Document J3GrkOvY1bJeLL043z9mJ3DRX

occupXTMal SAFETY AND" health f^TLAlNTIF?^^ i EXHIBIT I HEARINGS f BEFORE THE SELECT SUBCOMMITTEE ON LABOR OF THE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND LABOR I HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES NINETIETH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION OK H.R. 14816 A BILL TO AUTHORIZE THE SECRETARY OF LABOR TO SET STANDARDS TO ASSURE SAFE AND HEALTHFUL WORKING CONDITIONS FOR WORKING MEN AND WOMEN; TO ASSIST THE STATES TO PARTICIPATE IN EFFORTS TO ASSURE SUCH WORKING CONDITIONS; TO PROVIDE FOR RESEARCH. INFOR MATION. EDUCATION, AND TRAINING. IN THE. FIELD OF OCCU PATIONAL SAFETi AND HEALTH; AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES HEARINGS HELD IN WASHINGTON. D.C.. FEBRUARY 1. 20. 28. 29; MARCH 5. 6. 7, 8, II. 12. AND 14. 1968 - Printed for the use of the Committee on Education and Labor Casl D. PnziKe. Chairman 92-73*0 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1S8 * m yyf**?* _ C0XTEX TS Hearings held in Washington, D.C.: February l, I96S......................................................................................... February 20, 196$................................................. .................................... February 28, 1965.................... .............................................................. " February 29, 1966........... March 5, 1966....................................................... ................................. March 6,`1968..... ........................ ........................................ ................. *' March 7, 1968........... ........... ..... ....................................... ................... * March 8, 1968.................... ................... ................ ................... March 11, 1968..._______________ ... _ March 12, 1968........................................................................................ " March H, 1968................................................................................... Text of H.R. 14816............................................................................................. Statement of-- Berry, Clyde M., Ph. D., American Industrial Hygiene Association.. Burch, Alan, International Union of Operating Engineers........ .. Burke, Frank, safety and health director, United Steelworkers of America, AFL-ClG-CLC....... ................ Christenson, Otto P., consultant to the Conference of American Small Business Organisations............................................................ Dinman, Dr. Burton D., M.D., secretary, American Academv of Occupational Medicine, accompanied by Gilbert H. Codings, M.D., immediate past director................... ............. ......................... ...... Eichhorn, J. George, grand lodge representative of the International Association of Machinists & Aerospace Workers..._____ ______ Ford, Hon. William D,, a Representative in Congress from the State of Michigan..........______ ...._______ Gildea, Arthur P., secretary.treasurer, director of safety, International Union of United Brewery, Flour, Cereal, Soft Drink & Distillery Workers of America.--........................................................................'. Gintz, Ralph E., president, International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions..__ ....____________ ________ Hanlon. John J., M-D-. M.PJL, apartment of beaten,. Detroit, Mich., president, American Public Health Association...................... Kalmykow, Andrew*, American Insurance Association__ .......____ Krise.M. Holland, chairman, Industrial Commission of Ohio............. Logan, John 0., Universal Oil Products Co., chairman, board of directors, Manufacturing Chemists Association, Inc., accompanied by C. U. Deraehl, G. L. Gobbed, and Lloyd Symington........ --.. Lvons, Raymond M., National Association of Manufacturers............. M&zzocchi, Tony, citizenship-legislative director of the Oil, Chemical & Atomic Workers International Union.......__ 1.......................... McCahan, J. F,, M.D., president. Industrial Medical Association, accompanied by David E. Goldstein, M.D., president elect; and Howard N. Schulz, executive director_____...........__________ McCart, John A., operations director, Government Employes' Coun cil of the AFL-ClO............................................................................... Meany, George, president, American Federation of Labor & Congress of Industrial Organizations................................... Montoya, Ricardo M,, New Mexico State labor commissioner______ N&umann, William E., chairman, legislative committee, Associated General Contractors of America............................................................ O'Hara, Donald C., executive vice president, National Petroleum Refiners Association............... Patten, Hon. Edward J., a Representative in Congress from the State of New Jersey..............___________________- Queener, J. Sharp, U*S. Chamber of Commerce, and party.................. (ZZX) Pce j 105 125 i$5 223 263 349 433 459 527 703 1 161 276 527 248 47$ 287 755 140 543 471 428 442 369 232 381 513 516 703 731 677 263 _ 754 186 enable id the field of .>r established by the w accumulated data. 1'ubUc Health Service % Tbe National Acao1 Trt continue to serve or otherwise, by the .-jit to assure effective il Agencies and iudnsgulations or standards toxic substances. Rei> National Aeronautics nt manufacturers, and MakB 22.1968. serai Safety Standards. -ome spots showed up - a tumor and said an :nd my chest and rook -rculoeis. possibly, but worked on nor special u a safety meeting we Us and after numerous rouble. 1 worked with *rlr for 22 weeks and as I didn't work very >kea. -d other cases like this ber but haven't heard * beryllium that I was Ben R. Smith. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1968 House or Representatives. Select Subcommittee on Labor. Committee on Education and Labor, Washington. D.C. The subcommittee met at 10:25 a.m., pursuant to recess, in room 2200, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. James G. O'Hara presiding. Present: Representatives O'Hara, Ford, Burton of California. Esch. and Steiger. Staff members present: Jim Harrison, director: Marilvn Myers, clerk; Nancy Tyler, assistant clerk: Dr. James Wason, Legislative Reference Service, Library of Congress: and Mr. Michael J. Bernstein, minority counsel for labor. Mr. (5'Hara. The Select Subcommittee on Labor of the Committee on Education and Labor will come to order. The purpose of our meeting today is to continue our hearings on H.R. 14816, the occupational safety and health bill. STATEMENT. OF DB- XEV2MX SEtIKOEE PTBSCTOB. OF TEE ENVI RONMENTAL SCIENCES LABORATORY. MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK Mr. O'Hara. Our first witness this morning is Dr. Irving J. Selikoff. director of the Environmental Sciences Laboratory, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, City University of New York. * Dr. Selikoff, we are looking forward with great anticipation to your testimony and to any help you can give us in our consideration of this legislation, and we would appreciate it very much if vou would pro ceed, and we will insert your prepared statement at tfxis point in the record. (The statement follows:) Statement bt Ietino J. Ssuxorr. Doectoe. School or Bnvieofkehtal Sciences Laso&atost, Mount Sinai School or Medictke, Cnr tJNtvoarrr or New Tear Mr. Chairman and member* of tbe committee, my name is Imug J. Selikoff. I am Professor of Community Medicine at tbe Mount Sinai School of Medicine of tbe City University of New York, and Director of Its Environemal Sciences Lab oratory. I am Editor-In-Chief of "Environmental Research", a recipient of tbe Lasker Award in Medicine of tbe American Public Health Association, a Diplomate of tbe American Board of Preventive Medicine. I am President-Elect of Tbe New York Acsdemy of Sciences, a Member of its Scientific Council, and have served as Cbatrman of its Division of Environmental Sciences. I detail these responsibilities both as identification and as an lndei of my professional and scientific interest is tbe problems with which this Bill is con- (340) 350 oemed. but I must coofeas at the outset that while bit studies and research have' im*pii professional and scientific, the applications which may be derived from them ure emphasized by my responsibilities as a citizen and a physician. The data i -hall present are rigorously scientific: but I hope you will interpret them not 'illy as cases in a tabulation but us i*ersons whose health and lives are our responsibility. I propose to describe to you my research experiences with one group of work, men in this country, so that you might use it as an example or as a yardstick against which to evaluate this proposed Bill, to test whether it is necessary or unnecessary, whether it goes too far or not far enough, whether it is sorely needed <>r will prove superfluous. Because If this Bill is not the answer, an answer must surely be fouod for the difficulties 1 will review. For the past six years. I have been investigating occupational health hazard* among iusulatiop workers in our construction mdusrrv These men apple r(i*tbermal insulation to pipes, ducts, boilers and other -tructurew in buildines factories, shipyards and other facilities. They are self-reliant, skilled craftsmen The first union of insulation workers in the United States was formed iu Wiv York City in 18S4 under a charter issued by the Knights of Labor (predecessor lr i* c, . to Iim.k r.. Mill - I Kl; r . Till- |irnr-- If til.ntfi''!**!ir i, ami fu->r*tu rlu- liv the .i*.---lining *>f M. I.yif ii. .if <.nirh a*b**to*l* ! .'Ill fill* :i*-' - i.. U.reat Hr:a IllKllt. f.'lltll i-uiK-f r Mi' ever. :ind of the American Federation of Labor) as "The Salamander Association of B^ier Our exper * and Pipe Fetters.-' Partly from these beginnings, the present union of insulation workers Is this coantry wae chartered in 1910 by th AFL as The International Association of Beat asd Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers. They are an important pert of the construction industry. The trade is an important one and ncain r:t. ey in Tmj a No beer: The reason it is not too much to say that modem construction and modem industry would (hi-tnal a*r. halt without their work. The union has some 18.000 men on its rolls and 'here from on*C' ' are probably almost an equal number of insulation workers wbo are not members of tbis union, often because of conditions of their work, as being employed in maintenance work, doing insulation work as pan of other occupation.*, hems: members of other unions or by virtue of doing special insulation applications as. spraying. in live, ten and dearn job. A mi::. When this Intitlenra;' Durtag the course oftheir work, these men nee mu materials, some of rims industrial - mineral or of other inorganic nature. While we have had little koowleaee con sixteen .it - cerning possible adverse effects of most of the materials with which they work and irr*"-' (in part, because of their rather recent introduction and inadequate opportunity fifrie*. U'h-- to observe the presence or absence of such effects), one of rhe materials with naiifhalein- which they work has been under suspicion for some rime. I refer to asbestos. the -km -a: This mineral fiber, with unique characteristics and of great value in our industry, For thi* tv is found in a number of the products which these men use in rheir work and Mich a> a*t> ha re used for more than seventy years. talk more ->f In 1924, Cooke in England described a case of severe lung scarring--esbes- To renirr, 1 tends--who had spent 20 years wearing asbestos textile products. In rhe next decade, numerous similar cases were observed, so that by the mid-1980s the We have fo; aces of vac! hazard of asbestos as & pneumoconiotie dust was universally accepted. Textile i* Director factories in this country were also studied and our Public Health Service fully Society, to i 4 documented the significant risk involved in asbestos textile factories in the re port by Dreessen and colleague* in 1938. Precautionary measures were urged in in *ubequer of death an this report and elimination of hazardous exposure was strongly recommended. rheir expen A Unfortunately Implementation of the recommendations was haphazard and inadequate and the conditions and dangers, recognized and described 40 years age. vear ar. The folio- ago. are still with us. It it on unhappy reflection on oil of u*--government, public health authnrititt. the medical profetiion--that at tkit time in the United State* in the IP60*. 7T- December 1 OBSERVED of all death* among insulation icorkert are ttue to a complete/}/ preventable eaute. pulmonary atbestotit. It may be of Interest to outline the studies which have demonstrated this con tinuing. disabling and fatAi hazard. With tny colleagues. Drs. E. Cuyler Ham mond and J. Chorg. I have been studying the health experiences of insulation workers in the NewYork-New -Tersev metropolitan area. Locals 12 and 32 of the IAHFIAW. On December 31. 1942. these Locals had 632 members. We have fol lowed each one of these men from that day to the present. During these years. 27 men have died of asbestosis. of a total of 367 deaths. Since there is no other cause for pulmonary asbestosis but rhe inhalation of asbestos fibers, these death* have been unwarranted unnecessary. Moreover, many of the men who have not been so badly affected as to die of the disease, have been and are disabled to a greater or iesser extent. TTius. more rhan half of the insulation workers Tot*l HC4u!l Oeitrvt: ;j;r Eicwcttc tv 1 Toll i cncf in j. 06$'fl use Exeetta tv S Cner ot lung me ODiervts (JSD Eiotenc cj.S Career o< iromKr i examined by me with more than 20 years from the onset of their work, have the abnormal X-ray* of asbestosis and almost one*third have shortness of breath 0o**reo list Eimcito (U 1 of some degree. >arcb have from them The data I them not - ar* our l< of worki yardstick -.c^sary or -ely needed iwer must .i ii hu/.iinl' .1!>1 *1 v tli*- . buildings, craftsmen. .->) m Nt-w orKi^'essor n `>f Rniler ill-illation emotional Her arc an nr une and .-try would - ami there "t members mplnyed in ions. i>einir pplioations me of them w ledge con* i they work >ppurrunicy -en*l with to asnesros. ur industry, r work and ring--asbe-- 'n rhe next l-V.WOs the d. Textile rvjct- fully - in the rere urged in nuu**n<1ed. nnzard and -ri 40 rears 'thnriti**. '.''tiflu. Mr cause. this conler HniniKUlatuni of the have fn|. , v**arv i- no other liv-- deaths n who have i r* disabled :-.i] workers rk. have rhe - of breath 351 Jr h evident that. oroehnw. we have failed these men. They bad every nght u, i.w.k to -heir Government and public health authorities, and to tbe physicians and - ieuti-t- ho Guide them, for protection at their work. They were not given tin- protection. ' If the problem were to l>c limited to this difficulty, a would be bad enough and -ufficient spur to remedial action. However. rhee workmen face an even greater and inor- worrisome hazard. There i- hardly fin usbestos insulation worker ii -in- 'imntrv who i- not concerned with the jwssibility that cancer, induced oy vie nspesto- to which be is exposed, will overwhelm him as be reaches the prim" of life. Tin- hazard, too. comes as no surprise to us. In 1035. Dr. Kenneth M. Lyndi. then Professor of Pathology and now ('haiiceiior of the University of South Carolina, descried the cuse of lung cancer in a man who also had ishesto-i-. Because both of these diseases were then rare. Dr. Lynch suggested an etiological relationship. In the next 20 year-, numerous similar cases of this as-(K-iation were recorded. Indeed, the Chief Inspector of factories in Great Britain, reviewing all the cases of asbestosis known to their Depart ment. found in the mid-lfl.VK that approximately 20'< had associated lung cancer. Sticklers for statistical niceties insisted they were unconvinced, how ever. and wanted even better data. Our experiences have supplied these requested morbid figures. I refer you again to the 63- men who were members of rhe Union in New York-New Jer sey in 1942. You may wonder why we went so far back i especially since we have also been following 890 members of these Locals who joined in 1943 or afteri. Tbe reason lies in an important characteristic of disease associated with in dustrial asbestos exposure. .4*6rto disease rarely occurs in lest than 20 years tram onset of exposure. Thus, men who work with asbestos do not get asbestosis in five, ten or fifteen years after starting work--asbestosis will become significant and death may follow 25. 30 or more years following the start of their first job. A similar penod of clinical latency is true of asbestos cancer, as well. When this occurs, it strikes 25. 30 or more years after the initial exposure. Incidentally, this is true of many other cancers, as well, both those related to industrial exposure and those not so related. For example, the youngster of sixteen or eighteen who starts smoking has no immediate fear of lung cancer, and correctly so. Unfortunately, he does not look abend to bis late forties or fifties, when tbe risk appears. Similarly, the bladder cancer following betauapc&atene etipseorv. the itnv <*sncer of rerarra ctmmace wocfcenv and. even the skin cancers following arsenic ingestion: all have a long period of latency. For this reason, any evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of a substance. *uch as asbestos, must include a long period of observation in humans. I will talk more of this later. To return. There were 632 members of these Locals on December 31. 1942. We have followed these men. as I have said, to the present. Since we knew the ages of each one of these men in 1942. it was possible for Dr. Hammond, who is Director of Statistical Research and Epidemiology for the American Cancer Society, to determine how many cancers wt> might expect among these 632 men in subsequent years. We then compared tbe actual number of deaths and causes f death among these men. with what should have occurred among them, had their experiences been the same as the generul population in the United States, age. year and sex being taken into account. The following Table outlines tbe data we obtained from January 1. 1943 to December 2. 1962. OBSERVED AND EXPECTED DUMBER OF DEATHS OUE TO CANCER AMONG 02 ASBESTOS WORKERS EXPOSED TO ASBESTOS OUST 20 YEARS OR LONGER IP4J-47 Ynn 1*46-52 19SJ-57 1954-42 Total. 194J-C OdttrvK (ISMstftS aorktfs).................. ....... 26.0 Exmciw (U.S. wfin* mitm).................... ..... a. 7 54.0 50. t 85.0 56.$ 68.0 255.0 54.4 203.5 Tout unctf. Hi utes: O&MrvM (ssMftot tmrkirt)................... ....... 13.0 17.0 26.0 a.o $5.0 UstetM (U5. *P(t* mins).................... ....... 5.7 1.1 13.0 9.7 36.5 Cinctr et WH ifM pttufi: OOWnotf (mean Ofktn}................... ....... 6.0 LO 13.0 11,0 45.0 ExwetM <U4. wfiRt mitts).................... ..................6 1.4 2.0 2.4 6.6 Ctnetr of stomteft. colon, tntf netutn: OesirvM (wMstos wetttn).................. ....... 4.0 4.0 7.0 14.0 29.0 ExMctM (U.S. wfirt* mitts).................... ....... 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.3 9.4 352 The Table demonstrates that of the 632 teen. 203 deaths could have been was a ch. -Yf^-red. had rtjtir existence ieeu the same < the genera! population. Instead, jv. uifii died. As we look for the reason for the extra 50 deaths, it l**wmes a woman recently - vulciit that i-ancers of -everal tyi>es are re^mnsiNe for the exce&s deaths. Thii'. while we might have expected ix or seven deaths due to lung cancer asoe>to< had a late iiomue the*e men. there were 4". While we would have expected nine or ten The ver of the stomach or colon, there were 20. to thcKe n Incidentally. since 1063 the figures have been, tf anythin*, even worse. While it a icuci we would have expected approximately .TO of the remainder of the men to have jioteotia; died in the past five years, there have been 113 deaths. And. while we would employed hare ex;>eored 3 to have died of cancer of the lung or pleura. 2* have died of as in ao> this disease. It is surely a tragedy to reflect that 1 ih 3 of all insulation workers Perhapy : who now die in the New York-New Jersey metropolitan area die of lung cancer. outlined v More than half of the 368 deaths among these men in the past-25 years hare those iod:: !>een due to cancer of one or another type. If these figures are projected to the wider. To country as a whole, and if no improvement iu the health hazards these men 3.50O.UOO r face i achieved, we may look forward to perbap6 6.0)0 deaths of lung cancer dusts--s?e and to perhaps 15.000 deaths of cancer in general among men in this single others, j- asbestos trade alone, in the t\S. exposure 1 do not relih the role of Cassandra, and for the purpose of demonstrating cement t>' the necessity for the development of an occupational beaith program for the asbestos-.'- insulation trade, the data already presented might suffice. Nevertheless, another industrv ; dimension exists which may be useful In your considerations aud which should in 130 to be. at least briefly, mentioned. I refer to a hazard not even suspected until I behec several years ago. While lung cancer, aa I mentioned, was observed in association health pre with asbestos more than 35 years ago. in the past several years, we have found rective o* that another tnidor. mesothelioma of the pleura or mesothelioma of the peri to the dat. toneum. has also begun to attack asbestos workers. This has attracted a great a long wo; deal of attention. .wince until the recent past this highly malignant tumor was my owe v considered to be extraordinarily rare--so rare as not to be separately coded specific ap itr the linerMttona! Ctesftt&eftCtan of Caosea ot Deash. Accurate, data are- hard, 1. I da. i to come by but in the past in general, mesothelioma was found in approximately 1 in 10.000 deaths. It was a very rare tumor. Now. it is not at all rare among individuals exposed to asbestos. Thus, in hazard* and id rt. can be w the last several years over 350 cases have been collected in one laboratory in 'ally red:: south Africa, primarily in the area about one group of asbestos mines. Over piimctiiar 330 cases have been collected by another group of investigators in Great Britain by uefau: i and. again, asbestos exposure has been traced for the majority of these. We. too. have been struck by the early reports, especially by those of Dr. Christopher Warner of South Africa, and noted that In our first 253 deaths. industrv a IV.,rK- or dimuii* 4 had been due to mesothelioma. This number was. of course, too few to warrant what pr><0 extensive comment. However, since January 1. 1063. 13 of the next 113 deaths have been due to diffuse mesothelioma of the pleura or peritoneum! It would trouhie r,, the ava:ia appear that this invariably fatal tumor has been added to the already heavy me practi risks of the insulation worker and that one in ten deaths among them will be vacuum caused by it! 3 1: is Mesothelioma is curious in another way--one that has caused us much con situation, cern. While the cases seen in my Laboratory have been among industrial work monolithic men more or leaa heavily exposed ro asbestos dust, in many other instances the degree of exposure to asbestos has been very light indeed and there has been uo clear correlation between degree of exposure and the likelihood of occurrence of the tumor. Newbouse and Thompson in London have presented verv disturb ing data in this regard. They investigated seventy-six consecutive me- 'heliosis* ar rbe London Hospital, most seen within recent years, to study the relationship of asbestos exposure. As expected, in 31 of the 76 cases, the individual bad worked with asbestos. Of the 45 cases who did not work with asbestos. in 0 instances the only asbestos exposure occurred by virtue of their haviug lived in the household of an asbestos worker <who often came home with the dust on his clothes). That left 36. Eleven cases occurred in people who merely lived most ernpi men. Wheplovers ir. Such eu dete*t*d - men. ,v.>r crams r.. anxious. I hygiene pr tne purv 4. Ir. :tv nei-essj -- within Sj mile of an aslwstos factory in one district in London! Similar cases were reported by Wagner in South Africa, while in this i-ounrry for mpart. rh;v Liebeo & Plstawka. reviewing 44 cases of mesothelioma In Pennsylvania, found belong " that 20 had potential occupational exposure and 24 did not. Of the latter. R oc employer* curred as the result of neighborhood exposure by virtue of living near j factory teriais :r.a: using asbestos asd is 3 cases there was potential household exposure. Thus, one 5. The ; death occurred in a minister living across the road from an asbestos plant, one need for v ,-rtnlil have heen iii'tead. .p.aths. >r tbf exces* deaths. . ,iue tn lune ranvr .T,^ted mae or ter , ^vcn *vnre. While i>i' the met* to have ,'od. while we would ora. -v have died of il m-ularion workers die of lune cancer. i>a>t2o rear' hare are projected to the i hazards these men -atas of lune cancer . uien in this sinele of demonstrating ah proernm for the Nevertheless, another ;ls and which should ven suspected until served in association enr. we have found helioma of the peri1,is attracted a zreat uulignant tumor was le separately coded urate data are hard md in approximately ic asbestos. Thus, in .a ooe laboratory tn ;i'l*estos mines. Over r>*rs in Great Britain >nty of these, ally by those of Dr. nur hrst i"> deaths. too few to warrant ' the next 113 deaths ntoneum! It would .i the already heavy among them will be aused us much conlong industrial workv other instances the and there has been hood of occurrence tired very disturbive mesothelionia It the relationship lie individual had ith ashestos. in 0 their having lived I.!*- with the dust who merely lived 11 ! while in thi- eounrry 1'emi'yivania. found t. iif the loner. * ocliving near a factory I e\|v>sure Thu', one n a.'i'e'tos plant, one * 363 was a child whose father was an asbestos worker and another death occurred in a woman whose sons worked with the material. Borow and his colleagues have recently reported 17 cases of mesothelioma m New Jersey. Again, is were .in asbestos workers, but two were in individuals who merely lived in a town which had a large asbestos factory. The very real question has thus been raised--is asbestos-induced cancer limited to those men who regularly are exposed to significant amounts of the dust, or is it a much wider hazard than this? A moment's reflection may highlight the potential problem. We have little ^accurate data concerning the number of men employed in the United States wbo are regularly and directly exposed to asbestos, as in asbestos textile plants, asbestos product factories, insulation work. etc. Perhaps 100.000 or more meo are regularly so employed. The hazards I have outlined would be serious enough if this were the only group involved. But are those indirectly occupationally exposed at similar risk? If so. the problem is much wider. Tor example, insulation workers work side by side with more than 3.500.000 other construction workers, often in the same room, inhaling the same dusts--steamfltters. electricians, carpenters, plumbers, masons, tile setters and others. Incidentally, to their indirect exposure must be added occasional direct exposure of their own in some instances, as a carpenter sawing an asbestoscement board, a plumber using asbestos rovings, or the electrician stripping asbestos-covered wire. Much of the asbestos now* used is used in the construction industry and much of the increase in world production (500.000 tons per year in 1930 to over 4.000.000 tons per year at present) has been utilized here. I believe enough has been said to indicate that ah Important occupational health problem exists in this trade, one that requires urgent and energetic cor rective measures. I would urge you to consider the Bill before you in relation to the data I have presented. My own reading of the Bill suggests that it will go a long way in improving the unfortunate conditions that now exist. Again, from my own experience, a number of observations may be pertinent in evaluating specific approaches contained in the Bill. 1. I am convinced that the problems I have detailed can be solved and health hazards eliminated. Suggestive evidence is available in Great Britain. Germany and in this country indicating that both aabestoeis and bronchogenic carcinoma can be significantly reduced in incidence as levels of asbestos exposure are drasti cally reduced. The asbestos indoserr in. general, an* the uwaiaDon indnserT in particular are much roe important and much too valuable to be limited or injured by default. Appropriate safety measures are thus in the interests of both the industry and Us employees. 2. Workmen in the trade expect and await the measures necessary to eliminate or diminish the hazards to which they are exposed. I recently inquired of them what problems they had noted tn their practical experience. Ower 13.000 took the trouble to write me with suggestions about cleaning up their trade, ranging from the availability of improved masks through leas dusty materials, improved work ing practices, appropriate exhausts, appropriate health examinations and the vacuuming of ckxhes before going home. 3. It is idle and largely inaccurate to "blame the industry" for the pre6em situation. It is sometimes not appreciated that "industry" is not an all-powerful monolithic single entity--certainly it is not in the insulation trade. In this trade. zno6t employers are small business men. with limited resources, employing fenmen. When I looked into this matter at the end of 1965. there were over 900 em ployers in the industry, employing an average of 17.6 men per shop. Such employers have neither the expertise, nor foods, nor knowledge co have detected these health hazards. They are juet as much upeet by them as are their men. Nor can they mount the necessary engineering and industrial hygiene pro crams to develop adequate safeguards to remove these hazards. They will be anxious. I am sure, to undertake appropriate occupational health and industrial hygiene programs Mice these are suggested to them. This. I assume, is in line with the purposes of the Bill. 4. In the insulation trade, it is my impression that, while all would welcome the necessary measures, unless the public health authorities and those responsible for the occupational health measures take action, nothing will be done. In large part, this is because no one knows where the responsibility actually lies. Does it belong with the materials manufacturers? The individual employer? The regional employers' associations? The national employers' association? The national ma terials manufacturers' association? The local unions? The international union? o. The problems we have discussed are excellent illustrations of the urgent need for extensive strengthening of the Occupational Health Program of the 364 Public Health Service. Their task has been tremendously extended and com plicated in che last 20 years by rbe widespread introduction of numerous new materials, the biological actions of which ore usually untested. Are there other iirtP*tvKe Ivin? in wait for us? Only the Public Health Sendee includes the poeMi.iiitr -*f long-run surveillance necessary for detection of those effects with a long rur'period, ns occupational cancer. Their continuing responsibility includes the '"roinatioo of observations made by scientists in various fields at various times. Moreover, they often have the opportunity of studying large groups of men. often occupational lists. Few employers, except the very largest, have this opportunity. Moreover, workmen often go from job to job within the same industry. e*pe. lally in the construction trades* No one employer can expect to follow his employees long enough for long-term effects to be defined. Indeed, since ncb effects may vary with the same material from industry to industry, ouly a body which can observe all industries may be able to detect such effects. What I am saying is that Industry is simply unable to police Itself in the detection and definition of such hazards as bare occurred. The Industry needs help. 6. I would suggest that it is very much in the interest of industry in general, and the insulation Industry in particular, to have, as the proposed Bill suggests, adequate authority given to the Department of Labor to set those standards necessary to reduce or eliminate occupational health hazards. I do not refer to those callous statistics which indicate that it is cheaper in the long run to havo adequate safety and health precautions than to pay workmens compensation cost*. While this may oe true, there is a much more important aspect to the question. In many instances, where there is intra-industry and inter-industry competi tion. it is often the most conscientious employer who is at a competitive dis advantage. Thla is certainly true in those industries In which there is a risk of pneumoconioses or dust diseases of the lungs, as silicosis, coal workers, pneumoconisis. talcosis and asbeetoeis. Since there is. as we have seen, a long latent period--usually over 20 years--between dust exposure and disease result ing from wiefc. rni"*,ir` pne&otioo* tafcan today will bear fruit, in the form of the employees' good health; two decade* or- sore heat* But at than rtme. it is highly likely that the employee will be working elsewhere.' The employer in investing in currant occupational health precautions, sees no immediate bene fit. not even in reduceon of workmen's compensation costa. If be must pay the latter to currant employees who are ill. be is paying for the neglect of another employer twenty or thirty years before. This analysis is relevant to the insulation trade today. I have spoken to many insulation contractors. They have been very concerned with the difficulties that have become evident and earnestly wish to remedy matters. Yet they have told me that if substantial investments or significant changes in working practices and conditions were required as part of the program to make this trade safe for the men working in it. such investments should be industry-wide and should not penalize those who undertake them in favor of those who do not. Standards based upon information collected and evaluated by experts in the Public Health Service, set on practical and realistic levels by the Secretary of Labor with adequate enforcement power*, and required by all employers in the industry seem essential to correct the serious situation I have outlined. The industry itself has neither the academic and scientific nor the administrative resources to prepare the appropriate corrective program and. the economic tacts of life are such as to mitigate against the broad application of such a program >>v voluntary persuasion alone. Moreover, these influences are even more relevant when considering the social and community responsibilities which may exist. If the use of asbestos insulation materials should be shown to include some health hazard to other construction workmen as the result of concomitant indirect occupational exposure, we would need some mechanism as that outlined in this Bill to insure appropriate corrective measure*, since many employers might hesitate to undertake expensive precau tionary measures to prevent uncertain disease that might occur many years later among men they did sot know, did not employ and for whom they had no responsibility--especially If is making such an investment they assumed an intolerable competitive disadvantage. In concluding, may 1 add a few words of personal comment and opinion. A* I read This Bill, it seemed to divide responsibility fairly and effectively. What we n*w know would be used ro set enforceable standards immediately. The institution of beryllium safety standards has resulted in a significant reduction ,n iHry:h:ir. iitt'iir-' >' pvali-ri vi.--' I ;in- **N -- : *nr" - 1 -Til. Ami a . gruUi f,,r .l-.lM'-.r'--JV imlusrrv h- : imlusrrv-w;,|. rh'u>*!id' them ;ikrain<r i M) ftl*- .if,': v--*mp-ii .if the l'ui>ii- is <|H>riMbiliti?< The Surr-on . . workeritml formulaicnls iiuv*. i<y 400 out uf r> jxueotial haz< be acvompii-i nonal Health In ivnc[u>inuttre f<>r v exj>erieoe> r Dr. Sel: committee. For tne rommunirv City T'niw- ences Labor n recipient Health Ass- Medicine. I a member o division of e I derail of my profs this bill i> studies and plications respousibiir The data will interne whose head I propov irroup of n example or bill. r<> '<??* too fur or : 5uperriuon; surelv be fn- For the p huzards .tin men appiv 92-T34C fftwided afid "d,,n of numerous new <tj- Are rbere other 1#Y includes the pc*^ effect? with ft long usibiluv includes tbe id at vnneu* times, ffrcups of men. often .ire this opportunitv. A Die influvtrT ***r"*-rjir-'t rn follow his Indeed, since `iwh iidustrr. oniT n I'ody nrh effects. . police itself in the The industry needs ' industry in general, oposed Bill urets. those standards irds- I do not refer r m the Ion? run to -kmeos compensation .irtant aspect to the er-industrv oompetia a competitive diahich there is a nsk icoeis. coal workers, ve hare seen, a long f and disease resultr fruit, in the form e. But at that rime, here '. The employer % no immediate bene . if he must per the ie n**alect of another nave spoken to many i the difficulties that ... Yet they have told -> working practices .ke this trade safe -iry-wide and should vh<> do not. uired by experts in **! by the Secretary by all employers in ; have outlined. The - the administrative he economic facts f such a program i.lering the social insulation rher construction {.NKiire. w- would opnate rorrectire expensive prevail .ir many years later whom they had no ir they assumed an .lent and opinion. As rid effe.-nvely. What K immediately. The significant reduction 355 in l>erylliuni di**e and similar advantages will be obraioed with other noxious agents, of which we already know a gc*>d deal; enough to prepare practical, realistic safety programs. I noticed that Secretary U'irtz on February l?> testified that over 1.000 workers a re exi<ected to die from rudiation-induced lung cancer in uranium mines. I am <ure we all regret these deaths from a hazard which ha* l*-en recognized since l s?!i. And we have enough knowledge to point the urgency of a protetxive pro cram for our insulation workers in this country, who should tio longer die of a>l>e<tnsis. lung cancer, pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma. We should help industry help itself in the development, installation and administration of an industry-wide program which will ]*>nalizc no employer hut will help the many rhoiiMinds of workmen who look to us to accept our responsibility to protect mem against serious occupational hazards. on the other hand, the Bill looks forward tn an important expansion of the research responsibilities and capabilities of the Occupational Health Program of the Public Health Service. This is urgently needed. At this time the Program is composed of highly skilled, energetic and dedicated scientists. But their re sponsibilities. already heavy and numerous, are increasing almost geometrically. The Surgeon General. Dr. Stewart, stated in his testimony on February 20 that - . . workers are coming in contact with literally hundreds of new chemicals and formulations in industrial uses every dov." He noted that these *. . . chem icals have increased so fast in number that we have recommendations for only 400 out of 6.000 in commercial use." Industry lias increased in complexity and liotential hazard. The tasks of the Occupational Health Program must somehow be accomplished and I would strongly urge that the strengthening of the Occupa tional Health Program as envisaged by this Bill be supported. In conclusion, may I thank you. Mr. Chairman, and the Members of the Com mittee for your invitation and for the opportunity of reviewing those of our experiences relevant to the Bill you are considering. Dr. Selikoff. Thank you, Mr. Chairman and members of the committee. ^ For the record, my name is Irving J. Selikoff. I am professor of community medactne at rhe Mooztr Sinai School of Medicine of rhe Cirv University of New York and director of its Environmental Sci ences Laboratory. I am editor in chief of "Environmental Research," a recipient of the Lasker Award in Medicine of the American Public Health Association, a diplomat of the Ameri an Board of Preventive Medicine. I am president-elect of the New York Academy of Sciences, a member of its scientific council, and have served as chairman of its division of environmental sciences. I detail these responsibilities both as identification and as an index of my professional and scientific interest in the problems with which this bill is concerned, but I must confess at the outset that while my studies and research have been professional and scientific, the ap plications which may be derived from them are emphasized by my responsibilities as a citizen and a physician. ** The data I shall present are rigorously scientific, but I hope you will interpret them not only as cases in a series of tables but as persons whose health and lives are our responsibility. I propose to describe to you my research experiences with one "roup or workmen in this country, so that you might use them as an example or as a yardstick against which to evaluate this proposed bill, ro test whether it is necessary or unnecessary, whether it goes too far or not far enough, whether it is sorely needed or will prove superfluous. Because if this bill is not the answer, an answer must surely be found for the difficulties I will review. For the past 6 years, I have been investigating occupational health hazards among insulation workers in our construction industry. These men apply the thermal insulation to pipes, ducts, boilers, and other 92-734 O--W---- 24 356 structures in buildings, factories, shipyards, and other facilities. They are self-reliant, skilled craftsmen. The first union of insulation workers in the United States was formed in New York City in 1884 under a charter issued by the Knights of Labor, predecessor of the American Federation of Labor, .is "The Salamander Association of Boiler and Pipe Felters.*' Partly from these beginning's, the present union of insulation workers in this rountry was chartered in 1910 by the AFL as the International As sociation of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers. They are an important part of the construction industry. The trade is an important one and it is not too much to say that modern construction and modern industry would halt without their work. The union has some 18.000 men on its rolls and there are probably almost an equal number of insulation workers who are not members of this union, often because of conditions of their work, as being employed in maintenance work, doing insulation work as part of other occupations, being members of other unions, or by virtue of doing special insulation Replications as. for example, spraying. During the course of their work, these men use many materials, some of them mineral or of other inorganic nature. While we have had little knowledge concerning possible adverse effects of most of the materials with which they work--in part, because of their rather recent introduction and inadequate opportunity to observe the presence or absence of such effects---one the materials with which they work has been under suspicion as a health hazard for some time. I refer to asbestos. This fiber, with unique characteristics and of great value m oar industry, i* found in a number of the products which these men use in their work and have used for more than 70 years. In 19*24. which is a little over 40 veers ago. Dr. Cooke in England described a case of a woman dying of severe lung scarring who had spent 20 years in a texTilt factory, weaving asbestos, and in the next decade many similar cases were reported, so that by the mid-1930's the hazard of asbestos as a pneumoconiotic dust was pretty universally acepeted. Textile factories in this country, most of them in the southern part of our country, were also studied and our Public Health Service fully documented the very significant risks involved in asbestos textile fac tories and a classic report by Dreesen and his colleagues which was published by the GPO in 1938. Precautionary measures were urged in this report and elimination of hazardous exposures were strongly recommended. As I sit here now. I am unhappy to say that unfortunately imple mentation of these recommendations has been haphazard and inade quate and that conditions and dangers so well recognized and so well described 40 years ago are still with us. It is an unhappy reflection on all of us--government, public health authorities, and my own medical profession--that at this time in the United States in the 1960?? percent of all deaths among insulation workers in this country are due to a completely preventable cause, plumonary asbestosis. In Xew York City among the insulation workers I have studied in the past several veare, I have seen 27 men die of asbestosis of a total of 367 deaths among this group of men. Now, l;n ,, the Iminhif .-. my carv -a ry, .\[.>n-w die "f the ; lesser effe*" Th tl. f and I have a half of t itO-T rheir work h shortness of >, Therefore, They have ev. health author for protectiot If rhe pro. marred lung* had enough a. these wofKe.^ There is hard is not concern tos to which ; of life. Unhapnilv In 1935, iJr; and is now a oa.>e of inn realize now ; disease, but ;r >ince asoe< 'ombiftaffnri reporting it ,i these two. In riie next this disease ' asbestos mam Tories for Gr cases of indiv To his asto Britain of u >ince rhe gen 1 percent of > a question of use of asbesto- There were and in many sticklers for and wanted e\ Well, our e- In 1942. in > Insulation W lowed everv wonder whv i er facilities. They 'nited Stares was rer issued by the lerntion of Labor. e Felrers." Partly on workers in this International Asos Workers. They The trade is an >dern construction here are probably are not members r work, as being work as part of or by virtue of le. spraying. ' many materials, While we have had ts of most of the their rather recent the presence or which they work ne time. -arteristics and af 'T of the products for more than 70 Cooke in England 'carrina who had s, and in the next oy the mid-1930's pretty universally the southern part .a!th Service fully *besros textile far-agues which was ires were urged s were strongly tunatelv imple* 7.ard and inade:zed and so well lappv reflection >rs, and my own red Stares in the in rbjs conwrv ary asbestosis. - I hav-p studied in -bestosis of a total Now. since there is no other cause for pulmonary asbestosis except the inhalation of asbestos fibers, these *27 deaths among the men under my care have been completely unwarranted and completely unneces sary. Moreover, of ohe men who have not been so badly affected as to <iie <>f the disease, many have been and are disabled to a greater or lesser effect or extent. Thus, more than half of the insulation workers examined by me-- and I have now examined over 1,300 insulation workers--more than half of those examined by me with more than 20 years from onset of their work have abnormal X-rays of asbestosis and one-third have shortness of breath of some degree' Therefore, it is evident that in some wav we have failed these men. They have every right to look to their Government and to their publr health authorities and to the physicians and scientists who guide them for protection at their work and were not given this protection. If the problem were limited to this particular difficulty--that i.. scarred lungs as a result of inhalation of mineral fibers--it would be had enough and it would be sufficient spur to remedial action. However, these workers face an even greater, and even more worrisome hazard. There is hardly an asbestos insulation worker in the conutry today who is not concerned with the possibility that cancer, induced by the asbes tos to which lie is exposed, will overwhelm him as he reaches the prime of life. : Unhappily. once more, this hazard, too, comes as no surprise to us. In 1935. Dr. Kenneth NL Lynch, who waa then profeasorof patbotogv and is now chancellor of rfte University of South Carolina describee! a case of lung cancer in a man who also had asbestosis. It is hard to realize now in 1968 that lung cancer at that time was an uncommon disease, but it was. Since asbestosis at that time was also uncommon, he felt that the combination of these two diseases was sufficiently unusual to warrant reporting it and he did. He also suggested casual'relationship between these two. In the next 20 years, from 1935 to 1955. numerous similar eases of this disease were recorded and in Great Britain, where indeed the asbestos manufacturing industry started, the Chief Inspector of Fac tories for Great Britain reviewed in 1946. in 1949. and in 1954. all cases of individuals dying with asbestosis in Great Britain. To his astonishment, he found that 20 percent of all deaths in Great Britain of individuals dying with asbestosis also had lung cancer. Since the general population in Great Britain at that time had only 1 percent of deaths due to lung cancer, he remarked on this and raised a question of lung cancer being a hazard associated with the industrial use of asbestos. There were some problems with the statistics involved in this work and in many parts of the scientific world there were a number of sticklers for statistical niceties who insisted they were unconvinced and wanted even better data. * Well, our experiences have supplied these requested morbid figures: In 1942. in New Vork. we had 632 men who were meml>ers of the Insulation Workers Union, on December 31. 1942. and we have fol lowed every single one of the 632 men since that time. Now. you may wonder why I go beck all the way to 1942. and the reason for this is 358 verv interesting and that is that asbestos disease, disease associated with the inhalation of asbestos. dc*es not occur soon after you breathe it in: it does not occur until 25 or 30 years later. You breathe it in now and get vour lung cancer *25 years later. The same thing is true with many other tilings causing cancer; for example, cigarettes. Kids of 16 who start smoking cigarettes do not worn* about lung cancer and are right because they don't get it at 20. 25,30, or 35. but have to wait until they are 50 or 55 : and the same thing is true with aniline*dye workers, who absorb betanaphthylamine, for example, and don't get bladder cancers until 25 years larer. Therefore, we began to watch asbestos-insulation workers in 1042 to be able to have a long enough period of observation to see what would happen. Also, knowing their ages in 1942. we were able to deter mine how many should have died of any disease by the end of 1962. blowing the usual rates for men in the United Stares during those years. The statistical data was accomplished and undertaken by my col league, Dr. E. Cuvier Hammond, who is also director of statistical research for the American Cancer Society and one of the country's outstanding biostatisticians and epidemiologists. Let me tell you now a little bit of what we have found among in sulation construction workers in New York City, men that you see driving next to you on the road, going to work, people iust like us. We found that whereas there should hare been, if their experience were the same as all other U.S. males--whereas there should have been 200 or so deaths among them, there were 255. Now, why were there 50 extra deaths in this small group of men I When we looked at the causes of death, the answers became obvious. As expected, some died of asbestosis: 12 out of the first 255 died of asbestosis. This is pretty bad but we knew this. Unhappily, whereas there should have been six or seven deaths due to lung cancer, there were 45. In other words, there was something peculiar about these 632 men. that instead of six dying of lung cancer within a 20-year period. 45 did--seven or eight times the expected number. Incidentally, while these figures go to the end of 1962. our observa tions among these men have continued to the present. I might tell you that the results up to January 31. 1968, when I prepared the material for this hearing, are even worse. We would have expected 50 deaths among these men from January 1, 1963 to January 31, 1968. Instead of 50 deaths, we have had 113. We should have had. had their exper ience been the same as all other U.S. males, three deaths due to lung cancer and we have had 28. so that the same tragedy dogs these men. Incidentally, other cancers have also been highly increased. For example, we would have expected from 1942 to 1968 in this group of men in New York 11 deaths due to cancer of the stomach and colon. Well, as you know, people who work in dusty atmospheres lieat" the dust as well as breathe it. We have had 38 cancers instead of the ex pected 10 of cancer of the stomach and colon. We have also had unhappy experiences with something even more unusual. Now. I hope you will bear with me because I will have to use some words which are perhaps new to you. In doing so. I might add that I do not relish the role of Cassandra but it must be mentioned. I refer to a hazard not even suspected until several years ago. While lung more rii.t:. other n;n... roneiim; donien. the We h:t\o This is par of our }>een :i!>Je r detected rh> we havei~- dirinse: :r 1)1 the >:: !>e separate don't thin* in.uou dear; rime among In the i.iYork City. In other we, Me-whei great deal o TO yOTt .`too:: ditrrial w.. even thong-:, construction . than people However, exposure to o/vurrenre > London pre Hospital ip. large num'ne Incidental mines near ) topher Wag; (ireat Rrira; Wei], in r thev had 76 gate the neoand so forth Well, we > fl'ani-e of Hm did nor nor work w:asbestos wor- .lories and t -rill left :'.6 : a th< nsl^e-rov p Struck bv r subject n. we! fional health lished a revie associated vmi breathe rhe it in now j <-an-er: for i-ettes do not r get it at 2'>. ie cmie tiling: .ylamine. for rer. kers in U>42 ro ev what ibie to deterend of 1362. during chose i by my colof statistical the country's id among in : hat you see just like us. ;r experience should have oup of men * ame obvious, r 255 died of >ilv, whereas ancer, there about these .in a 23-year our observai>gr'nr tell you the material ' 50 deaths Instead ieir experdte to lunc rhese men. a?ed. For - "roup of and colon, res "eat" the ad of the ex- iff even more !1 have to use I miffht add >e mentioned. : ago. While 359 inn" '-ancer was observed in association with asbestos by Dr. Lvnch more than 35 years ago. in the past several years we have found an other tumor, mesothelioma of the pleura, or mesothelioma of the peri toneum: this is a tumor which affects the lining of the chest or ab domen. the mesothelial surface, and therefore laoeled "mesothelioma." We have found these tumors also began to attack asbestos workers. This is particularly bad because this tumor is invariably fatal. Because of our studies and regular X-rays among asbestos workers, we have l>een able to save a number of patients with lung cancers. We have detected them early, have had the men operated on and we have a few we have l>een able to save. Mesothelioma of the pleura or peritoneum is diffuse: it lines the entire cavity and cannot be removed surgically. In the past, incidentally, this tumor has been so rare, as not even to lie separately classified in the international list, of causes of death. I don't think m this country in the past we have had more than one in lo.ooo deaths due to mesothelioma. On the other hand, at the present time among asbestos workers it is not at all rare. Indeed it is common. In the last 113 deaths in Xew York in the single local union in New York City, we have had 13 deaths due to mesothelioma of the pleura. In other words, one out of 10 instead of one out of 10,000. Mesothelioma is curious in another wav and one that has given us a great deal of concern and may you. While the cases that I have talked to you about--that is, the 13 our of 113 deaths--have been among in dustrial workmen mhw are more or less- heavily exposed to asbestos even though thev largely work in the open air. as in a building under construction, still the amount of asbestos they breathe in is much more than }>eople occasionally exposed very lightly to some of the material. However, other investigators have given evidence that the degree of exposure to asbestos bears no clear correlation with a likelihood of occurrence of the tumor. Mollv Xewhouse and Hilda Thompson in London presented very disturbing data in this regard. At the London Hospital in recent years there have been, like everywhere else, very large numi>ers of mesotheliomas. 76 cases mostly in the last few vears. Incidentally, in South Africa, in the region around the asbestos mines near Kimberley they have collected now 250 cases. Dr. Chris topher Wagner, one of the pioneers in this field, has now collected in (irent Britain in several urban centers 350 cases. Well, in this one hospital in London called the London Hospital, thev had 76 cases of mesothelioma. Mollv Xewhouse went to investi gate the people who died. She visited the families, the surviving wives, and o forth, and. as expected, of the 76, 31 had worked with asbestos. Well, we now know that if vou work with asbestos, you stand a good -1 an**e of dving of mesothelioma. Nevertheless, there were 45 cases '' bo did not work with asbestos. And here is the rub: Of the 45 who did not work with asbestos, nine simply lived in the household with an aJiesros worker. In other words, he came home with some dust on his . lofbes and the wife washed the clothe?--household exposures. That 'rill left 36: and of the 36. n simply lived within a half mile of one of th* nste^tos plants in London. Struck by these observations, other scientists have taken a look at the subject as well in this conntrv. Jan Lieben. who is chief of the occupa tional health program of the Srate of Pennsylvania, last vear pub lished a review that he had just done of 44 mesotheliomas thev were 360 aware of in Pennsylvania. Again, 20. as expected, had potential occupa tional exposure to asbestos at their work. But of those who did not work with asbestos, eight simply lived in the vicinity of an asbestos plant or a factory using asbestos, and three were simply household contacts. For example, there was one little girl who died of mesothelioma whose father worked with asbestos. There was a woman who had two sons working with asbestos who died of mesothelioma, and one was a minister who lived down the road from an asbestos plant. Incidentally. I might comment, too. on Borow's study reported a few months ago. In one town in New Jersey. Somerville, where 17 cases were seen by him (one chest surgeon, in one town, saw 17 cases of mesothelioma) 15 worked in an asbestos plant not far away, and two simply lived in the same town with that piant. This raises a very real question: Is asbestos-induced cancer limited to those men who are regularly exposed to significant amounts of the material, or is it a much wider hazard ? A moment's reflection will highlight the potential problem. For example, in this country we really don't have accurate data on the number of men heavily exposed: in other words, asbestos workers in textile or other factories or insulation workers. My best guess is, it is somewhere in the order of magnitude around 100,000 or 125,000 to 150.000. That would be bad enough, but if the findings of Newhouse and Thompson and Lieben and Wagner and Borow and others are real, then the problem of indirect occupational exposure has to be considered. For example the insolation' workere work side* bw side wrrh manyother men in construction work. They put their materials into buildings with many other trades. They could be working in a boilerroom and down the wav is an electrician and at the other end of the room is a carpenter, putting a door jamb in. A real question arises as to whether it is simply the 20 or 30.000 insulation workers who are at risk or 3y2 million, o percent of our total work force in this country, who are subject to risk. I think I have said enough now to indicate that an important occupational health problem exists in thi6 trade, one that requires urgent and energetic corrective action. I urge you to consider the bill before you in relation to this data. My own rending of the bill suggests that it will go a long wav in improving the unfortunate conditions which now exist, and from mv own experience. I would like to make a number of observations which mav be pertinent in evaluating specific approaches contained in the bill under vour consideration. First. I am convinced that the hazard and problems I have detailed ran be solved and the hazard can be eliminated. We have enough engi neering talent, industrial-hygiene talent in this countrv to solve the problem. Beryllium is a perfect example. Here was a highly toxic dust difficult to manage and yet when attention was paid to it. it was prac tically eliminated as a public health hazard in this country. Secondly. I might add that the workmen in this trade expect and await the necessary measures to eliminate or at least severelv diminish the hazards to which they are exposed. I recently inquired of the in sulation workers in this country what problems they had noted in their dav-to-dav practical experience, and over 13.0T0 took the trouble to write me, giving me details of what they considered had to be done. *T* That i.odirnr^ >ee whar ham-- Ar rlu> a;::r the industry ;. mind is not ad. they are wpv ~ an all-powerfid larion trade. In December there were of : I found there men employee! neither the exo health hazardmen. Moreover, in peering and it:,, guards to remo\ rake appropriate once these are purposes of thi Moreover. I a; rion trade, of w gerous -HtUiUe.;, we stand tran.-n do. and this is They don't knov responsibility rh tlr# individual ,-o union: Is it the siblet They real: Moreover. I ch this matter. For the same indusrr many other trade be expected to to to be defined. >:n such as the Pub effects. I note, too. in Public Health > detect occupation What I am -.n. in tiie detection ' occurred. I ant he hoj>e that the me' the industry. I suggest, rov. r eral ana the msiii. bill suggests, adei to set standiim? u hazards. And I don'f ret to set in safety pr .rvl occupaid not work plant or a tacts. rsothelioma 'no had two 1 one was a orted a few -*re 1" cases 17 cases of iv, and two icer limited unts of the oblem. For lata on the workers in -uess is, it is 125,000 to whouse and -e real, then nsidered. with many to buildings erroom and ie room is a : to whether risk or 3^ 2 . who are ; important iat requires ;der the bill ong way in ' from mv ins which in the bill ? detailed ugh engisolve the roxic du*t r w;t< prao- TV. expect and \v diminish ,1 of the in,ted in their e trouble to to lie done. That indicates a keen interest, and they should have it, because they >ee wh;ir happens to their colleagues as they are working. * Ar the same time. I think it is idle and largely inaccurate to blame riie industry alone for the present situation. This benign approach of mind is not adopted, I may add, by all of my colleagues, but I think they are wrong. It is sometimes not appreciated that industry is not an all-powerful, monolithic, single industry, and it is not, in the insu lation trade. " In December 1D65,1 looked into the matter of how manv employers there were of the 18,000 men in the Insulation Workers Union and I found there were over 900 employers and the average number of men employed by them was only 17.6 per shop. Such employers have neither the expertise, the funds, the knowledge to have detected these health hazards and they are just as much upset by them as are their men. * Moreover, in their situation, they cannot mount the necessary engi neering and industrial research programs to develop adequate safe guards to remove these hazards. They are anxious, I am sure, to under take appropriate occupational health and industrial-hygiene programs once these are suggested to them. This, I assume, is in line with the purposes of this bill. Moreover, I am reminded, as I talk to many employers in the insula tion trade, of what sometimes happens to any of us" as we see a dan gerous situation approaching--a snake, a car, and so on. Sometimes, we stand rransfrxeif, nor knowing where to run, not knowing what to do. and this is the situation in which these people find themselves. They don't know who is to take the first step. They don't know whose responsibility this is. Is it the National Contractors Association ? Is it the individual contractors {Is it the international union l Is it the local union \ Is it the Materials Manufacturers Association ? Who is respon sible ( They really don:t know. Moreover. I don't think that they have another ability to look into this matter. For example, workmen often go from job to job within the same industry. In the insulation trade, that is. surely, and also in many other trades in the construction industry. N'o one employer can be expected to follow his employees long enough for long-term effects to be defined. Since it may vary "from industry to industry, only bodies such as the Public Health Service can be expected to detect such effects. I note. too. in this bill an important role in research given to the Public Health Service to maintain the long observation necessary to derei't. occupational hazards, especially occupational cancer. What I am saying is that industry* is simplv unable to police itself in the detection ana definition of such hazards os we have seen have <K-vurred. I am here to say that the industry needs help and I would hope that rite mechanisms designed in this bill would provide help to the industry. I suggest, too. that it is very much in the interest of industry in gen eral and the insulation industry in particular to have, as the proposed bill suggests, adequate authority given to the Department of Labor to set standards necessary to reduce or eliminate occupational health hazards. ' And I don't refer to such statistics as. well, once you spend money to set in safety procedures, you will save money in the long run be- 362 cause your workmen's compensation costs will be less. While it may be true. I don't think it is very important. On riie other hand, there are many instances where intraindustry ami interindustry competition would place the most conscientious em ployer at a competitive disadvantage. This is certainly true in those industries in which there is a risk of pneumoconiosis or dust in the lungs, such as silicosis or abestosis. tNiice there is, as we have seen, a long latent period, usually over 20 years between dust exposure and disease resulting from such exposure, the precautions taken today will bear fruit in the form of good health 20 years or more later. At that time, it is verv likely that the em ployee who was protected by the employer will he working for some body else. Therefore, the employer, in investing in current occupa tional health precautions, sees no immediate benefit, not even in the reduction of workmen's compensation coats, because if he must pay compensation costs to current employees who are ill, he is paying for the neglect of another employer 20 years before him. This analysis is relevant to the insulation trade to date. I have spoken to many insulation contractors, some in this room. They have been very concerned with the difficulties that have become evident and earnestly wish to remedy matters, yet have told me if substantial in vestments or significant changes in working practices and conditions were required as part of the program to make this trade safe for the men working in it, such investments should be industrywide and should not those who undertake Cham in favor of those, whodo not. Moreover, these influences are even more relevant when considering' the social and community responsibilities which may exist. If the use of asbestos insulation material should be shown to include some health hazards to other construction workmen as a result of concomitant indirect exposure, we would need, absolutely need, some measure as the ones outlined in this bill to insure appropriate corrective measures, since many employers might hesitate to undertake expensive pre cautionary measures to prevent uncertain disease which might occur, many years later, among men they did not know, did not employ, and. for whom they had no responsibility, especially if in making such an investment they assumed an intolerable competitive disadvantage. I think I have 9aid enough now. I might emphasize in concluding, that Dr. Stewart in his testimony before your committee on February 20 was correct in saying that workers coming into contact with literally hundreds of new chemicals and formulations of industrial uses every day have inadequate protection. He noted that chemicals have in creased so fast in number that we have recommendations for only 400 out of 6,000 in commercial use. Industry has increased in complexity and potential hazard. The tasks of the occupational health program must somehow be accom plished and I would strongly urge that the strengthening of the occupational health program as envisaged by this bill be supported. In conclusion, may I thank you, Mr. O'Hara and members of the committee, for your invitation and for the opportunity of reviewing those of our experiences relevant to the bill you are considering. Mr. O'Hara. Thank you very much. Dr. Selikoff. I think your testi mony has been extremely useful in reminding us again of the nature and complexity of the problems we are dealing with. Mr. Button, x Mr. Bcrton. testimony and I Mr. O'Hara. ' Dr. >Ei.;K"fr. other bill before problem. Manv Mr. O'H.wu. league, the gem joined in the < has i>een referre merce, but I >h:t the information (Test of H.R, A BILL To promote Fti it enuett'/t >, StatCl `if .iwirrtCQ r Sccrrov l. Tim . Act". ec. 2. .kvused- tu 111 The term ' Welfa re. i 21 The term i*mt outside ao.v fwarvurside rn The term . w ealth 'f Puerto Ri i 4 i The terra "aur in parr of asle*ro The term ' ? 'iatioti. or other fort Sec. 3. >m Not I rhe Secretary -hu'.: nlation* for the i>n orotUa-ts or eiurattei and rveularion* handler* and ulttu. products and ant ' 2 i standard., m.i may l>e in sn.sj<ensii-: i h i In addition HI of this *e-tli.] regulation-., m.-imt; of records. .* mat Act. Sec. 4. i a For . Department of Hea l>on presenrimr apj. the. oj>eratine, or ;n held for intr**iu<-: 11 i to enter such |>u While it may intraindustry *iennous emrrue in rJiose f dust in the u.iDy over 2^ m'ii exposure, .f good health that the emmg for some' rent occupat even in the he must pay !>' paying for dare. I have n. They have e evident and ibstamial inid conditions * safe for the le and should 'ho do not, n considering sr. If the use e some health concomitant e measure as ive measures, nensive pre light occur, employ, and. kirig such an dvantage. s concluding, on February vth literally uses every have inr only +on wrd. The be Jtccomttg of rite * supported, mbers of the ->f reviewing dering, ik your testi>f tire nature Mr. Burton, any questions? Mr. Bvrton. No questions. I want ro sav I am impressed with your testimony and I don't think I will volunteer to be an asbestos worker. Mr. O'Hara. Yes. Dr. >f.likoff. Incidentally. I think I might comment there is an other bill before the House. H.R. 12913, also attacking the asbestos problem. Many people are now becoming concerned with it. Mr. O'Hara. H.R. 12913 is a bill which was sponsored by our col league. the gentleman from New Jersey (Mr. Patten), who has also joined in the sponsorship of a bill identical to H.R. 14816. H.R. 12913 has been referred to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com merce, but I shall ask that it be printed in the record at this point for the information of the subcommittee. (Textof H.R. 12913 follows:) {H.R. 12913. 90th Cong.. flr*t less.) A BILL To promote the Mffty of worker* eo(t(ed is nuking ieOeto produets tor shipment io commerce. cad for otber porpose* Be it enacted by the Senate and Souse of Representatives of the United States of America m Congress assembled. SHORT title Section* 1. This Act may be cited aa the "Asbestos Workers' Health Protection Act". oETixmosa Sec. 2. As used In this Act-- < 11 The teem 'Seemary'* means thee Secretary of O--feh. ntiratimi am# Wettam '2i The term "commerce" means commerce (A) between any State aud any lint outside thereof or (Bl l>ecween points in the same State, but through any point outside thereof. f 3 > The tens "State" includes the District of Columbia and the Common wealth of Puerto Rico. 141 The term "asbestos product" means asbestos or any article made in whole or in pan of asbestos. <'> The term "per>n" means an individual, partnership, corporation, asso ciation. or other form of business enterprise. RULES AND BEOfLATIO.VS sec. :y iu) Not inter than one year after the date of enactment of this Act. file Secretary shall prescribe and publish-in the Federal Register rules and reg ulation* for the protection of the health of persons handling asbestos or asbestos onxlncts <>r engaged in the manufacturing of such products, including (li rules and regulations for the labeling of asbestos products so as to fully inform handlers and ultimate users of such products of the health hazards of such product* and any measures which should be taken with respect thereto and <2> standards establishing limits on the number of particles of asbestos which may be in snsttensiofi in the air breathed by humans. i li > iu addition to the nties and regulations prescribed pursuant to subsection >> of this section, ihe Secretary is authorized to prescribe such rule.* and regulations, including rules and regulation* for the making and maintenance f records, as may be necessary for the administration and enforcement of this Act. INSPECTION' sec. 4. i a j For pur)**** of enforcing this Act. officers and employees of the Department of Health. Education, aud Welfare designated by the Secretary, n}>u presenting appropriate credentials and a written notice to the person own ing. operating, or in charge of any place where any asbestos or asbestos product i* held for introduction into commerce or after such Introduction arc authorized 111 to enter such plate at reasonable times. and to inspect such place and carry 364 oul such tests as may be necessary to determine conformity with standards prescribed pursuant to section 3 of this Act. Such inspection and testing shall in all eases be carried out at reasonable times, within reasonable Hants, and in a reasonable manner. ib) Upon completion of any inspection carried out pursuant to subsection <at the officer or employee making it. before leaving the premises shall giTe to the person to whom notice was presented pursuant to such subsection a report in writing setting forth any conditions or practices which are in violation of standards, rules, or regulations prescribed pursuant to this Act. A copy of such report shall be sent promptly to the Secretary. PSOSZSTTED acts See. 5. No person engaged in the business of refining or selling asbestos, or of manufacturing or selling asbestos products, for introduction into commerce shall violate any rule or regulation prescribed by the Secretary pursuant to section 3 of this Act. titmaam Sec. 6. (a) If the Secretary, after reasonable notice and opportunity for a bearing, determines that any person is violating section 5 of this Act. be shall issue an order requiring such person to cease and desist from continuing such violation within such time as may be specified in such order, but In no event less than thirty days from receipt of notice of such order by such person. (b) Any person required by an order of the Secretary to cease and desist from violation of any such standards, rules, or regulations may obtain judicial review of such order by filing a petition for review, within sixty days after service of such order, in the United States court of appeals either for the circuit in which such person resides or bas bis principal place of business or for any circuit in which the violation is found to have occurred, or in the United States Court at ipp--li for tbe District at Coiumhla. Circuit. A. copy of tbe petition shall forthwith be transmitted by the clerk of the court to the Secretary or to any officer designated by him for that purpose and to the Attorney General and thereupon the Secretary shall certify and file in the court through the Attorney General the record of the proceedings upon which the order is based, as provided in section 2112 of title 28. United States Code. (c) Upon the filing of sneb petition, sneb court shall have jurisdiction of the proceeding (which jurisdiction shall upon the filing of the record be ex clusive) and shall have power to affirm order of the Secretary, or to set it aside in whole or in pan, temporarily -: permanently, and to enforce such order to the extent that it is affirmed, and to issue such orders pendente lite as in its judgment are necessary to prevent injury to the public. The com mencement of proceedings under this paragraph shall not. unless specifically ordered by the court, operate as a stay of the Secretary's order. <d) No objection to the order of the Secretary shall be considered by tbe coun unless such objection was urged before the Secretary or unless there were reasonable grounds for fallnre so to do. The findings of the Secretary as to the facts, if supported by substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole, shall be conclusive, but tbe court, for good cause shown, may remand the case to tbe Secretary for the taking of additional evidence in such manner and upon such terms and conditions as tbe court may deem proper, in which event tbe Secretary may make new or modified findings and shall file such findings < which, if supported by substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole, sball be conclusive) and bis recommendation, if any. for tbe modi fication of setting aside of bis original order, with tbe return of such ad ditional evidence. (e) The judgment of tbe contt affirming or setting aside, in whole or is part, any order under this subsection shall be final, subject to review by the Supreme Court of tbe United State# upon certiorari or certification as provided in section 1254 of title 28. United States Code. <f)(l) Any person wbo violates a cease and desist order of tbe Secretary after it bas become final and while such order is iu effect, sball forfeit and pay to tbe United States a civil penalty of 35.000 for eacb violation, which shall ac crue to the United States and may be recovered in a civil suit In tbe name of tbe United States brought in tbe district where such person bas bis principal office nr in any district in which he does business. Each separate violation of such an order or failure the case of a t. Secretary each offense. Thf* >*- forfeiture prone termine the fact' i2) It shall be rection of the .v covery of such fc Mr. O'Hara. to give mv eoih Mr. Fin. T. tying. Doctor, ample of what in terms nf inn: I wonder atcould oemuiiv thing in your historically am- Dl'. >KlltKOF! to tell vou abou Mr.`O'Hara. Dr. stUKon rlio theories ha those containec fiber and since tissue, this wo>- place in sufficie time to produce ^,This has Wr. Therefore, wt ship with cigare On January 1 rion workers in jo years, in or in under ohservatv than -t> year- a them. Of the 3P0 me a history of cign Up to last m workers, in tiies- who had smoke' expected J or >given the rare t of their ages. v. years. We have - ir is nor -u or 3, it is nor -in they didn't die something peeui greater eonrern. T think you un now have snue t\ do. In New Yor _ity ,vitb standaits and testing shall ^Sonable limits, and -suant to subsection ^e psruebmsiescet*ionsbaaireJp[loTrft .h are in violation of * Act- A copy of such selling asbestos, or of a into commerce snail S pursuant to section nd opportunity for a . of this Act. be shall from continuing such r. but in no event less such person, cease and desist from may obtain judicial thin sixty days after - either for the circuit f business or for any r in the United States v copy of the petition :o the Secretary or to .Attorney General, and through the Attorney r is based, as provided I have jurisdiction of of the record be ex Secretary, or to set it and to enforce such i orders pendente lite the public. The com- n. unless specifically order. je considered by the ^tary or unless there js of the Secretary as record considered as a shown, may remand dence in such manner .e+m proper, in which md shall file such record considered any. for the modieriira of such ad o whole or In part. <?w by the Supreme provided in section r of the Secretary hall forfeit and pay iation. which shall ac-uit in the name of the aas his principal office ;e violation of such an W 365 order or failure to file such a report shall be a separate offense, except that in the case of a violation through continuing failure to obey a final order of the Secretary each day of continuance of such failure shall be deemed a separate offense. The Secretary may. upoo application therefor, remit or mitigate any forfeiture provided for in this paragraph, and he shall have authority to de termine the facts upon all such applications. It spall be tne duty of the various United States attorneys, under the di rection of the Attorney General of the United States, to prosecute for the re covery of such forfeitures. Mr. 0'H.\rvA. I am going to have a few questions but first I am going to give my colleagues on the committee a cKance. Mr. Esch. Mr. Esch. Thank you very much. I, too, want to thank you for testi fying, Doctor, before the committee and giving us really a classic ex ample of what intensive research over a period of time can show us in terms of industrial hazards. I wonder about, one aspect that was mentioned facetiously but it could certainly be a serious question, and that is, do you have any thing in vour*studv to show the impact of those who 'did not smoke historically among the asbestos workers ? Dr. Sixikoff. Yes, sir, Mr. Esch, we do. Do I have a few minutes to tell you about it? Mi-.O'Hara. Yes. Dr. Selikojt. We don't know how asbestos causes cancer. One of rlie theories has been that the cancer producing substances such as those contained in cigarette smoke might become adsorljed onto the fiber and since the fiber, because it is thin and sharp, stays in the lung tissue, this would serve to fix the cancer producing substance in one place in sufficiently high concentration and for a sufficient period of rime rat producethecancer. This has been one of the theories and it is now being studied. Therefore, we have looked into the question of a possible relation ship with cigarette smoking. On January- 1. 1063, we. had under observation 370 asbestos insula- rion workers in New York who had been in the trade for more than 20 years, in other words, these were the men now at risk. We also had under observation another 000 men who had been in the trade for less than 20 years and we couldn't have expected anything to happen to them. * * Of the 390 men. 87 had no history of cigarette smoking and 283 had a history of cigarette smoking. * Up to last month, of the 87 men oldtime experienced insulation workers, in these 87 men we have yet to see a lung cancer. Of the 283 who had smoked cigarettes and worked with asbestos we would have expected 2 or 3 lung cancers as cigarette smokers: in other words, given the rare for cigarette smokers for 283 adult cigarette smokers of their ages, we would have expected 2 or 3 lung cancers in the 5 years. We have seen 28. So it i$ not simply the smoking, because we should have only seen 2 or 3. it is not simply the asbestos because we had asbestos workers and they didn't die of lung cancer if they didn't smoke cigarettes. It,is "omething peculiar alxnu this rombinnflow. This has given us even greater concern. I think you may have heard rumors that many j>eople in this country now have some few fibers of asbestos in their lungs and most of us now do. In Xew York City, at the present rime, in a series of 3.000 au- 366 ropsies being studied in my laboratory. we have found a few asbestos l>odies, asbestos fibers, in at least 50 per cent of people now dying in New York City. The same has been found in Pittsburgh, Miami and other cities. . Tiiese are very few fibers. We have no idea whatever if they have any significance but the question is raised whether they might have dgnificance in smokers and since a large proportion of our male population smokes, this may be a particular hazard. Mr. Esch. I thank you very much for your testimony and I think it is significant and it is rather shocking. Perhaps it highlights, too. the problem we have in trying to draft legislation which will really meet the problem. If there were not such a serious matter here, we might facetiously suggest perhaps we should get an injunction against all workers to stop smoking if rnev are working in the asbestos indus try and this is the intent of the bill and in effect if there is apparent danger present then you get an injunction to stop a process. This is a difficulty perhaps that we have right now. You mentioned that Great Britain has been effective in dealing with the problems and hazards that you have indicated. What have they done! Could we get any direction from Great Britain? Dr. Selikoff. Yes. we can. Indeed, they had a meeting of the em ployers, the industry*, and the labor unions and the Government au thorities as far back'as 1931 and thev put down very stringent regula tions for the highly exposed areas. \Ve now know that other areas also houi hre been protected. This is all ia retrospect. Unfortunately, they realize they made a mistake and did not go far enough. At least where they did go, in the very heavy areas, carding rooms, crushing rooms, and so forth, they were able to have sharply de creased the amount of dust. There is some evidence now coming out of Dr. Knox's studies that where they had very stringent precau tions, the incidence of lung cancer has gone down sharply. Mr. Esch. I was going to ask, do you have evidence to show their record in comparison with ours, for example? Dr. Seukoff. Well, they have no overall nationwide records either because in 1931 they made the wrong assumption that only very heavy exposure is dangerous, so they only protected the very bad places. In retrospect, thev would now like to get these 35 or 40 years bock and protect all of the factors. They don t have that opportunity but we have that opportunity now. I have in the last several days been in contact with some industry representatives and we are going to schedule a meeting just like this for 2 months from now under the aegis of the New York Academy of .Sciences, where we hope to begin to make the first steps to cleaning up this trade. Incidentally, with regard to your injunction to asbestos workers, you might not be far off. Mr. Hutchinson, who is in the room, presi dent of the Asbestos Workers Union, has published in his national 'journal, all of the details concerning smoking. He has a special booklet about the dangers of insulation trade and it has been sent to ail of the insulation workers and we hope there will be a very sharp reduction of smoking among them. In other words, we want the employers to help in cleaning up the trade, to protect all of the insulation workers, to protect all of the construction the part <>t r guidance or' tor tnstfhitim In other w but I hope \ would ilssi-t buris in corre' Mr. F.'Oi. I 'im pma-wi cooperative ' and manage:; attitude here. This i? on . coorditnuoro: ) )r. Sv.uKOr Mr. Em h.'I Mr. O'Har.' Mr. Steige: The cestimesting and I a: Thank you. Mr. O'Har. since 1942 ant ro rhe expert? in uranium n: That was so. I)r. Seuk-'-f Ylines in Sa.v ported among workmen in ri> the control of do not have a<v Mr. O'Hara of that but it i.was The *pon>r> for a Tudy of study of expindustry. Then the st clusively demo, strated rnanv r in a much high that if one werthe incidence o So I sponsor Thar w.os enact 3 years ago. I working with t had been dozer, yet there w,i> r; after all of the very reasons rh; 'ew asbestos now dying irgh, Miami if they have might have f our male ami I think Mights, too, > "'ill really rev here, we tion against estos indus* is apparent ess. i mentioned te problems ione? Could of the em`rnment au* gent regular areas also i nor go far eas. carding sharply de<ow coming rent precau- show their ords either very heavy 1 places. * years back nunity but industry like this id*my of cleaning workers, om. presi* ds narionai 'iai booklet o all of the p reduction ing up rite ' all of the construction workers, and at the same time we are taking action on the wrt of the men working with this. We had a meeting under the guidance of the Public Health Sen-ice lost month to design new masks for insulation workers. In other words, we are going to try to attack this on a broad basis but I hope vour committee will be 'able to prepare legislation that would assist all of us who arc working in this tiela on an industrywide bais in correcringthese conditions. * Mr. Esch. I am sure we want to get the benefit of your testimony. I am pleased to see you have decided both in Great Britain it was a cooperative attitude, involving the expertise and cooperation of labor and management and government attacking the problem and your attitude here, too. is it should be a cooperative program. This is on a broad Uisis with the Government programs being the coordinator of the program. I>r.>ELiKorr. Yes,sir. Mr. Esch. Thank you very much. Mr. O'Hara. Mr. Steiger. Mr. Steiger. I have no questions, Mr. Chairman. The testimony has been extremely important and very, very inter esting and 1 am grateful that you are here this morning. Thank vou. Mr. O'Hara. Mr. Selikoff, you have been studying asbestos workers since 1942 and I noticed in your testimony, where yoo make; reference to tbcr experience of uranium miner? amf you suggest that the hazard in uranium mining has been known since, i think, 1689. That was some Eastern European study, I think. Dr. Selikoff. Yes. that was the famous instance of the Schneeberg Mines in Saxony, where in 1879 cases of fatal lung tumors were re* ported among the workmen in tbit mine and to this day we still have workmen in the same mine dying of lung cancer. They are now under the control of the East German Government and unfortunately we do not have accurate information on what is going on. Mr. O'Hara. Well. I am sure you have kept up a continuing study of that but it is a particular interest of mine because 6 or 7 years ago I was the sponsor of a piece of legislation which was adopted providing for a rudv of safety conditions in the mining industry including a study of Skposures to radon daughters in the uranium mining industry. ' Then the study took a couple of years to complete and it con clusively demonstrated what had already been conclusively demon strated 'many rimes before, that is to say. that these exposures resulted in a much higher incidence of lung cancer among uranium miners and that if one weretoreduce the exposure levels you have sharply reduced the incidence of lung cancer among uranium miners. * So I sponsored a bill to provide for a safety program in these mines. That was enacted into law. That was about *3 years ago. I think 2 or 3 years ago. In the meantime, Dr. Holladay and others had been working with the States, and working with the industry and there had been dozens of meetings, giving all of the information on this, yet there was no significant improvement in conditions in the mines after all of these meetings and all of these discussions and for the very reasons that you detail--ventilation in many of these mines was 368 a very expensive proposition and in fact some of these mines could not be brought through any mechanical ventilation means within the suggested limits of exposure that Dr. Holladav and his colleagues suggested was the proper one. . So as a consequence no one was willing to undertake the competitive disadvantage of installing that type of equipment when the fellow in the next State did not have to. _ The same thing was true of ventilation. If the State of Utah got tough in its program, their uranium operators would be at a competi. tive disadvantage with the people in new Mexico and the people in Arizona, and so forth. As a consequence, very, very little has been done. Now the situation is not dissimilar, the length of time is a little different, but you have known and the industry has known and Public Health authorities have known for sometime, have they not, of these hazards associated with the asbestos industry Dr. Selixoff. Yes. Mr. O'Hara. I think you suggested that around--well, you men tioned a study that had been published some years ago with respect to this problem. Dr. Semeoff. 1955. the chief inspector of factories of Great Britain. Mr. O'Hara. Yea. but published here in the United States ? Dr. Selixoff. We had a very good study done on the risks of asbestos published bv the Public Health Service in 1938. Mr. OTfcJU. 19381 Dr. Selixoff. Yes. sir. Sir, O'Hara. Then, you have recited for us a number of more re cent confirmations and the results of which have been widely dissemi nated. I read about them in the newspaper. Tell me what has happened in the industry to improve conditions over the past years, over the years you have'been intimately associated with the problem ? Dr. SEuxoFF. Mr. O'Hara! if very much had happened, I wouldn't be here. Mr. O'Hara. So it is not because this takes anyone by surprise, it is just that as the figures keep coming in as the exposure period of these workers gets up to the point--as it is now doing in the uranium indus try, of course, where we have known for a lone time what was going to'happen but it has not started happening until recently because they need 15 or 20 years of exposure really and thev are just now getting it--the same thing in connection with your studies that started in 1942, but very, very little is happening and that is what disturbs me. I am not so worried about the mechanics of it, whether the States or indus tries or anybody else does it. I don?t give a damn who does it just so it is done and X am not going to get tied up in a great big knot oyer who ought to be doing what for whom, because I am going to insist that before we get through here we do something effective. I am not particular about just how we do it but that we do something effec tive. _ I want to get the best conditions we can find but I am not going to get into an ideological debate over the proper operation of the Federal .xysrem and let that prevent me from doing something effective. You know. I read an interesting book a few years ago about the potato farming in Ireland and the starvation of tens of thousands of people. The , g.>i)(i w ; (!. ! Ireland. T: c 1 lp u;t I didn't di> :r \<mld have day. You ju-T entirely wro -arv. puli a frxisequeti' Well, that the same kr -afety and effective act; Your test' much. Mr. O'Ha ManufacturOU Products STATEMENT CEAIRMA ASSOCIAT Union C* LLOYD S'* Mr. L<x;.v , Logan. <ha. . ('itemisrs' A am ntrrenth executive vu Accompar chairman of G. L. (rorht protection of The Mani ciation of resenting m< industrial oh ations cov.- - One of c. ship and gu rices in tiu chemical*. Our safer\ of our achie'' publications, sheets which on the bazar ing miscella Case Histor m<?s could nii within colleagues -.mpetirivc r fellow in 1'tah cot a i-ompeti* people in is a little nnwn and they not. . vou meni respect to at Britain. of asbestos -f more re ly dissent s'happened $. over the I wouldn't rprise. it is <xl of these liunt indus* was going ecause they >w getting ' in 194-2, ie. I am r indus t just so nor over :o insist am not .. .iut etfec- nt going to the Federal i-tive. > about the lousands of 369 people. The government there at that time was a government of relative good will, they had great sympathy for the problems of the people in Ireland. They wanted to do something. They had the means at their ,i;.p.*>al to ?ave the lives of tens of thousands of people but they do it and the reason they didn't is because effective measures rnld June violated some of the conventional economic wisdom of the dav. You just '-onldn't do things like that, it was not, you know, ii was entirely wrong in an ideological sense, to rake the steps that were neces sity. so palliatives and half measures were attempted for years and as a consequence a lor of people died. * Well, that is an entirely different subject but I think we have been in the same kind of a problem in this field of occupational health and safety and I am not going to let a theory stand in the wav of some effective action if I can help it. * * Your testimony has been very helpful, Doctor, and thank you very much. Mr. O'Hara. Our next witness will be Mr. John Logan from the Manufacturing Chemists' Association. Mr. Logan is also of Universal Oil Products Co. STATEMENT OF JOHN 0. LOGAN, UNIVERSAL OIL PRODUCTS CO.; CHAIRMAN, BOARD OF DIRECTORS. MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS' ASSOCIATION, INC.; ACCOMPANIED ST C. U. DERNEHL, M.D., UNION CliNIDF. CGRP.; fe GOHRELL, MONSANTO 00.; AND LLOYD SYMINGTON, GENERAL COUNSEL Mr. Logan. Mr. Chairman and committee members, I am John Logan, chairman of the board of directors of the Manufacturing Chemists' Association, on whose behalf I am appearing here today. I am currently president of the Universal Oil Products Co. and a former executive vice president of Oiin Matheson Chemical Corp. Accompanying me, as technical experts, are Dr. C. U. Dernehl. chairman of the occupational health committee of the association; Mr. G. L. Gorbell, former chairman of the Association's safety and fire protection committee: and Mr. Lloyd Symington, general counsel. The Manufacturing Chemists Association is a nonprofit trade asso ciation of 183 United States and 14 Canadian company members rep resenting more than 90 percent of the production capacity of basic industrial chemicals within these countries. I might ada that our oper ations cover 14,000 plants and roughly 900,000 employees. One of the major objectives of the association is to provide leader ship and guidance in the development and promotion of safe prac tices in the manufacture, transportation, handling, and use of chemicals. Our safety program was originated in 1946 and, as some indication of our achievements, I would like to submit a collection of our safety publications. This includes copies of our 9o chemical safety data sheets which enjoy worldwide acceptance as authoritative references on the hazards and safe handling of chemicals; Safety Guides cover ing miscellaneous chemical activities presenting potential hazards; Case Histories of Accidents in the Chemical Industry; the MCA occupational environment of- r :n; w^ual element -if !/*>,. i.Av;vr<l -t-atidarditiuiou mo-t iluiir.eiJe with tbo.e who urt tlic '.i'T body <>( knuwUij*,. * ami competent "UOBI.L U6 lii'v.s, employee* were left ifl glicence of rbe various stnt*, doctrines ->ucb 8' assumption would be compensable. the :;ntf the employer liable with. .: of HR HKlk would impose U** liability -r rhe Work, r employee- are injured .iltboocn i: a,.*or I* *bown or the Department of Labor, emplnver without regard to violation of standards that -TKCCTfRES ic order to make available iganizacion of sufficient size -tablishmein* cohered by rbe ? Federal government iu an ri***I escpeodttnres could . sjwfidiD? of this magnitude for austerity and budgetary 'national safety and health. id identifying their needs collect tacts, improve their uistratire and enforcement ng system for occupational ereuce that we seek. The each state could then be ercS. d training contemplated ted and resolved. . on HR HSltS that ap ian error. f Federal safety standrrective effort and sub standard* have not in aan error. ,ani2ations have to date .-ed by the emotional emty procedure* or the one as. the time, talents and will continue co be avail* afety improvement. 943 CONCLUSION *.vt> RECOMMENDATIONS The fact* cited within this statement can only partially bear witness co the long, determined and <iK-veful campaign wared in the rubber industry against .----iitinri*>11.11 .imrtr-nt* and disease. We have for many years pursued the same _>,-il as HR Held, namely improved occupational safety, aud with >uch a pur)*>. rre indeed take 00 Issue. With "Ur long history of erion< interest and eouod accomplishment in occu pational safety, we have learned, however, that to be successful in this work demand? also that we be objective. Thi- well-|*artied lesson motivate* our view point presented to rhe Mihcommitee concerning this bill. Our industry believes it cannot rest on past accomplishments in safety. In the state of our civilization and -ocial development today, occupational injuries and di-ease cannot te accepted as * necesary by-product of any industrial or commer cial endeavor. We consider it rhe responsibility of all concerned to seriously and methodically -trive for perfection in accident prevention. Accordingly, rhe resources of the Federal government can most effectively be brought ro iw.tr on this effort through the role of a participating and vitally interested partner, rather than the -ole administrator aud enforcer of such a far-reaching regulatory structure as contemplated in HR 1481C. It i- our -incere l*dief that iirrle evidence has been presented before the sub committee to drfnousrrute a valid need for the establishment of Federal safety standards and an enforcement program. If such a standards program is not needed, tlieu the whole thrust of effort should be redirected toward a means that < an best achieve the desired goal of this bill. To this end. we find value in and support the concept advanced by other wit* nesses of a broad cooperative effort sponsored by the Federal government that would bring about continuing research in regard to causes and prevention of oc cupational Injuries and disease. Such a cooperative effort could perhaps be realized through the establishment of an organization---natioual in scope--made up of the most experienced and skilled leaders available from business and labor from the Federal, state and bocal government, whose pnrpeefrWttnld.be to study the peobiest a?:ham** end revonsmend' solotious. Such an effort, exercised without delay, could do much to assure the orderly attainment of an obviously commendable goal--the prevention of accidents. Statement on Bexalt and to* Ml. Ivan Saboubjn, Quiet's Counsel. 507 Place d'abmes. Montreal, Canada, on Behalt or the asbestos Mines lNDUSTNT IN CANADA To the Honorable Mr. Holland. Chairman of the Select Subcommittee on Labour, and to Jlembert of said Committee: It is respectfully submitted: Nearly two hundred years ago. in 1776. came Benjamin Franklin ro my present home in Iberville. Quebec. His aim was to win Canada to the cause of Independ ence. His mission accomplished, be left the shores of our Richelieu River i close to Lake Champlain, near the border, where I live) and reported to Congress. In tbose days industry hardly had started on this continent this ascension which was to make America the most industrialized nation. Since those days the ties between our two countries have become closer and closer whilst we have for generations showed the world an example of enjoying friendly relationship, with some four thousand mile border-frontier devoid altogether of any display of force, military or otherwise. But there are ties that seem to have contributed largely to bring about such cordial understanding bases on common interests: they are the ties of industry at large, of management and labour forces working together. On the one hand the v&stnessof your capital invesonents in Canada make you play and necessarily so a legitimate mighty role in oar very economy. In the same vein, similarity m labour and industry conditions has brought about a degree of international penetration promoting more and more the development of a large family of workers with a more and more common ideology, this north and south of the border, face to face with like problems. The industry, here in point the asbestos mining and milling industry I have had the honour to represent for more than thirty years, representing as advisor I Cf f y 944 f ueurir all of the mining and production of asbestos fibres m my country. The t.a^ oi the Canadian Asoestos Mines known as the Quebec Asbestos Mil;-.:* A>*,K.ia. ti,,n yffers a good illustration of the extent to which your participation thr-.uw the field in investments and "know how" reaches into that number one group ^ commercial industries at home, that of "mine . For example, m the industry of mining and milling cbry'Otile asbe>tos i which is the j.>betos uuued and milled in Canada > your Nation owns and control* >otue two-thirds of that field. This is au important rropomon indeed of ,JUr production which started roughly a century ago in Canada i Quebec i in taa{ region surrounding Thetford Mines and the town of Asbestos--a region being in diameter of some fifty-miles. The production in Canada has been about *5~, , c.s.s.R. excepted 1 of the world's total chrysotiie asbestos ichrysotile L-,'ta* most ought of the various categories of asbestos on the world's markets;. Since the Bill presently under consideration by your Senate and House of Representatives embraces basic principles which are of much importance to our Cauadian Asbestos Mining Production ithe greatest proportion of which vou own and control--as already said above i it follows, naturally so. that our indu*. try should be desirous to place resiwctfully before you some of the data and experience it has gathered over the years, our interest iu so doing being particu larly prompted by tbe fact that one of the main objectives of the Bill will be to achieve such standards as will better ensure the surety and health of the worker such standards likely to integrate themselves eventually into our own modes of production and this due to the fact that we, of course, share the objectives wmch your Bill is seeking. . This incidence of safety and health set out in the preamble of this Bill as a primary objective has been brought forward into the limelight in tbe last few years and particularly so before yourselves, sitting in committee. some two weeks ago by the important studies carried out by Dr. Seiikoff and his associate* at Mount Sinai Hospital Environmental Sciences Laboratory (in conjunction with reoowned Head Statisrician of the American Cancer Society Dr. Hammond 1. The bulk of the work of Professor Seiikoff has been centered on tbe so called Heat and Frost Insulation Asbestos Workers Trade. Although such sector of workers reflect* but one of the many "end-uses" of tbe Asbestos fibre, the finding* of Dr. Seiikoff nevertheless are of considerable interest to the belance of a* indoor team? 1368* wortrara are iuraivetf is Dr. Settkoff's Insolation Study;. It is with these considerations in mind. Mr. Chairman, that our industry expresses their gratitude to the Honourable Mr. Holland. President of this Select Committee and to Representative Mr. James O'Hara. Chairman of the Proceed ings. for having so graciously extended to your bumble servant, u Canadian, the privilege of tabling before you the submission of tbe Asbestos Mining Industry 1 have the honour to represent. " My first step, in this delicate mission, should be to assure you that this indus try cannot be but fully in accord with the principles >et out in tbe preamble cjf your Bill. No one. citizen or country, employee or employer, labour or manage ment could not take but pride in supporting a law tbe lofty object of which is to insure tbe safety, health and welfare of the worker. Health and Freedom shall ever be the greatest assets of man and woman-- without which no real welfare can be enjoyed. Tour desire through this Bill to foster proper research and training cannot also but provide for those necessary tools without which the ways and means to fashion and ensure safety and health of our men and women at work may not be devised, possibly the word "Standards" reflects at their best those very criteria with which to measure and gauge tbe degree of advancement in the study and research for those methods and tolerance limits which inay be allowed for this or that operation in industry should it involve the safety, health or welfare of the worker. Ton would be interested to know that nn attempt to conduct a proper stuoy, procrammine and planning for achieving such standards is already uuder way. it beiug proposed to hold in May next sessions of joint study at the New York Academy of Sciences under tbe tutelage of the incumbent Dr. Seiikoff. at which sessions would participate representatives of management and labour as well as of Governmental and Scientific Groups, the likely field of asbestos exposure for ueb joint-sessions to be that of the so-called Insulation Trade Group represented by the International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers; also would attend Dr. Earl Lindell (a world foremost mining and j few -i.iyx . When he u.i. " - -in |.c-11 -.1 ' W'ii.i- : < -111i -1: hi .1..'.: . ' .!!- ' .11: -.h Flu,! k.-tv Mi: ... - hfliv ---- - -- ` Nan>>u:ii A-ii*--.?"' ....... tjir'-~i.,r- :. 1.:ini:<<i : < ci> -r.i r i--:i A'- ......... . in ,n- ; -i-i.-iinn. -]s-'-:.ili'f* -!. :;JV "U.v. ; :i- ii-- ii'h'lvr iih! .in--:' -e.-tp 11 <::il M.i.r v.irn.ii- .......... . re;)c-lirii rbr ( hiiviuc li- nrii*--.-. :i u.i h--i Ne-'V Y--;i< t n:T>r iu..;-,. rli*- r->\\ n . ?lle -.'fear 1 .i;;.- - a!! rli*r Pulmonary F.<?'.u  fibres ie tar country. The ca-,* i-i.f-.-Asbestos MiLing A>*in:ij. .Vfi vour participation ;hr..u<:> mtv that number one group :r.t rfiry-otile asbestos . wSh.l ir Nation own* and v<-i.tr-.i. jin jTvpvrti>Q uideed f ...;r in Canada . yuebec - m to.it j yf A'l-e-K"*--a region Win^ * Cauatla has been about >3~ ile a-ue'tOs ichJ7>0tiie i> the u the world's markets). y your Senate and House of .fr- of much importance to '>ur ir-t proportion of which you .. natural!} -o. rhar our induare yo" s-miie "f the data and : --&t 1U So doing being piirtivu- 'i--.tiVeM of the Bill will he to ;ety and health of the worker, nuliy into our own modes of 'p. share tlie objectives which ne [.rentable of this Bill as a the limelight m the ia<t few uut in committee. *otne two Dr. >elikoff and his associates Laboratory no conjunction .incer Society Dr. Hammond), -en centered on the so called >de. Although such sector of be Asbestos fibre, the findings iterest to the balance of theSeUtntr* Insulation ?nody). Chairman, that our industry [laud. President of this Select ra. Chairman of the Proceednbie servant. a Canadian, the - Asbestos Mining Industry I > assure you that this Indus< -et out in the preamble ..f employer, labour or managehe lofty object of which i to assets of man and woman-- itch and training cannot also I: the way* and means to women at work may not at their best those very iidvancement in the study vhich may he allowed for - safety, health or welfare conduct a proper study. *<1< i< already under way. it -rudy at rhe Xew York ..,i-r.r Dv. Selik.'ff. at which .-iLu-nt and labour a- well as -id *>f ;i'best..s exposure for rtn Trade Group repre-ented -'t lr.'iilators and Asbesros world foremost mining and 945 m.lhtiii engineer - Cii.uru.au -,f rhe Board of Canadian Johns,-Manvtiu- ''ouipar.y L.iij:r.-,i 'j'it-orc; and of Advi.-;ite A-be-tos Mu.-- Lunurd Newfoundland . i'--r :!.e ree-ti'i!; a - to the '-uusaluy .<f the luvuleucr ..i uuh pathoiogival cod-l.ti-'ii as m.aht .nvoive asbestos Dbres of panicles as a possible agent or cOticoZDmitiant factor under certain condnoos i.e. a a co-carcinoaen factor the asbestos .i.-n-rry .iud purt.i-ulJrly the Quebec A-be-tos Mium* A-'ucution has been .u- .-u.|ri>b,na a fory considerable amount of work nud ponderous study, at groat - --*r. tr.-ui-ie and expenditure with rhe ever present object of aeekiiig the eusur.-;;,oo .. sniery and the niaintetiauce of good healrli for nil w orkers. cm- primarily tm-'iial: adequate preventive measures whenever |'vible, F--r we agree it >h.mld always be rhe sicrej duty of rlie p"wer'-tliat-oe and ia* i-- p-.uticiuurly of the industry not to intrude into the field .,f manufacture. : i.id" or i"inmer. e at the expense of the afety or health of the worker uuie*s it i-e f->r rlfse jusuri.ible reasons which -sist <-uly under exceptioii.il ar<uind> .*m.b us the urgent i.e-1 *#ity of ct-rtaiu fields of production m iieriud- of imminent i..iti'Uiui i.-ri'is nch as warfare or miU-'s due to the obligation' at cum-' ->f venturing into a new field uf i>rdu tnui when \v>wevev techDol.-gicailv -t -ui-nfili-ully ihere ;u-c not available data >>r observation a- should i-mink one t-' fowsee the bidden hu<-m (hunters of hazards. Thus it will alwa.v> fie pos'ible ior -cieiii-e. progress, pro'jwnty to be achieved but not without certain dangers for which no resjB,ti'ibility howi-rer. should lie for tl>o*e who are and m good faith and cannot foresee the uuforseeable. lii't a> ope may not enrich oneself nr the expense of the safety or health of the worker or neighbour, nor will monetary compensation bring ever adAquate '-lace or replacement value to the maimed or sk-k. M*e should always aim at preventing wherever 7v.ssii.ie rather than curing. In it connection if was just a few- days ago that I heard the Head of A.F.L.-- ..u.. Mr. Meany. express himself vurourousiy i*>fore you. Mr. Chairman and Members of rhe Committee, when he was vindicating the need for "prevention'' rather than that of (.oiiipensation". What is related aU>ve. Mr. Chairman, ha> been constituting the thinking of those engaged in the industry of the asbesu)' mines identified at home under a "rj*ornie name a* rhe Quebec Asbestos Milling A.-ocution. an Association aroutuns roifcothcr the.foiiuuamgr ,l>isr.K Corporation Linnretl. Thetford Mines Iteii Aslvsti.s Mines Limited. Thetford Mine* 1 .in.idiaii John-M;irnille Co.. Ltd.. Asbestos Carey Canadian Mine'. East Broughton Flinrkoie Mines Limited. Thetford Mines Lake Ai***tb' Company Ltd.. Thetford Mines National Asbestos Mines Ltd.. Thetford Mines Ca'siar Asbestos Mine--British Coluaihia--enjoys consultative affiliation with this Association iu che field of health, the Quebec Asbesroe Mining Associati.iu che'-ef'U-e repteseimag fur ail practical purjiosfec the asbestos mines in Canada from che Atlantic to che Pacific: 'Advocate Asbestos Mines Limi'i-d in the AtlautU--Newfoundland--and is managed by Johns-Maaville (.'orpi'i-atiuu' A> t.. our activities in the field of research and study of the health incidences in (lie imlu'try 1 um not pouring into this record data or distinctions of a M,-i.-ntifi<- nncure rhi- field ueing left to scientists or qualified physicians of 'le< alists in the fields of phifcsiologr, biology, physiology, epidemiology, pathol ogy. fadir.logy etc. To have such a field of qualified experts orient and constantly advise and supervise ..nr activities in our endeavours in the field of health, rewri'li and study during the lu<t four decades, we addressed ours^ive* to our various Scho-.ls of Medicine and Laboratories on the continent and eventually reached the right person in Colonel A. J. Lnrraa (He had the unique distinction t having headed in both World Wars the field of responsibility of the physical titne-s and health of the Y.A. Armed Forces; be wn moreover rhe founder at NVw York Univ-rsity <>t rhe first Pot Graduate School of Industrial Medicine. f*r. L.tnz:i guided into s,.rnng up our first Industrial Health C-iiDic. this at the f*wn of Asiwsrps. Quebec in che late Twenties under the local direction of rfee itreat Country D)ctor R. H. Stevenson who kept and followed up records for all the families of our workers, in close consultation with the Head of the then Pulmouary Fields. 10 Montreal and Toronto said consultants being: Professor 946 Bvers. Ridell. Cunningham. Brink. Vidal. Jarry--and the specialized a: uur hospitals and sanatoria m the Laurenrian Mountains. Laief IQ -nirtie-s. we repaired tu the Saranac Laboratory and Trudeau Foundation111* me Adirondack*, the latter constituting without a doubt the most advii !n r--e.irou '.-enter >m the .ntinent in the Pulmonary Field and that ..f ''..'"'j r-~n:r.jtorv tract*, plus i iu'dioputhy. There, at >.iran;u-, began oiir relationship with the Head of the Sarat 7rude iu I.aiM.rat'ry. Dr. Leroy U. Gardner, a most eminent pathology a>rw,' jxini.mlnU^I leader iu the held of industrial medicine. Recipient of i|r,'i nn.'ui*ii.-d c.wurd- he was for oiauy years a C.S. Puhli<- Health top onsuir'*'" and to his Lahoratory flocked dally from all parts of our continent indusm"! I'- f.niua liealth problems in that phase of wry fast expansion m th nniu'tr:al economy of America. Under Dr. Gardner and hi> staff iVa, rhne founded id the forties at Thetfon! Mine- an Industrial Clinic destined to x,r','n tin- 'i.\ mine* situated in the neifhnourhood. The Trudeau Lal*ornt<iry compn^l xiu-h famous uaiues a* Cummings. Samson. Pratt. Vorwakl (distinguished pithTi "iri't and authur i'rofe"or at Port Wayne Cnirersity aud ikw Head of the valr l..il"iiatory of Research at Detroit i ]>lus Prof***sor George Wright. founder of tiie Laboratory and School of Physiology at Trudeau a pioneer in the held .if respiratory physiology and an authority at the top of today's echelon* across the continent and the present Director of the Scientific Committee of the Institute of "'upational and Environment Health, an Institute promoted hv our Asbestss Minnie A:-w>ciation. Siuce the setting into action of these two Industrial Clinics wt Thetford Mines and at Asbestos; it was my duty and that "f our Medical Advisor^ to keep track yearly (that went on from 1940 to date of the A.b**t .. health problems as they appeared over the world. There was no significant Lau oratory or source of information which wa* not consulted: contacts were nnuie continuously so as to assure ourselves of the trends in both the Industrial Enn neering Preventive Field and the Medical Fields proper. It can therefore be aid that no stone was left unturned, our trips taking us to the other Continent iato Asia and'onent as well, in .South America, from time to time, with Dr. Cartier ..ur Director at Thetford Mines (Industrial Clinici and Professor Vidal Pro. lessor Greiroire. Dr. Kenneth Smith i Professor of New Fork University atufc Medini Director of Jobas-UasriBe Corpersttos). W# vwired air rhe'niain centre* where the usbesro-henlth-proWems existed in the last few year* in the o-uipuny uf Dr. Karl Liudelt and Professor Vidal on exploratory and observation tri|*>. w* travelled to the British Isle--Europe--Scandinavia, and on two oc casions in U.S.S.R. 11960 and 1!* i including Asia (Siberia--Kuzecsran--Svrrd- slov.sk and Asbest where some twenty-five thousand workers operate a.be*tos mines and mills and produce today more chrysotUe asbestos than is produced id the I'h-cident i Canada and U.S. inclnded). In -..iiclusiou might we recite here the composition of the staff manning the Scientific Committee of the Institute of Occupational aud Environmental Health the executive committee of which is composed of: Dr. K. V. Lindell: chairman W. X. Ouehrred ' President Asbestos Corporatiou Limited and present President of Queoec Asbestos Mining Association) F. Parker Smith < President Bell A9bestos Mines Limited Michael Messel i President Lake Asbestos Mines Limited, es-officio member as immediate past President of the above Association i Ivan Sahourin Q. C.: secretary and counsel The .Scientific Committee is composed as follows: Dr. George Wright: Director of the Committee. Head of Research at St. Luke's Hospital ' Cleveland. Ohio* Dr. Paul Kotin : Director of U.S. Ceoter of Environmental Sciences and of Centre of Etiology of Cancer at Betbesda. Maryland. Dr. Mama Cushner: Professor. Head of "Tumors Field in Pathology" (an au thority m Cancer Research) at New York University and Beilevue Hospital: participant and professor at the Anthony J. Lanza School of Occupational Health. Sterling Forest. New Jersey. Dr. Fernand Gregoire: head of Lavoisier Clinic. Montreal Physiologist--Ex pert of our Quebec Workmen's Compensation Board Professor and Author of papers which have already attracted the scientific attention of the world of both continents. Dr. John Beattie: Professor at Queen's College (Cambridge. England) whose considerable experience since the early thirties and his writings have placed T him in :ae forerr work<rr> fur *r>c. In* urr-ur >t-ji;.Pnennifx-ouios:* i OSl* ItGtltUt- uf son. beading toe allied problem*. Dr. Daniel Braun Institute' P:r<b-i survey (Therforc Quebec asoe-ro* >\ T!w and rh* ' higher with such where no Dr. P. Peinnr: in >-n< Luke* Hospital <; le'-turer: his publ: of note and an mdi ur boots, our -ia: are at your di-pos.: coD<uler them. .Mu-t plied. < >f inr* "n rw. some forty scientistthe globe. The or>jec present bealtb probi* ray Brown kindly a *l--ial s'-iwittn'- < Wright and the mem: From MHO to l*>4 various extensive ur MEETINGS 1: Con: Pathologists and > - Gardner ee our association ana 1951 and 1953 : Two ;. 1957 -. Queen Elizabet tists from both <. McGill--Toronto-- and> schools of stud? Epidemiological Sure 1945: Metropolis not more preva erence: The Wh 1955: The Braun Mellon Instituti asoestos worker X.B.--A three year ond year) by Profess aegis of Dr. Wright' groups here and in Eur Iu all of this we tryou may wish to coc We remain at your having allowed this pr Edward a. Garuatz. Federal Office Building Baltimore. Md. Dear CoNOBEesiiA.v tbe Baltimore Safety > was made of Senate 1 of 1966." 83-784 0--6S------ 6 ad -he -penalized per-onnel ,, \i.'jo'.a.iii Laiet. m tfit; ;;< 1 Trudeai' Fuuntiarior, i(( , J^ubt :iiv :**'*>t ;i<i\ .11 F;viil -I I'd th.it ( Ui? .ut,...; 'iiv 5I*-;ul vf 'Uv rUilli'-Iit Ji.irh'>iwyit ;ili<l :ii- K-`ijH-ut '! iikiiiv i|j%, mill H-.i I ll tup '.`liU 1 t.i Id ..ur nriavur luuusrmi \ c.i'f -spun-ion m tli* .-i uod in' '[.iff 'v., rij.-n r:i; >''11i<<- to 'r'> : .iid i iiiriii-'iH')if"l [jurliol- .<ml lie" H*-;ul nf the v^i iM-ur-'e tVncbr. r'<<U!id*-r nf ,U ;i 1r ID Itifc hei<l nf [Milay - <*.be)oai si <.-r<>-. the uiiuicrwr n tdir In-sritiite >,f l-r-ni.iied by our A'Im-sm* li-'v rw.. linlu.'tnnl Clinic-' ;tnet that our MKlic&| '4<> t" ilate- > of the A'U*'tov t* "'ns iiu 'lrnifit-aru Labilt-nl: <-niitaot' were iiinde .;) both the Industrial Engier. It i-nn therefore be va\d to the other Continent, into >e to time, wttb Dr. Cartier and i'rofessor Vidal. Pp>Nhtv York Vni-ver*iry ard> tt> nsired all the main a tbf last few year' in the xpi"rar**ry and ob-ereatinn audiiiuvia. and nu to -aLiberia--Kiizec-taa--S'erd1 workers operate -iiesto< than i' produced in of the 'taff matininc the Hid Environmental Health. ;ted ar.d pre-ent President A > ex-officio member as Re---arch at St. Luke's Seienre* and of Centre in Pathology" ' an au.cnd Beiieeue Hospital , a School of Occupational -nrrent Phviologist--ExProfesor and Author of iti-nrion of the world -'f mbridee. Encland' wbo*e his writings have placed 947 him in the forefront of the field of pulmonary studies as to mine and factory workers ifor some years Professor Beattie aiso taught ac McGill University) hi' urr*-nt studies have also brought him in close and current contact with the Pneumoconiosis Institute of Great Britain at Cardiff the foremost Pneumoconi osis Institute of the British Isles now presided by Physiologist. Dr. John Gib son. beading the "Union Internationale du Cancer" Committee on asbestosis and allied problems. Dr Daniel Braun: Bx-Director of the Industrial Hygiene Foundation 'Mellon Institute i Pittsburgh---who conducted and published the 1955 epidemiological .`urvey (Tbetford Mines and Asbestos) on the incidence of cancer with the Quebec asW'tos workers <a study of which has been published in scientific re views and the conclusion is to the effect that the cancer incidence is not any higher with 9uch workers than with other population groups of the province where no asbestos industry is present. Dr P. PeLnar : in charge of experimental work in Medical Research Division. St. Lukes Hospital (Cleveland) professor at Prague, Tchecoslovakie, author and lecturer: bis publications in many languages have stamped him as a pathologist of note and an industrial beaith expert of exceptional science. Our books, our data, our observations and findings, in short ail of our records, are at your disposal. Mr. Chairman, should It be found desirable for you to consider them. Much experience has been gathered, mnch experimentation com piled. Off late on two occasions we have convened at Antigua at 1965 and in 196? some forty scientists and research experts gathered from the four corners of the globe. The object of these conferences was to advise the industry as the prevent health problems it is facing. 7onr U.S. Public Beaith Director Dr. Mur ray Brown kindly attended onr last meeting at Antigua which convened as a 't*K-ial scientific Conference by the Director of the Institute. Professor George Wright and the members of his Scientific Committee. From 1940 to 1964 the Association had held like study meetings and conducted various extensive surveys: MEETINGS 1: Conference at Carterrille Hospital Group of Radioing!ten and. Pathologists and CUniaaoa frost Carolina Lynch. ee al) and from Saranac i Gartner ec at) and frost Toronto (Riddell et al) and Quebec and Montreal our association and governmental medical representatives. 1951 and 1953: Two like meetings at Montebello. 195?: Queen Elizabeth Hotel--Montreal--three days symposium gathering scien tists from both continents 150 representatives from Saranac--Harvard-- McGill--Toronto--Montreal University--Belgium--France. Various hospital and schools of atndy and governmental agencies. Epidemiologiool Surrey*. 1945: Metropolitan Life Insurance et al Health: turberculosis found to be not more prevalent with asbestos workers than general population (ref erence : The Wheatley Report) 1955: The Braun and Truan Cancer Study (Industrial Hygiene Foundation. Mellon Institute. Pittsburgh). Cancer found not to be more prevalent with asbestos workers than in geoeral population. N.B.--A three year epidemiological survey is being conducted (now in its sec ond year) by Professor Macdonald, McGill University and bis staff under the aegis of Dr. Wright's scientific committee which is sponsoring other study groups here and in Europe. In ail of this we trust you may have learned of some sources of information yon may wish to contact or confer with through your various agencies. We remain at your disposal ever and again beg to thank you most deeply for having allowed this presentation. BaLTiMoae SAFtrr Coctvcil. Ikc., Baltimore, Ud., March id, 1908. Eowaso A. Gaimatz. M.C.. Federal Office Building, Baltimore, ifd. Deas Conoies6*ar Cajuiatz: At a meeting of the Executive Committee of the Baltimore Safety Council held on Friday. March 15, 1968. a careful study was made of Senate BUI #2864 entitled "Occupational Safety k Beaith Act of 1988." S2-7&4 o--as---- el