Document M4o4QGdGoVGMZzvEeQXOEzRmM

BumuNNOiic/ff^en *Kevi&cd March, 197ti TRANSFORMER Inspection & Maintenance Guide Monsanto TOWO LD M ON0024674 WATER_PCB-00009143 IlMIte ff Bintemfe SECTION A TRANSFORMER ASKARELS.............................................1 I. introduction............................................................. 1 II. History of Trade Name Type*............................... 1 Tabic 1 - The Composition of Transformer Askarels ............................................ 2 III. Interchangeability ..................................................7 IV. Tabic II - Official Transformer Askarel Shipping Specifications..........................................3 V. Ordering Instructions ............................................ 2 VI. Stability.....................................................................7 VII. Precautions When Handling Drums, Tank Cars and When Opening Transformers..........................7 A. Keep Dry During Handling ............................ 7 Table 111 - Handling and Pumping Tempci alines.................................... 4 B. Use Ordinary Personal Precautions .............. 4 C. Precautions on Opening an Askarel T ransformer......................................... & VIII. Avoid Environmental Pollution............................ 6 1. labelingAskarelTransfoimcrs...................... 6 7. Disposal of Liquid and Solid Wastes ............ 3. Conditioning of New or Recycled Askarel .6 4. Teardovvn of Transformers for Repair or Scrap..........................................7 5. Transformer Disposal....................................... 7 IX. Expected Service Life............................................ 7 X. General Characteristic* of Transformer Askarel Fluid................................................... .7 XI. Sampling Transformer Askarel Fluid ................. 6 XII. Evaluation of Askarel Received In New Equipment..................................................8 XIII. Dielectric Breakdown Voltage - Moisture Relationship............................................ 9 Table IV - Relation ol DitlcctiicBreakdown Voltage to Amount of Dissolved Water in Askarel and Mineral Oil..........................................9 T able V - Approximate Solubility of Water in T ransformei Askarel and Mineral Oil . . . .10 XIV. Turbidity ............................................................... 10 XV. Chock Points for Maintaining Askarel Insulation ................................................10 A. General Considerations..................................10 B. Modem Scaling Procedures .......................... 11 C. T he OldorSealing Arrangement*..................1? XVI. Periodic fluid Inspection and What Checkpoints Mean ........................... .. . .1? A. Visual Inspection.............................................13 B. Dielectric Breakdown Voltage .....................13 XVII. Inspection Checklist............................................. 13 XVIII. Contamination in Transformers.......................... 14 Tabic VI - fleet of Common Insulation Mate'ialson Power Factor and Dielectric Strength............................................... 14 T able Vtl - tElect of Common insulation 1i XIX. Materials on Volume Resistivity of Askarel............................................................... 14 A$TM Method for Investigating the Compatibility of Transformer Insulation ard Construction Material* In Askarel*............ 1> XX. Refining Askarel for Re Use................... IE A. Filtering Through Dry Blotter Paper to Remove Moisture and Extraneous Particles ....................................... 15 XXI. XXII. Table VIII - Water Removal by F titering AskarelT hr ougb a Paper Press ............. B. Disf>osal of Solid Wastes ....... C. Solid Insulation Requiring Drying .. D. Earth Treatment for Maximum Improvement of Power Factor and Volume Resistivity .......... .. Table IX- Effect of Power Factor and Volume Resistivity............. Cleaning Arced Transformers............... Sampling Askarel ..................................... . .16 H . .16 . .16 .1? ..O . 1) SECTION B ASKAREL f IllEDSWITCHES AND TERMINAL CHAMBERS ................................... ig I. Introduction.......................................................... II. Sources of Contamination ............................... tg III. Sealing Switches and Terminal Chamber* .. .70 IV. Askarel Used Under Mild Arcing Conditions .20 V. Maintenance for Askarel F illod Switches ... .20 VI. Askarel Under Excessive Temperature or f ault Condition* ......................................... SECTION C TOXICITY AND SAFE HANDLING.............................21 I, Inhalation ............................................................. 21 II. Skin Contact................... 21 SE CT ION D ANALYTICAL SERVICES ON TRANSFORMER ASKAREL AVAILABLE FROM MONSANTO ............................... 77 Types of Analyses Available: .......................................... 77 1) Routine Maintenance Check.....................................77 2) Complete Analysis.....................................................77 3) Analysis After Earth Refinement .......................... 77 SECT ION E APPENDICES...................................................... Appendix A - Askarel Stability and Composition of Arc Formed Gas.................. Appendix B - Solubility of Gas in Transformer Askarels ..................................... Appendix C - Effect of 1 emperature on Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Askarel .. Appendix O - Comparison of the Approximah Viscosity in Saybolt Universal Seconds of Transformer Askarels and Mineral Oil.......... Appendix E - Tire Density of Iner teen 54201 KA 7330 9 and Transformer Pyranol A13B3B 3........................................... Appendix F - Thermal Conductivity Values of Transformer Pyranol At 3B3B 3................ Appendix G - Heat Capacity . ........................ Appendix H - Coefficient of E xpansion .... Appendix I - F ire Resistance . ................... Appendix J - Seals, Properties and Procurement ............................................. Appendix K - Caution Lalrel........................... .23 .23 .23 .23 .24 .24 24 24 .24 .24 .25 .26 NOTICE: "Nothing contained herein is to be construed as e recommendation to use any product in conflict with ny patent. MONSANTO MAKES NO WARRANT ItS AS TO THE flTNFSS fOR APART ICUIAR PURPOSE OR MERCHANTABILITY OF ANY PRODUCT RtFLRRrt) TO, no guarantee of satisfactory results from reliance up on contained information or recommendations, and dis claims all liability for any resulting loss or damage." t 0194597 '$ 07-. ............... TOWOLDMON0024675 WATER_PCB-00009144 ScrfmA Transformer Askarel I. Introduction The term "askarel" as defined by IEEE, AS1M and the National Electrical Code generally describes e broad class of fire-resistant* synthetic chlorinated hydrocarbon insulating liquids widely used in transformer, reactors end accessory equipment operated at power frequencies. Askarets of various compositional types are in use. (for the general properties and types see ASTM D-2?83.) Under arcing conditions the gases produced, while consisting of predominantly non-combustible hydrogen chloride, can contain varying amounts of combustible gases depending upon the askarel type This manual describes the operating chaiacteristics of transformer askarel liquid insulation as manufactured by Monsanto and how it differs horn mineral oil. Appropriate handling and disposal procedures for both scrap askarel liquid and impregnated solid materials are given in accordance with the guidelines recommended by the American National Standards Institute. The infoimation is based on facts gathered by Monsanto over 40 years as a producer of askarel, plus knowledge gained from the experience of transformer manufacturers and users. This guide outlines the maintenance required for askatef fluid in "modern" transformers and offers suggestions for scaling and maintaining askarel in old units. By following this guide, we believe users will obtain maximum service from askarel insulation with a reasonable minimum of maintenance. If questions arise relating to the designing and building of transformers, these should be referred to regular tiansformer supplie s. Monsanto gratefully acknowledges the assistance, guidance and the contributions of certain data bv the following: Edward l flaab * General Electric Or. T. K. Stoat - Westinghouse Electric II. History of Trade Name Types "Askarel" is the generic name for the fire-resistant liquid insulation and coolant first used by General Ctectiic Company in 193? for their Pyratio!1 brand name fire resistant transformers, Westinghouse Electric Corporation uses their brand name, (nerteen.* Whatever the trademarked brand, the askarel contains chlorinated biphenyl - one of the best liquid insulations developed by science. T his inert materiel is chemically stable, fire-resistant, heal stable, non-uouosivc, end has high dielectric strength under the operating conditions encountered in transformers. In addition to manufacturing Arodor# (chlor ineted biphenyl), Monsanto also mixes this dielectric fluid with chlorobenzenes to produc* the presently used inerteen and Pyrenol blends described in TableI, ''NOt: W.i*UrieU designated 'fue resistant1 generally tire more difficult to ignite, O! o*<r* ipniied, bum a! * slower rate then corresponding conventions' materials Itiit term does not mean that fire resistant materials will not burn. Howcve', when properly used, Monsanto's fire resistant AS-KAFtt l F LUIOS a'e useful in helping customers meet their fire safety requirement." ^Trademark of General Electric Company ^f&demerk 1 Westinghouse Electric Corporation 'Fteglstei ed trademark. of Monsanto Company ) Jl TOWOLDMON0024676 WATER_PCB-00009145 Table t Tbe Composition of Typical Transformer Askarels Trade Names . Method ASTM.D77&3 Type D lypi f Type c? Jnerteen 7030 Inctiucn 100-4? TVranot A13B3B3 Ingredient* (% by wl.I Aioclor chlorinated biphenyl (M% chlorine by weight) 70 Aioclor '1?4?, chlorinated biphenyl (47% chlorine try weight) - Trichlorot>en?enc 30 Phcnoxypropenc oxide scavenger 0-18 to 0.7? Diepoxide scavenger - 60 100 - 40 0.181O 0 7? -- . - o.ttbto o.t: AST M Method D??83, titled "Cfilorina led Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askereis) For Transformers", also lists the composition of all transformer askarets used ai various times since 193?. Monsanto manufactures similar transformer ask&rel fluids in England where the tiade nanie Pyioclor is used. III. Interchangeability In general all transformer eskarels ere interchangeable. However, it is suggested tl\Bt the transformer manufacturer be consulted prior to mixing ir. significant proportions or total substitution. IV. Transformer Askarel Specifications Specifications for the three modem transformer askarel fluids are shown in Tattle 11. V. Ordering Instructions Monsanto's current policy is to sell askarel transformer fluids only to transformer manufacturers. Others interested in these fluids should contact the manufacturers of askarel transformers and not Monsanto. The transformer name plate indicates the transformer maker and usually gives sufficient data to identify the specific askarel fluids used. VI. Contamination Askarel insulation must never be mixed with mineral oil. Over two percent of mineral oil by volume in askarel begins to lower its fire resistance. In modern transformers, the principal "enemy" of askarel is contamination by water. Keeping askarel water-free will insure long time service, Askarel is heavier than water. If water gets into askarel insulation, only a tiny amount (approximately 175 ppm) dissolves ~ the rest floats on top. Askarel is very insoluble in water, only about 200pdrlt pel billion of askarel dissolve in water, at normal temperatures. . VII. Piecaulions When Handling Drums, Tank Cart, and When Opening Iratuformeri Iht-following are significant precautions: A. Keep Dry During Handling: In handling, storing, sampling and inspecting askarel - and in I f lit 019^iS9 ) TOWOLDMON0024677 WATER_PCB-00009146 ^QCHrCamy% Properties1 Co'o'.A^A . Condition ' Wat*"- content. com ?ASTV 0'$32-$Q) AcWi.v, KOu/0 /ASTV D$74.55) Die'ec'i-'c 25C, 0.' *n. oao (AS^V. D577-49:1 ' . 094t-'C Constant tOQ^C 60 [ASTV 0924-49} ` Vo'ume ^ss'S^'V'tv lOC'C 500 vo!*s DC O.1 >nch ceo, 109 ohm-cm fASTV O' 16$>} ' Jnc^o0n;c cho-ides, oom fASTV 01821 and G. i. Vetoed E4C<a13} s^dtive 'ndex, 25^ (ASTV Di807> V'scos'ty at 37.8C (ASTV 088-56) Savbo't Universal Seconds Ovr Oo-rtt *c (ASTV. 0-97-5?' Soc^ctyflvtty 25/i5.5*C <A$rV Di8l0> Burn ogmt ?ASTM D92' Df?tf"atk>n range (ASTV 020-56' connected *or stem and barometric oressure - Tfans*ortne ry u Specifications (Net* Geneve! Electric Co. Trans^onmen 9yfanol A13B38-3 ASTV 02283 Type <3 150 max. C'M' 30 max. Q.O41^ max. 35 <V, min. - 4.2 to 4.6 Westinchouse Trgnr*omnen inerteen 70*30* ASTV 02283 Type O . 'SOmax. C'ear 30 max. 0.0*4 max. 35 KV, min. - 4.2 to 4.5 T00 '- . O.^Omax. t^nOto t^^ZO 44 to 43 -33 or iowee t 495to \5'Q None to bo!ng 'St drOD 200'C mi". 40% max. be'ow 27CTC 90% 379 to 394 *oo 0,`Omax. 1,6153 to 1.5*73 55 to 61 *30 or lowe* 1.518 to 1.528 None to boding 1st d^oo 2CKTC min. 35% be'ow 270*0 90% 379 to 394 . Westing*tmv Tram^omsen no*teen 100-42* ASTV 02283 Type E 60 max. ' C'ear' 3$ max.. ' Q.Qi max. 35 <V. min. 4.7 to 4 0 100 . 0.05 wax. 1.62^0 to 1.6250 82 to 92 .1? or iowen 1,381 to 1.392 None to bO'ling 10% 325*0 min. 90% 360 max. c'>xed gMofine Odf^o?idn test Cotor, AH A ACfd'tY, mg KOu''9 ,noroanic cnior*des pom Co^d't'dn Scavenge'- content Typical Properties2 Coei4,C'ent o4 T^erna1 6xoanson AC~y O'OO?', rm2/cm2/C Arc `drmec oases `Wtstina^ow uses tHe*n onivate numb*' 'nwrtee* 5azt?1 XA 'O'- (nerteen 70-30 anvd D'-'vate y>np#r 'on 'ynn *QO-*2. 58.4 j- 0.5% 55.6% min. 43*0.5% A*ten Hooting with a'umrot/m *or $ hrs. at 200 to 220*C, tse aluminum must not be Co^oded on either v'sua1 or weight inspection and the askarei should meet the o"(mjngec<catio^: 200 mSx. 0.0*4 max. Q.15 m9X. . C'e'- 0.ii5to0.*35% OieDOxk) 200 max. 0.01flmax. 2.0 max. Cear 0.18 to 0.22% ohenoxyD'-ooene oxide 200 max, 0.01 max. 0.15 max* ' - Clear 0.18 to 0.22% Dhenoxvorooene ox:de 0.0007 0.0007 0.00068 A$Var*'s o* var>oos compcs't'onat tvoes s*c used. ,J'*dr 'V'*o e<jfx?',;om h* cases Dnoduced. w*v'? ctjnvsT;wo oned^nn.nentw o* n'on-combys*ib'e svdneoen> cnionide. cam 'K'vde varying amounts G4 comhustipieoases depending yOO" tN? 3S*tare' tvoe. ''sg'shon svstems inconoonatnc ?Hese SSkane's nd O?hu'-05'C O' OtHr organic material may. wh ?.c*d, onryiuc oasenus mixtures wHich an* moderate'v `lammab'e. As 9 orocaut'oni, ?ugH geses shpu'd be remove rom *He askar^l bv bubb'linc cnv nnnogen tHrouoH *He asica<-' 3^ *!usH.-nc the oas Space W>tH dny ndtrooen t>e'ore a-ny won -s p"n*om^ on the aooe'atus. av#nT'ti an* `in*! 'es soec**iC*t;o''s on'y to h* extent tHflt they coincide W'tS Vonssnto's oub'isSed *>C',icat'0'>t. 2*m;t det* is besed goon wrxs'es tested i 'be 'abonatcry ed :s mot ^jannteed'm *' sempies, Wnie ws 'Or conno'ete sei toeci'iestioms *on Av*re "gids. iH**:!:''*;? !lS iKliiiilisi!L^\^^^^ TOWOLDMON0024678 WATER_PCB-00009147 f!; !i operating askarel transformers - take every precaution to guard the askarel insulation lion* exposure to high humidity and moisture contamination. Keep 6 or 55 gatlon drums of askarel dry; lay stored drums on their sides with the buna at the highest point lion* floor to keep water off the drum head (which can be sucked into the askarel by the drum "breathing"!.This precaution I ii not necessary when drums are stored indoors, which H the i l> Jerred place for storage. To avoid leakage the drums used for askarel are of heavy const* uction. Sixteen gauge metal is usod, with special rim seal and bung construction. T he drums should be drained as completely as possible and then flushed twlcx with kerosene type solvent to remove all of the askarel. Accumulated liquids and washings should be collected end should be incinerated at high tompcieturcs, e.fl., about 2000*?, to destroy the polychlorinated biphenyls (PC'Bs). Sec Section A, VIIJ. Tank cars usod to transport askarcls are in exclusive service and not used interchangeably for other products. All cars must be unloaded through the top (dome filling) either by pumping or with controlled prcssuie using dry air or dry nitrogen. If nitrogen has been used for unloading it is necessary to advise the shipper so that when the cai returns the nitrogen can be replaced with dry air before any one may eniei the car. If the car is to be unloaded by pumping It will bo necessary to use a dryer on the air intake line to remove moisture. All tank cars arc fitted with steam coils, which ere available for unloading under extreme low temperature conditions. Convenient handling and pumping temperatures are given in Table Ml. ' 4 ! 6. Use Ordinary Personal Precautions: Transformer 8skaicl has been made, handled, and used for over 40 ycais. It can be handled safely with recommended precautions.ff accidentally spilled on hands, no serious skin irritation will occur. Howovoi, liquid askarel has a solvent action (similai to paint Table lit Handling and Pumping Ternperatures Product. Unloading, Handling and Pumping Temperature *C fyianol A13B3B-3 Inn teen 70 30 Inciteen 100-42 20-55 20 55 35-75 i thinner) on the fats and oils of the skin and prolonged contact may lead to drying and chapping of the skin. In ca:c of contact, wash the skin with soap and water; remove and dry clean saturaurd clothing. Clean up spills with rags, sawdust and absorbent clay. Eye contact may result in painful irritation but no permanent damage to tissues. If askaiel gets in the eyes, flush with large amounts of wafer. As with all eye First aid, refer to a physician. To relieve irritation, physicians have used an opthatmfc anesthetic solution os well as opthalmic cortisone acetate solution, or castor oil. Infrequent exposure to askarel vapors will not cause III effect*. However, prolonged exposure to high vapor concentrations should be avoided. If hot askaiel must be handled in a closed or confined area, provide the an:? with mechanical exhausl ventilation - or TOWOLDMON0024679 WATER_PCB-00009148 wear an organic cartridge respirator approved by tire U.S. Bureau of Vanes. C. Precautions On Opening sn Askarel T latisforincr: Askarels of various compositional types a e used. Under arcing conditions Hie gases pioduced. while consisting of predominantly non-combustiblc hydrogen chloride, can yield varying amounts of combustible gases depending upon tire askarel type. Insulation systems incorporating these askinels and cellulosic or other organic materials may, when arc-'d, produce gaseous mixtures wliich are moderately flammable. As a precaution, such gases should be removed from the eskercl by bubbling dry nitrogen through the askaiel and Hustling the gas space with dry nitrogen before any work is pcrfoi med on the apparatus. The American Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Guide No. 76, March, 1974 gives more detailed instructions and guidance "'for Acceptance and Maintenance of Transformer AskareI in [quip ment". This guide is published by the Institute of Electrical & Elec tronics Engineers, Inc., 345 East 47th Street, New York, New York 10017. We recommend that users of askaiel transformers refer to this IEEE document. VIII. Avoid Environmental Pollution Transformer askarels contain f*olychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) winch have been used in the United States and elsewhere over the past 40 years for many industrial and consumer applications. During the past several years evidence has accumulated to indicate that PCBs are widely dispersed throughout the environment and that they can have adverse ecological and toxicological effects. The United States Government's Interdepartmental Task Force on PCBs, Con 7?-10419, in their Maich?0, 197? report titled, "Pofychlw mated Biphenyls and the nvironment", recommended restricting PCBs to use in capacitois and transformers. This report is distributed by the National Technical Information Sci vice, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia ??151. A document tilled, "'Guidelines for Handling and Disposal of Capacirut and Transformer Grade Askarels, Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyls", has been prepared and is available from the American National Standards Institute, Committee C107, 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018. The scope, objectives and the composition of this committee are: ANSI Committee C107 Scope: Procedures and guides for safe use, maintenance and disj>osal of askaiel and askarel-soaked materials used in electrical equipment. Objectives: 1. Source of technical information and advice for Federal, State, local authorities and all others concerned. 7 Encourage development of suitable disposal facilities and keep ell concerned informed. 3. Serve as the advisory gr oup for United States participation in international organisations: CEE, ITC.CIGRE. Composition: Organizations active in or represented by this ANSI committee include: Nalional Electrical Manufacturers Association, E lechunic Industries Association, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, American Society for Testing and Materials; Electric light and Power Association; Certified Ballast Manufacturers Association; Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Environmental Aflairs, General Services Administration; National 0}9*,(>O<' TOWOLDMON0024680 WATER_PCB-00009149 Bureau c*1 Standards; Department of llit Army; Rural f lech ification Administration; Division of tm'ironnrentfli Researrti, TVA; American Public Power Association. Water Pollution Control federation; food and Drwfi Administration; National f ire Protection Association; Underwriters l.al>oratc>iies; and several sections of the U.S. Department of Interior. Ttic following arc pertinent excerpt* taken from the ANSI Guidelines lot dskaiirl transformers: 1. lAltrUNG ASKARU IftANSrORMERStPfl. 1C) 4.PP.1 New Transformers. AH new transformer that contain RCfts shaft have a label of adequate durability, permanently and prominently attached to tfte tank by the manufacture!, given adequate warning and instructions. A sugges ted iahcl includes the following: CAUTION: Tltr insulating liquid in this transformer contains polychlorinated biphenyls fPCBs). Care should be taken to prevent entry into the environment. In case of malfunction or teaks, consult the instruction manual or the manufacturer. 4.2 2? In-Service Transformers. The transformer manu . lecturer should make available suitable tatreh with a similar warning as shown in 4.2 ? 1 for use on existing transformers. ? DISPOSAL Of LIQUID AND SOLID WASTES (Pg. 16J 4. 1.5.5. 1 General. Disi>osat of askarek and askarel-soaked materials should t>c accomplished by means in which there is no significant release of askarc! to the environment. At present, disposal is accomplished by carefully controlled incineration of liquids t-d soaked software, and by con trolled landfill burial of apparatus and other hardware from which askarel has been previously drained and washed. P/ewnr knowledge indicates that proper incineration must involve a suitable balance between dwell time and temperature in the incineration plus oxygen availability and, finally, suitable scrubl>crs to remove die HU that will be formed; for example, 2-second dwell time at POOCf'f and 3% excess oxygen in stack gas, or 1.5-second dwell time at 27{m and oxygen in stack gas These facilities should meet the applicable requirements of the state in which they are locaUd and should conVo1 effluents within the limits st't forth in this standard ContmHcd landfill or deep well disposal can be used wficre permitted by federal, state, and local regulations. The ANSI Guide lists the locations of facilities that conform with the al>ovc requirements. Monsanto has such an incin erator at the W, G. Krnmmrich Plant, Department 831, Sauyct, Illinois 6??01, where arrangements can tic made for scrap askarel liquid disposal for a modest fee. for disposal of solid scrap a controlled dry land fill can be used where per milled by federal, State and local regulations. 3. CONDITIONING Of NEW OR RECYCLED ASKAREL OV 16) 4.2 1.$.1. Ad.arel Conditioning equipment. The condi tioning unit should be located either in the storage tank area or in die main transformer manufacturing area for filling with askarel. 4.2.1.3? fuller's larth. Conditioning of new askarel or recycled askarel requires fuller's earth treatment. The spent fuller's earth in cartridges or bags, vdwn replaced, should be allowed to drain thoroughly over drip pans to remove as much liquid askarel as possible. The cartridge units of steel mesh construction should be placed in the "Slid CONTAMINAHO WITH ASKART l " container for disposition. Clolh bags filled with fuller's eatih should be placed in the "SCRAP BUftNA&te ASKAR6L WASTf" container for disposition .. . TOWOLDMON0024681 WATER_PCB-00009150 4. TEARDOWN OF 7RANSF ORMf RF* FOR Rff'AIR OR SCRAP fpg. 16) 4.2.1.4.1 Drain all askarel front the unit either into a holding tank or reuse or into the dron- lol>clcd "SCRAP ASKAREL " for disposition, and then allow sufficient time lor ad of the askarel to drain from the core and coils 4.71.4.? Remove the core and cotI assembly from the transformer. Sufficient absorbent material should be placed on the floor to absorb any askarel fluid that Still drips from the transformer. 4.2.1.4.3 Place all materials in the appropriate salvage con miners during the dismantling for later disposition. 4.7.1.4.4 AH used materials, including rags, sawchni. tape, etc, regardless of quantity, shall be put into the appropriate containers for disposition. 5. TRANSFORMER DISPOSAL (Pg. 17) 4.2.3.6 The ultimate disposal of an askarelfilled tians- former may be accomplished in either of two ways: (V Complete drainage and ctisnandhg with the proper disposal of the askarel and askarel soaked component}, as described in 4.1.6. (?) Disposition of askarel transformers by means of junk or scrap dealers. Ibis should be avoided unless a transformer is first drained, followed by soaking the interior with a suitable solvent. Accumulated (iquids and washings arc to f>r disposed of as described in 4.1.6. IX. Expected Service Life Manufacturers indicate that properly designed and installed askarel transformers are expected to give troubfefiee scivice for el least 30 years. Since their introduction in 193?, the manufacturers report finding the overall failure f8te to be less than 0.6% for all units under test and service conditions. The Edison Electnc Institute's report 0966-1968) on thcii member utilities publishes the failure rate for askarel transformers as0.13 per hundred banks per year. Mr. Frank M. Clark, who invented transformer askarels at the General Electric Company in the early 1930s. made tire highly pertinent comment based on his many years of experience with G.t. Pyrariol (askaiel type) transfor mers that - '7he important thing is to keep them dry - otherwise have them alone". . These words of wisdom became especially applicable in more recent years when welding shut rather than gasketing bccfmc the main method of sealing askarel transformers. These units are sold with the understanding that the liquid is in a normally hermetically dosed system. X General Characteristics of Transformer Askarel Fluid Appreciation of the following characteristics, as given in the lEtf Guide, leads to understanding the reasons for selecting dielectric breakdown voltage and moisture as the prime practical tests to judge the quality of transformer askarel fluid. Also, due to these characteristics the power factor of transformer askarel will be normally much higher then the corresponding values for mineral oil. In comparison to mineral insulating oil, askarel is a relatively polar material; i.e., its molecules are dipoles, free to rotate around their axes and responsive to orientation by electrical fortes. Askarel also exhibits a much higher dielectric constant and capacitance than insulating oil, and these differences must be kept in mind when interpreting electrical lest date. Because it is relatively polar, end possesses high solvency power, askarel is much more electrically sensitive than minsi&l oil to trace:, of extraneous soluble polai materials, and consequently the choice of 0194604 TOWOLDMON0024682 " WATER_PCB-00009151 consti unions! metn ials destined for use in askarel is very critical. This sensitivity is reflected in iht power factor end resistivity (specific icsislance) of tire askarel. It is important to note that, with 11 it- exception of water, the dielectric breakdown voltage of askaret is not generally adversely affected by many of the soluble polar materials to which its power factor and fesisbvity {specific resistance) are so sensitive, in fact, the dielectric breakdown voltage of askarel is somewhat greater titan that of insulating oil. Therefore, the values assigned these dielectric fluids in newly supplied transformers are 30 KV min. and 20 KV min., respectively. As with insulating oil, askarel must be kept dry. ft cart pick up moisture from exposure to humid atmosphere. Under simitar conditions of exposure, askarel can pick up nearly twice as much moisture when measured on e pans per million weight basis. XI. Sampling Transformer Askatel Fluid Hu: following precautions about sampling are quoted from the IEf Guide. "Representative samples, whether of the complete contents or only pans thereof, aie extremely important from the standpoint of evaluation of the quality of the product sampled. Obviously careless sampling procedure or contamination in tire sampling equipment will result in a sample that is not truly representative. 1 his generally leads to erroneous conclusions concerning quality and incurs loss of time, effort, and expense involved in securing, transporting, and testing the sample. It is strongly recommended that alt of the procedures and precautions outlined in the latest levistori of AS1 M D 9?3 {Sampling lecnicel Insulating Liquids) be followed. , "because of the high specific gravity (relative density) of askarel (greater than 1), water and some other impurities are most likely to be found at or near the suiface. 1 he top sample, therefore, is considered to represent the worst condition." XII. Evaluation of Askarel Received in New Equipment Some users of askarel equipment find it desirable to make "as received tests" on all equipment. It is quite common to use the dielectric breakdown voltage test and visual appearance as the most significant tests. M suitable equipment and trained personnel are available additional information may be obtained from the power factor, color, end moisture content tests. In sampling askarel contained in apparatus extreme care must be exercised in order to obtain a representative Sample. ASfM Method D 923 should be followed. New equipment with askarel exhibiting the following characteristics is considered acceptable: Dielectric Breakdown Voltage Color Condition Visual Walei Content Power factor at PC/1 C 30 KV min. 300 max, (Straw color) Cfeai 3b ppm max. * AST M Methods OB77 0 21?9 OHO? D153/ D9?4,0 160 * 1 tic power factor of askarel taken from new transformers, reactors and accessory equipment can reflect the presence of moisture, dissolved polar compounds, or other contaminants and may vary with the type of equipment from which the sample was taken due to tire different ratios of liquid to-sofid insulation and to the high solvency fxrwei of the askarel. Given an acceptable watei content and dielectric breakdown voltage of the askarel as indicated above, a high power factor seldom impairs the serviceability of tbe askarel within rather broad limits and Is indicative of the degree of extraneous soluble polar materials present. Recognizing the possibility of a wide range of power factor* being recorded for ask8tel in new equipment, it is difficult to establish a single limit which would be acceptable to both suppliers end users lor all applications. However, as a broad guide, power factors up to about 10% et 25'Cand 60 cycles per second (hertz) do not in general indicate any abnormal contamination providing that the other criteria (water content, dielectric breakdown voltage, etc.) arc nt(t. Much higher power factors may indicate excessive contamination or the misapplication of the solid materials used in manufacture in contact with the askarel and should be investigated. XIII. Dielectric Breakdown Voltage -- Moisture Relationship The dielectric breakdown voltage of askarel is highly sensitive to excess moisture; not sensitive to ordinaty dissolved polar materials. While the dielectric breakdown voltage can also be lowcied by severe arcing, askarel turns noticeably black or has particles of sooty carbon floating in it if arcing has occurred. 1 hen the transformer should be repaired end the askarel replaced. If the dielectric breakdown voltage is checked periodically and decreases significantly - this indicates moisture pick-up, arcing, or both. When the dielectric breakdown voltage has drop(ed to 2G KV or less, an analysis for water is necessary. If water is lound in excess of 40 ppm at room temperature, its source should be located and corrections made. When the moisture content approaches 12b ppm (saturation level et room temperature), the dielectric breakdown voltage of askarel drops below the value required for efficient insulating, the moisture content should no! be allowed to rise over 70 ppm, sampled at operating temperature. If the moisture content is found to be in 8 satisfactory range Bnd tire dielectric breakdown voltage is low, the transformer manufacturer should be consulted. Table IV show's the relationship of dielectric breakdown voltage vs. moisture and 1 able V indicates the approximate water solubility limits in askarel and mineral oil. Table IV Relation of Dielectric Breakdown Voltage to Amount of Dissolved Water in Askarel and Mineral Oil Water Content (PPM) Breakdown Voltage (AST M D877) Askarel Mineral Oil 0 70 KV 50 KV 20 55 39 40 4? 30 60 40 2G 80 38 2? 110 10 6 i l 019460b ) 9) TOWOLDMON0024684 WATER_PCB-00009153 c 30 :nr ' 10 0 10 >0 30 40 T able V Approximate Solubility of Water In 1 ransformer Askarel and Mineral Oil __ Amount of Water (PPM) Dissolved F, Askarel Mineral Oil 27 A nl 3? 60 CO BG 104 8 U. 28 41 65 94 128 170 10 13 20 33 68 85 130 XV. Turbidity ... may be lire visual $iQn of undissolved water, or may indicate dirt. Cloudiness may also result from cold precipitation of tin telraphenyl "scavenger'' that was used in the earlier Pyranol transformers. This scavenger begins to come out of solution around 1&CF strove mo. lo rodissolvc it requires heating to 150 20CTF and agitation. High dielectric breakdown voltage will quickly indicate that any tuibidity p cscnt is not moistur e; that tire insulating efltcicncy of the askarel is still excellent, However, if the dielectric strength is below ?f> KV, moisture should be determined, using the Karl Fischer method (AS1M D1533-60). 7/ic dielectric breakdown voltage test for askarel m ves primarily as an indicator for moistwe. it h by far the most ///> ' u*nt maintenance test foi tiftnsfoime/ askarel. XV. Check Points for Maintaining Askarel Insulation A General Considerations: Modern askarel transformers with welded construction or silicone or Viton* gaskets (hand hole-cover, switch and terminal compaitmcnt covers) and with properly constructed bushings tcquifc little maintenance. With properly constructed trens formers, annual or semi-annual visual inspection and dielectric breakdown voltage lest of tire askarel fluid should suffice for tontine maintenance checking over many years of service. However, many askarel units were installed in the early 1930$ - bdon- the development of some of the belter modern gasketir^ I materials and belore improved designs were developed for scaling 1 out moisture, Such eady units should be, and can be, modernised. 1 teuky or deteriorated gaskets should be replaced. If the askarel has become contaminated, it should be reconditioned. At the same time, a general clean-up of the unit and possible relinishing may be desirable. . If it i$ not convenient to take an old transformer out of servioe for general repairs, leaky gaskets can be scaled temporarily by painting over the leaky area with epoxy cement, A survey of users indicates a good number of early-built askarel transformers fovci 20 years old) are kepi in continuous service ir* critical installations by the following steps (instead of niodernbationl. The operating units t>r equipped with compound pressure gauges for reading pressure shove end below atmospheric. Positive ^ *lirtdciuaik M l. 1 buPoru OeNcmourt & Conipony, Inc pressure u r:c nttined on the shell by introducing nitrogen at 2 to 3 pounds ahi'i'e atmosfhp;c. Regular workmen in the area daily record the temperature and pressure. If a sudden pressure diop is noted more nitrogen is introduced and the gaskets a>e checked for leaks with soap solution. Leaks are sealed by applying epoxy cement, 6. Modern Scalir^ Procedures: Transformer purchasers should specify the following modern techniques for seeling: 1. Welding Construction: Covers, radiator connections, switch and terminal housings, instrument connections, etc. should be welded. 2. Bushing Connections: A number of bushings have been developed to obtain a proper seal for the electrical connection through the taril: wall. They 8rc classified as - follows: 1) Welded Type {Bushing flange welded to tank wall) a. Cast resin bushing with a molded seal to the bushing sU*d and external stainless steel or copf*er flanges. b. Rolled flange bushing with the metal to porcelain seal at the cap and flange made by being rolled into grooves in the porcelain over silicone rubber rings. The seal between the cap and stud is made by welding. c. Porcelain or glass bushings with metal to glass or metal to porcelain seals. 2) Bolted Type (Bolted to tank wall) a. Cast resin bushings with either cast or metal flanges containing recessed gasket grooves, b Porcelain or glass bushings with flanges containing recessed grooves or gasket stop. The gaskets may be either of rectangular or ci'cular cross-section, usually Vi inch thick. Bushings with recessed grooves ate suitable to use with cork, cork-nitrile rubber combinations or nitrile rubt>er as well as gasket mater ials such as silicone or Viton. 3. Small Size Connections: When not possible to weld, small si/e connection seals should be made with Flexilallic" stainless stoct rings. The surfaces must fro machined and paiallel. The filler between the steel laminations of the Ftexitallic ring should lx either silicone or Viton. A. Gaskets for Hand-Hole Covers: Modern design sjKrclficd silicone gaskets. Such gaskets must be retained in a groove. The groove preferably is machined into the llange or cover. However, it can also be formed by welding concentric steel strips to the flange or the cover. Generally the gaskets should be &/16 to 1/2 in. thick for covers, depending on the depth Of the groove or stop. A rectangular cross section is usually used. The silicone material should be Dow Coming No. BO Silastic** or equivalent. This is a low compression set materiel. For best sealing compression is recommended, with ample clearance- in the gioovt or stop to allow for this compression. No cement is required. With reasonable care the gasket is removable without damage end is reuseab e. Silastic BO is sbgbtly swelled by askerel which contr ibuti-s to the tightness :>? the seal. It is not deteriorated by askarel fluid or vapors. It resists weathering and it is thermally stable and Mradcrvtdik'ot f texitullrc Gajikel Company Mretfema-k of Dow Coming TOWOLDMON0024686 WATER_PCB-00009155 h; i i:r ill , !'l i ! i <jl < I ! Hi; flexible at all operating tcirf*eratur. It it, an excellent moisture bar lie!. NO It: Dow Corning, Midland, Michigan will supply a list of Silastic 50 gaske! fabricators to all transformer manufacturer* or users. They will also furnis" technical . data. Sec Appendix J: Seals, Properties end Piocuiemcnu. C. The Older Sealing Arrangements: Tfic ot(ir."i tyjc gaskets consist of either cork or cork-nltrile rubber combinations Or stiaigbt nitrile rubber. 1. Cork-Nitrile Combinations: Covets for the main tank, hand-holes. switch arid terminal chambers, relief diaphrams, etc., art held in place by studs welded to the flange or by bolts. The gaskets a/e cut with openings and placed over the bolts. Often Shellac (Westinghouse Style No. 1150419, or Ccncral Electric Company's Glyptal* 1276) is used to cement the oork to the flanges, The following is recommended for scaling with the cork nitrile rubber combinations: Use Armstrong NC-767 cork-nitrile material o> equivalent. The gasket ran be cut from a single street or by scarfing strips of the material. A convenient method for joining snips is to make a Krystone T ype joint. For this purpose,Wcstinghouse. Sharon, Pennsylvania, offers their gasket cutter Style No. 328 BG14G01, (about $15). T he joints - and also the gasket - should be cemented to the flange, using one of the above cements, t xcess cement should not be allowed to reach the interior of the transformer. After installation and bolting, the outside edge of the gas! et Should bo coated thoroughly with epoxy cement to increase weather resistance. This epoxy cement is a paste to which a curing catalyst is added immediately before use.l ypical are: a. Ppoxy Patch Kit *1C Hysot Corporation,Olcan, New York b. Scotchcast"' Resin #4 Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company St. Paul, Minnesota c. Adhesive A-1 and Activator T ype B Armstrong Products Company Atgonnc Road, Warsaw, Indiana rd Adhesive 98G0-1, Synthetics Organic Company, Cleveland, Ohio, used with activator diethylene tr famine (Carbide and Carbon Chemical Com|ny) 7. Straight Niliile Rubber: When straight nitrile rubber was originally used, invariably the gasket was recessed in a groove. This was to prevent gasket flow and to protect the material against excessive compression. Although this type seal was not cemented, the nitrile rubber gasket is not reuseahlc. Since gioovts or stops have already been provided for the nitrile fuhbei seal. Silastic 50 rein be easily substituted and is recommended. This conforms with modern practice. XVI. Pci iodic fluid Inspection end What Checkpoints Mean On e tegular schedule - at six, nine, or twelve-month intervals - make $ simple visual insjx'ciion of your sskarcl insulation end run a dielectric breakdown voltage check. * 1 ifl tcmjirlv of Genet*! t Iconic Company ' M tfrrlomeilv t MinrtouMi* Mininj) & Memjt&cHiring Company ' WATER_PCB-00009156 A. Visual Inspection: Askarel is a clear, faint-yellow liquid. After long term use this color may gradually intensify to light brown. Hie fluid should remain cleat and free from turbidity or cloudiness. Any color change - such as to a gtecn, red or blue cast - indicates extraction of impu' ities (color materials} from tin? solid insulation. If a distinct foreign color pick-up is noted, check the complete range of electrical characteristics and notify the transformer maker. Blackening ol the askarel may indicate an arcing condition. Other color changes alone are not danger signals since the dielectric breakdown voltage is not likely to be impaired. B. Dielectric Breakdown Voltage If the dielectric breakdown voltage has decreased significantly from the last inspection, or H it has gradually decreased below 26 KV range (at ?bC) - RUN A CHECK FOR MOISTURF. Use AS1M D1533 (Karl Fischer Method). The dielectric breakdown voltage of askarel is the major indicator to the operating efficiency of your liquid insulation. Besides the visual inspection tests, dielectric breakdown voltage is the only test necessary to run on a routine basis. Welt-sealed askarel transformers have service records of 26 to 30 years on the original askaiel. XVII. Inspection Checklist 1. It askarel is clear - even though darkened to light brown, has no sediment or turbidity, has dielectric breakdown voltage ovci ?0 KV - give it the inspection "OK", 2. If askarel Is clear, but has foreign color of blue, green, red ... it is 'extracting color" from internal materials. This is not, of itself, an operating ha?aid when the dielectric breakdown voltage stays over 26 KV and moisture remains low. However, this raie occurrence calls for checking into the condition of the interior construction and consulting the transformer maker. However, when sampling the fluid care should be taken to avoid getting color into the askarel from paint that may be inside or outside of the sample valve. 3. If the moisture content is found to be above 70 ppm at operating temperature, then sampling should be done at more frequent intervals to establish a possible trend, particularly on outdoor Installations. 4. If askarel is clear, but dielectric breakdown voliagr drops to 22 or lower KV, and moisture rises over 80 ppm when sampled at operating temperature .. . the askarel is ready for simple "refining". If the moisture is near the saturation level (at>out 1?b ppm at room temperature} a thorough inspection should be made for water droplets in the transformer tank, and even foi "globules" of water floating on the askarel surface. If found, the transformer manufacturer should be consulted for reconditioning both the transformer and the fluid, b. If askarel is dark brown to black, if black particles of carbon are seen, end dielectric strength is low ... the askarel has been broken down by arcing, It cannot be refined and should be removed and incinerated under prerror conditions. (See ANSI Committee C107 report on the and Dispose! of Askarel $nd Askarel-Soakcd Materials. 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 100J8. It any of these five simple inspection tests appear out of the ordinary or the relationship between appearance and test values is abnormal, contact your transformer supplier for e complete analysis. Whenever a sample is tube stripped to Monsanto, please follow the ' directions shown under; "SAMPLING ASKAREL ". 0 19 4 61 0 TOWOLDMON0024688 WATER_PCB-00009157 XVIII. Contamination in Transformer Moisture, pailiculatr mallei and atced d< comjK*sition products ate known to be seiious contaminating influences on tensformer askarel. 1 be power feel or test normally used for the detection of contamination in nilncinf oil filled transformers is of little use for tins purpose in eskart-l filled transformers, due to the extreme effect of extraneous, soluble polar materials. This increase in power factor as illustrated in 1 able VI has no adverse effect on dielectric breakdown voltage. *1 able VI Effect of Common Insulation Materials on Power Factor and Dielectric Strength (Heat Aged 96 Hours in Askarel at 100'C.) Material Immersed Askarel After Exposure Power factor, Percent at 60 eye., 100C Dielectric Strength . 25C. None (control) Black varnished cloth Copper Pressboard Manila paper Phenol formaldehyde resins Shellac Iron Synthetic rubber 1.0 85.0 1.6 2.0 1.5 1.6 6.0 5.0 70.0 35 KV 42 40 37 39 41 36 39 39 Similarly, trace contaminants from commonly used construction materials car. lower the volume resistivity of askarel, without affecting its dielectric breakdown voltage. 1 his is shown in 1 able VII. Table VII Effect of Common Insulation Materials on Volume Resistivity of Askarel Sample Volume Resistivity x 109 ohnvcm fat 100'C.. 500 Volts DC. 0.1 "gap) \ New askaiel before heat aging 2. New askarel after heat aging 96 hours at 100"C 3. Aftei heat aging with 1 sq. inch specimens of: a Phenolic resin tap changer material b. Paper C. Grade A pressboard (tan) d. Grade A ptessboaid (gray) e. Grade A pressboard, laminated strip f. Cotton wrapping g Glyplal 1276 cement, cured 48 hrt. at IIO^C 2,000 1,900 1,200 750 500 500 400 300 IOC* While Pace contamination easily lowers volume resistivity from high levels, It it important to note that heavy contamination (as when arced! does not lower the resistivity below tire order of 109 obm-cm, 81 100`C. 1 fir ditfeient behavior 1 askarel vs. mineral oil in these: respects can be summarized as follows. High power facto* and low volume resistivity in transformer mineral oils ere commonly regarded as "dangc r signals" that the oil has deteriorated and broken down chemically or excessive moisture is present. This is N07 TRUE of askarel liquid insulation unless the dielectric breakdown voltage U low or the moisture content is high. Manufacturers of askaiet type transformers |Krim out that it is quite well known that askarel transformers with initial power factor of tlie askarel fluid in excess of 50% at room temperature end 60 Hz are giving satisfactory service life. However, there needs to be assurance that both dielectric breakdown voltage and moisture arc at satisfactory levels and do not show adverse trends. XIX. ASTM D3?5S Method For Investigating The Compat ibility of Transformer Insulation and Construction Materials in Askarel* This method uses the change of electrical and/or chemical characteristics of transformer askarel resulting from its controlled exposure to insulation and construction materials, in order to evaluate their immediate major "contamination" effect on the askarct fluid. Oelayod or long time contamination effects may not be detected. The method also utilizes various physical tests on the insulation and construction materials after controlled exposure to the askarel to determine the compatibility of these materials with transformer askarel. Properly proportioned specimens of the insulation or structural materials are immersed in refined askarel for 168 hours at 100i 1C in a forced draft oven. Changes in electrical and chemical properties of the transformer askarel are compared against a conirol sample of the askarel treated in the same manner. In absence of the test specimens. Dissipation factor (AST M D 924} change is one of the crilei is used. T he askarel fluid is refined by absorptive treatment to a dissipation factor level of 0.05 rriax. at 100*0 end 60 H? and 0.01 max. at ?6C arid 60 Hz. Corresponding values of the askarel fluid after heating 168 hours at 100*0 in absence of a test specimen are 0.076 and 0.0? respectively. The maximum dissipation factor levels suggested for tin askarel after heating in presence of the test specimen are 0.?0 at 1000 and GO Hz and 0.04 at ?6C and 60 Hz. XX. Refining Askarel for Reuse A. Filtering llnough Dry Blotter Paf>er to Remove Moisture and Extraneous Particles: Most operators prefer portable refining apparatus, such as a plate press filled with a dolly, available from Sjrarkler, Mundelein, Illinois or General Electric Company, Pittsfield. Massachusetts; or the earthen cartridge filter type available from Industrial Filler Corporation, Lebanon, Indiana. Filter paper liners for the plate press are available from Carl Schleicher end Schuetl Conqony, Keane, New Hampshire and manufacturers of filter presses listed above. The filter paper must be dried immediately before use. For best results, spread the paper for maximum surface exposure in a hot air circulating oven and heat it for 4 to 6 hours at 110*C. Circulate tire askarel hot (but not over 4DC* through the fitter fitted with the dr y paper liners. After filtration the dielectric breakdown voltage of the askarel should be 36 KV minimum. PRfcCAUl IONS: 1. Filtering should not be done when the relative humidity exceeds 76%. 2. Any flexible hoses and gaskets on the refining equipment should be lined with or made of materials that will nut be softened by contact with askarel fluid. (Materials lined with Silicone, Vilon or Teflon* or flexible metal materials are suitable.? trademark of E t. OuPont DeNernourt & Company. Inc. TOWO LDMON0024690 WATER_PCB-00009159 n'i TA.BLF VIII Guide to Rote of Dissolved Water Removal By Filtering Ask aret Through a Paper Press Passes Through Paper Pi ess 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Water in Asker el PPM . 115 35 2? 18 12 10 10 6. Dispose! of Solid Wastes: The ANSt guide CIO?.1-1974, Section 4.1.6 gives detailed recommendations. C Solid Insulation Requiring Drying: if the so ld insulation of the tiansformer requires drying, consult tire tiansformei manufacturer or an apparatus service shop, as in such case oven drying is preferred. , D. iarth Treatment for Maximum Improvement of Power factor and Volume Resistivity: Wc question whether pumping and filtering the fluid solely to achieve a change in power factor or volume resistivity alone is justified in today's ecological climate regarding PCBs. We recom mend that in these situations the original transformer manufac ture! be contacted. 1. Procedure: . The askare! liquid should be relatively dry p/ior to tire following earth filtration, . As coating on the filter paper surface Use finely divided Altapulgus'* cl8y or Fuller's earth dried and activated by heating for 12 hours et 300 3501 immediately prior to use. The amount of car tit used should be 0.1 to 0.2 percent by weight on the weight of tire eskerel to be treated. Askare! weighs atxrul 12-6 pounds pci gallon. To deposit the earth evenly, stir one-third of the earth with 8 small portion of askarel in a clean container. Pump the mixture through the filter and follow with two more if. one-thud portions. Then circulate askare! taken from near the top of the transformer, pass it warm (not over D'/C) through the earth-coated filler and feed back through the bottom transformer outlet. Continue circulation until the fluid Is clear and test shows that the electi ical properties are fully restored. 2 Iffeet of Cerlh on Removal of Scavenger* Only slight and insignificant loss by selective absorption of tin tepaphenyl and epoxides occurs when askare! is refined by treatment with 0.1 to 0.2 peicent toy weight of earth. To remove significant amounts ol tire scavengers require* repe titious treatment with much larger amounts of earth. trademark of FwltiB'd Mi nereis and Chemicals Oorp. WATER_PCB-00009160 Table IX Approximate Relationship Showing the Insignificant Ffiect of Power factor and Volume Resistivity on Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of T ransfoimer Askarel Power Factor (60 eye.) too*c ?6"C Volume Resistivity x 109 ohm-om (at 1000,500 Volts _ DC,0.1 "gap} Breakdown Voltage 26*0,0.1" gap 2% 66% 15% 2025% 40-60% 0.06% 0.1% 0.7% 2.0% -' 1500 500 100 6070 2b 36 KV 36 36 36 36 XXI. Cleaning Arced Transformers If a unit has arced so that the askarcl is no longer fit for use, e thorough cleaning of the unit is necessary before refilling wilh new askarcl insulation anc; returning it to ser vice*. Follow' this procedure insuring cate is taken to prevent any loss of liquid askarel to effluent streams. A. Drain out all dark, carbon-contaminated askarel. Arrange to have the scrap fluid incinerated under proper conditions. (Sec ANSI Committee C107 report.! B. Carefully brush carbon deposits from internal parts and insulation, using a soft bristle brush making sure that insulation is not damaged. C. Flush thoroughly using new askerel - not an oil, not a cleaning solvent. D. Flush a second time with fresh askarel; drain; then fill to the proper level with new askarel. E. Encrgi?c transformer to warm the fluid for 24 to 48 hours; then circulate the askarel through e filter, returning it to the unit filtered and ready for use. XXII. Sampling Askerel lake a sample as close to the top of the liquid surface as jrossihle. Many large ask8rel transformers have a built-in sampling tube near the surface for convenient sampling. Then, to make sure that your sample truly represents youi askaret insulation, take another sample from the bottom. If additional sampling tube connection; are contrived on the valves for easier sampling, make the tubes of clean glass, stainless steel, aluminum or tin for rigid types; and silicone, or Viton or Teflon tubing for flexible types. Use NFW containers for the askarel sample. A new and thoroughly pie dried, smatl-mouth quart glass bottle fitted with a Bakelite* * screw cep with aluminum or tin cap liner is recommended for quick, on-site testing. (If complete analysis is to be made, e 6 pint si?e sample is required.) Be sure that the new bottle does not stand o|cn to colled dust or moisture. Rinse the sample bottle and cap lining two or three times with askarel from the transformer, then fill it. If the sample will be* tested promptly, a deer glass bottle can be used. If sample is to b< stored indefinitely, use an ember glass bottle or wrap clear glass with aluminum loll. A. Select a dry day. Du ttot sample insulation on a warm, moist day when humidity exceeds 76%, and ... This assumes that the cause of atcing ha* been established and collections mack-. When severe arcing occurs, mtrjor repairs are usually necessary and the unit rebuilt. This procedure can be applied tor flushing out the repaired unit*. * Trademark of Union Ca'bide Corporation 1946]<, TOWOLDMON0024692 WATER_PCB-00009161 B. Make lute that the askarel is el lean as warm a* the surrounding eir. fCold liquids can condense moisture from humid aitj C. When sampling askarel fiom transformers, it is best to take the sample when the unit warm and operating at average or maximum load, especially lor a check on moisture as rellecled by a dielectric breakdown voltage test. Sampling the warm askarel moic truly represents its condition during operation. txpericnce shows that water will migrate from a transformer^ solid insulation to the askarel liquid and vice versa, depending on tern{ciaUire. Therefore, when the transformer is hot, tl*e moisture Is most likely to be fo.md in the liquid. This accounts lam :y for periodic variations in dielectric breakdown voltage. For example, 8 relatively high dielectric breakdown voltage may be found during winter months end a idatwely low dielectric breakdown voltage during the summer months on samples taken from the same unit. When testing has been completed, tire remainder of the fluid sample should be destroyed by high temperature Incineration dcscrilxd in Section VIII. WATER_PCB-00009162 Scoceftlcom J Askarel Filled Switches ami Terminal Chambers i. Introduction High voltage leads are usually connected to askarel 01 niincral oil filled network transformers and power centers through terminal chambers and switches. In some esses terminal chambers are not used, and the high voltage leads are connected directly to the switch terminals. 1 hey may be filled with either askarel or mineral oil. Switches are usually rotary or drum type fitted with a revolving block and porcelain unit as the principal clement arranged for three-phase service. Askarel transformers with attached switches have been in use for about 30 years. When they were first introduced, the availability of insulating and gasketing materials was rather limited and even the best materials at the time had no service history. As a result, inadequate gasketing materials such as cork, nitrile rubber, and nitrile rubberand-cork particles were used. While satisfactory for a limited period of time, these materials cannot be depended upon for the expected long life of the equipment, The terminal chamber is usually above or below the switch compartment and separated by a steel wall through which tire bushings are inserted. When bustlings are properly selected and correctly installed, there is no leakage from one conipat tment to the other. With poor bustling seals, and theterminal chamber above the switch, potting compounds or cable oil can seep into the askarel. When the terminal Chamber is below' tfic switch, askarel can drain into the terminal chamber. II. Sources of Contamination There are throe possible sources of contamination for askarel in switches and terminal chambers; they rank in tin's order of frequency: ft) water entering through poor gsskets; (?) decomposition products from arcing when switch is used to break magricti?ing cuncnt; (3) entrance of pothcad or Cable compounds through leaky bustling seals. Unlike Bn askarel transformer where the amount of contaminant is likely to be very small (probably only trace amounts) in relation to the volume of askarel fluid - in switches oi terminal chambers with faulty seals, the amount of contamination can be relatively large. Experience has shown that, based on the number of installed askarel-switch units, the percentage of failures is extremely small. When investigated, it has been found that most failures originate in the switch Chamber. Water is the chief source of contamination. However, heavy contamination of askaret with petrolatum and asphalt material, due to leakage, have caused a few failures. Petrolatum is used frequently for filling terminal chambers. When either cable oil or petrolatum seeps Into askarel, no great harm results. The fite resistance' will be somewhat decreased end power factor of the askarel will increase with an accompanying drop in resistivity. While highly undesirable, it is doubtful that failure of the unit results. Where asphaltic compounds are used in place of petrolatum, the danger is increased somewhat because asphaltic contamination may cause excessively high dielectric losses in the askarel. When the terminal chamber is below the switch chamber, the potting compound can tx contaminated by askarel if the bushing seals a*e (eaky. This is undesirable because the askarel will increase the power factor and conductivity of the potting compound or cable oil and develop beat from dielectric loss. If this mixture is drawn into the cable TOWOLDMON0024694 WATER_PCB-00009163 insulation, a cable failure is likely, Ihis again emphasizes the mic>ii<ince of tight bushing assemblies. : j III. Sealing Switches and Terminal Chamber* Fi oper bustling constr uction, use of Silastic scats and wcldi ng wherever |xsstWc Is highly desirable (as covered in Section A). Where an fctastorneHt teal is to be used in contact with both askarel and fx tiolcuin oil, Oubonl's Viton is suggested. For nciv equipment the user should specify these modern scaling arrangements to keep out contaminants end minimize maintenance. IV. Askarof Used Under Mild Arcing Conditions The It I t Guide for IransformcM Askarel calls attention to the following' "Askatel is used, to some extent, in apparatus where it is subjected to light intermittent arcing, such as in self-contained induction regulators, where cmerating svetches are continually producing slight arcs, in transformer de-encigiving switches, etc., Under normal conditions, deterioration of the askarel is very slight, However, improperly adjusted or defective switches In this type of apparatus can produce excessive arid prolonged arcing and accelerated deterioration of the askarel. ft is recommended that when askaicl is used under these conditions, checks of the liquid, especially for moisture end dielectric breakdown voltage made more frequently than when it is used only as a cooling and insulating fluid. Dcterioiation of this tyjxr is indicated by a blackening of the liquid. It can usually be reconditioned as pieviously described. Special attention should be given to maintaining the scavenger at the appropriate concentration." V. Maintenance for Askarel Filled Switches A Switelrct used (or grounding after power source has been de energized will not undergo arcing. 6. Switches interrupting magnetizing current will be subject to arcing; the anioinit of decomt>osition will depend on power interrupted, lime and frequency of operation. As a general rule, the liquid should be checked after 5 to 10 operations. 1. On newly installed switches, check tire askarel at 3,6 and 1? month intervals; if found satisfactory, check onoe annually thereafter. With proper attention to the gasketing of covers and bushings, experience will probably indicate that less frequent inspection is warranted. 2. Check askarel for; a. Dielectric breakdown voltage {ASfM t>877): It should be 20 KV minimum. If dielectric breakdown voltage is low, confirm presence of water by Karl Fischer method A$1M D 1533. Filter to remove moisture. Dielectric it length should then be 3D KV minimum. b. Pretence of carbon from aicing; Fluid should be relatively free of carbon. If badly arced and very black, replace fluid. If only minute amounts of carbon are present, filtration is recommended. Check power factor of liquid (should not be over 5% at ?*,,C and 60 cycles), Flush out switch chamber with several gallons of fresh askarel before refilling. . 3. If there is discoloration, high power factor, detectable change in specific gr avity or reh active index, oi if fluid fleshes below 2bpf, there is a possibility of seepage of potting compound into tire switch compartment. In this case, correct any leaky bushing seals with proper replacements and fist with new askarel. fl. If terminal chamber is below switch, check potting compound for pretence of askarel (can usually be detected t*y odor or by an increase in specific gravity). If askarel is present, correct any leaky bushing soalt with proper replacements, and renewcompounds, f>. I K8iriirf cover gaskets visually. Deterior ation can be detected by swelling and cracking of the exposed edge, in cases of severe deterioration, liquid seepage is usually present. 8. Check lot leakage et packing gland of twitching shaft. If leaking, repack with a Silastic ring type gasket. VI. Askarel Under Excessive Temperature or fault Conditions The IEEE Guide alto points out that, *'Chloroben?eries used in transformer askarels begin to boil at temperatures of about 205'C,undei atmospheric conditions, if the material is heated to such high tempciature in a scaled system, pressure develops. Pressure will also develop in the system if the askarel Is arced sufficiently to generate copious hydrogen chloride gas. "Therefore, it is recommended that wherever possible, sealed askarel filted equipment be provided with pressure relief devices, These devices must be large enough to provide immediate relief at a definite pressure, and to prevent further build up of pressure if decomposition continues. It must be remembered that the presence of devices of this sort docs not nece$:>etily preclude the rupturing of containing vessels, since pressure build up can be extremely rapid under violent arcing conditions." Sesftfem 1oxicity& Safe Handling ]. Inhalation At ordinary temperatures tire chlorinated biphenyls in Askarel have not presented industrial toxicological problems. The hii?ard of potential toxic exposure varies with their volatility: the lowcr-chlorinated, more volatile ones present more of a potential problem from the standpoint of both inhalation and skin contact. When Askarel fluids are used at elevated temperatures, engineering controls must be applied, either by the use of closed systems or by effective loeal-exhaust ventilation together with general workroom exhaust. Vapors of Askarel at room temperature should not be breathed in a confined space, and no vapor of any fluid evolved at elevated temperatures should be allowed to be dispersed into the general workroom. Inhalation tests on animals indicate that the maximum safe concentre tion of vapor is in the rang.' of from 0.5 to 1.0 milligram per cubic meter of air. The threshold limit value (maximum allowable concen tration of an 8 hour working day) set by the American Conference of Government Hygienists are 1.0 milligram of the lower-chlorinated biphenyl compounds per cubic meter of air and 0 5 milligram of tl*e more highly-chlorinated compounds, per cubic meter of air. II. Stein Contact Prolonged or repeated skin contact with the Aska el fluids must Inavoided by the use of glove; and protective garments, because of the possible occurrence of a condition called chtoracne Although reports of tiiis condition caused by Askarel are rare, it can be produced by excessive skin contact. If the fluid is spilled on the skin the skin should be washed in tire usual manner with a soap solution. A burn caused by contact with a hot Askarel should be treatod like any ordinary burn. For disposal instructions of Askarel fluids, see Section A-VIII. page-6. 0194M 8 TOWOLDMON0024696 WATER_PCB-00009165 Analytical Services on Transformer Askarcl Available From Monsanto Transformer users not w'^'^g m make their own fluid analyses can obtain the service from Monsanto Simply con*a-" apecify what analyses are . ited. You will be sent the proper-s^ed, clean sample container, fitted w th a yon receive tfus, <.. -fully your sample [following the procedure for sampling in to * g-.-de*. Send '."m- V.ip's idborat. >. Ch-rges listed -'dude sample container and laboratory costs. The cna jes are those n 1 ? 'b. and are sublet to change. Types of Analyses Available A-.a.y.i 1) ROUT INE MA.NUNANCE CHECK Tota; Charge: $30.00 To deter ir -e the genera' condition of the fluid and find whether further analyse Is necessj-v (one-quaa sample 'ei;pc- Properties Tested Dielectric Breakdown Voltage Color and Condition Moisture You will be notified of the results of this test. If further testing is indicated, and you want a complete j- d'ys s, you w five pint sample container, This sample will be used for the following series of tests'. Analysis 2) COMPLETE ANALYSIS Total Charge: $75.00 (11 To deter mine the extent of fluid contamination, (2) earth refinement to determine what degree of res!; insulating properties is possible, (3) check test to see how the fluid responded to earth treatment. a) Complete Analysis: to determine the extent of contamination Properties Tested Free Chlorides Color and Condition Acidity Smrofic Giavity Oielectric Breakdown Voltage Refr active Index Power Factor, Dielectric Constant, and Resistivity Water or of b) Earth Refinement Response: Consists of -ament lor 2.5 hours at SO-bOX. with 0.1 to 0.2 percent by weight of properly cond;t'one<: and them filtration through dry Titer paper. c' Analysis After Laboratory Ear tit Refinement: Properties Te>red Acidity Refractive Index Dielectric Breakdown Voltage Water Power Factor, Dielectric Constant, and Res stivity '-<-e Chlorides :u will be notified of the results of this test series on your sample. Then after refining your enure transformer can check on tk e -?u:u by requesting the following analysis: Analysis 3) ANALYSIS Af 1R EARTH REFINEMENT Total Charge: S50.00 {This marge will not apply when analyses 1 and 2 have already been made.) To ucv-mmi' ,v`>etr.i.: the entire ot of the askarel fil1 responded to the same extent as the ^boraio'Y yemc 'i?d' Proue'ties Tested Free Chlorides Color and Co.-i.t on 4 Acidrty Re/,ective loom- D-eleciric Breakdown Voltage Water Power Factor, D electric Constant, and Resistivity To arrange for tlie tests described above w te to the following address: David Wood Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Company &00 Noah Lindbergh Bivd. St. Lou'S. Missouri 63166 C-mples to ue tested should be clearly marked for identification and sent directly to: Monsanto Company W. G. Krummrich Latxiratory Saw-get '" mo.s 62201 Atu-nt R. Kuster 01946]9 TOWOLDMON0024697 WATER_PCB-00009166 AppendicesTj^>' :'73 m APPENDIX A .\;t jicl Stability and Composition ijf Arc Formed Gas Askarel insulation is one of the most <rwa, cher i;. slant, non-corros.ve liquids known, It will not break down, oxidize or sludge when exposed to o>r ar<i K U'tKi or even somewhat higher. Arcing, however, will break down the compound to liberate some ny n. ^mounts of carbon. APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION ARC-FORMED GAS FROM TRANSFORMER ASKAREL BLENDS ASTM TYPES D AND G (INERTEEN 70-30 ANO PYRANOL A13838-3, RESPECTI VELY> Gas carbon monoxide carbon dioxide oxygen Inert gases hydrogen chloride (note the absence of phosgene] Amount 0.3% 03% 06% 1.5% 97.3% This arc-formed gas from ASTM T ? D and Type F transformer askarets is non-flammable and non-comtjusvb'e. For all practical purposes, the amount of gas liberated from askarel under a given set of arcing conditions is centimeters per kilowatt-second. ' APPENDIX B solubility of gas in transformer askarels ASTM TYPES D ANDO Percent of Gas By Volume Corrected to Carbon dioxide Air N.trogen Hydrogen chloride* * In absence of scavenger 25*C 71% 5.7 6.0 37.8 1QOC 47% 4.9 48 50.9 25*0 5.8 5.5 tocrc 5.0 4.4 APPENDIX C EFFECT C; TEMPERATURE ON DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE OF ASKAREL Temperature *C -40 -20 0 20 40 60 Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ASTM D877 67 K V 63 67 55 50 50 43 45 0194620 TOWOLDMON0024698 WATER_PCB-00009167 Am.NDIXP COMPARISON OF THt APPROXIMATE VISCOSITY IN SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL SECONDS OF TRANSFORMER ASKAREIS AND MINERAL OIL Tcmp.tC -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Pyranol A13B3B-3 1,000 100 70 46 30 34 30 10C Mineral Oil 1.000 160 85 49 40 34 30 Inertecn 7030 2,800 195 85 60 40 3G 33 APPENDIX E Temp. *C 6 20 40 60 80 THE DENSITY OF INER1EEN 70-30 AND TRANSFORMER PYRANOL A13B3B.3 Approx. Density gm/cc. Inerlecn 7030 1.674 1,652 1.629 1.607 1.485 Pyranol A13B3B-3 1.677 1.655 1.632 1.610 1.488 *. APPENDIX f The thermal conductivity values of transformer Pyranol A13G3B-3 at 27`C and 6TC are 2G.2 and 26.8 x 105 calories centimeters*, degrees centigrade- , second resjxiclively. Or, approximately 0.0G B1U pet (hr.) (sq. ft.) (Qf.) per foot. This some approximation applies to Inerleon 70-30. APPENDIX G Heal Capacity Ovci the temperature range of 26 to 126*C the sr>ecific heal of transformei askarel is close to 0.30 calories per gram per degree. ' ' . APPENDIX H Coefficient of Expansion The average coefficient of expansion of transformer askarel over the temperature range20to 100`Cis0.0007ce/ccAC,One gallon would increase to 1.006 gallons on heating from 20 to 100"C. APPENDIX I fire Resistance Askarel* of various compositional types are used. Under erclrg conditions the gases produced, while consisting ot predominantly non-combustible hydrogen chloride can yield varying amounts of combustible gases depending upon tire askarel type. . Insulation systems incorpoi ating these askarels and cellulosic ot other organic materials may. when arced, produce gaseous mixtures Which are moderately flammable. As a precaution, such gases should be removed from the askarel by bubbling dry nitrogen through the ask a'el and flushing the gas space with dry nitrogen before arty work is performed on the apparatus. M OlVAf.21 TOWOLDMON0024699 WATER PCB-00009168 APPENDIX 3 ............................ Skills,, Pjopcilies and Procurement Dow Coining Concretion, Midland, Michigan will* Districts at Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Los Angelos, New York City, Washington, D.C. and Toronto has available Bulletin 09-018, August 19G? entitled "Silastic Design Data". This lists the gasket fabricators throughout the country front whom the "Silastic 50" gasketing can be purchased in sheet, extrusions or molded shafts. Gencielly, Silastic 60 sheet goods are stocked by local die cutters, hence, could be generally purchased locally. Usually small quantities of gaskets are die cut. If larger quantities are needed, tools are made of the same type used tc cut other elastomers. ' Where the gasket is extruded for fitting into a machined groove or between gasket stops, Dow Corning advises use of a scarvcd joint This joint is then cemented using Dow Coming's Silastic 140 (clear) or their RT V 731 (white) materials, which air cure. Dow Coining points out that the local "rubber" fabricators purchase the Silastic 60 in billet form. This is worked on a roll mill in preparation for sheeting or extrusion. Then to obtain the desired physical properties the fabricator niujt oven cure the Silastic 60 fot 24 hours at 480I,F. SPECIFICATIONS* ASTM D676 AST M D41? ASTM D41? AST M D395 Color Specific Gravity at 77F Hardness, Shore A. Scale Tensile Strength, psi, min Elongation, peroerit, min Compression Set after 2? hrs al 300*F, percent, max White 1.20J 0.0? 45 to 60 BOO 250 30 *AII physical piotcrties measured on 0.075 inch thick samples molded 6 minutes at 240"F, and oven cured 24 hours at 4B0-T. APPENDIX K Caution Lalel The following or equivalent caution statements should be fixed on alt containers of transformer askarels end the transformers themselves: This product contains Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Cere should be taken to prevent entry Into the environment thiongh spills, leakage, use, vaporisation, or disposal of liquid or containers. Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. Avoid contact with eyes or prolonged contact with skin. If skin contact occurs, remove by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact, flush with water. In case of spillage onto clothing, the clothing should be removed as soon as practical, skin washed, and clothing laundered. Monsanto MONSANTO INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS COMPANY SPLCIALTY PRODUCTS GROUP BOO N. LINDBERGH BLVD. ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 63166 The information herein regarding obtaining optimum results from askarel fluids in your transformer has be:>n accumulated by Monsanto for oyer 40 years from the experience of makers and users of askarel transformers and it is believed will be helpful. Nothing herein shall be construed as applying to other than askarel insulation. Data and maintenance suggestions herein do not apply to the other components of the transformer. All operating and maintenance suggestions recommended by the manufac ture; of the transformer should also be carefully followed. Because these maintenance directions apply only to the askarel insulation, Monsanto disclaims any liability for damage to property or injury to persons arising from transformer operation. ) TOWOLDMON0024700 WATER_PCB-00009169 Vi SCOSIOMI Is Sl ftVICt CtNI.f fifc AKRON. OHIO 44313 . WOSprlngrldr Drive Mont.osf DcrcU>prir6<i\ltWl 7*4.(21616664111 , . AnAN1A.GfORGIA 3033B 320InteniaU North Fa'hway SiWitt 5W' 7*' (404! 434 4949 BOSTON. MAS&ACNUSt IIS 0/149 (vcwtt Sr/fVr. J*i. 76>fl3S/S0r0 CANADA : . A*f>r?ftR> 0nJa ift?, ''' ' l7SR**tote$hft. ' , - CniiM* tftf. 100 Pari RoYaU, Suite 201 Welt Vancouver,8 C.,C*nadi . . I fmitada ' . '' , Cdifkio ttf-anti Oleine $0/ C^/pf*l#rfo73^ '. ' Sertlajo de Chile '' ' .. . . i- . / MCKICO Mon&r>to Corrxir. ' 7hicrtNir.248 A, A. ah C, V /' Ni 7Hf/HANDS Aentente B.V. , Jan van Nanaustua! S3&8 Den Haas frw WfloartofiA. Holland ftrfiV Monianto Nev Ft aland | rf 79 Gw! 5pw#A 1 wowrow. 7/kas KW>7A>fG* Tow A0S7 WWf/ifl/ww ftwtf 7#/. 7/73/ 6?fPi'i>0 105 ANGTi fS. CAt If ORNIA 1401 Dove Sucet ., Nrw.m't Bench, California 92000 Jet. 1/14)833 9190 Ml tV YORK, NfIV YORK 10636 11114 Avcnut ol thi Amcrloal 1*1 (213)764 SOW SI. touts Vtssoum 6.1156 600 N. I uH/Uigl. onj 1c!. (914) 694 1000 SAN MANCIStf* PAY AMA 27101 afeycttv Santa Otvt. 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Trensv, a\ South Africa SPAIN Monsanto link* S A lepantoSi/DS Barcelona 13, Spain StVEDFN Mcnsento (Scandinavia) AB tHvtundavagcn 108 Bromnta, Swede / $tY(17( Rt AND Monsanto (Sulssr)S A Jnfenhofe 10. CH8022 Zurich $*'ltr*rk >d 1AWAN Monsanto fa' . ., ,, to - f1alr,;<r 36 Chang An Lact Road. Grh Flo?' Section I.Taipt-' Taiwan . . THAILAND . Monsanto Thailand Ltd 6th fioor.Keu nkli Bldg 120 SHom Road Bengl.ok, Thalhnd . UNHtD KINGDOM MoniaoU' f td 1018 Victoria Stmt Monsanto Hous* . ' to ;don SA'IH ONO ft,gland VINTZUttA ^ %t;,'-s*`.to (Ventivrltf CA lorn Pl'C'pr Pico 24 Ptara Vont ioel. Caravel 101, Vrntruali msrctRMANY Monsanto (Delfts'Aland) GmbH imn^'OsanntHt'SK S'- O-gOWDuPtldcrf. TVu'Jtr C<'tnunt Monsanto 4...VW Monsf'tto In t AUnlu.1 ^WtoO^'P MbN.IWMt^ ' to-6s"W " ' ': ; ' 019^0?3 ............ TOWOLDMO N0024701 WATER PCB-00009170