Document MM4YvG41KeZnOQ1KBM0kvoX3j

ETHYL CORPORATION Ma n u f a c t IjUin g a n d Tr a f f ic De p a r t me n t July 14, 1944 PLEASE ADDRESS REPLY TO CHRYSLER BUILDING 405 LEXINGTON AVE., New YOBH 17, Dr* R. A. Kehoe Collage of Medioiae University of Cincinnati Eden and Betheada Avenues Cincinnati 19, Ohio Dear Dr* Kehoe* Attached hereto for your information and files is a eopy of Bulletin Ho* 36,"Abstracts of Reoest Literature on Lead Poisoning*, published by the Lead Industries Assooiatioa. Tours very truly J. H. Schaefer 1-4 LEAD HYGIENE AND SAFETY krtUETIH NO* 36 To Members of the Lead Industries Association: Attached please find? ABSTRACTS OF RECENT LITERATURE ON LEAfl POISONING. ~ (5 Pages) Very truly'yours. t v*>"> Secretary* N 24806.01 Load Hygiene & Safoty Bullotin No. 36 ABSTRACTS OF RECENT LITERATURE ON LEAD IrOISONING REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE (State of Connecticut). A.S. Gray, Director. 57th Report o the Connecticut State Department of Health, pp. 285-320. (1942). This routine report testifies to inoreaaing activity in the number of field trips, plants visited, laboratory determinations, etc., and variety of subjects investigated, whioh inolude extensive studies of particular hazards presented by benzene, lead, fluorides, lacquering solvents, eleotrolytio alkali cleaning, elec troplating and degreasing, with a number of other hazards encountered on a smaller soale. The number of surveys of industrial conditions was 923, and 182 studies of speoifio hazards wero conducted. Publicity features inoluded 25 radio talks. The work in tho various fiolds is tabulated* THE INTLAMMABILITY AND EXPLOSIBILITY OF METAL POWDERS. I. Hartmann, J. Nagy and H.R* Brown. U.S. bureau of Mines, Report of Invesd""No.3722, 44 pp. (October, 1943). Obtainable from; Div. of Information, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C. An extonsive and thorough study of inflammability and oxplosibility of 14 metals and 2 alloys in powder form, was made in the dust explosion laboratory of tho Experimental Coal Mine Seotion of the Bureau of Mines* The tests mado usually included: (l) minimum ignition temperature and minimum enorgy needed for ignition of dispersions in air and of quiescent layersj (2) relative inflammability with two different souroes of ignitionj (3) minimum concentration required in a dispersion in air to porm.it ignition; (4) maximum prossuro and rate of prossuro riso in small explosions; (5) reduction in oxygon oontont of the air neoded to prevent ignition; and (6) effect of a humid atmosphero on tho powders. Most of tho results are prosantod in tablos, and tho summary covors 3 pages, so only a few of the most striking results will bo givon here* Tho wall tamporature required in a heated furnace to ignite powdor disporsions in air varied from 315 to 900C according to tho metal and conditions. A dispersion of ziroonium sametimos ignitos at room temperature* Very littlo energy is required for ignition by spark* Maximum, prossuro attained and rates of prossuro riso vary widely* Magnesium gives the highest figures for both, 72 lbs. per sq. in. and 5,000 lbs. per sq. in per second, respectively, and only 0*05 second was required to reaoh the maximum pressure* A large explosion of that inteaaity would wreck a plant, and large relief vents would not prevent damage* The metals in decreasing order of inflammability are* (l) ziroonium, magnesium and its alloys, aluminum and titanium; (2) reduced and oarbonyl iron, manganese, zinc, sili con, tin and antimony; and (3) cadmium, copper, ohramium, lead and milled iron* In diluting air with nitrogen, carbon dioxide and helium.to reduce inflammability, it was found that titanium, zirconium and magnesium and its alloys ignite in pure car bon dioxide, whether dispersed or in a quiescent layer, and in nitrogen in a quiesoent layor when heated sufffioiently* Much work remains to be done on the subjeotj and 9 fields for future investigation are listed. Members interested in metal powders should obtain the entire report from the above address* TOXICITY OF LEAD CHROMATE. G.C. Harrold and others. J.Ind* Hyg* <Ss Tox*, jJ6, 46-54 (.February, 1944J. It must bo concluded, that larger quantities of lead when in tho form of lead chromato may exist in the breathing zone without causing load absorption than is true in the oaso of lead oxide* Tho criteria of tho amount of lead allowa ble in tho atmosphoro should be raised considerably in tho oase of this typo of com pound* Aimosphorio determinations of load may cause erroneous conclusions if not substantiated by other data* While this papor doos not pretend to covor other in soluble load compounds whioh may aot in tho same way as lead chromate, tho frequent ly rooognizod possibility that other and higher standards should be set up for certain lead compounds is supportod* Tho use of a "packed tube" typo of oolloctor has proved usofvil in this investigation and should aid in similar types of investi gation whore accurate evaluations of atmospheric load contamination aro nooded* Work completod sovoral years ago and boing prepared for publication now, on tho solubility of sovoral lead compounds in blood sorum and lung fluid, indicatos that thoso load compounds which are most insoluble in such modia would provide a margin N 24806.02 Load Hygiene <x Safety Bulletin No* 36 ; ABSTRACTS OF RECENT LITERATURE ON LEAD POISONING -2- of safety in the use" Of"load compounds that'does not exist with the relatively soluble ocrapounds* This does not mean to s&y that solubility is the only factor to be considered, but that it is an important consideration* -- From Authors* summary and conclusions* LEAD POISONING AS A CLINICAL ENTITY DURING TUB RECORDIT IONING OF WARSHIPS. F. D* Hankins. fl*S* fraval Med* kulll., 4l, 17&3-179I (November, 1948/* Lead poisoning ooours with greater rapidity and severity from inhalation of lead contaminated dusts and fumes than from the ingestion of lead in various forms. Cases developed and continued to develop among tho paint removal crews working on the ships until ef fective meas'-U' were taken and enforced to keep the respired air free from leadladon dust and fumes* This proved to be the only offeotive control of plumbism* Dust control measures alone are not sufficient, but in addition adequate respirators must be worn* Cleansing and clean habits are important* A list of suggested rogulations is included* TREATMENT OF LEAD POISONING. CONFERENCES ON THERAPY. N* Y. State J. Med., 43, 20792086 (Itfovember 1, 194&J. The discussion emphasises the facta that ingeste? lead, especially in saall amounts, rarely causes poisoning because of poor absorption, and that the greater danger of lead poisoning exists when fumea are inhaled; thus industry is the chief souroe of lead poisoning* The prevention, of. poisoning is:: very important* Control of exposure and proper industrial hygiene ore necessary. Factors which control lead metabolism should be considered* The general state of health, and also nutrition, age, sex, and alcoholism are all is^oqrtdnt* : Diagnosis of poisoning my be difficult#' Therapy, except for' purely synptomtic treatment, is based on the parallelism between the. oaloium and. lead streams* Lead is either eliminated from the bones by a oaloium deficient diet and drugs, and oxoretod, or it is fixed in tho bones by a high oaloium and vitamin diet# The former runs the danger, of episodes of acute poisoning during treatment, while the latter runs the danger of the latent supply of load remaining fixed in the body becoming mobilized and again causing episodes of acuto poisoning* THE POSSIBLE TCKICITY OF LEAD ALLOYS* III. EXPERIMENTS ON THE RAT WITH A LEAD-TIN- ANtllKrtfY SOLDER* Salomon and d.&* Cowglll* J. lad* Hyg* ffbx., 2#^ -6 (January, 144) Young rats ware used in a study of the possible toxioTty of a lead-tin-antimony alloy administered in the form of solder pellets* containing 63*89 per oent lead* These rats, reoeiving 300 parts of lead per million of diet, proved to be quite similar to the control grtyp fed on identioal diet but no. load* with respect to growth, concentration of blood hemoglobin and the appearance of stippled oells a# well as with respeot to the amount of lead stored in their caroaases Rats fed an identical amount of a diet containing.300 parts of ledd per million in the form of load aeetate exhibited all the signs of lead poisoning; their carcasses contained large amounts of lead* It is ooncluded that ingested' solder of the compo sition here studied as a source of lead is noa-taocio for the rati?- -- Author**' sunmary* T-V-.r:: ' HEALTH HAZARDS IN SOLDERING OPERATIONS. I. SHHVEY OF HAZARDS CREATED BY THE VARIOUS tmtoi mi ; Illinois Labor.B5n~.vx' iy-ir (October 31, 1943J. War production lias required (l) on increase in lead "content of solders as a tin conservation measure from 30jt.to as high am 98J5, and^X2} .ph_iasra_ croase in the use of silver solder* Gas-heated soldering im&, Nooause of- thn dhnger of building up large- quantities of dross: in their gas muffler^ m&y present & real load hazard* The muriatic flux gives; rise to irritating vnpoTt and' dermatitis* Eloo trioally-hoa tod soldoring irons use rosin which is an irritant-flux* Tho solder ing of condansore which have been treated with chlorinated vapors presents an added Lead Hygiene A Safety Bulletin No.: 36 3 abs t r ac t s o p r ec en t l it er at u r e o n l ead po is o n in g toxic vapor hataard. Silver soldering may have harmful quantities of fluorides arise from the flux* i M&ohine soldering is used extensively in making tin cans. Tinning pots create a certain amount of irritating smoke but the oontrol of the lead used by adequate exhaust will also eliminate the smoke nuisance. Also when solder is re moved in reolaiMng metals by "sweating,w the lead in the air is usually many times the maximum.limit of 1.5 mg* per 10 cti* m. Control measures in soldering operations come under the headings of good, housekeeping proper hooding and looal exhaust, and conscientious personal hygiene* CONTROL OF WELDING FUMES IN SHIPBUILDING OPERATIONS. Y. Rosonfold, Ind* Med., 13, 103-l65 (January, 1944j* Tho following facts were determined as a result of air sampling and analysis in two major shipyards: (1) 'flhere no> control measures in the form of exhaust equipment were used* potentially toxic concentrations of motallio fumes primarily lead and zinc* were being released from welding operations on gal vanised stoel. (2) Where welding was done on ungalvanisod. materials only forrio oxidq dusts and smokos were obtained* (3) A number of illnesses of a rospiratory character wero reported* (4) Nitrous oxides and oarbon monoxide were gonorally negligible* (5) There was no hasard due to oxygen doplotlon. Control moasuros advised are the; installation of local exhaust equipment astd air-supply vontilation* The latter alone may suffice for eleotrio arc welding on blcsok iron. Rospirators may be used for amsrgenoioe and for daily exposures of short duration* THE PREVENTION OP LEAD POISONING IN BLAST-FURNACE OPERATIONS. Bauer. Reiohsarbeitsblatt jaa. III* Arbedtsa'ohuis, 337-342 (194&). (, tferaanJ. 7?niinarily the danger of lead poisoning from this source is not very serious; however, there is some danger with those furnaces which produce special grades of iron -that are made from raw material containing lead. A: typical case is the Duisburg Hoohofrarerk which pro cesses the sp-c&lled "Purpurers." The leadcontent of the iron dross was 0.8-0.9^ originally;, however* the use of anew alkali prooess which dissolved the lead by means of a concentrated sodium chloride solution lowered the lead content of the iron dross to 0*18-0.20?5* The new process inorecsed the cases of lead poisoning whioh.was. traood bade to the fact that in this near prooess the lead is converted to yulstils'lead chloride which escapes partly into the atmosphere* This danger was overcome by powerful mechaniol ventilation and the use of full instead of par tial gas masks*; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES,IN INDIANA. The occupational diseases reported to the Divisior of industrial hygiene of Indiana for the year ended June 30* 1943, were quite varied in character* dermatitis accounting for 389 out of 439 oases* cutting oils ranking highest as.'omusSft tetryl ssoond* and oarrots third (sea separate news item No. 385)* witN a. totalof 4$. oauses for dermatitis* Carbon monoxide poisoning ranks next to dermatitis, with 20 oases, and solvent intoxication, lead poisoning* silicosis, sili contuberculosis and a few others aaoount for less than 10 oases each* Lists of a creditable numbor of reoasmendations* laboratory determinations, and consultations by the Bureau aire. also given. -- Appendix to Annual Kept** Dir* of Ind. Hyg*, Indiana StateI|oai*d of Health* July 'l, 1942 - June 30* 1943*. 1 LEAD POI3QNINO. Tbs Industrial Board found lhat on August 14* 1940, while claimant was engaged in the regular course of his employment and while working as a sprayer spraying picture frame.moldings with paint, laoquers and varnish* he beoame dis abled as the result of lead poisoning* lead absorption and a toxic condition which he contracted due to the nature of his employment, whioh caused his disability for which the award is made. There is ample evidence to support the findings and award. Guarnera v. Radio Picture Frame Co., Inc. New York Supreme Ct., Appellate Div., 3rd Judicial Dept. No. 8-8. (CCH) Lead'Hygiene A Safety Bulletin No* .36 -4- ON LEAD PQI3QNINO INDUSTRIAL TQXIGOLOCrV* D^Hunfcer^-.Qi^rt^ Jf.. god.,, Oxford(New Ser*}, 12, 185-258 (.Ooio'ber, 1943} * .ikis is a thorough article covering T3ae' toxi <S6Tt>gyrree groups of toxic compounds,.the metals, (lead; arsenio, mercury) the arcojatio compounds and the ohlorinated hydrcoarbons. The clinioal findings, the jpathologioaJ. physiology and the treatment of lead metal and tetraethyl lead poisoning'are- given suooiziotly and comprehensively* Arsenical poisoning; in industry occurs in two forms, the first from inhalation, of, or contact"#!th, the" dusts of arsenic omoppunds, and .the second j from inhalation:of orseniurettod hydrogen gas.' The- compounds of areonio dot as local irritants to the skin and mudous membiranee* Arseniuretted hydrogen- acts as * a powerful.; hemolytic agont, causing hemoglobinuria, anemia and hemolytio icterus* The addition of hitro or hitroso group)?, in. aromatic compounds; usuallyproduoo a moro toxio confound,* The positions of tho substituent groups' in~'thO'..boinzone-;ring-aro discussod as regards toxic action* Toxic aotivity is found to depond not only'on chomical constitution but also on physiodl properties in tho aromatic compounds* Among chlorinatod hydrocarbons the article covers methyl chloride, carbon totraohlorido, othylone diohlorido, totraohlorothane, and chlorinated naphthalene. It is found that the ontranoo of chlorine into on aliphatic hydrocarbon increases its toxicity whereas tho rovorse is tho case with an aromatic hydrooarbon* In tho last section of tho papor othylene chkrhydrin and diathylona dioxide arc reviewod* I. LEAD POISONING. II. THE TREATMENT OF LEAD POISONING. Ontario Dopt. of Health, Div* of Industrial Hygiene,' 3 and E> pp* No date* Those pamphlets,: distributed for tho information of industry, follow the usuai outline and present tho f undamontal facts of load poisoning* Tho first deals with means of ontry into tho body, dis tinction between lead storage and lead poisoning,- and'moans of prevention* The seoond discusses curative troatmont* including abatmont of toxio symptoms and removal of tho ftccuaulatod load available for mobilisation, both of whioh aro givon in some dotail, including treatment not to bo given* THB POTENTIAL H&ZARD IN THE MILK CANNING INDUSTRY. W.L. Lea and W*Z. Fluok. J. Ind. Etyg. is T.ox., 26, 94-5)5 (March, 1&44). A siudy of the potential hazard to employees in the milk canning industry has shown that toxic atmospheric concentrations of lead are associated with some of the manufacturing prooess, especially at the body seam machines, floater solder baths, buffing cabinets and remelt kettles. - Improved design of exhaust hoods for .these operations resulted in lowering the lead concen tration to a safe figure* Certain other processes were found to be non-hazardous, including casting solder pigs or solder wire, drawing solder wire to size and mechanioal soldering operation of the filler machines* 1 PETBRMINATION, OF TETBAETH1L LEAD DT GASOLINE. H. Goniok and J*J* Milano* Ind. k Eng. Qhem*, Anal* fid!., 18, 4-6 (January, I&44)* A method for the determination of tetraethyl load in gasoTTne is dosoribed in which the tetraethyl load i; decomposed with iodino and the load subsoquontly titrated by a new aoidimetrio method omploying8-hydroxyquinolino* The method is rapid and is applicable tat all typos of gasolines. -- Authors summary* WARTIME ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN THE PAINT AND VARNISH INDUSTRY.. A*K%- Steudel Paint Varnish' grofluotlon Attention is called to (l) dust hazards, (2) nitration of cellulose boyond 12.4 pexv cent nitrogonr#> (3) inflamma bility of pyroxylin solvonts, ostor gum, dammar and plasticizers, (4)`hazards in handling load, ohromium and barium compounds, (5) donaatitis from Zhollao varnish containing mphthalono or from solvent containing sodium carbonate, and (6) hazards in paint-spray structures* Lead Hygiene and Safety Bulletin No* 36 5 ABSTRACTS OP RECENT LITERATURE ON LEAD-POISONING THE SOLUBILITY; OF LEAD BOROSILICATES IN TISSUE FLUID. P,,L* Beebe and F.S, Mellette J* lad* H!yg* & Tox*, 2S, 109-1 IS (April, 1944j Bcperiment&l animals -were exposed to- spray mists of lea<3Poontainingl fritted glass ceramic colors for a period of about 60 hours* Exposure ohamber concentrations of lead averaged 0*035 milligrams per liter of air* The liver and bones of the exposed animals showed a muoh higher lead content than those of the oontrol animals* The lungs of exposed animals showed a progressive decrease in lead oontent with increase in time from the last exposure. These studios indicate that lead silicates in the form of ceramic oolors are solu ble in animal tissue fluid* -- Author's summary* HEALTH HAZARDS:IN SOLDERING OPERATIONS. II* MACHINE SOLDERING. Illinois Lab. Bull., 4. 20-2 2 (&ov* $0, >;* Thu cin conserving solder's containing a highor percontage of load are more hazardous because the highor working towporaturo results in more oxidation of the motal* When these solders are used, only tho best oontrol program will prevent a dangerous concentration of lead in the air. Yfoor control was bare ly adoquato with 30 per cent load soldor, it may bo absolutely inadequate after changing to a soldor containing 70 por cent or more of lor d. This change results in higher working temperatures and frequently additional gas torohos requiring more completo hood enolosuro and moro attention to maintenance of good housokooping* -- Author's summary* ARSINE. ST IBINE, AND HYDROGEN SULFIDE - ACCIDENTAL GENERATION IN A METAL REFINERY. C.D* Domohl, P.M. Stoud .uid C*A. Wj , Ind. 5'Sr-SB2"(3Cprill, 1944]*' Three workers in a motal refinery wore poisoned rocently by a mixturo of tho throe gasos arsino, stibind and hydrogen sulfide* Tho gasos wore liberated when water was added to a hot dross containing metallic aluminum and compounds of orsonio and anti mony* Laboratory studios under similar conditions Showed that the addition of water to tho hot dro^s causes tho formation of nascent hydrogen whiah roaots with the arsonio, antimony and sulfur to form arsino, stibine and hydrogen sulfide* The reaction requires an elevated temperaturo for the production of amounts of those gases adequate to be detected by the use of lead aoetato and silver nitrate solution A NEW ANTIT0DS FOR LEAD. L* Zanoan. Atti, Soc* Med*-Chir. Padova, 18, 210-216 (194< ItalianJ when freshly preoipitated lead phosphate is sha.ken with a"T0 per cent solution of sodium pyrooateoholsulfonate, lead is demonstrable in the filtrate* When a solution of lead nitrate is mixed with disodium phosphate in the presence of sodiur pyrooateoholsulfonate there is no precipitation of lead sulfate even though the proportions are one moleaule lead salt to 22 molecules of the sulfonate* Cattle serum was mixed with a 0*00372 molecular solution of lead nitrate, until precipita tion appeared* The addition of .0*047 molecular solution of sodium pyrooateoholsul fonate prevents this precipitation* The precipitation foraod ia*the serum by a load nitrate solution oan bo redissolved by addition of the sulfonate* Sodium pyrocateeholsulfonate acts antagonistically to load salts on isolated frog heart* When rats were injected subcutaneously with a 0*495 per cent solution of sodium nitrate together with a 7 por cant solution of the sulfonate thcro is on inhibition of tho deposit of load; sulfate under the skin and a rapid resorption of load salts* Whan rabbits received an intravenous injection of lo-Uial dose of lead gitrato, and after na longer <\n interval than 3 minutes a corresponding dose cf sodium pyrocatocholsulf< ate the; animals survived* This method was rooommondod for tho treatment of load poi sonings '