Document J3V8LDEdEKOqvNvzvQrxxyzpZ

c c UU095 r GENERAL J } ELECTRIC co m pny LAMP D IV IS IO N M U A P A I X, C U V E I A N D . O H I O 4 4 1 1 2 Ai C*4* U . 2 p - 3 3 7 . . . % ' RECEIVED M arch 1 7 , 1969 t D r . E . M. I Q i n e NEW YORK OFFICE MAR 1 9 1969 EDWARD M. KUNA D* Desr Ed: I h a v e b e e n i n t e l e p h o n e c o n v e r s a t i o n w i t h D r. Es.-r.et K e l l y a n d Ed W heeler, M edical D ire c to r anc I n d u s tria l H y g ien ist re s p e c tiv e ly o f M onsanto C h e s ic a l Co. in S t . L o u is. They a re concerned ov er soae r e c e n t t e c h n i c a l er.d n e w s p a p e r a r t i c l e s r e l a t i n g t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f polychlorobiphenyl products in widely dispersed fis h and w ild life . The in cre asin g i n te r e s t in th e e ffe c ts of p e s tic id e s , e s p e c ia lly c h lo r in a te d ones, on th e e c o s y s te s has ra ise d th e q u e stio n o f what adverse e ffe c ts, even th e pico-gras quantities of the polychlorobi phenyl compounds found in b i r d s ' l iv e r s and eggs and in f i s h l i v e r s , c can have on th e norm al developm ent of th ese s p e c ie s . At p re s e n t, t h e r e i s l i t t l e t o i n d i c a t e w hether th e s e compounds have been d i s p e rse d a tm o s p h e ric a lly o r have beer, w aterborne. The G enerel E le c tr ic Cc. purchases i t s ch lo rin ated polyphenyls from M onsanto C o ., m o d if ie s i t , end u se s i t under th e name o f P y re n o l. I b e l i e v e th e m ajor a p p l i c a t i o n f o r t h i s m a te ria l in o u r Company i s as a d ie le c tric fo r c e rta in types of transform ers and c a p a c ito rs. D r. K e lly was n o t so u n d in g a t o c s i n , b u t thought t h a t th e p ro p e r .people in our o rg an izatio n should be alerted to th e p o s s ib ility th a t * q u e s t i o n i ; ' "miyr b e l~'"Ei'a fS T a t ' l d f ' ' b h f c t vv e a t* ttr-iafik e- '-some ^ a tte m p t---' t o d e term in e t o w hat d e g re e th e Components u sin g t h i s M t e r i a l d i s charge i t as e ith e r liq u id or so lid waste, or as an a ir contam inant. I am a t t a c h i n g s e v e r a l a r t i c l e s on t h i s s u b j e c t w h ic h y o u may w is h t o p a s s on t o t h e p r o p e r p e r s o n o r p e r s o n s . One i n d i v i d u a l who i s h i g h l y kn o w led g eab le a b o u t t h e u s e s o f P y ran o l i s A. Baab a t th e L a b o ra to ry I n P i t t s f i e l d , M a s s a c h u s e t t s . D r . Raab may b e a good p e r s o n t o contact f ir s t. B est personal reg a rd s, V/ IM :ejp Attachm ents cc: JV Loney, K.D. I . M atelsky In d u strial H ygienist # 1 1 6 .2C, 20 62 ; c ^ T v O U 2 \ 6. OCTOBCR 21. ICS 7 c ^ irnniwitod and the completed chain released attache*! by the phcnylalanyl fRXA simply by starving fibosonio-roRXA complex to mhich it is bound for threonine. With this ho ha* been able to define the ||t^ A molecule carrying the last amino-acid condition* necessary for termination; incubating the r *trd- There must be a rocehrxiuTi for rr^u-l.ng complex under suitable conditions with or without terminating codon (three codons UAA, UAG, threonine or supernatant enzymes showed that to pet can code for chain termination) and cleaving release it is necessary but not sufficient to complete the * * prplidyl-fRXA bond. In iod*cm. liiophys. peptide by incorporating tiirconine and that release * 8,773 (10G7) he describe* an experimental is not solely dependent oo the transfer enzymes * dwiaed to give a rapid aaaay for chain tormina- required to move the ribecome from the thrconyl codon |4(,lin Proc. U S K<U. Acad. Set,, 5S, 1144 (19G7) to the UAG terminating codon. Release docs, however, irpjrt th* discovery of an enxjpmc required for depend upon the presence of a supernatant factor. This tn a tio n , factor, with a molecular weight of between 40,000 and yv aMAy for term ination employs the RXA from 50,000, sediment between 3*55 and 4*55. Because it* ^mUr mutant of the coat protein gene of the RXA releasing activity it not affected by RXase, it cannot ^irrlhagc BIT. Thi* m utant has an amber codon, be an RXA-protein complex. Apparently the substrate 0( the poaition of the sixth amino-acid, a gluta- of the release enzyme is the riboaomo-mRXA-peptidyl residue, in the B17 coat protein molecule, in a fRXA complex ao that it must aet directly at the ribo ]mtn< system the m utant RXA directs the synthesis some and not cleave the fRXA from pcptidyl-fRXA ft until X-terminal peptide of the coat protein with already released into the supernatant, which waa the w n|iirnce N-formylmct-ala-scr-aspn-phc-tlir; the other possibility. it imino-tcid in the coat protein is glutamine, but Capccchi does not yet know whether the release u the mutant RXA the amber oodon causes pre- enzyme works alone or in conjunction with other factors, fun* termination of synthesis ai>d the release of the in particular a hypothetical chain termination fRXA u|'ptide. The great virtue of this system is th at which reads the termination codon but docs not carry >n!<Tininatod peptide still attached to the pcplidy.1. an amino-acid. Many people, including Capccchi, hare t \\r a n be distinguished from the terminated peptide searched in vain for sueh a fRXA species, and although i*d from the fRXA and the amount of each negative results can never exclude the poasibility that Ajrrxl. T urthcrm ore.ftarnng the system for any one uch fRXA exists it is reasonable to think about i tHr six amino-acids in the peptide arrests the trans- alternative models in **hich the terminating oodon* machinery before it reaches the UAG codon so arc read either by the ribosome or the release enzyme %rminslion can be controlled. or in which nonsense codons function simply because f!if!oiting this procedure,-Capecchi" isolated a they cannot be read at all. Further characterization pin of ribofome, mRXA *nd pentapeptide of the release enzyme oould well decide the issue. ~`v V...-C ' mated Hydrocarbons in British Wildlife i 17I 0 c. HOLMES 1 H. SIMMONS f 1 0 'G. TA7TON ****nio#7 tf the G ovtm m sM Ctamfct, Polychlorobiphenyl compounds have been detected In British wildlife. In birds' livers and eggs they are often in greater quantities chan organochlorine pesticide residues. PoJychlorobiphenyls are known to be toxic, and their detection in wildlife raises the question of the adverse effect they may have. mr,s wild b ird s' eggs or th e liver* o f B ritish w ildlife a m 0*2*mlatxl l#y gvs-liquid c h ro m a to g ra p h y (GLC) using **-i*m-eApuir d o tc elio n , pooka oocrw rponding to su ch "fvmm-XAorino p esticides as B H C , d irld rin and D D T , an d ** nmuibolitoa an d breakdow n pro d u eta, o ftru ap p ear ** resu ltan t ch ro m ato g ram * . Tlsoe peak som etim es *mOLLrit* w hich are sig n ifican t from a toxicolo* I a o f m ow , b u t th e aonsitiv-ily o f m o d ern im itm - d*o enable* oom plow dy in sig n ifican t am o u n ts to b r u,n,,,l A nalyst* onccmcd w ith th o dclArmiiiAf inn o f i ^ ^ 'L l o n n e poslicidos in wildlife how ever, lu itc long I*1' th a t it is not u n u su a l fo r a n a d d itio n a l sn iu * JT l,iAny ** lon punks, onrr ns p o n d in g to u iiid n iiu ik d isZT"'*1*- * aPP,4ar on thiwe climm'iU>crttiiy**V J#- ** known o f th o s tr u c tu re a n d o rigin of thu cum* u" . b u t R o b u r n 1 muL>l>lw<i t h a t Ihoy a m orgm in ehlorino in nature, with a substantial ehJonns content, an d consequently prwara* elect ron-oepl o n ng proportion. On silicone or `Ap*-xnn* GLC eolurons, lb* servos o f peak for thoso compounds normally begins at tho point a t w lnrh pp`.TDK and p p'-D D T are emertorvg from tlo colum ns and ortond*. in term s of retention lir a * , to four or fivo tirrv* tlin t of p p '-D D T , which as th e laat of th e oorrunonly occurring p o atiadr to sm or go. Uoforo esam nation b y C 2-C, sam ples have norrrwilly boon subjected to a fairly rigorous cloan-up procrdu*n. su ch a* th a t o f do F auborl Maunder ci o f.9, which inrludv* a dm nlh^ifnrm am de-hexsno partition and pteaop* through a colum n o f prrpnrrxi aJuroma. Hocatss* t )<>- unknow n com pound arv sim ilar u% nature and proper* kw to the orgunurhlnrinr prwiicijas, they also p a through lh and sundar rloun up prooxiurrw; eonarquonlly, th e y 20 63 -226 N A T U F ^ OL 216. often inlerforo eorioudv w ith determinations of pp'-TDK and p p '-D D T in wildlife boc^u^o of overlapping of the chromatographic poaku S uitablo proouduroe have boon dcvod to ovorcome this difficulty of interfering peaks. One m e th o d is to ofTcct a botw-r ixsohiuon of thoeo p articu lar peaks by choice of a suiwLlo tntonary phuso for GLC*. A nother m ethod, which aiao dem onairatoa the presence of these oom pound* in th e sam ple, is the uro of a prelim inary thin-layer chromatographic treatm ent*. T he eJeanod-up extracts are exam ined on silica gel chrom atoplates using V I a 1 por o ent solution o f aootone in hexane as m obile p h aao 1. S p o ts corresponding to th e oom pounds' can then be found at Hr vxluat betw een 0 'S a n d 1*0, w hereas th o oom- xnonJy occurring organochlonno pesticide and th eir m etabolites produco spou of lowor J?r values. A sim ilar sep aratio n eon also bo shown w ith reverse phase paper chromato graphy* whereby the unknown compounds move only a very short distanoe from the base line com pared w ith the pesticides and their m etabolites. Gas-liquid chrom atography using dual channel detection system* with separate eloctron-captuto and homo-ionization detec tors has also been used to dem onstrate the presence of large am ount of weakly electron- capturing m aterial, in addition to known pesticide residues, in tho eggi of oyster catch ers (Hutmaiopus aslr&upuj)*. c Experience in this laboratory has shown th a t thoae com pounds occur moat frequently an d in th e largest proportions in ihe livery fa t and eggs of birds, particularly to.-rcatrial p re d a to rs such as sperrow ha* Ls (Accxpn^r n U u j) an d kestrols (JTaico tinnur-r--'ui) and m a rin e feeders such aa guillamot* (Uru> oal?t) an d k itti wakes (JiUsa Irvdaa'ylo); th e y also oommor.ly occur io freshw ater fish. W e have do toe ted small am ounts in h u m a n an d anim al f a t sam ples, b u t lees frequently and in m uch smaller proportions TlS- l. Cse-bsuid chroawtncTpuriu)rhcifa(ra1i.eipiitrwnjrtlef k n u r l llwrr ad * th a n in avion samples. A sim ilar series of chrom atographic pooka has beon properties. In tho preernbed extraction aasd CIX r-- observesk b y J i o J d e n ^ r % C ^ p / s ^ l a .^ J ^ ^ ^ t h c ^ c vn)i.x turr^j>rodrucc a series of chromsirr^i and fish takon in Scottish water. He found that the pooka peeks of tho typo in question. ~ ^ v' v- given b y th e extrm eu of fresh and eoa-w ater fish rep rese n T h e com pound occurring in B n tia h wildJif 1:te d fairly low co n cen tratio n s, but those given by e x tra c ts to tho m ore highly chlorinated biphenyl compound*'* o f seal blubbor corresponded to m uch larger p ro p o rtio n s, th a n th e m ore lightly ch lo rin ate d ty p es. The*'* o f th e order found by th is laboratory in birds' egg. ch lo rin ated biphenyls also o ccu r to som e extern * * D espite considerable curiosity about the identity of these com pounds, liu le progress has beon m ade in identifying them , b u t there has long been a general supposition th a t Ianalogous polychJoroierphcny! preparation* wl**cl* *- com m ercial u*os sim ilar to th o se o f polyehlorvH *^ I t is posaiblo th a t some o f th e oom pounds w ith vrn th e y w ere e ith o r fu rth e r breakdow n o r co n d en satio n rete n tio n time occurring in R riU th w ildlife arr I*1 produoU o f the orgenochlonoe pesticides or possibly chlorinated polychlorotorphenyl compounds. I loose com pounds of these nth natural products such as P ig . Io allows th o gas-liquid chrom atogram ** protein m atter. e x tm e t from a koatrrl liver. T h e peeks oon*+\*"ml"91 Jonoon. ho we vor, succeeded in id entifying a aorioa o f p p '-D D K ( 0 - 0 ugh loU-BHC (0*13 ng) s a d g*nm** * su c h p ea k s as corresponding to polychlorobiphcnyl co m (b-03 ng) a re labvllod. Tl>e o th o r posks form tlr p o u n d s. in 200 pike tak o n in difTcaent p o n s o f Sw eden, roforrod to abovo and u n til now would h a v r be*'* **** a n d in a n ea g le" . W e h av e now boon a bio to show U iat sim p ly os " unknow n o rg o n o ch lrtn i* th e long re te n tio n tim o oom pounds occurring in BriUsJi corn-ponding in an y know n pesticide or its ftwiel* wildlife aro also polyohlorobiphenyl oompounds. Fg. 16 s1k>ws tlo anoJogous chrom a cogram of s ***" ^ c Pol yc hi on na tod biphonyl hoi beon in com m on co m m er cial |*olychlnrobplKM*yi rosin. So far as rctoni*- ' cial uss for som e tim e as a plaaLtcixor in p ain ts, resins and a re cunoomod and a p a rt from th e pusucwh pr"^"` ,, p i e t i e s . I t aJeo has electrical iusuU ting proportion am i is %xACt m atch in g for all b u t a fow p c s k t 1 can bo uod for a num ber of othor protocuvo purpose*. chrom atogram s. t CommorciuJ preparations of this m aterial are usually T ho chrom a log m m s si own wero o b tain ed l`V ^ g rad ed according to tho degroo of chlorination, b u t oil o f siheono gum (CX-SE 02) colum n. b u t th is Pn<r,*` *. tnom ore s u b * u s u a lly complex m ix tu res o f pnlychloro- spondonoa boiaoutt tho rcio n lio n tim ai o f tl** P^V # bipliony! com pounds th a t oould be oxpcctud to rrM o ib lc th e unknow n com pounds and thoso from tho J* ' th o organochlorino pruoidra in tl^ ir chom*cal an d physical hip)ciiyl rrn has also b om d*morwiimud on *^1"' 20 64 TClU*- vOL- 2 ' 6- . 1957 i P-iUTi irrrrrto * n mu or rtrtzi ftfm itx ? o u a c im n ( E irii*1isc Lr.cc .'or k*o"B praocuir) (U c :c r;t-1-00) N CLS lV tl rcB t l L SOikURC ren or.C-xraye.ocsoMalr>ownc^& L.C t IXh Im3 ii*iti*****-**>i1 t it h1i-6r:0: SSI I4IT-6>O* m7-21: t1A-<03O+71S Ai src:, ASAs5A--CeG63U1Ot0: si3::So.i tA4i3-CrCci:l3O: u in c l; FCB. potjcJUacoblphinyl rtsls. :12--3Su3l *3 At34CC912O3t . j rystiosilieone colum ns. Tho Actual retention tim es the peaks on these three typo* of colum n are g.~* inT*b' * 9 junior confirmation is to the identity of those comlias been obtain ed by a s tu d y of th e ir bohLviour fm iJw n-U ^r ch ro m aio p lates, alu m in a a n d silica gel #>rption colum ns an d reverse phase p ap er chrom atofl*. In add itio n , th e se com pounds h av e been ahou-n k. rt*\mb!o th e polychlorobipheny] com pounds in th e ir inertness. Thus they are not eaaily modified by ,,.nl4o chemical reactions to produce reacLly identifiable 9-.iu m their rete n tio n tim es on GLC as car. be done, for ^uivee, to pp'*DDT by hydrolysing it to p p '-D D E or to Inn by oxidising it to dicidrin. A number of livers and eggs token from birds in the *r,nh Isle or th e ir coasts! w aters havo boon exam ined * iiita laboratory x m h re s u iu sim ilar to th o se oblainod r lift* kestrel liver referred to earlier. W hile th e identifica- of tlw*e com pounds in B ritish w ildhfo m a y solve th e eatery of these peaks on GLC chrom a to gram s, it raises, i ever, m any o th e r questions. W hy. for exsm plo, do compounds srom to be accum ulated, m ost frequently wA m the largest p roportions, in o ertain ty p e s of wild- iC furli as birds, seals an d fish, an d onJy a t th e most in rrj*small proportions in m an or his dom estic anim als such <* or sheep ? In th is respect th e y seem to diffor */k*dIy from tho organochlorine pesticides w hich soem si I* vs invaded n early 1! aa p e c u o f our en v iro n m en t an d to which they bear a strong rosemblaneb chemically and physically. Some of the sample of birds examined in this laboratory hnvo scorned to contain higher proportions of polychloro- biphenyl compounds than organochJorino pesticides. F o r exam ple, tlie peaks on the ciiromaiograxn for tho kestrel live abo r u ts h1o2* r .ngin Fig. 1 mere ewtimntod of polyehlorobiphenyl to bo equivalent to oompounds. This a znust U* contrasted against the orgnnnchJonno pesticide * residu which e0s 3li3stendg ab is obveeta. -BTHhCes.eanto tal only a iaomrr of bout BHC 0S ng ah*c of is generally regarded as noc,-toxic to wildlife. G reat concern has often been expressed by conservation- iata about the effects of pesticides on wildlife, particularly birds. The identification of these othor organochlonne com pounds in wildlife prompt enquirie as to the possible toxic effects they may be having. T hat these com pounds aro toxic is generally ag reed 1*-**: th e polychJorob- p henyls are in fact regarded as an industrial hazard an d threshold limits for them in air have been advised**. We thank the N ature Conservancy for samples of wildlife and Monsanto Chemicals Ltd. for samples o f polyehlorobiphenyl m u ns. AwrfrrC OcwWr S. 3H7. JU L urt. J .. A sa'rW. 0. 47 <1MS h Han u s a .X. B.. J. Arv / W J rn r.,17. to (2M>. T l r f i rfu o CmrrrmwkrmL ? (KV Siauorury Ofic*. Loados. 3S63). 4 TV*lir C. H . HloJJioa, C. A.. * JU m ssa . IL B., J . Sc\. r serf i n f . , 1. 113 (ias:i. At Trnbm Usaserr. X J.. Zgsa. B., CodIf. X. W.. XsAAoed. X. B cburt. J,, i s rbocsMS. J ..J 16.11* (1H41. Shzuscs. J. H .a s d Tauos. J. O 'C ^ J . .17, 133 HM7). Abbott. D. C. Less. B. tsd Timaos, J,, J. Clinmif..31. Wi <1M4>. Ertst. n. 14 (1Ml). Kr?1oMf;C)./ U C m n u w C*m+t. US (HM l u lls a u y O flat. L odos. n. A. ssd Bamifa. X.. J. Ssm. JW - m CItSS). Hoidra. A. V., J. Jw+l . I ? * .. 4 OMi. 44Jeoara. S.. Xr* Se\.. tt. Sil na). Ml u . V. I m o f r>ryrFief4 / /W jt*W y n t , SS7 (X^IS- bold fwbiu.'unc L orpon:L . > rv fo rk . I M3j. B r e n , X. l .mCLrmo* J U (114?). "v lXBti \w. tas,. U m * rWkM, 42 (CamrnitAM s a TVosboM OuasF-steUar.^uKeL~SupgCA9y i .9nd.,9vae -s. f. BROWNE \ L#^*ntj of Ksn<hosier Institute o f \ and Technology \ By considering the opacity of a surface layer of a nar, the author concludes that quasi-ncilar sources, tupernovie and novae may be different manifestations of the came mechanism. f' usually considered th a t th e o u tb u rsts o f novae an d absorptions. I t i* known th a t T/ycc Xt r - 4flJV#A`iAi? (ref. 1), ^vnovae are fu n d a m e n ta lly d if fr r rn t proor^aia. b u t I w here induced emiiaaoQj are iocJuded. Suppose, now , t h a t hor propose a m ocham am whtgh oan acco u n t for JL is com pressed or dilated w ithout changing th e to ta l <*4**pl*enomena. a n d w hich a t th e aaroe tim e can aepount num bers of ions; th a t is, LR is varied under conditions 0 problem s concerned m ith qiuLii-steilar mhich m aintain constant 4rzR* s o th a t r~~\r%). J n p 4 rtic u lar, I euggrst th a t theso outbu co n stan t. E vidently * / / cc A/* o c N ,a 1/LR. Thvis lkHy to be anisotropic (as indeed th e y a re obaorvi com pression o f L increases ita opacity, while d ila tio n ^ fur novao). Bocauso the energy released during aN reduocs the opecity. *i*-niiV4 o u tb u rs t is oom parable w ith tlko ste lla r re st Of course, th e to tal n u m b er o f ions will not rem ain "**'**>* an anisotropic o u tb u rs t could m ean th a t th e s ta r ste n t in practice, because th e reoom boiation ra te is ^*rrv_^ rJed to rela ti\n stic \Trlocity in o rd er to eonservo proportional to .YJY. I f the percentage of atom s tooizrd thu affording a D o p p ler e r p ls n a tio n o f th e is large, tho density of unionised atom s. h \ a ill th e re fo re ^ - h if u of tho qua^i-slellar sourrre. be proportions! to This mrsz^s th at th e c o n trib u o p ac ity o f a layer. L . a t th o surface o f a tio n to iheNopaciiy m ads by bound bound arvU bound freo A/? be th e thickness an d // th e rriuis o f L . a n d tran siiin m aSihin unm ruird atom s is #1*^ p ro portional to. * plasm s at tem poraluro, T. w ith electron T h fi efTeet. recognized to bo im p o rta n t for f ^ itiv a ion dorvtilies X t and S t rr^ p ec tiv e ly . L will stellar p u J s a tlo o ^ f u rtlicr increases the opacity of L on to rad ia tio n of u a v c le n g th >. providi'd th a t t is com pression. * *r h*ni t is tlw o p ticsl d e p th of A. A m ajo r con- So mo coru^queners o f th is variable surface o p acity mill * in t is T//, th e optical ihirkne- d u o to fmo-froe now lie e*amir*rd. U nder e<juilibriucm condition 2 0 65 2?< C c Fraction and M ultiples fraction sytr.bol 10-* Ur* 10-* ur* 10-* io-f 10-** 10- u deei acti mill: m rro aaoo ST* suo d c sn * n ? s fswhlpU prcf.x 10 d r la 10* herto 10* kl-o 10* mc^a 1IQ0*I* *C=te n T kc m irteud at cfr * pou^aie. symbol da* h* k 1 O T C om pound prefixes should not bo used. Thu 10-* m etre U re p re se n te d by 1 rvm, n o t 1 m ^ ia. T h e a tta c h in g of a prefix to a u n it in affect eonrtitutos a new unit so th a t 1 km* l (km )1 - 10*m* n o t 1 k (m f) m 10*m*. 'W here possible any num erical prefix ahould appear in the num erator of an expiration. phpioJ ' quantify le n g th voIu s m d iiu itj foro NATURE. 1 1 0 . DECEMBER JO. |&e ; Exam ple* of U nits C ontrary to SI, with their Equivalents unit angstrOm inch foot yard mJo nauuca! mil aquar inch square foot squaro yard square auie cubic inch cubic foot U-K- failan pound slug pound/cubic inch pound/cubic fool dyns pound a! w pound-fores LiJogramms*forDs atmosphere tO IT pound (f)/q.in. equivalent I 0 - 1* a 00*51 m 0-3048 m 0- 9 i 44 rn 1- 609 34 km M 3 3 IS km *46 16 mm* 00-0S0326 010237 mm<* *389 1036 90 71 xkmlu* 0 0 2 8 32 6 8 in* 0-004 54C 0V2 0 ^ 5 3 502 37 k 14 593 9 kg * 767 99* 10* k , m. 160185 kg m* 10"* N 0 136 255 K 4-448 22 X 9-806 65 X 101-325 X m * 133 322 X m* 494-76 X m Organochlorine Pesticides in Seals and Porpoises C A . V. HOLDEN K. MADDEN F rnS w itsr Flihcrlo Laboratory, Pitlochry. Psrththirs Seals and porpoises in Scotland and Canada, far from the sitn *-f application of peitiodes, can accumulate high concentration* <4 rtu d u ts in their blubber. These chemicals ire xpreadmj throwg* the long food chain which ends with teals and porpoises and obvious* cannot be confined to their place of discharge. Tax presenoe of organochlorine residue in marine life in h arp sosls (Phooc protnlandieo) on th e Canadian A1U..1 many it m i of the world, including the Antarctic, has been ocas: have also been exam ined an d tho result* of H -- reported recently1-*. In British wmters the accumulation analyses aro reported here. E x am in atio n of anijJ- of peaidue in the e^gi of^sea^birds* and the process^ of. aqaJ^bJubbor^ ffjgnjothqr,jurea#. is_ qqptinuing in J . sbhbehirrniio5 6f ' p*kiicldek Ou-ciughreftai n'`todS ~chainj " a b o d the* variation bitiTecm d lffe rio t regions oftJV in the man ns environment4have been studied. Analyse environm ent. of vsjnoas specie of marine ah and mammal from All tiasuo aamplc from S co ttish w aters * rw 5oottih waters during the past 5 yean*-* havo shown a t --18*C u n til required for ansJysia. Tho ( '*** th at organochlorine residues are now a normal occur sam ples a-cro preserved in 10 p er cen t formalin, rence, the highest oonoeotrations being found in organs showed no evidence of any influence on tho a*1'** * or tissues with the highest lipid content. Thus the muscle prooedure, and in th is and o th er eases involvMMf ' tissue of salmon ids, the livwi of ood aod the blubber of has n o t affected the efficiency o f recovery of I-'**4**1 seals act as storage sites for those retiduoe. residues. A liquots of tho sample (5 g) were gel ' * T h e a q u a tic m am m als, such as whalos, sosls an d p o r pow der w ith anhydrous cry stallin e sodium sulid*1* * poises, hav# a re la tiv e ly high proportion of th e body w eight grsde) and ex tra cte d m a S o x h let apparatus *** in th e fo rm o f su b c u tan e o u s fa t (blubber). Soaia feod distilled A R grade ft-hexane (p rrrio o a ly vetted a***1 chiefly on gadoids and aalmoaida, and porpoises chiefly on to bo free of electron-capturing m aterials by p * m a l l gad o id s an d eiupeoids. T h e process o f oonoeoiration to g rap h y ). T h e hex an ex tra cts w ere m s do up ** ** o f p esticid es th ro u g h th e ir food chain m ig h t be ex p ected a n d 25 m l. aliq u o ts e a r s su b je c te d to cir*n "J], > to re su lt in high pea U d d e levels in th e fa t of these m am m als, th e hoxano--dim cthylform axnido p a rtitio n n*H*"VV, a n d sa m p le s an a ly se d a t th is la b o ra to ry confirm th is F a u b c rt M aunder st aI.f, follow ed b y eolunwi ^ # e x p e c ta tio n . In recen t y ears, specim ens o f tho grey seal using alum ina containing 6 por o e a l w ater. Th* t C ^aJickotruj prypxa), ooazmon seal (Pkooa viiulina) a n d pcaticido rrsiduos from fai e x tra c ts so treird * " -rpoise (Pkoca-rno pXooacruj) hsvo been sam pled from 20 por oent, b u t, ss is cu sto m a ry in poauod* ^ . >oajiu o f Scotland- Sample o f b lubber wore ev ailab ie do correction has been m ado for su c h losses m t * a!! th specim ens exam ined, and in a fow cases o th e r ptvacntc-d hero. , |i%r - organa wero also avjLabla. As well as rooognzxnd pea tic id o T ho cluajied-up h exane o z lm e U were snd> w d ^ ^ J# residues, o th e r elec iro n c a p tu r in g subcLanocs h av e been liquid ch ro m a to g rap h y on s V aria n ,AorvCT,*l g | # d etected by gas-liquid chrom atography end. in order to instrum oiit em ploying two glass column* 6 fb establish w hothor ruch substance* ora as widely d istrib u ted outer diam eter. Ono column ws packed w,` as the pesucides, blu b b er samplos from gr y scale an d sorb H' A W'/D.UC^ KM 00* eoatod with 1 . J 20 ee VOL. 216. DECEMBER 3 0 .^ 0 7 r- 1275 liliconc oil, and tho othor w ith th e w m c support with 6 per coni DC-2U0 + 7-5 p e r ce n t ^ / '-l 4i\icont. T ho oven tcmpcrrJLuro v n 200* C. th e contained vrry low level* of both dirldrin and the D D T grwup, v lu iV M'uls (ruin the ('abut S lm iu (Culf of St. i-a~*n.T.r<) contained lit Lie dicldhn but higher D D T vn gru Aow 60 m l./m in arid th o colum n resolution group rrMduc*. sim ilar lo thnse of Seoctuh actus. Of the k ijl-ldrm o quivalcnt to 1,000 th e o re tic a l pkitoa. T h rro fow porj^oisr* e x a m in 'd . th a t from Orkney was the Iras: ^ significant degrodation o f D D T on tho columns. eor.:-m .i..;ud, Lut tU . three taken on the east coast of com plete se p a ra tio n o f th o com m on p cstieiJu Scotland )-td m arkedly higher contents of all the rrsidt.T* (l*-s if pocsiblo on ono o r ckhor o f th e se column., rDra.v.:rvd. One tpci mien cm .tam ed s total rrsiduo conf.-ronce by polychJorinntod b ip h e n y l (TUB) residue^4-4 cectruuor. (cjirdnn and D D T group) of 73 3 p.p.m . , y-T D E *nd p.p'-DD'f pxvJri n ecessitated a fu n her A nalytes of a few tissues other th an the blubber have iical stage. A liquot (6 m i.) o f som o o f tho ex tract* bocn zriu lf. U it concent rot ion in the blubber ha vs aJwy rvaporatod to drynoas m a otnaaro o f cold filtered u r , besm found to bo th e highest (Table 2). Concent rat ions in ihe residues rofiuxed w ith 2 m l. o f 2*6 per cent o th er tissues seem likely to bo consistent w * h their lower rJtc p o ta ssiu m hy d ro * ido fo r 16 m in on o wi_rm lipid oonicnis. *.halh. A fto r oooling, 6 m l. o f n -h ex o n e woo ad d ed , . raizing, followed by 40 m l of 2 por oenl sodium y*te solution. T h e su p c m ^ lo n t hexano layer was c analysed by gaa-liquid chrom atography. By this io#que. q u a n tita tiv e conversion o f p .p '-D D T to ? ,? ' and o f p ,p '-T D E to p ,p '-H D K ( --D D liU ). is ob,d. and the conversion produces confirm th e identity of r.gina! residues. T h e res;d u a l p eaks in th e p .p '-D D T Tibi* 2. m u . Pt7 o o r c rm a n o x i cap w.) or sa sro ts tM rz s KiUxr Lirtr I n is lp*M> Crrri-i O.-r*. i --' Crr.. Cnj C" / .*! K tcs: 5 8 o n 2 t 0*15 - _ 14 b c: 034 053 5 4 0 44 17 0)3 2 4 0 11 t: 0 oe 5 5 5 0C ++4 0 1 0 OM p.p'-T D E positions, w hero p re se n t, can be su b trac te d the values o f th o pesticides originally determ ined .vsc positions. H ydrolysis aiao destroys a and y-BHC, present, but polychlorinated biphonylf are unA cyonoeilieone (A 'if-00) c o lu m n 14 has also t used to se p a ra te p .p '`DDT a n d p .p '-T D E from PCB 'erenee, confirm ing th e la tte r . Tbe principal pesticido rosidocs found in all sam ples Leaned w ere those o f th e D D T g ro u p , w ith dielclrm auah sm aller quantities. C anadian seals ocnta:ned rt concentration* of d icld rin th a n S co ttish sor.ls, while uuh porpoises contained rem arksbiy high concontra- ( ^ j of sJl pesticide residues (see T a b le 1). In terferen ce on C-200 silicone colum n in th e p .p '-T D E position caused aon-hydrolyaable residue w as responsible for about per oent o f th e to ta l as lim a tod p .p '- T D E in th o .afisr. and S oottith sam ples exam ined. In tho p.p' *T position, th e n o n -h y d ro ly ra b lo recidue co n stitu ted Z- 10 p er oen t in th e C a n a d ia n sam ples and a b o u t x :> per eent in th e S co ttish sa m p le s ex am in ed for this urferenoe, tho to ta l am o u n t o f noa-hydrolysable -o*nal being sm ailor in th e C a n a d ia n sam ples. T h e vjoi in T ab le 1 h av e n o t b e e n co rrected for th is in ter- ""*. for only a p ro p o rtio n o f th e sam p les were hydro- The prujiortinn of blubber extractable by hexane u te rra in : for some sam ples. Values ranged ft am 72 to 66 per oenl (mean 60 per oont) for the Canadian seals, and from t i to 22 por cent (mean 93 per cant) for Scottish tools sample* on ihc breeding grounds o5 the west coast. for olher sea! temples were not esianated.) Con centrations of pesticides in terms of ertroctsbie fsi for these tn m p '.cc would thus bo up to 40 per oent gnsater th a n the values in T able 1. b u t the general com p anton u not t:gnif'Cant!y affected. The lower extractable fat values for th e Canadian samples m ay pocaibly bo a m u l t o f being prevrved in formalin. Concentrations o f pesticide residues in tho ex tractab le fat of various organs and tissues of one porpoue show an im p o rtan t relationship (Table 3). W hile th e concentra tions of the D D T group in th e original tissues vary widely, tho^e expressed in term s of extractable fsi are in m uch cloccr agreem ent, w ith th e sole exception of the brain. A similar anomaly for tissues of trout was described by H older,11. I t seems likely th a t a large proportion of th e lipid fraction of the brain m ay not con tarn pesticides, and th e brain lipid com position is known to differ considerably from th at of depot fat. ' 'R osultaafrom .^he -ya*5ipu% f L e a . o f seal* w ert_not ^ eeably different in a g iv en a re a , a n d h a v e ' boeiT siSST^ 's^Tis^sYrnnat nvf or -roaroq*v atoned in T ab le 1. Twsu sr arp a flu tter Kusck U r r f Ip b tl X id so 5 m s L ooaojrnusTrioO*.AsUojrivo&B ev ceacurocTLOsmi rotrcn^Ej (p.pxs.) ItTOCXl xx fit C oonuiilon 1 (imus yrror&urt filn x i- shk (si Caaecstraiioa Is 11 70 5*4 40 44 1 OU UX 02 4 O il 1 H 004 1-4 M 02 S 17 QLUWUOk Ut in* sod Vs. Is (rw (*sjpU aattp DUMrta adult 1 0*11-2 l (0-70 **< w lomliod to e-o s <0 10) w iooCs&d. 0*06-0-44 AM Ut*C; YOU) *'*S ii* rd s^ s I., t Cl--0*04 **W67,0d aduil MSis (0*03) wu Cabot Straits. 0-C3-M0 m aad sd u il (0-07) 'I K 7) ^ OflKT. 1 w xorpoiM (i r n adult t 4-S-1S0 (IMS. 1M7) <) y ^ '-D D I y^*-TDX IC -U 1 0-27-3 0 (i't 1-2-7C no 10-4-0 na 7-1 | (1*2) (111 0-17-0-13 (0-41) 0-13-0 5 <o-n> O S -514 (0*11) 1*1-173 13-1 l a-f) <o-7S) Il u 4 -1 1 3 1-14*1 02) ) PS-VDT i -a s (7-S) 1 >-7 7 (3 1) 11-3 7 ft 3) 05-0 03 (OXA) 1 1-13 t (5) M 131-13 7 a ii) The unidentified poaks on the chromatograms saom to be similar to those produced by polychlorinated b i phenyls and. to enable comparison to be made, the ratios (fir) uf the retention tiroes of all regularly occurring peaks (relative to dieldrm 100) have been calculated for th e operating colum n tem p eratu re of 200* C. theae vsJues boing te m p rm tu rr-d rp e n d e n t. T he JLx waJues of PCB com pounds from com m rrrial PKTB form ulations worr also doterm inod for bot)i types of column (Tsblo 4). A t least seven PCB-typc peak were frwind. including tkors which interfere w ith p .p '-TDE and p ^ '- D D T . H rpoaehlor epoxide and p.p'-M D E could not be confirmed on both column and aro not therefore recorded. la m in a tio n by p estic id es is g re a te r in th e seals on The mol significant aspect of tho Tvaruhs is th a t, -ost coast o f S co tla n d (ta k e n in an a re a roughly from although seal* and porpoises in) a bit an environm ent far dsen uo th e T a y e s tu a ry ) th a n in sp ecim en s from th e rem oved from th e aito of application or dwchargo of and n o rth oossts, in clu d in g th e O rkney Island. p e s tic id e they car. contain much greater concro Irai ions ^ Pups from th o O rknoy a n d H arris (w est coast) breed- o f dicldnn ond D D T group rosiWites than those rooorded * rround contained only slig h tly low er residues th an for most other apories, including man. Robinson and from tho sam e oceas. B y c o m p ariso n . th e C anadian H u n te r 11 found u moan co u o rn tn u io n of d*rldru\ of 0*22 from th e M agdalen Isla n d s (G ulf o f S t. Law rence) p p m . (range 0 10-073 p p m .) and a moan local con- 67 20 1276 c c. --------------------------- NATURE. VOL 2>6. DECEMBER 30. u ' C c ; O cntratiu/i o f DDT o f 4-0 p.p.m . (range 1-0 11 1 p.p.n..) t*r-y Muth on Ihu cua*t ni th e Se<itli)i ma*til#<(ltj ^ ili arunplce of hu m an fit-pot fa: k. E ngland it. l&vl. . \ w pm...;?i.'y on salm o n (Su/"u/ polar) and roO (r,,#. v id rn c e of tiiv significant change w fuunrt d u n n r T'.orruuu . Tho high**t concentration* of 29 62-05. M.i:;^.n.d> m th e m nru.o environm ent have fnr j U*.:.(i in *.-a fro n t (N. t r u t ta ) on th e iA*t coast w ith ,,** TsUr 4. iixaTIvs s rrtrn o * M l U (its, cr K.u:r\t' natiti*;* lu K 300 column kcliillK Sscplr i > c : lUS. CT**! eokir.r. U^it uc U*2 p.n.i:. :dn`ldrin -f to ta l D D T) in mu*clo liwuu'* * w lu . tn :r:n th e kuiuc are a would probably h a \* ftl* ' co..: Cod ox.im ined from th o east coast h a \ wc7* rcb ass AAtilno * | too hCB 121 W '-T D E 129 K *d >146 i:o rC u rea 174 2US YC It is: r c * tj C 1KL t-S :o SCO f - fc4 ii.c.a'.s - U>J . *c s UfJ las p P' 7 d L 121 - 12: 1221 K*s 120 112 K S r e t i 4: s ITI . P P'-PDT 14? K7 17S 1\ B 22 211 SDS 1XB 22 XT* 2o7 IU T h e seal* And porpoises from the east coa&t of Scotland v e r o iuu#.iy mure seriously conM nunnu-d than thos* from th e n o rth an d went cocais. T h:s, o t least in rtspt-ct o f scaU, m a y be because. u i believed, the populations in th e tw o u t iu come from different breeding sites. Tm* aoaU '-utli o f A berdeen breed principally on tht- For:* islands. off th e north-east coas: of England, while the calf o f n o rth And went S cotland Are prim arily from th e breeding grounds o f the O rkney Islar.ds in the north, and other islands off (he west coast of Scotland. Tne n a off e a ste rn S cotland is also likely to receive more con- tan.'*: up :n 0*35 p .p .m . (dulcirm + total D DT) in nu^ tissue ( ) u u i 0 1 2 p .p .m .) an d from the west cowi m, 0*5C p.p.m . (m oan 0 22 p .p .m ), while cod livers tr>*u,,.,, up to i if p p.m . a n d 12 <>p p m ., respectively. Crvv Arv esiimr.tcd to ru t About 151b. of food daily, and u.,.. adult seed could consum e its own weight in food in > \ day*. Assuming a high proportion of the pestickl, to t r stored in b o d y fa t ra th e r th an to be excr*-u^i rrx ta `:ohzcd. an ncrca.sc nf tw o orders of magniiiuj. , pesticide co n c en tra tio n f.'jm food to body fat with... , few years is feasible. T his degroo o f accumulAtHa, . rraicuc :n a:, environm ent not deliberately contamm^i.. and ir. s p in e s ecologically far d istan t from lb*- t#. organisms of p o rsu to n t pesticide, underline th** *. possibility of confining sucli chemicals to the so . Application. \\Y th an k D r D. B . H ae for obtaining th e S***...- samples. and D r C. J . Kerswil! for the Canadian eam|X. *cr!ici IS. 16*7. tAminAtion from e stu arin e discharges t h i n th a t ofT n o rth Ms? / `rri^ /i.,'i Set. A 4*. C * (US C*l. F rio llif O fta . W*j--, And west Scotland. Similarly, the two separate seal p o p u la tio n s sam pled off th e cast co**t of C anndi m ay inh ab it areas w ith different level of contam ination. Pups 1SU|. T su o a . J. 0 `C .snC K u i . d i . J . II. A.. As**# CS. S4l ( l t Q W ..*r.d T stto n . J . O'O.. Asiarv. *07. 42 ClMSl. R..^.kfcor. J.. Ri'harJk-.n A . CraUirft. A. K.. Coafeoa, J. C aas c o n tain pesticide residues in co n e rn :ra tio n s only slightly . I*. . A:..*#. H i. ISwT (IK ?. low er th a n in th e parent populatio n . Common seal* in H olland have been found with cunorntratioiis of residue iwiarun-t.*. o.f A c n ru iiu rt and >*uihcre for Srollaad. TiAi n r i 4 U-.; ibe(<or; for 10C^ D^rwnir.*M of A cricuitart aod Viaiierk for feoilaad. rWwrWt sim ilar to th o se of seals on th e Scottish na*t co a st1*. u :.-. i^ry*ri for IMv / W hile th e residue concentrations in auhrutaneoim fat A re high. th o se of o th er tissues and orgun? s i r found to JV l * - u M . J .. ITvas. H.. fK^in r. V .. Ka m m .i. I. l..,h^rr.. J . and T hutnton. J .. JLua: ^ . I I . ISa (1M4). j a .5 .t .vr i : i t : ntodi. l>c m uch lower. T his suggests th a t there in no risk o f Ko'.:i#v D . J. >1.. anl Tail. J. 0*0.. A 'a# D i CJ? M physiological effects, unless th e m cu -b o lu in of m uch o f **S-rtiu*,i. J. M.. and T auoii. J 0 *0 .. J. <*Afot..|7. SSS |W * ) th e fat in tim es of sircas loads to a considerable increase in the concent ration of the residue in circulating lipid*. And th u s in residue concentrations in other organs or tissues. llwUr^. A. V.. A**. A * ri LuJ . 10. 4S? <IK.!> M '.tk - b . J.. at.J Uunu-f C O.. ArfA. /.nr#. V --liX I t Mk V n i c . J. H.. aad van C cnderxt. H .J .A p p i MAar. b. b . V *r Hr* . .Nn t . 30 (lOSOI. " 11--iru. A V.. J. A ppl. JLrmt . S (SupH ). 4S (1f*d|. i. .'t -- 'S. . -'vi' --r* ---f * .L"! The North ^Pacific : an Example of Tectonics on a Sphere \*>r d . p. mckenzie a L. PARKER \ V In stitu te of Geophysics ind PLanea r y Physics, U nhrarsity of Caldorrua at San Q itjo Individuai aseitmic areas move as rigid plates on the surface of sphere. Application of the Mercator projection to slip vector that the paving stone theory of world tettonica is correct 9*4 Pf1# to about a quarter of the Earth's surface. T i t s linoor m a g n etic anom alioc1-* which paredlel sJ) activo The^c oh/'rvsiions a r r rx p la in e d if th s we C*** rid go can only be produoed b y roversaii of the E a rth 's as a rigai p U tr. a n d in te ra c ts w ith o4h*r C m a g n e u o h o ld 1 if t>K. oooanic crua: is fornvxl dose to th e ridgw a x is 1. Models* have show n th a t th e nom/dic* c a n n o t bo oboorvod in tho K o rth A tlaiitic unJoas m ost dyko intrusion, and hoaco crusud production, occurs w ith in 6 km of the n d g o axis. T he spreading ea floor* th e n carries thcac anom ahe* for groat borixoutal distances and a ir hn*<v of p uro al ip. T h ey a rr aJwey' jwrwlt ^ w ith h ttlo if a n y doform ation. T he epiorufru <f earth* Core, to t hr erLativo voloctv. vector b o i 1^ 1***!* . . . s^uakr also accu rately follow th e a x u an d rvrr uffiwi w ith n u ei wful p ro p e rty . W c hsv o (rated thw **)** i t by tra n sfo rm foulU* *. T he stru c tu re of isiojid arcs t* theory of wu rtd tecto n ics in the N o n h ro<*r *7. # 2cm clour, th o u g h tho narrow ba/td o f ahaJLow oorthijuakr work well, d e ta ile d s tu d >re of ^ *"'m AuggosU th a t c ru s t im oonAiimrd along * Im csj feature. support the tlico ry . 20 68 1 t-; lhe s=2 () snggenu a link with the gfaazl dispersion of pesticides. A^-lough tale is perhaps diagnostic e l lbe presence of insecticides, its use c a quantitative tracer is no; fully warnread; it is gradually being displaced Pesticides: Tr^r-ccflir.lir Movements h pesticides by water or light petroleum brur. Furthermore, some insecticides err dispersed is Fuller's earth, a mix e r : of minerals not readily analyzed by x-r:y diffraction. 2 1 ) 69 la tie N o riim : Trcde: Large-scale tropospheric transport from continents to oceans can best be Abstrcc:. Concentrations of chlori approached by investigation of the three nate! hydrocarbons in airborne dust cain zone of movement of iir masses: carried by the trade winds from the the equatorial easterlies, the temperate European*/.friean land areas to Bar westerlies, and the polar easterlies. bados range from less than 1 to 164 Cram quantities of airborne particulate parts per bill.on.' TI* lower limit of the carter carried by the equatorial easter average content of 1 cubic meter of air lies, the trade winds, over 6000 km is 7. X 10-* gram. The contributions from Europe and Africa across the At o f river-borne end atmospherically lantic to Barbados were collected (7 ). transported pesticides to parts of the Pronounced seasonal variations in the marine environment are calculated magnetic and biological fractions cor approximately and compared. The related with wind patterns off the Afri amounts of pesticides contributed to the can coast. Mineralogies! and biological tropical Atlantic by the trade winds observations pointed to a continental appear to be comparable to those car origin of the tolbs, with Europe and ried to the sea by tnajor river systems. Africa as the most likely sources. Each maple comprised a Urge fractioo of The transport and distribution of tbe paniculate matcriaJ in several mil- pesticides through the world ecosystem Eoq cubic meters of air. An input rate have been attributed to a combination of solid phases to the tropical Atlantic of atmospheric and hydrospheric (oce acdiments of 0.6 X 10" < cm/year was anic and fluviz\) currents ( /) . yet their suggested (6). Knowledge of the pesti relative contributions remain unclear. cide levels in such materials would per The high concentrations of residues of mit similar calculations of their inputs, pesticides found in shearwaters Pufjinus for which purpose the Barbados sam tenuirostris and P. griseus from the ples have bees analysed. Pa cISc~ OccirT* an3 ^fcfiai 'Cdlharaeta~zr Tfie ^%ecfuTg~- sateens - skua from Antarctica suggest that tbe wind, were made of 0.5-mm-diam- coastal areas are not the sites of in d er monofilament nylon woven to give gestion ( /) . about 50 percent voids; they were Various lines of evidence indicate air coated with a 50-percent water solution transport: (i) the codistillation of of glycerin for our work; collection chlorinated hydrocarbons with water efficiency was about 50 percent for (7 ), and (ii) their detection in air and particles larger than 1 Rigorous rainwater (J) and in atmospheric dust standards of clean1Loess minimized con originating in Texas and subsequently tain irut bn by tocaJ dusts, which has deposited in Ohio (4). These observa always proved to be trivial. For blank tions, however, are not sufficient to runs for the pestkbdc analyses, acetone- support the hypothesis that much of the washed dust was applied to screens, pesticides present in manne organisms with subsequent treatment as for the was atmospherically transported to the real samples. Less than 100 pg of any oceans from the continents. of the DDT compounds () or other Complementing such work is the ob pesticides per g n m of sample was servation that the mineral talc that a found. used as a carrier and diluent for pesti The dust samples were Soxhlet-cx- cides occurs in the solid-mineral phases traded for 6 hours with a 2:1 mixture of rains, glaciers, and rivers and in dusts of hexane and aceiooc. Blank runs, recovered from the atmosphere in con uung the same solvent volume^, extrac centrations much higher than expected tion times, and glassware, * ere made from natural occurrences (5); its exiu- before and several times curing the ence in airborne particulate matter over course of the analyses; leu than 250 Dirfdrin, p.p'-DDT, and p J -D D D were quantitatively recovered from the corresponding areas of the plate occu pied by the standard:. In several ex tracts the interfering peaks made mea surements of p.p'-DDE and of oj?'-DDT impossible; the thin-byer recoveries of these compounds were 150 percent. A trace amount of a compound having the retention times of o.p'-DDE was also recovered, but a mall peak provision ally attributed to heptachlor epoxide in one extract was not confirmed by thin- layer techniques. None of the uniden tified peaks had retention times equiv alent to those of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). industrial pollutants widely dispersed in marine ecosystems F it 1. X-ray diffractogram (CuX* radb^on) of Atmospheric dust collected over the (9). No attempt was made to isolate Cor^l Sea. with ulc prcdocrinalins. chemically pure pesticides from the thin-byer extracts in order to obtain infrared spectra; instead, several of the e pg of toy pesticide per grata of ample tracts and occasionally interfered with thin-layer extracts were treated with was present in the controls determination of p,p'-DDE And oj> alcoholic KOH under conditions such The extracts'were concentrated tnd DDT. that p,p'-DDT. o.p'-DDT, and p.p'- analyzed with a Micro Tck-220 gxs Extracts of samples between January DDD are converted to their dehydro- chromatograph equipped with N i-63 *nd September were pooled and placed chlorinated derivatives, which have and H -3 electron-capture detectors. Two on a thin-layer plate covered with silica characteristic retention times on QF-1 columns, a 5-percent QF-1 And & 20- gel G that had been washed untii chro and DC-200 columns. percent DC-200, both on hexamethyi matogmphicaliy clean. A small fraction The thin-byer extracts containing disilaxr ne--treated Chromosorb W, 0- of the sample extract, mixed with stand most of the p.p^DDI, p.p'-DDD, o.p'- 100-mesh, were used irmultnneoiidy. ards, was applied to another area of DDT. and dieldrin peaks were evtpo- differences in retention time between the plate. After development with 10 rated almost to drynexs in a graduated the polar m d nonpolar columns, com percent ethyl ether in hexane, the plate test tube to which 1 ml of 10 percent bined with occasionaJ spiking of ex was divided into two sets of 13 1-cm KOH in ethyl alcohol was added. After tracts with standards, initially confirmed trips which were scraped off and heating for 5 minutes in a steam bath, the identities of seven! of the peaks washed with petroleum ether. A con water and hexane were added and the observed. Peaks of unknown com centrate of the petroleum ether was solution was swirled. Analysis of the pounds fluctuating in intensity over tic then injected into both columns of the hexane layer showed that the p.p'-DDT, year were present in all Barbados ex- ^ gas ducOTatograph.^ r_ _ -3r,,, _ -_-r * .a, . - a . - 'v -* -A * -* ^ p ^ - D g D ^ jmd . p ^ P P T ^5cs^_ha4 ,, Table 2. Pesticides k airborne p a rtid a vtr Bs/badoc Concentrt ions in air a n based on 50-pe/ceat cfioe*cy of ibt coflactma ma; ND, moi delected. Date Cm ^ u ) AJT volume Cx 10*m*) M ue rial dry srt (g ) Total Aadyxod pj'-D D T p ^ '-D D E Pesticide cooctotnuocu La a m p ia (ppb) *y-D D T DDD Dvddrin Total Total in 1jj ( X 10--/ox*) 4 -6 Ocl . 36-21 Oct. 7-21 N ot. ' 1-1$ Dec. 3-2 D . 36-21 J u t t 7J-17 Ftfc. Feb. 27 U x t. M Apr. 14-16 M ir 11-1) J um 21-12 Jut/ Ifr-12 Avo. 13-3 Sepe * Ta*al rj ora. nu 24 34 JO 144 u 24 3-2 . 24 24 2J 13 1! U 1J 1.7 XX M lU ird. I7J U H U UD 34 14; 14 4.7 tJO 24 4.1 A4 74 t 642 52 12 7.70 < 1 4 ND 247 71 19 242 10 ND 143 t t 49 047 30 ND 342 11 13 142 47 ND I jW M 21 3.10 IS ND 543 2 7 ND 249 7 4 ND 249 54 34 0 9 4 4 3.1 4.15 A4 14 otrfirrird 12 p+tvlov* tfarv 13 7 34 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 13 1 6 ND 10.7. 21 4 ND ND 17 ND U ND 44 21 ND ND ND ND ND 14 ND ND 2 ! 04 I.! 14 4 1.4 14 1.1 14 14 I PcL. *lik rarMto ujm W 20 17 . <14 90 40 144 49 37 94 25 11 44 10.7 12! 104 13.4 150-310* <13t 99 44 242 42 77 9W 77 n 41 21 110 90 120 $Jmo p m - k 70 SCI LNCTL VOL. disappeared, but pc2Lx having thV .e- c41 ppb of insc::i:ij.; a i:.z dust yields volume, was Ceo analyzed for PCB. tc n tb a limes of ^.p'-DDE, p.p'-DDMU, 600 kg/year. Such irc itr= : of extracts of marine and o.p'-DDE had appeared in the re- The input oi paatialdas into San fish from cc=aal waters in California f -^eexive extracts. The recoveries of Francisco Bay, r.roiarad by the aver reveals the dbmcterislic profile, on gas ase dehydrochbrinated derivatives age total coccc.v.rzt:;;. in the San Joa chromatograms of the PCB peaks (9); were equivalent to those obtained ir. the quin River at A.v.:::l; {10) (0.1 h^/ PCB arc pmmut in higher concentra ^ saponification of chromatographiczlly liter) ar.d the moor. outflow of tions in czrizr birds, and the profile pure standards. No other breakdown 1S.9 X 1 0 - liter/year, amounts to 1900 of the variaas peaks a usually evident products producing peaks in the eicc- kg/year. A similar calculation for the in unsapoaluad extracts. No PCB, how. troo-capture detector were identified. Mississippi yields an ioput into the Gulf ever, was d u tiable in the La Jolla Tbe dicldrin peak was not affected by of Mexico of 10* kg/ycar ( / / ) . cat sample; if PCB was present, its the alialine-alcoho! treatment but could These rates cf input indicate the rela maximum ccrccotration in the airborne doc be found after concentrated sulfuric tive significance cf wlad and river trans particulates was J ppb--10,000 times acid wax added to the evaporated ex port to the marine environment. The lower than that of totai pesticides. The tract. A tm ospheric rate is clearly ar. underes PCB are tezh compounds widely used All extracts were analyzed with both timate inasmuch as the method of col in industry b the manufacture of plas DC-200 and QF-1 columns, and each lection of the dusts fractionates against tics, pains, and many other products, value presented (Table 1) is the aver materials carried or. particles of less and are components of industrial air. age from two or more injections of a than several microns or as vapors. We Unlike the chlorinated-hydrocarbon pes sample. The total concentrations of the must conclude that the atmosphere can ticides, which they resemble somewhat chlorinated hydrocarbons in the dust transport significant quantities of pesti in chemical structure, they apparently were higher during the winter rr.aaths, cides to the pe>occar. ecosystem; persist to a greater extent in the vapor but the total pesticide content cf the where ocean currents and river drain phase. Tbe cdccentra lion ratios of total air displayed no evident seasonal ages cannot explain the presence of PCB to lead DDT in many seabirds, changes during 1 year. A relatively high residues, wind systems may provide including two species of Pacific shear \ content of magnetic dust had been re conveyance from continents. waters that nest m Alaska, and in ported (6) for September, October, and Similarly we have examined samples petrels and resident peregrine falcons April when the wind circulations suggest of airborne particulate matter from the from rerrear areas of Baja California that tbe dust originates in Morocco; on centra! Pacific collected on glyccrio- art of tbe same order of magnitude the other hand, the content was Jess be- coated nylon nets mounted on the mast (P); this lacs suggests that PCB and C m October and March, when the of R.V. Argo U2) at 12 stations be pesticides are similarly dispersed. With probably comes from tropical tween 17*N and I8#S near 180* longi other pollmints, including products of ^ Africa south of the Sahara. Most of the tude during the summer of 1967. No Atomic explosions ( /J ) , they are prob biological material was present in sample carried a detectable pesticide ably universally present in air; thus the winter samples; fungal hyphac residue, but the weight of each simple their distribution in marine and terres abounded, and bacteria, fragments oi did not exceed 1 or 2 ir.g, and less than trial ccoiystm s remote from sites of vascular plants, and marine and fresh I pan per million or 1 ng of a pesti application can be expected to depend water diatoms were observed. Among cide would have been undetectable. on the preva5ng patterns of wind cir ^ tbe last were Melosira granulosa, which However, the presence of talc, the most culation and the rates of fallout. >. * o -WoVldwicJ? in"i i tribufioh?2i& f Den-~~ tinp<5rianf *dfiractlnTg minVrif, Suggested ^ ^ - ' ' X w . *ticula tlegans%which is found in the running waters of cold mountainous repans. There was no correlation be tween the pesticide content of the air mnd o th er the magnetic content or the number of fungal hyphac reported <*). Tbe pesticide concentration in air Avenges 7.1 X lO *14 g/m J, oc 41 ppb (parts per bDlion) by weight in the dust. Utilizing the sedimentation calculations oo this dust (6), we can calculate the introduction of pesticides to the equaf rial Atlantic by atmospheric transport the following way. We issnroe that 1 unea involved in dissemination by the trade winds lies between the equator and 30*N latitude, covering 1.94 X 10,T ^ cm*. The reported (6) rite of sedimen tation for this area is 0.06 c m /1000 yean, equivalent to an annua! input of dust solids of 9.70 X 10'= g (density of dust, 2-5 |/cm * ; water content of the wsdimer.a, 50 percent). The value of the presence of pesticides (Fig. 1). Durt collected from an ocean pier at La Jolla, California, between June and October 1967 yielded total pesticide contents in air ranging from 6 to 270 X lQ - ,? g/m* and averaging 7.0 X 10*n f /m a; the prevailing winds are landward, with an unknown admixture of air from neighboring agricultural areas. This average value b 1000 times greater than its Barbadian counterpan. Such is the difference in pesticide load between marine air adjacent to agricul tural areas in which pesticides arc used intensively and marine air remote from sites of application. Extracts of the La Jolla dust samples were pooled, concentrated to a volume of about 1 ml. and refluxed for 10 min utes in 100 ml of 5 percent KOH in ethyl alcohol before 100 ml of hexane and 300 ml of concentrated aqueous solution of NaCl were added. The Sexmne layer, after concentration to a small institute of I f urine Resources, Deportmens of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley X L H u c c m , J. J. G ajpfin E D. G olds exo Scripps lasomrion of Oceanography, University of California os San Diego, La Jolla 92037 J. 0 * 0 . Tm ftftd J. H A. Kx*k. N*vv SUL X* (1X 7); JL w . RiMbrow;*. D 1 UooDl, D I. Ma m . Jf.. M. S OUon. m u. u x sm (1X 7): w. j. l su***. C. M M e m . w . L. Rrrwl *U 21 n o ( If * * ); i. L Gr+rjm mm4 D E. H. f i U, J A p H Z M . Smr+i. X !)S ( I X * ) M. C X w a. f.AJcrm, J r . C. S LM|rv<i k R e m . S rtn arr M l M*0 (1 X 4 ). f . A m t . ) l . M R c r a , X . C. J. A r C w - II. m t l f Sf ) . M C. p. A cm . J r . C H. M / Em . r*/w n toss (it): C. R K jm *4 (. f . m*d Kr X1^0'Uo--( m u M u rVM.Lo Sc*- rM t I k MH (IWJ); D C Abfou. X S KArvtMm. X O C 1^4 IU7 i m n . J. h+- III. 7) C A W r M l J. A. -j -i ST7. o * ( n o s . U '1 XT Wxin': 4 c5 J. M. Cohen a*d C. P U ttrk o n , %m retti* iJ n tm th t. m%-if+mmrmt (AflvricaA ('N cm K J S o e tn j, I W J , . 143. |( . WirwJom, i. i . C rl/lta. . I>. CoM berg. r.m*0* Sei. Teekmnl. I. ?2) ( I W ) . A. C. D cU nr et !.. Geocim. CmtmoeUim. Aetm 31. W ( I H 7 ) . 1. Iljr a uli of ih Sckfirc Rrvxrrl* Coon- Cil. U .K . W thrmk A. C. D rU o j iwr them. f. of DOT iiwluUc iu iv o mornen f / `*nOT and ^DOT aad ihc mrtjbolic *cri4itvn o/ ^'-DDT: p^'-nOE. DD O . pnJ rS 'D D M V . .a'-D O T . I.t.l- tri< M oiO -2^ * b a(r-c K io ^o i'^ y l> rih a r; X>DT. l.l,I-ficMro.2-(#-<Mor***rn>l).2-(p- Cfclxooto*rt)rthaf : p j'D D E . l,l^*cM oro- J-hh(^-ctUofoi% hfnrl)ch)lrc: py*D D D (alta kM>n TOE CJJoroohcofl )fCh; p.p`-DDMU, l<h*0/p X2*M(A<hloivrhraxl)cth)rkac. | t . O. C. Holmmee*. J. II. 5irr.mni, j. o*G. T*i-V showing the microsiructure of undis- Ida, Htturtp in . <iv,,7j. c. W ijm ark. marine days; Sc concluded that J . fdmtutt O0*c. A ir . C htm SO. 1C** {|K7>; A. V. Holden and K. h?*rJrn. Nmtmtr 214, the micro-structure of such clays `cor 127* (!VC7>; A. W. f li* b I. St. N. krvcn. S G. lln rr.a n . P. L Am o . in fwrpswn- responds to the cardhousc structure sug lion: R. W. Kn<lru^*:h. in prrparadon. gested by Goldschmidt and later by 10. T. . RaiUT and / A. ll.innum. J. m**t. Lrne Dirt. mter. Soc. Cm.* ffi. IS. 27 Lambe, and in fact exactly corresponds ( I0C7). 11. A. W. I f c iJ c n ta r h . C. G Conner*. F. K. to the imaginative drawing of Tan." S iv iK a n , i, J. .L k iu r n u r ;. K S C rrm , Use of the same technique for studying CmtstiC ttr -U h M ept. 12. I)V (l* C 7 ); J i. R. Nc ho Iion. Seirmrr lS t. 17; (1047). illitic Pleistocene clays led to a similar 12. Scnppn Ifuiiiwfiofi / Ocraftograptij. conclusion (7). IS. G. M. Woodx 11. Sei. Am tt. HL. 2 (1K 7). Whereas the electron microseopc of 14. SwKPorud frj NSF (g/am O f 4342) **d OKA fers the b a t means available for study 7 T ern a ry IKS of sediment microsiructure ia detail, the replication technique does not pro vide easily }interpretable results. My purpose is to illustrate the microstruc Microstructure of Sediments: j ture ia samples of sediment from the Gulf of Mexico as revealed by ultra- Investigation with Ultrathin Sections * thin sections >of the sediment, and to point out that this technique provides Abstract. Examination of uhrathin sections of mtintisiurhett" murine sedimenti more easily interpretable results. from the Gulf o/ Mexico indicates //fra/ they are characterized by a loose, open, The samples (Table 1) came from random arrangement o/ particles. The microstructures do not a p p e a r to conjonn Cora taken by R.V. Alaminos (5) p uentitirreely to cither cardhousc or honeycomb structures. Only co ra were selected that had. been properly scaled and stored to preserve ^Thcc microstructure (-fabric") f c^cll of the structure consists of many as well as possible the natural state of marine sediments has received little al- adhering particles (Fig. IA ). Later was the sediment. From each core a cubic femiqn from geological oceanographer^. suggested (2, 3) a somewhat different sample of 2 to 5 cm was carefully cut Two popular theories prevail as to the structure in which the clay-mineral ag with a (hin-bladcd knife or spatula. A ( mature\of the panicle arrangement m gregates, having a platy morphology, larger portion was cut initially in order sediments. Terzaghi ( / ) suggested were arranged generally in an edge-to- to retain an undisturbed portion in the a -honcy^amb" structure, with adhaive face fashion forming a -cardhousc" center of the sample; likewise, the sam forces causing the p a rtid a of clay min structure (Fig. IB). Tan (4) presented ple itself was taken from the center of eral to stick together on contact; each a three-dimensional idealization of each core. From each sample, smaller cardhousc structure (Fig. 1C). samples (1 to 2 cm by Z to 3 mm5) While some orientation studies, using were cut with a taut, very thin wire; poburized light and x-ray difTraction the outer, disturbed portion of each technique (J ) , can reveal gross trends large sample was first trimmed with the toward preferred or random orientation wire to expose the inner, undisturbed b f 'ic^k' fifvTb ru iir* '- p ^ i n ;^ ' m lr ^ . Fig. 1. (A) Honeycomb structure (after Terxighi (/)]. <B) 'tardhouve struc ture (after Umbe (i)f. (C) of the microsiructure. Most informa tion has come from the electron mi croscope. Rosenquist (6) used the elec tron microscope and the replication dried; this technique is recommended (6, 9) because it entails less panicle disturbance due to eflects of surface tension than do standard oven- or air bouse structure (after T aa\*)l- technique to obtain stercomicrographs drying techniques. U lirathin celioni ihow iag the m ermi fuel urei of u nJiilurhcd kcdimcnu from an ab y ru l a/kJ a coiuiocnul bhcil ( C) . * 4 'ftlincntsl slope (D) ,