corroded white lead. It is used by some manu very fine, impalpable white powder, without facturers to introduce lead into the paint film grinding. Chemically, it ia different frou and coonteraet the tendency to "eraek." ordinary white lead, being apparently a hash sulphate of lead and * " * he* approximate^ 14. What is Sublimed Blue Lead? the following constitution: A sublimation product eloaely allied to Lead sulphate.................................77% sublimed white lead, the process of manufac Lead oxide ................................... 15% ture being similar, of somewhat different Zine oxide .................................... 8% composition and eolor. A characteristic analy "It exceeds in the fineness of the particle sis follows: the ordinary grades of white lead, and is si Per cent. least equal to them in whiteness, body, cover Lead sulphate .............................. 52.92 ing power and wearing qualities. It differ* Lead oxide..... --...... ...... .... ..... 37.48 from ordinary white leads in being less poi Carbon ...................................... 25 onous, and resists the blaekcning sedan oi Zine oxide ................................. 2 to 4 the sulphur compounds of sewer res and oi __Lead sulphite ............................. 1 to 1% foci gas to a much greater degree.--Ladd. eerfam mw (m tW AmI at Ifct tmm . The lend sulphate and lead oxide are chem 17. What are the Characteristics of Sub ically combined in sublimed white lead, form limed Blue Lead? ing the true basic sulphate (approximate!) Pb. S, 0). This efaemieal combination oi the sulphate and oxide into the basic compound explains the high degree of opacity which thb Being a "fame" product, its spreading power ia oO Is high (mere than twice that el red lead). Its lead content is as high as that of other lead pigments. It remains well ia 10 0007-SWP-000006353 suspension and brushes mil* having batter manufacture the lead sulphide is transformed "tooth" than moot load pigments. It ia prac into baste lead sulphate ("sublimed white tically "inert" to Hiioooil oU aad ia not affected lead") and intimataiy united with the rise by atmospheric gases. Offldal tacts plaee it oxide. These pigments are made with definite high among tha dais of "rust-inhibitora." percentages of basic Isad sulphate, ranging IS. What la Ziae Oxide? from about fire to about thirty-lire per cent, glue Ozlda (ZnO) is a combination of oaa atom of ah* with one atom of oxygon. It ia produced by two methods, oaa known as tha "Freneh" ana tha other at tha "American" process. In tha French process, tha vapor of according to the purposes for which they are to be used. The recognised grades contain respectively under five per cent tea per cent, twenty per cent, aad thirty-five per cent of basic lead sulphate. metallic sine (or "spelter") ia boned in a 21. Whet are the Characteristics ef Leaded current of sdr and tha product of combustion, Zincs? sine oxide, is collected in closed chambers. Ia tha American process, ores of sine mixed with powdered anthracite are reduced and volatilised in a dosed furnace, haring per forated grate bare, aad the resultant sine oxide, after being blown through a series of cooling float, ia collected in fabne begs. In fineness they are similar to other sine oxides, ia whiteness slightly inferior. Their opacity and "body" m paint are measurably greater on account of the contained lead sulphate. Practically all western sine oree contain some lead. 19. What are tbs Characteristics ef Zinc n. What is Zinc Sulphide? Oxide? The chemical formula of this pigment is Ia partide size it is one of the finest of all white pigments and in eoler one of the whitest. A pound of dry cine oxide occupies about 60.7? eubie inches, while a pound of bade carbonate white lead, in the same con ZnS. It is most readily prodoeed by passing hydrogen sulphide gas through a solution of' sine sulphate, or by mixing the sulphate solu tion with a sulphide (such as sodium), and washing the precipitate. It is an important dition, occupies only 14.69 cubic inches. In consequence of ha extreme fineness it requires constituent or lithopone, to whiefa the owes most of its pigment properties. latter more oil than most other white pigments to 22. What are the Characteristics ef Ziae fit it for use with a brush. In one bnndred Sulphide? pounds of sine oxide paint ready for use there ere about 46 lbs. of oQ aad 64 lbs of pig The pure pigment is intensely white and ment, while the proportions in a corroded its hiding power is high in comparison with white lead paint of similar consistency are most other white pigments. It is used ia about 73 lbs. of pigment to 27 lbs of otl. Zinc both interior and exterior finishes. oxide is unaffected in color by any gases pres ent in the atmosphere, has no risible effect 24. Whet ia "Uthepeae"? upon any pigment with which mixed, end is aou-poisonous. it may be Lithopone it available in four distinct types: Barium Lithopone, Calcium Lithopone, "Titan- 26- What are Leaded Zincs? eted" Lithopone and High Strength Lithepone. They are all co-predpltsted compounds Prides of sine produced from oree of sine of either berium sulphate or ealcium sulphate which contain in association a certain propor with zinc sulphide. It is produced by mutual tion of lead sulphide ores. Ia the process of precipitation from aliquot solutions of barium is 10 0007-SWP-000006354