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UQBERM E. KELLER UEROME H, HCeKHAH WILLIAM M, tOMlHUAHI. JR. MALCOLM 0 MaCARThuR .. wavnc v. black TERRENCE O.JONES MARTIN W. BEBCOVICl JOHN B. ELDRED CAROLE e. HARRIS MART MARTHA MCNAMARA MICHAEL F MOBBOHE MARK BQM |VtH| johm b. Richards JOHN B, DUBECH METER L. fc* CHOI CHftlfTlNC M. OlLL SHIRLEY a, rUJIMOTO LawHEhCC H halhHin Ralph a BimmQmS HITCH A IUUIR C. DOOOLAB JAHHETT
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BCOHOE . MIBMO FREDERICK J. DAT, OH, MABCi E. DHEEHITEIM* hahcaa h. eowAM PATRICK J, MUHO a. CHAtO TAWTFCBT tAAHH a. BiCVCRB MICHAEL H. BEMmCT B, rRAHMUN koomtz CATHERINE n. HOEMER HICMAHD A- JAPPB* JEPPRET - HfAH" kRiB ammC MOhTCITh ELLIOT BEULOB ImahnOn l. OEmman bobam c fox* MARK L. ITZKOFF EDWIN C. MOORE*
LAW OFFICES
Keller and Heckman
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SUITE lOOO
WASHINGTON. D.C. 20036
(202) 956*5000
November 13, 1989
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SCIENTIFIC STAFF DANIEL S. DIALER. Rh. O. CnaRLC* V. BRCDCR. Rh. p. ROBERT A. MATHEWS. Rh. O JOHN R MODDERMAM. Rh D hqllt mutmirc folet AUSTIN C. ROWELL. Rh. Q
TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEER
Charles f turner
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CABLE ADDRESS "KCLMAN*1
WRITER'S DIRECT DIAL NUMBER
(202) 956-5641
Roy T. Gottesman, Ph.D. The Vinyl Institute Wayne Interchange Plaza II 155 Route 46 West Wayne, New Jersey 07470
Re: Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Vinyl Chloride
Dear Roy:
NOV 2 0 1989
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Enclosed is an excerpt which discusses environmental fate and exposure data for vinyl chloride. This might be of interest to the Technical Committee. It is a chapter from a handbook of environmental fate and exposure data for organic chemicals authored by Phillip Howard and is the collective work product of the Syracuse Research Corporation.
If you have any comments or questions or if we can be of any assistance, please let us know.
Cordially yours, '/&L
Peter L. de la Cruz
Enclosure
cc: Larry Thomas (w/o enc.) Robert W. Sherman (w/o enc.) Hugh Patrick Toner (w/enc.)
BOR 009052
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Volume I Large Production and Priority Pollutants
I- I
f Handbook of Environmental
FATE
and
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EXPOSURE DATA
For Organic Chemicals
Philip H. Howard
m LEWIS PUBLISHERS
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Howard, Philip H. Handbook of environmental fate and exposure data for
organic chemicals.
Bibliography: v. 1, p.
Includes index.
Contents: v. 1. Large production and priority
pollutants.
1. Pollutants-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 1. Title.
TD176.4.H69 1989
363.7'38
89-2436
ISBN 0-87371-151-3 (v. 1)
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1 Cor autl Ha? upd whi whi
Second Priming 1989
COPYRIGHT 1989 by LEWIS PUBLISHERS. INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo copying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
LEWIS PUBLISHERS, INC. 121 South Main Street, Chelsea, Michigan 48118
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Vinyl Chloride
SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION
Synonyms: Chloroethene
Structure:
q
H2C=='
CAS Registry Number: 75-01-4 Molecular Formula: QH3CI Wiswesser Line Notation: G1U1
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: -13.37 *C Melting Point: -153.8 "C Molecular Weight: 62.50 Dissociation Constants: Log Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: 1.38 (calculated) [21] Water Solubility: 2763 mg/L at 25 *C [27] Vapor Pressure: 2660 mm Hg at 25 "C [48] Henry's Law Constant: 1.07 x 10'1 atm-mVmole [26]
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE/EXPOSURE POTENTIAL Summary: Although vinyl chloride is produced in large quantities, almost all of it is used captively for the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and other polymers. Therefore, its major release to
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* Vinyl Chloride
from a river 1 m deep with a current of 3 m/sec and with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec [36]. Due to its high Henry's Law constant and high vapor pressure, volatilization from soil would be rapid; half-lives of 0.2 and 0.5 days were reported for volatilization from soil at 1 and 10 cm incorporation, respectively [30].
Water Concentrations: DRINKING WATER: In the National Organic Monitoring Survey (1976-7), 2 samples out of 113 contained detectable levels (>0.1 ppb) and these averaged 0.14 ppb [12]. Highest value found in U.S. drinking water is 10 ppb [15,32]. 23% of 133 U.S. cities using finished surface water were pos, 0.1 to 9.8 ppb, 0.4 ppb median of pos samples [8]. A finished ground water survey in 25 U.S. cities resulted in 4.0% pos, 9.4 ppb mean [8,11]. One contaminated drinking water well contained 50 ppb [4]. Drinking water from PVC pipes contained 1.4 ppb in a recent installation, while a 9-yr-old system had 0.03 to 0.06 ppb [52]. DRINKING WATER: U.S: National Screening Program, 1977-1981, 142 water supplies, 4.9% pos, trace to 76 ppb [10]; state sampling data, 1033 supplies sampled, 7.1% pos, trace to 380 ppb [10]. GROUND WATER: 4 of 1060 wells in New Jersey were positive [42] and vinyl chloride was present in the 10 most polluted wells from 408 New Jersey samples; however, it was not quantified [19]. 15.4% of 13 U.S. cities sampled were pos - 2.2 to 9.4 ppb, 5.8 ppb median [8,11]. In a 9-state survey, 7% of the wells tested were positive, with a maximum value of 380 ppb reported [13]. After train derailment in Manitoba on Mar 10, 1980, in which large amounts of VC was spilled in the snow, 10 ppm max occurred in ground water, which decreased to below 0.02 ppm by 10 weeks after the spill [7]. U.S. 1982 National Ground Water Supply Survey, 466 samples, 1.1% pos, 1.1 ppb median, 1.1 ppb max (1 ppb quantification limit) [9]. SURFACE WATER: 9.8 ppb max value found in a 1981, 9-state survey [4,13]. It was not detected in winter or summer samples from the Delaware River [49]. Vinyl chloride has been detected in 21 out of 606 samples from New Jersey [42] and other U.S. samples [15]. 7.6% of 105 U.S. cities were positive, with pos samples ranging from 0.2 to 5.1 ppb, 3.25 ppb median [8].
Effluent Concentrations: The only industry with appreciable waste water effluents of vinyl chloride is the organic chemicals mfg/plastic industry, where mean levels are 750 ppb [53].
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Wastewater from 12 PVC plants in 7 U.S. areas ranged from 0.05 to 20 ppm with typical levels being 2 to 3 ppm [52]. Vinyl chloride has been detected in effluents from chemical and latex plants in Long Beach, CA [15]. It was not detected in effluents from major municipal waste water discharges in Southern California [55], Ground water from hazardous waste sites, CERCLA Database, 178 sites, 8.7% pos [47].
Sediment/Soil Concentrations: After March 10, 1980 train derailment in Canada in which large quantities of vinyl chloride were spilled in the snow, soil samples reached levels as high as 500 ppm between 1 and 2 meters below the soil surface [7],
Atmospheric Concentrations: RURAL: <5 ppt detected in rural northwest United States [20,24]; <10 ppb at the Whiteface Mtn in New York [33]. No vinyl chloride was detected in 7 samples taken in the Grand Canyon, AZ, detection limit = 2.8 ppb [43] and <10 ppb at the Whiteface Mtn in New York [33]. URBAN/SUBURBAN: NJ area, 36 samples, 42% pos. trace-3132 ng/m1 [45]. Baton Rouge, LA, area, 16 samples, 56% pos, trace-1334 ng/m3 [45]. URBAN/SUBURBAN: Vinyl chloride has a low frequency of occurrence in studies done in New Jersey [1,2,22,23], with a concn range of a trace to <10 ppb avg [1,2,22,23,33,34]. 2 of 8 sites (1 - Staten Island and 7 - New Jersey) were pos - 0.15 and 46 ppb [44]; Baltimore, MD - 38.5 ppb avg [33]. SOURCE DOMINATED AREAS: Houston, TX Gulf Coast area (18 samples) 3.1-1250 ppb, max in Texas City [18]; Niagara Falls, NY, upwind from plant - 0 ppb, downwind 28 ppb, and 40 ppb measured in a nearby residential area [16]. Delaware City, DE highway intersection - 790 ppb avg [33]. Houston, TX area which is the site of 40% of U.S. production capacity of PVC, had a range of 3.1-1250 ppb [15,38], with 33.0 ppm being detected 0.5 km from the center of a VC plant [15]. Eight highly industrialized U.S. areas 0 to 0.513 ppb [43]. Not detected in 23 samples from the Kin Buc disposal site in New Jersey [43]. SOURCE DOMINATED: Ambient air near 2 vinyl chloride plants in Long Beach, CA - 1.3-3.4 ppm [28]. New auto interiors, <0.05% pos, 0.4 to 1.2 ppm [15]; however, <10 ppb was measured in another study involving 16 new or used cars and 4 new or old mobile homes [28]. After the Mar 10, 1980 train derailment in Canada in which quantities of VC were spilled
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during a blizzard, levels in excess of 200 ppm were found at ground levels near some freight cars but levels outside of the spill were <0.02 ppm, the detection limit [7J. Ambient air near waste site, 2-7.3 ppb, 1 background site, 2-3 ppb [50]; air in homes in neighborhood surrounding the landfill, 108 samples from 19 homes, 4 ppb avg, 7 ppb max; 420 samples from 50 different homes, 4 ppb avg, 9.3 ppb max [50].
Food Survey Values: 20 mg/kg were detected in alcoholic beverages which were packaged in products containing vinyl chloride [15,29]. Alcoholic beverages - 0.025 to 1.60 ppm, 0.44 ppm avg; edible oils - 0.3 to 3.29 ppm, 2.16 ppm avg; vinegars 0 (red wine) to 8.40 ppm (apple cider); detected but not quantified in butter and margarine when these products were packaged in PVC containers [15,52].
Plant Concentrations:
Fish/Seafood Concentrations:
Animal Concentrations:
Milk Concentrations:
Other Environmental Concentrations: Vinyl chloride monomer has been found in polyvinyl chloride resins, but these levels can be reduced by new processing techniques in food grade resins [28]. For example, PVC delivered to a fabricator contained 250 ppm vinyl chloride monomer which was reduced to 0.5-20 ppm after fabrication [28]. Residual vinyl chloride monomer found in food packing material ranged from 0.043 to 71 ppb for film and up to 7.9 ppm for plastic bottles [28]. It has been found in domestic and foreign cigarettes and little cigars in concentrations of 5.6-27 mg/cigarette [28],
Probable Routes of Human Exposure: Inhalation is the major route of exposure for nearby residents and workers [52]. Exposure is also possible by ingestion of contaminate foods, drinking water, and absorption through skin from cosmetics [52],
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Vinyl Chloride
Average Dally Intake: WATER INTAKE: Insufficient data. AIR INTAKE: Insufficient data. FOOD INTAKE: Insufficient data.
Occupational Exposures: Potential risk groups include workers in VC production or use facilities and nearby residents, people coming in contact with recently manufactured PVC in enclosed quarters (e.g,, new cars), consumers of food products packaged in PVC, and drinking water from PVC pipes [15]. The total worldwide work force in VC and PVC industries exceeds 70,000 [15]. NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 18,368 workers are exposed to vinyl chloride in the United States [40]. NIOSH (NOHS Survey 1972-1974) has statistically estimated that 239,375 workers are exposed to vinyl chloride in the United States [41]. Average exposure of a random person living within a 5-mi radius of a plant - 17 ppb [53]. The estimated number of persons at risk is 4.6 million [53].
Body Burdens:
REFERENCES
1. Bozzelli JN et al; Analysis of selected toxic and carcinogenic substances in ambient air in New Jersey. New Jersey Dept Environ Protect (1980)
2. Bozzelli JW, Kebbehus BB; Analysis of selected volatile substances in ambient air, final report Apr-Nov 1978. Newark, NJ: New Jersey Institute Tech 80 p. (1979)
3. Brauch HJ et al; Vom Wasser 68: 23-32 (1987) 4. Burmaster DE; Environ 24: 6-13, 33-6 (1982) 5. Callahan MA et al; Water-related environmental fate of 129 priority
pollutants Vo! 2 p.49-1 to 49-10 USEPA-440/4-79-029b (1979) 6. Carassiti V et al; Ann Chim 67: 499-512 (1978) 7. Charleton J et al; p. 245-67 in Hazard Assessment of Chemicals Vol 2;
Saxena J cd (1983) 8. Coniglio WA et al; The occurrence of volatile organics in drinking water.
EPA exposure assessment project (1980) 9. Cotruvo JA; Sci Total Environ 47: 7-26 (1985) 10. Cotruvo JA et al; pp.511-30 in Organic Carcinogens in Drinking Water
(1986) 11. Council Environmental Quality; Contamination on ground water by toxic
organic chemicals. Washington, IX 84 (1981) 12. Drury JS. Hammons AS; Investigations of Selected Environmental Pollutants
U-dichloroethane. p.63 EPA-560/2-78-006 (1979) 13. Dyksen JE. Herr AF III; J Amer Water Work Assoc 1982. 394-403 (1982) 14. Eisenreich SJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 15: 30-8 (1981)
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15._ Fishbein L; Sci Total Environ 11: 111-61 (1979) 16? Gay BW Jr, Noonan RC; Ambient air measurements of vinyl chloride in the
Niagara Falls area; environmental monitoring series. 19 p. USEPA-650/4-75-020 (1975) 17. Gay BW Jr et al; Environ Sci Technol 10: 58-66 (1976) 18. Gordon SJ, Meeks SA; AICHE Symp Scr 73: 84-94 (1977) 19. Greenberg M et al; Environ Sci Technol 16:14-9 (1982) 20. Grimsrud EP, Rasmussen RA; Atmos Environ 9: 1014-7 (1975) 21. Hansch C. Leo AJ; Medchem Project Issue No 26. Claremont CA: Pomona CoUege (1985) 22. Harkov R et al; Toxic and carcinogenic air pollutants in New Jersey volatile organic substances. Trenton, NJ: Office of Cancer and Toxic Substances Research (1981) 23. Harkov R et al: J Air Pollut Control Assoc 33: 1177-83 (1983) 24. Harsch DE et al; J Air Pollut Control Assoc 29: 975-6 (1979) 25. Helfgott TB et al; An index of re&actory organics, p.21 USEPA-600/2-77-174 (1977) 26. Hine J. Mookerjee PK; J Org Chem 40: 292-8 (1975) 27. Horvath AL; Halogenatcd Hydrocarbons: Solubility-Miscibility with Water. New York,NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. pp 889 (1982) 28. IARC; Monograph Some Monomers, Plastics and Synthetic Elastomers and Acrolein 19: 377-83 (1979) . 29. IARC; Monograph Some anti-thyroid and related substances, nitrofurans and industrial chemicals 7: 291-318 (1974) 30. Jury WA et al; J Environ Qua! 13: 573-9 (1984) 31. Kagiya T et al; Japan Chem Soc Spring Term Mtg, 32nd Tokyo Japan paper 1035 (1975) 32. Kraybill HF; NY Acad Sci Annals 298:80-9 (1977) 33. Lillian D el al; Environ Sci Technol 9: 1042-8 (1975) 34. Lioy PY et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 33: 649-57 (1983) 35. Lu PY et al; Arch Environ Contain Toxicol 9: 1042-8 (1977) 36. Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chem Property Estimation Methods Environ Behavior of Org Compounds McGraw-Hill NY p, 4-9 (1982) 37. Mabey WR et al; Aquatic Fate Process Data for Organic Priority Pollutants p.156 USEPA-440/4-81-014 (1981) 38. McMurray JR, Tarr J; IES 24 Ann Mtg Fort Worth, Tx 18-20 Apr 78 p 149-53 (1978) 39. Muller JPH, Korte F; Chemosphere 6: 341-6 (1977) 40. NIOSH; The National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983) 41. NIOSH; The National Occupational Hazard Survey (NOHS) (1974) 42. Page GW; Environ Sci Technol 15:1475-81 (1981) 43. Pellizzari ED; Quantification of chlorinated hydrocarbons in previously collected air samples USEPA-450/3-78-112 (1978) 44. Pellizzari ED; The measurement of carcinogenic vapors in ambient atmospheres, p.288 USEPA-600/7-77-055 (1977) 45. Pellizzari ED et al; Formulation of preliminary assessment of halogenaied organic compounds in man and environmental media. USEPA-560/13-79-006 (1979) 46. Perry RA et al; J Chem Phys 67: 458-62 (1977) 47. Plumb RH Jn Ground Water Monit Rev 7: 94-100 (1987)
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48. Riddick JA et al; Organic Solvents: Physical Properties and Methods of Purification. Techniques of Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-Interscience pp,1325> (1986)
49. Sheldon LS, Hites RA; Environ Sci Technol 12:1188-94 (1978) 50. Stephens RD et al: pp. 265-87 in: Pollutants in a Multimedia Environment
Cohen Y Ed. Plenum Press: New York (1986) 51. Swarm RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) 52. USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Vinyl Chloride. ;
USEPA-440/5-80-078 (1980) 53. USEPA; Treatability Manual. p.I.lZ12-l to 1.12.12-4 USEPA-600/2-82-001a
(1981) 54. Woldbaek T, Klaboe P; Spectrochim Acta A 34: 481-7 (1978) 55. Young DR; Annual Rep Southern California Coastal Water Res Proj p.103-12
(1978)
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