Document EqNBvJ9Dp0x8EVvgQvQzORk10

7. Building #59-A - Litharge should be reeighed directly into the bucket to be used for charging, rather then being dumped in to the charging bucket from a tared weighing bucket* 3. The exlisust system at the redding table in the Sheet Eletal Shop should be re-designed to remove the redding fuses at their source* This may best be done by the use of a flex ible, easily adjustable exhaust duct, or by lateral exhaust . if the nature end sice of the rork till permit* 9* Hds should be provided for the charging chutes in the -Asphalt Tile Building* These chutes should be kept covered except retsa charging is taking place* 10* Positive exhaust ventilation should be applied to the lead melting not and at the touring table in the machine Shoe, Building #30-JT.-' - 12. The present shot blasting equipment in Building #72 should be replaced with modem equipment that reill provide a sore efficient method of entrapping and collecting the dust. 12* The use of compressed air for 'floor cleaning should be dis continued, also dry sleeping - especially in departments 7/fcsre lead bearing dusts are encountered* Vacuum cleaning methods should be ehpioyed* 13* Approved type dust respirators should be used by yard men, and car unloaders in the Sundries Department, rehen unloading bulk or bagged rare materials - especially reken handling asbestos or siliceous materials* 14* The general ventilation in Building #406 should be increased by the use of real! or ceiling ventilating fans, -especially in the area of #3 Lacquer I^ckine, front end* 15* Operators at all hopper or mixer charging operations should be instructed to handle reith reasonable care all bags of rare material and, after emptying, the bags should be shaken reithin the effective range of the exhaust hoods* A separate exhaust ed hood should be provided to take care of the shaking- and stacking of empty bags there required. 16* The ialry backing-in operation should be studied to devise a method of ventilation to prevent the vapors of mineral spirits from accumulating at the rear of the machine close to the wall.. y r v J . 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O OX O 60 3 ft r> u sft>- 0 1 44 0 44 44 0 0^ B *T46-310 44 xO; B. B 44 ft s &0. cr 8 ft ft 2 0M4 44 0ft C <5 S ft 0 0 z * CO CO f-- ft =**- ft) a60 HO AS 44 ft. #O4 CO 63 4f4t.l*-e44 32 ft* 1. ! ft ,,a w ^0 ^4 4 u. w. Oft 4 lO. *O< rt. c a. 0 44 0 B 610 -B4 O6 Jrf *4 O 32 T5 C % ft r CC 1* 44 c ^4 4. cl 1 ft 63 c ft 0 Oc c e x: p .u 0 1-- 44 e ^4 0. c 0 1 60 c C 44 4> 1O 6) O C w- e ! 3 6J 63 C x: * ft 44 3 ft c 0 .--I M 0 to 63 C t x: *> Sk. . 1 CM r z ^4 ft > ^ X> 64 a x: w O - 44 l* w CD O 44 60 cc ft 4 44 C X3 a. a, rO c O ft xu: 6*3 ft> c 32 ft e O 4 S3 0 4c. ft .3 ; "o t -4 0 - > ft) 4. * ,ft as r 4c4 W 44 a. *' c c No excessive acrolein concentrations were determined* Rotary Department T.'ith the exception of Sample #9, at pigment weighing, the dust concentra tions in this department were very low. * -- ` * j At the pigment weighing operation, Building #31-7, a dust concentration of 30 million particles per cubic foot was determined end a lead concentration of 0.079 milligram per cubic meter was determined. This is about one half* cf the said-man allowable concentration. During this saepling period, the lead- free blue pigaents were being weighed almost entirely. Employees handling lead pignsnts may be exposed to high lead concentrations from dust created the weighing and dumping operations. Exhaust been provided at-the color scale, but air velocities produced were too low to measure and-little, if amy, pro tection was provided. Exhaust booths, originally baffled with canvas curtains, had been pro vided at the charging hoppers. The canvas curtains, have been renoved and the resultkag large face area has caused the air velocities-into the booths to drop to a range of 50 to 75 lineal feet per minute, which is too lor to control the dust. * * Cork Vill 1 . _ - '* Sasples #63 ana #64, collected during stone dressing, show that there is a marked reduction in dust concentration when the exhaust hose is used. The '. j operator at this operation was adequately projected by an air line respirator. ' The balance of the dust concentrations found in the Cork .Mill are compar atively low - far below those determined in previous surveys. Great improvement was observed in the housekeeping and in the maintenance of exhaust systems in - 6this building. Sizing Department Dust concentrations in this department were low end the 1'ree silica con tent of the dust res negligible. Jlo potential health hazard was detected. Bar Cleaning This operation is dene in a separate building. The bags are attached to an exhaust duct which, draws the beg inside out and into the exhaust duct, ".hat dust is' dispersed into the atmosphere is produced by hand handling prior to cleaning. At the tine of sampling in this area, hags that had contained wood flour ; principally, and a very few with serpentine, were being cleaned. The dust con centration found, considering the comparatively non-toxic nature of the dust, does not indicate any health hazard. However, when cleaning bags that had con tained more toxic substances, such as asbestos or highly siliceous material, & # * dust concentration in the sane range would indicate a potential health hazard. Lir.otiie Department _ * . - - . . ' . Dust concentrations were low ar.d no potential hazard*was observed. * nsVigrdqr Dswsrtsest "* * The only potential hazard detected in this departnent was at the opera tions involving the handling of lead pigments. A*nixed sample of colors #35 and #38 was analysed and found to contain 35.5 per cent lead. An air sample, #49, collected at the color weighing operation showed the presence of an average lead concentration of 3.71 milligrams of lead per cubic neter. Samples #'46 and 44s, r - 7- collected at the charging hoppers, showed 0.199 end 0.072 milligram of lead per cubic meter, An exhaust hood, located about five and one-half feet above the scales, was ineffective, in controlling .the dust produced in scooping, weighing . end handling of the pigments. In order to be effective, the exhaust hood should create an air velocity of at least 150 lineal feet per minute past the location of dust generation and away from the breathing zone of the operator. This hood had a face velocity of 103 to 125 feet per minute, but was located so far above the floor that the air velocity at the pigment drums and scales was under 25 . feet per minute. The charging hoppers were provided with exhaust creating an air velocity of 150'to 250 lineal feet per minute into the hopper. This is adequate to control dust produced during charging. The atmospheric lead^deter \ ' mined in the vicinity of the hoppers was probably caused by careless handling of containers and by dust created during pigment weighing. ... ' % ***' * The batch weighing end charging operations vary from day to day, depending on the type material being made. The lead intake of the various workers will elso vary, depending on the hatch formula and the individual working habits.. At operations of this type, air sampling does not always give a reliable in- , dication of the degree of esrosure. Routine urine and blood analyses should be performed on those operators who handle the lead pigments to determine the de gree of lead absorption. ' *: At the tine of this survey, the Accofloor nixing was not in. ODeratiom. -r -s- Mechanical Oxidation Department During weighing of litharge, Building n'59-A, the operates ras exposed to 0.523 milligrams of lead per cubic meter of air. This was an intermittent operation, usually carried on about trn.ee daily. An exhaust duct, located immediately behind the scales, produced an air velocity of 150 to 200 lineal feet per minute across the top of the bucket, which is adequate to control the dust produced at the scales. Even with careful handling, there ras %& snail amount of spillage during transfer of the litharge from the drum to the weigh- | ing bucket. This spillage ras removed by dry sleeping. P.elocaricn cf the supply dm nearer to the scale and nearer to the exhaust duct mould help de crease the lead dust dissemination. It mas noticed that the litharge ras reigh- ed into one bucket, which had evidently been tared, and then dumped into other buckets. This dumping created most of the dust at the weighing operation. After the weighing operation is completed, the air-borne litharge is . either removed rapidly by the exhaust system, or settles to the floor.- Another air sample taken a few minutes after weighing shored the presence of only s trace of lead. . Tests made during and after the charging of litharge into the mettle's failed to shorn any atmospheric lead. it, .. . Other samples in this department failed to shorn significant concentrations of-air-bome contaminants. `' . Paint and Backir.r Department Only one sample collected in the Paint and Backing Section (Building f'673) shored significant dust concentrations. Sample #31, taken during - o- of backing material, showed a concentration of 21.5 million particles per cubic foot of air. It tras noticed that most of the dust here pas produced by the handling of bags outside of the range of the exhaust system. Because of the short duration of this operation end the lor free silica content of the dust, no health hazard is indicated here. . So high lead pigments vere being used at the time of the survey and air borne lead concentrations are negligible. Exhaust has been provided at the charging hoppers thick should control dust produced during dumping, provided care is exercised in handling the bags and material. Maintenance Shoos Of the samples taken. at representative operations in the Maintenance Shops, only sample #147 and sample #162, shop any significant concentrations. Sample #147 shots a lead- concentration of .079 milligram per cubic meter of air - approximately one-half o'f the maximum allowable concentration. The lead melting pot is enclosed in a hood connected to a natural draft stack. JJo control measures are-applied at the point of pouring,' at thick point probably most of this lead concentration is disoersed. * - '' .. ' J , Sample yl62, taken at the shot blast operators position and at his^ breathing level, shops a high dust concentration. This dujst contains a consider-) able amount of lead. The concentration of lead, found exceeds the -rrjrp -?n . > '. able limit by five times. The present respiratory protection provided 'Trill not ' adequately protect against lead dust. The entire shot bias? equipment and type of building housing this operation is antiquated. Under present methods of ' operation, complete control of the dust is not feasible.' * * ' - 10 Boxes used in the Inlay and Rotary Departments are brought into this shot blast room, coated with an accumulation of dusts* After placing the box in proper position for cleaning, the operator stands outside the actual blast room in front of glass panelled doors, directing the stream of steel shot propelled by air against the bos. The building doors directly behind the operator are alscj closed during blasting. This confines the operator in an area appropriately 50 square feet. Some of the heavy dust concentration created in the blast room itself seeps through the doors of the blast roon into the working area. In the blast room, a propeller fan on one side blots the dust towards an exhaust duct or. the opposite side. This e:--austs the dust to a point about one and one-half feet above the roof level on the outside of the building. No attempt is made to collect this dust. Comparatively low* concentrations of sine, and no concentrations of lead, were determined at the galvanised sheet metal "elding _operation in the Sheet &etal Shop, in exhaust hood had been provided about four feet above the welding table. The hood was too far above the work to be efficient in removing the welding fumes and its principal effect, if any, would be to draw the fumes across the faces of the welders. In order to protect men welding on galvanised material |from exposure to zinc,fumes and to lead, which is frequently present as an in timity, local exhaust ventilation^should be used. This would remove the fumes % V, at the place of origin. If the nature and size of the v.orl: permits, this nay be done efficiently by the use of lateral slot exhaust, if the work varies greatly in size or shape, an exhaust duct of flexible, easily Adjustable, tubing is usually preferred. ' ( - 11 - ( In the Electrical Shop, carbon tetrachloride was occasionally used for cleaning motors* As the work was done in an exhausted booth, no health hazard was indicated.. Several potentially hazardous ' operations were not in progress during - the survey and no evaluation could be node. These included degreasing in Building 30-K, metallising in Building #30-A, and cleaning with carbon tetrachloride in the' Ileter and Instrument Section, Building #2. Asphalt Tile Derzrtrent High dust concentrations were-found at only two locations in the Asphalt Tile Department while grease-proof tile was being run. These wore aw the hopper Loading operation, 3*d floor, and at the scrap receiving location under the scrap grinder. At both locations, the pariods of'high dust concentration ?:ere intermittent and of short duration. Exhaust ventilation was provided at each charging hopper and was used only during actual charging. TThen the charging of one hopper was completed, a damper in the exhaust duct was dosed and the cork proceeded to another hopper. The exhaust provided was adequate to control .. * > the dust produced during charging. However, it was customary wo leave the lids to the charging chutes open at all tines. As soon as the exhaust had been turned off, the dust and gases produced by the mixers were blown out of the chute and contaminated the immediate area-- * . - An irritating gas or vapor is produced during the nixing of the ingredient ; * for the grease-proof tile. It was not;possiblc to identify the vapor, although the odor was strongly suggestive of the petroleum distillates. It is probable - 12 - that the vapor rras produced by the heating of the various oils added to the rub:. The irritating condition ras noticed principally during unloading of the 3 & 'S, !iixer on the 4th floor, and at the hopper charging area on the 3rd floor. A nan Si/ ' cooler fan is located at the B hopper on the 4th floor. The vapors or. the 3rd floor can be controlled by keeping the loading chutes dosed. Yard Department Exceedingly high dust concentrations trere found at rood flour, asbestos and rhiting car unloading operations. Samples 132 and :yl33> taken v:kile un loading and stacking bags of Super-fine fir rood flour, and Sample 37, taken ile unloading rhitirr, shor concentrations e;:ceeding 50 aillion dust partides per cubic foot of air - a standard nor being suggested for non-toxic and non- siliceous dusts, iio respirators are tem by the nen rhile unloading. Samples 134 and 135 sior very high dust concentrations for asbestos, . exceeding the maximum alienable' limit of 5 million partides per cubic foot of Lir. Although the exposure to the asbestos dust i's not constant, it is, forever, frequent enough to rsrrant dust control measures either by exhaust control equip- % sent or by the use of personal-respiratory protective devices. The sane crerrs if men are used daily for unloading various rar nstsrials. This sesns that their exposure to high dust concentrations cf one hind or another is quite frequent. j Cut Order Department, Building 150 -- Inspection Trimming 4155. Crate Shoo Dent,, 3uilcina *4?5. j j No excessive or toxic concentrations of dust or solvent vapors, rere found in these departments. * Tube binding Department. 3-.^iring ^158 Sample 133, taker, rhile cleaning up, is the only sample to chov: a c; J - 11 - Saturation Department - Buildinr #90 . In this Department, the only high end excessive dust concentrations found (Samples #153 and #155) were at the charging hoppers of the costing paint mixers andean the area near the top of the dry paper festoons* The exhaust ventilation applied at the charging hoppers is adequate 'to remove the dust when dumping. However, as in the case of similar operations in [other departments, dust is dispersed by the shaking and stacking of empty bags [out of the range of the exhaust hood. Considering the free silica content of the dust ana in view of the fact that this .is a somewhat constant operation, approved respirators should be supplied and used until a method of handling empty bags .. under exhaust ventilation is devised. Considering the type of dust, Sample "155 does'*not indicate a health haz ard. However, there is a nuisance factor to be considered. The present practice of enclosing the festoons should prevent the soread of this dust. * Felt Coating T.lixins: and Print Costing Departments - Buildir- #92 Ko excessive or toxic dust conoentrations were found in these departments, concentrations of amonia sauna are lor and do not indicate any health iesardj. Disolav Department The dust concentration found in this Department (Sample #160) is of no i^gienic significance. However, it does create a nuisance. The present bag collector located adjacent to the wood saw requires frequent shaking dov.u. This is done by hitting the bag wiah a board and considerable fine,dust is dispersed in the process. Print Department, Building #23 Shoe Filler Department, 3uildinr #78 The concentrations of solvent vapors found at the breathing level of men in these departments are loir and do not indicate any health hazard* Inlay BaeMnff,Tn i The concentration of mineral spirits found around the Inlay Backing-In machine, although below the toxic limits, is nevertheless irritating The heaviest concentration was found at the rear end of the backing-in machine* Due to the irritating effect of these fumes, the need for more general ventilation on this floor is advisable* & -4German and British factoiy inspectors, after careful study, could find no con stitutional disturbance traceable to butyl or aj/grl acetates, although one fatal J case in 1930 ras claimed following the use of a mixed solvent containing amyl (2) - acetate.v * The threshold limits adopted by the Governmental hygienists are as follows: Arrr1 acetate Butyl acetate Ethyl acetate .Methyl acetate Parts ocr Million 200 200 400 200 .-- Sulfuric Acid - . This acid has a local caustic action on the skin and mucous membranes of c the eyes, throat, and upper respiratory tract. Except for accidents ruth con centrated acid, this is not usually a serious hazard in industry. Exposure to * % dilute sulphuric acid nist or spray may cause irritation of the upper respiratory tract and eyes and nay discolor the front teeth of those exposed. Toluol . Toluol has cn anesthetic effect and the symptoms of poisoning are; head ache, dicciness, anemia, miccular tremor, scarlet lips, spots of extravasated blood on skin, nossiblv couch. Animal exoeriments racorted in the literature in dicate that toluol is more irritant'than benzol and-nith louer concentrations has . * ^. . a sonerhat stronger narcotic actios, but its effect on the blood picture and the blood-forming organs is considerably less severe and of a different type. The diminishing solubility on ascent in the series TOuld, on the other hand, tend to 2. Industrial Toxicology, Alice Hamilton and F.utnerford T. Johnstone, Oxford ' Medical Publications - 1945* - 5counterbalance an increasing physiological activity if the comparison were cede on the basis of concentration in the air. Toluol is less volatile than bensol. Regarding the toxicity of toluol for men, an exact appraisal of its hazards is difficult because only exceptionally is there an exclusive exposure to toluol, since in most industries it is frequently mixed ritn xylol and benzol* Tro hundred parts per million has been adopted as the threshold limit by the Govern mental Industrial Hygienists* * Shellac Solution The shellac is a shin irritant and may cause a dermatitis in susceptible individuals . Ammonium' Hydroxide Since asxonia has a penetrating, intensely pungent, suffocating odor, zr.d is strongly irritant, there is'liztle livelihood tiiat one trill remain dangerous ly long in an atmosphere seriously contaminated nth ammonia if one is conscious ! end able to escape. However, serious injury may result if escape from the vapor | ** * ~ or gas is impossible, or if one is subjected to the action of the aqueous solu tion (ammonia rater or ammonium hydroxide.) Aqueous ammonia exerts a local irritant action; strong solutions cause tissue destruction on contact, rhether acting on eyes, shim, mucous membrane, gastro-inzestinal mucosa, o^pulmonary tissue* ' ' '' Concentrated solutions of ammonia remaining in contact r.lt'h the eye for even, a short time may cause serious ocular damage, rhich may result in prolonged severe visual disturbances or permanent scarring of the cornea. The consequence ; of shin contact with ermmonia rater vary from a relatively mile dermatitis to - 6 severe burns, depending upon the strength of the solution, length of contact, and individual skin sensitivity. Amonia gas, readily given off by aqueous solutions of cmoniu, nay . cause severe irritation of the skin, eyes and respiratory mucosa. The threshold Unit for ammonia adopted by the Governmental Industrial Hygienists is 100 parts per nillion. Kerosene The .toxicity of kerosene is similar to other aliphatic hydrocarbons - naphtha, gasoline and benzene. Kerosene being less volatile than the others Trould be less active# The most pronounced effect of these hydrocarbons is on the nervous systen, for instance "naphtha" jags and possibly sore chronic effects. However, these substances ray exert soae irritant action or. the respi - A. atory tract. The Governmental Industrial Hygienists have adopted a threshold Halt for gasoline of 500 parts per million. Triethenals?ni.inft _ * _ .... .. ..-* * The literature on triethanolamine is chiefly concerned rith its cheristr and uses; only a few studies concerning its physiological action are available and these are on experimental animals. ' Victor H. Kindsvatter of the University . . ^ of Pennsylvania reported in the Journal of Industrial hygiene and Toxicology, June 1940, that the pathology of the liver, kidney, spleen, adrenal, heart, lun, optic and peripheral nerves of the animals exposed to varying concentrations over a-period of several months indicated only slight reversible effects on liv and kidney, and that restitution to normal readily took place as demonstrated . by animals rith normal livers- and nearly normal kidneys after maximum exposure S* -y. 'r tjtxsteoho coxa: coupahx LANCASTER, FA* FLOOR DIYZSIQH At the request of Dr* Sullivan, Plant Physician, a survey was made oi' the Backing In Departnant of the Floor Division by the Industrial Health Section, Health end Welfare Division, Metropolitan Life Insurance Ccnpany on June 9# 1950# to determine whether any industrial health hasard was as sociated with the ftaes generated in tee stoves in this department* Hanufacturin? Oper&tlans Pelt used in toe manufacture of Quaker tfaii Covering was satura ted with a priae'eoat containing linseed oil, iosln, tulloil ana metallic driers* The prise coat Is applied to tho felt cn a machine and the operation is known as SJ latumting. After saturation the felt was fed into CZ7 Stove mere it ns festooned to dry* Drying was hastened by heat supplied, by steas coils* The stove is open at opposite ends and the steas turned off during the charging of the stove* Two sen work opposite each other on catwalks near the top of the stove. They regulate the length uu spacing of the feotccas, f" are in the oven until it is filled - a period of bout 60 to 90 minutes* Heavy acid fuses are given off from the treated felt which cause the eyes to smart and scaetinea cause violent coughing* KO*>. Air Starling An air sample ts ta*en in *27 3tore nftar it vau 2/3 Xiliou with treated felt in order taut tli* funos wculu have a cmocu tc xiln ur to ti_i ^ ' r t inudjcuo concentration* The lucea lore cr.tr*^f vu in **i..oxuto a-cohoi by xt:;Axx of tv.o nubuisr tuts cozmvcied in kM.or.Uu. train.*-.-- in tu ice utth to cinlalxe evaporation o. t:.- ix.cc-l*ux uitri:.c; tc.w sauci*.*!,; ..-srlod# Suction, supvlisu by au a*.gctric.v'*y orivsn ;.uuv, urot> tu air saui-lo iarough t absorption train* The *u> ttnjtlyip-d for aiaehyaos aud c&lculaixu to acro-cin, t..j rost toxic o* any oi* tbs uidscyaao pos-ibiy prs**ut in tue atco^/uere. Gr.raie*! EasultS A concentration of acrolein of 25*3 parts per niiiisn of air res found in t;*o atnosphsre of i?27 Stove during tic last t-.iru of too stove in.-.r. Ir.p. Conclnsicns Acrolein is an irritsnt ana in even low concentrations: affects tne utter respiratory tract* Os inhalation of hih concentrations, it caust- c of trio lungs* It causes intense irritation cf the e. -fi ana nose fo-^or: saort ex-esure* Acrolein cauaoniy occurs ?hsn fats *;. oil. a^tsc. to taepertturss <ai it is tax principal irritant in t-- cxaant j-o free ccasusticn -cngino*. uenderson ana uagt>ra (hexiwus C^jcu, aeiru.c.;: ? torn*, w Xc*`Ay x.ya3, i'a^c on-- 4. art per t-- in air is in* eci&teiy a* tectable, taut y.i parts cause intouuc irrit- 4a#u. tnat --o p--rts per ixlion is .--trim * xn * ^.itre !& ?:;s txxisun ailo*uhit; con-sintr-tio:: cf acroxoin in --r -- *cc.;.t t..v 1,4* Aacrican Couf-rcr.ce of Governmental l;iuw-4:*i.l hyj-.rr.itt- i. ports ;u*r ciiiion* Th:- concentration fcunc in tins tc.it is to.oec ;;ijh . or won a snort period of ex. osuro* aa ,a ( rC7 ( Recommendation^ 1* Tiio concentrations of funes in t*ic stores in tiio ir-c^r.*: In Department should be reduced tu a i.i. >sr..m- conceut.ru lien of Co parts per million of acrolein during toe tiao -aorisen are exposed by; (a) fivhauat methods for roncval of too faces frou the stoves* (b) dilution of the fuses in the stoves by sup;~lied air. 1. Exposure of the ronsen car. be controlled by: (a) Use of curtrioge type respirators using activutcu charcoal as an absorbent* (b) Gee of air sup.lieu respirators* Ttortson resent the searing of respirators because they are hot end interfere rith brauttdsvj. Tse eyes con bo protected fay using gobies or a respirator f&co piece vith contained goggles* The lens of suen eye protection tend to fog and interfere r.ith vision. Ac air supplied consdaatisn goggle face pioce ovcrccncs this difficulty because toe lens are prevented froa fogging and are sore pleasant tc x*ur due tc me coding action of tne supplied air* J. Tn* Fehr.cl, director Industrial Hygiene laboratory _nd field service J3 iJ Si cc *4 t* <Ht rU p.i-4 6. fii---HH44 lH O U U* a 60 *S? pH *Co 0rt --6i U0 U .~ w a. o --4 4-4 a *s 0.4-4 0 4 mH > 0.4-4 0 *tt H 3O 0 JZ 4 * 4 w o o M o 4 -M O *N E. ou 5T P .0 0 8 --c4 JR f o 0C B 0.0 D C O 4-4 OOtf 4* X O O *4 0 o K 8* u 6* < 5 C H --4 H pH 5 to a 4 n. 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X Vx 0 c CM S o xo os CM 4; CO c bOm* * J3 * X* w* 0. 0 5-S Cu c xx e fi. . u Cl o m T5 C fM m 4 5 6J >3X & x b a. o i2 to e H L x3 u XX ak --a JC u <-c oo mm CO O U x xX <--1 c CM o to 3 *0 XX HO A ++ a CO . eC C XX eo 3 ^ jc o u ou xX Ox Cx rn 0t *j to JS *3 . mI e <M *x Q. tO G ^ * o. to r a -* .Ti to c c c x b ' s ral , o. > o -- m-f <v< 0 - . *~\ to n *X ^s. 0 P a ** *oco : u n <) IN TW3 a (X >; Dept. BH s * ,f23, lo t flo o r . F nint HH 105- Ho exhaust a p p lie d . Loir c e ilin g , rooo. CONSIDERATIONS FOR rJKTHSSKG THE SAFETY PROGRAM THE ARMSTRONG CORK COMPANY (Floor Division Plant) Following an inquiry fron Mr. D. M. Mason, Personnel Depertsent of the Armstrong Coric Company, concerning industrial accident prwention surreys conducted by the -ife Insurance Ccspany fc- its policyholders, e letter was received froa Mr. A. >!. George, Prriucticn lepartnent, requesting the Safety Bureeu to study the accident preven tion measures cf the floor division plant at Lancaster, Jinne^lTaaia. In his letter, Mr. George stated that the general euperin T.dent desired inforration that would assist hia in reducing the frequen end severity of accidents snd that Mr. E. ?. Saith, Jr., ?ice-?resir.en of nsnufactur- ing operations had indicated his approval for the propoe* survey. In accordance with these arrangements, e staff eng' - cf the Safet; Suresu visited the property* A study was Bade of the e: s :ing safety, organization, the preventive methods and activitiee cor :cted, and the type as well as the use of eccident records in directir tie preventive Opportunities also were provided to inspect end processes and phyeicai conditions of the propjrty. suggestions were offere; for the reaovsl or orrect:' hezsrds, se .^guarding n -vers ere Relieved se tnisr plan which jsphesizea -*fe vc^-lr. practices - tl errors by uployees. strove-, 11 'rgar" e* - trccrar c* tirfs hind *;era... c%'. ^ , 'rdi can be in :iudt i leter curing .nc-de-** .1 visits os .r iters arr not adequately covered b; .he proper o: :he In the opinion of cur engineer, the prirary needs of the plant in ob taining further accident reductions will depend lergely upon the observanc cf three fundamentals of good accident prevention prsetise; narely, a funo tional c: jr: ization to elirinate circurstances leading to personal injury as well as on-pereonal injury accidents, en accident recording system by which esser ;iel facte car. he utilized for the proper direction of preventi activities end a definite prograa to procote erployee intereet in the pre vertior. of accidents. These natters end the reasons for such a plan were discussed briefly with Messrs. Marshall end Keen respectively, end later i sore detail'with Mr. George and Mr. Mason. It. this report, the findings relative to the present safety worh of the plant ere offered for consideration together with certain recommenda tions designed to facilitate the administration of preventive activities end to increase their effectiveness. DIGEST OF REC0MM5KDATIOKS Safety Organization end Functions of Executives 1. existing plant management comprising the general superintendent and his assistants, the safety engineer, and foremen is recommended as the safety organization for the plant. (See page 1) 2. It is recomended that the general superintendent continue to display a personal Interest In preventive methods, hut Indicate In a more definite manner to subordinates his determination to stop accidents. (See page 3) 3. As an advisor to the general superintendent in developing the acci dent prevention policies of the plant, it is recossended that the vorh of the safety engineer - a. he advisory rather than functional; (See pace 4) b. follow certain basic duties. (See page 6) "v tt 4. It Is recomended that preventive verb be co-ordinated with oper ations by - a. impressing foremen vlth their accident responsi bilities and emphasizing the four fundamentals of good supervision; (See page 9) b. developing a vorhing plan by vhich foremen can en list the interest 8nd support of employees in preventing accidents. (See page 11) . . Directional Control 5. It is recommended that the accident recording methods of the plant be standardized, simplified, and changed to provide an efficient system with two primary objectives: a. to maintain a cormlete history of your accident experience; b; to aid in the effective direction of preventive ' work. (See page Ik) 6. For recording and utilising accident data, four simple -ferns are proposed: (See page Ik) a. Foreman's Report of Accident (PROPERLY COMPLETED.') b. Personal Injury Record of Employee c. Departmental (plant - conpeny) Accident Statement d. Treatment, Record and Medical Release (a) * r. z'?-. V. V c 7. It ie reeosnended that all accidents regardless of severity be reported by foremen immediately and directly to the safety engin eer. (See page 18 and special note on page 29) * 8. It la recommended that all accident records excepting those purely of .a medical nature, be maintained in the safety department. (See page 24) 9. Regardless of how trivial an injury may appear, it is strongly recommended that employees report immediately to the medical department vhen injured while at work. (See page 36) * Preventive Activities 10. Unless a nixed ccomittee would conflict with company policy, service by vorinen on the plant safety committee is recommended. (See page 43) 11. Periodic changes among members of the safety cccaittee are recommended. (See page 44) . 12. Rather than holding periodic meetings, it is recommended that short, informal, end animated meetings be held only as often as inter esting material cam be presented for discussion. (See page 44) 13. A definite order of business is recommended for meetings of the safety comittee. (See page 45) 14. It is recommended that duties other than the correction of physical hazards of the property be included for the safety ccmittee. (See page 46) 15. It is reccmended that the various functions of the safety ccmittee be conducted on a sub-committee basis. (See page 49) 16. Some fcrm of organized safety competition applicable for the departments of the plant as veil as all plants of the company, is recomended. (See pace 30, also cement on page 35) 17. A variety of safety advertising material ettractively main tained, frequently changed, and located at strategic places in the plant other than entrances and exits, is recomended. (See page 36) 18. Operating natters in addition to preventing accidents, and waste are reccmended in conjunction with the suggestion system. (See page 57) (b) 19. It is recommended that a code of general as well as special safety rules governing the conduct of employees while at vorl:/ be formulated. (See page 58) . 20. It is reconoended that individual goggles properly fitted and suitable for the work involved be provided for end required to be worn 'ey employees engaged in such operations as grinding; chipping; paint scraping; welding; babbitting; pouring molten metals, acids, or caustics; rivetting; the machining of brass, bronze, or cast iron; and for such other work in whleh an employee's eyes may be endangered by flying cr falling particles, or splashes. (See page 61) (c) r-- V / c^SCZSTZD OP'iAIJTZATTOIf FOP KEEVETCOT5 ACCrDZTJTS * Functions Fron discussions vith plant executives and a study of past accident occurrences, it is believed that the accident responsibilities and preventive functions of the general ouperintendent, his supervisory staff, the safety engineer, and the foremen could be nore clearly defined and better understood. Accordingly, in the following part of this section, their roles in the general safety plan are discussed together with the more important preventive duties related to each. General Superintendent - Because of the pressure of other business, there apparently is a tendency on the part of the general superintendent (and his =iediate assistants) to delegate their responsibility for preventing accidents to the safety engineer. Mr. Seen. When safety and production natters seen to conflict and secondary consideration is. given to accident prevention as en operating probier:, production as well as the safety progran both suffer. Since the prevention of accidents is not confined alone to personal injuries but also includes damaged equipment, spoiled material, production delays, waste, etc., the application of preventive principles to plant production problens very often reredies the condition involved. But of equal importance, whatever attitude tahea by the general superintendent towerds safety, this is reflected more or leee by the entire operating personnel. Moreover,, the general super intendent and his assistants should be interested in the safety performance of the plant as. veil as that of the company as it frequently is of interest to the public, to prospective purchasers cf their securities, ar.d to Etocbholders. A successful safety record by an organization also serves as e good -2- advertising medium. Recommendation --2 - As accidents occur because of faulty working methods or failure of management to rectify a hazardous condition, the attention of the general, superintendent should he directed to the importance of safe working practices b*r employees, not only as a means of avoiding personal injuries hut also to facilitate operating efficiency. It is reccesaended, therefore, that the general superintendent continue to display his personal Interest in safety, hut indicate in a more definite manner to subordinates his determination to stop accidents. When the working force fully understands that he will net tolerate an unfavorable safety record, supervisors and employees usually give more serious consideration to the matter of accident prevention. Bulletins and letters over his signature and similar media may he used, hut these are not generally as effective as a brief but pertinent interview and "follow-up" either with individuals or groups whenever this is possible. As the success or failure of your safety program is, therefore, dependent in major part on the general superintendent, his leadership is important; and his role in pre ventive work may he summarized as follows: a. Continue to give active cooperation and support to the company* s accident prevention vork. . , h. Consider the prevention of accidents ae definitely related to production and a function of the operating ` organization. .c. Impress upon the entire operating force that "accidents" not only mean personal injuries, hut likewise involve damaged or spoiled stock, tools, and equipment resulting from inefficient working methods. ' d. Make safety a part of every man's Job. -3- e. Where occasion demands, send for a vorlocan or a fore man and discuss with him personally the accidents he has incurred or the record of his unit. f. Be conversant with the accident experience of all units of the plant, maintaining a knowledge of the accident situation from periodic analyses of records prepared by the safety engineer. | g. Preside personally (as functional head) as chairman of all safety meetings of foremen and safety committee meetings. . k. The general superintendent may assign details of the preventive program to the safety engineer who should serve as an assistant in accident prevention matters hut not as a substitute. Safety Bnrineer - ^perience has shown that successful safety work re quires the continuous conduct of well-directed activities rather than spas modic effort. Similar to other large industrial units, a safety engineer has been appointed to supervise activities concerning accidents and their prevention. While department heads do attempt to follow the recormendations of the safety engineer, cne if 'the deficiencies of the present preventive set-up is the manner in which such reccasiendations are transmitted to the supervisory staff. For example, rather than emanating directly from Hr. Eeen to departmental heads (sometimes with the endorsement of the general super intendent), safety suggestions and other material on the prevention of acci dents should he prepared for and forwarded over the signature of Mr. Blaisdell or Mr. Marshall. This not only will add importance to the matter in question hut, if urorerlv fcHoved-un hy the general superintendent, also will serve to '1. Remove the burden of accident prevention from the safety enrir.eer alone. 2. Permit the general superintendent and supervisory staff properly to assume their safety responsibilities, and to maintain a current taovledge of the plant accident situation. ' 3. Place the safety engineer in an advisory rather than a functional capacity. The above suggestion is not intended to limit the safety engineer in j his discussions and dealings vlth the supervisory staff, foremen and others, frequently, it is most essential for the safety engineer to review certain matters vith members of the operating force, develop plans for correcting a hatard, assist in formulating a safe operating procedure, advise on working practices, etc. However, if a memorandum or letter of instructions is neces sary in these instances, such correspondence should appear over the signature of the general superintendent. In addition, this principle also applies to any accident or safety matters, such as an experience statement, cause analysis, corrective method, etc., referred for the attention of or action by the super visory staff, foremen, or individuals of the working force. In other words, the chief duty of the safety engineer is to design and supervise the details of the safety program, presenting methods of co-ordinating preventive activ ities with operations for the approval of an<}transmittal by the general super intendent. The actual execution of the preventive measures are functions of foremen, which ere discussed later. Incidentally, it is believed that the foregoing suggestion likewise will aid eutcmatically in correcting a somewhat obscure condition affecting both the efficiency of your safety work and general operating costs. Tor exarrtie, there is no way at present to determine whether or not the required effort is -5- -mode by the operating force to maintain accident reductions ond to secure additional decreases in accident frequency. Furthermore, there seems to be no appreciation on the part of some of the supervisory staff and foremen as ! to vhat might reasonably be expected from the departments in preventing acci dents, and no means apparently are provided for gauging results. Since figures representing the direct costs of accidents (compensation payments, medical end ; hospital costs, etc.) as veil as indirect accident expense (spoiled material, waste, damaged equipment, production delays, etc., - now probably absorbed in overhead) present an excellent opportunity for controlling a variable item of operating costs, it is difficult to understand why an organization such as the floor division plant has not secured the dual advantage of fever accidents and reduced operating costs through safe practices applied by the supervisory j staff and foremen. Moreover, it is contrary to good accident prevention I practice to hold the safety engineer responsible for stopping accidents and to allov him to undertake the preventive functions of the supervisory staff and foremen. !?ot only is it obviously impossible for a "one-man team" to make much of a dent in your accident record, but no amount of effort can be ex pected to produce effective and vcrthvhile results unless this particular con dition is adjusted in accordance with successful industrial safety practice. Pecomendation *5 - As an advisor to the general superintendent on accident prevention policies for the plant, it is recommended that the fol 1 lowing be considered as basic duties of the safety engineer: a. Investigating and recording all accidents or "near acci dents", including those involving damage to machinery end equipment whether or not personal injuries ere sus tained. | -6- b. Maintaining propor records and forme depicting the plant's accident experience. c. Preparing experience and other statements periodically for the guidance of the general superintendent, supervisory staff, and foremen in conducting the preventive work. d. Issuing reports to foremen and interested executives cover . ins pertinent facts regarding accidents and accident circum stances of their units, such as: causes, types, incidence, costs, accident-repeaters, etc. e. Visiting operations as frequently as possible and making a record of inspections covering particularly unsafe methods and working practices as veil as physical hazards of equip ment and property. ,f. Conferring with executives and foremen, calling attention to hazards, unsafe conditions, or faulty working practices and assisting in co-ordinating safe methods with operations or processes. A list of these items should be maintained " for the information of the general superintendent and checked off as corrections are cade. g. Obtaining special preventive information or material from outside sources for the use of executives and foremen. h. Convincing vcrkzer. that the management is sincere in its efforts to stop accidents. i. Interviewing new men on the Job whenever possible, empha sizing the value of safe practices and assisting in the subsequent placement end training of new employees. J. Assisting in the preparation of safety rules for those operations in which specific hazards are involved. k. Promptly acknowledging and recording all suggestions by worsen, maintaining a record of reccznsr.dations end final disposition. l. Securing proper poster material, warning signs, etc., and supervising the preparation of attractive safety dis plays at strategic locations. n. Serving as secretary (not as chairman) of ell safety com mittee meetings, keeping minutes of the transactions. -7- n. Arranging for safety coranitteo meetings, providing material and helping the general superintendent who serves as chairman, to make the meetings interesting. o. Conducting such other activities vhich the general ' superintendent "believes are necessary for substituting more active safety effort in place of passive accep . tance by the operating force. Foremen - These coments are not intended to he critical of foremen, as the preventive situation is not uncommon in industry vhere management has not had an opportunity to appraise occupational safety practices as a means of facilitating production. In Justice to the foremen, it also must te added that 1 the majority interviewed seemed anxious to co-operate with accident prevention activities of the company. Still, they seem mostly of the opinion that pro duction is paramount over all other natters of an operating nature. Eovever commendable, this attitude is not altogether consistent with present practices in industry because production, although gained in a given time, will hardly pay dividends when added expense resulting from accidents or operating mistahes is involved in attaining it. Generally, good production depends upon two Important factors; namely, quality and low unit cost, and one without the other is indicative of faulty supervision vhich so often views an accident as a phase of employment and unavoidable to a certain extent. While the accident experience of the floor division plant has not been unfavorable, it is believed* that a better safety record can be obtained when foremen appreciate their safety responsibilities and fully understand that accidents whether or not personal injuries-occur, are largely the result of someone f2ilium to do ! the right thing in the right way at the right time - in other words, faulty - 3- i vorIcing methods. A proper attitudo reflecting an active interest in good operating habits by employees, therefore, is very important on the part of foremen. Moreover, workmen constantly scrutinize their foremen and observe how closely the latter conform with the company's accident prevention program, i and in this way the attitudes of executives and supervisors are interpreted to the working force. Recommendation jSk - As education is essential in promoting good working habits among workmen, it follows that the teaching of proper practices is one of the most important duties of foremen. To provide measures by which they can develop a safer and more competent working force, it is recommended that the following four functions of supervision be emphasized: a. Placement - In placing a newly hired employee as well as those transferred from other departments, a toowledge by the supervisor of the esplohee'e experience should be gained. This can. be done by the supervisor examining personally the qualifications and ability of the employee. Work should be selected for which the gn is best suited,.both mentally and physically. A careful explanation to the man of the accident prevention policy of the Company, the operations and methods peculiar to the Job, and the nature of the equipment and materials with which to work, is highly inroortant. b. Training - The danger points of each operation should be pointed out, end the precautionary measures together with the reasons for them, made clear. Any special departmental- hazards such as acci dent, health, or fire, should be brought to the * attention of the employee end the practices of the unit or eection to overcome them should be described. The training of workmen includes an under standing of the established safety regulations, first aid rules, the use of departmental fire protection equijment, and such other measures to insure good working habits. c. Supervision - VJhile work is in progress, foremen should be super vising operations. Casual and spasmodic inspections permit the development of circumstances leading to accidents. Foremen who confine themselves largely to their desks or offices assure the I c {. r e <w ( statue of clerics, and other arrangements should be followed for the completion of routine paper work and minor production details. Proper supervision also provides for a systematic program of instruction regarding safe and efficient practices for all employees. For example, the impressions gained by a new employee beginning work for the first time are likely to be lasting ones, and he pro bably is influenced more by vhat he sees than by what he is told. Consequently, his later conduct will be governed largely by the actions of the men with when he is to work. It is very essential, therefore, that the working methods of older employees also be checked periodically, not only to eliminate faulty habits which - they sight acquire but to introduce new employees to safe sur roundings and to impress them with the value attached to good working practices. Periodic studies of all Jobs aid foremen to Insure accurate scheduling and to assure the proper use of equip ment and materials. Chance-taking, unnecessary haste, hazardous "short-cuts11 and other unsafe practices likewise can be brought to light and corrected. Good supervision also includes orderly housekeeping, early repairs and conditioning of equipment. The operating condition of equipment should not be neglected until breakdowns occur, but should be checked frequently by foremen. At the same time, the use of safeguards can be determined as well as necessary protective apparel and equipment. d. Education - To aid the safety educational program, informal dis cussions by foremen with their men either individually or in groups, are extremely helpful. The advantages of such meetings are many. In the first place, they add the personal touch to the preventive program so necessary in eliminating the business aspects of safety frea the minds of workmen. Second, they offer opportunities for announcements, a review of progress, a discussion of practicable ways to avoid accidents and to eliminate accident causes, and to develop better methods for conducting the oper ations of the unit. Oiird, information is obtained from employees regarding the intimate knowledge they have of actual operating . conditions which the management perhaps can obtain in no other way. Fourth, meetings create a feeling of partnership among men with the management in the matter of preventing personal injuries and production interruptions. In addition to the above considerations, it must be remembered that certain employees are incapable of assimilating Imiowledge as a group. Fre quently, a workman is prone to accident because of faulty habits, improper i - 10 - attitude, temperament, a physical ailment, or homo worries; and in many of these cases, mass instruction is of little consequence. Such employees must he treated individually by the foreman in order that the man nay fully understand the importance of safety to himself and to others, and so that proper vorhing methods will beccme fixed hahits. A sympathetic attitude on the part of the foreman together with a sincere attempt hy both the foreman and plant management to remedy the condition, very often removes the chief cause of an accident. Generally, these efforts provide definite returns not only in better wording methods hy the employee concerned, hut in in creased efficiency end morale on the part of the operating force as a whole. On the basis, therefore, that the safety ai their men is as much a responsibility of foremen as operations and production of their departments, the following steps also may prove helpful in developing a wording plan by which foremen can enlist greater support among employees in preventing acci dents : First, win the confidence and support of employees by - . a. Proper personal example and attitude. b. An active interest in accident prevention matters. c. Correcting physical haterds and unsafe conditions. Second, emphasize methods of preventing accidents by - a. Instructing employees in all details of their Jobs. t. Shoving how to do the Job properly and safely. c. Checking methods for operating mistakes and errors. d. Follow-up periodically to Insure safe practices. Third, develop cooperation of employees by - a. Conducting short, informal, departmental meetings. b. Saving something interesting to talfc about. c. Saving employees do most of the talhing. - 11 - d. Discussing accident causes end their elimination. e. Ending the meeting while Interest Is still high. Fourth, utilize hey men to assist in departmental safety activities, delegating to them certain responsibilities such as: a. The erection, maintenance and use of safeguards. b. The detection and correction of physical hazards of . buildings, grounds, and property. c. The maintenance of good housekeeping conditions. d. The repair of tools and equipment. e. The proper handling and movement of materials. f. The safe storage of supplies and stock. Fifth, try for a departmental safety record by - a. Encouraging departmental spirit. b. Keeping employees advised of standings. c. Watching especially the habits of new men. d. Giving a little praise occasionally. - Sixth, be a friend as well as a supervisor by - a. Knowing employees by their first names. b. Aiding when possible with their personal problems. c. Considering suggestions and investigating complaints. d. Being fair and impartial. e. Talking privately to an employee when discipline is warranted. . . 12 - I I II- 7.. Form ,fD" (beck) Notice of Return tc T.erk .' To: Safety Director Section o Recause of an -- accident - illness - incurred at aork on . - iq . this employee - lost no time - has been absent since 19 * He released for T.cr* on 19 . end began tori: at * A~?M cn IV being relieved of * for at least "` Remarks Date .` 19 _ ---------- ----------------------------------. Foreman . Section 4 Medical Release To Mr. (foremen1*? name) Don't To Medical Department, ARMSTRONG CORK COMPANT. ' " In cv oainion (emolrvee 's name^ Clock No. injured - taken ill - at fork on 19 - a-- absent since 19 - is no* able to resume - nis . regular *ork - vosfc of a nature lighter tnan mis regular duties. He snould be relieved of for st least Return for exrr.instions on Remarks "' ' "" ........................... ! j Date 1 ---------------------------------------------- V.s. (\*-irr*) DIRECTIONAL CONTROL Accurate and definite information is essential in making a com plete study of any problem. For example, if production costs are higher than they should be or certain machines or employees are not operating efficiently, an analysis of available records covering the situation aids in correcting the faults responsible for the condition. The maintenance and use of facts concerning the operations of a company, therefore, are indispensable to proper management. For the intelli gent direction of preventive effort, the compilation AND USE of accident data are equally important in preventing accidents, especially since your Company is a self-insurer. The method followed by the floor division plant for recording accident experience is not believed adequate to provide effective control of accidents. Accidents are recorded as they occur and some attempt is made to analyte them occasionally, but the procedure followed and the in-' formation obtained (largely medical which is of little value for preventive purposes) would seem to furnish a small emount of working data of practical value. As a matter of fact, one of the main difficulties is the apparent lack of understanding regarding the type of information required as a means of directing safety activities. Another difficulty seems to lie in the use of rather`indefinite records uncoordinated with your safety proves. More over, the time necessary to complete some of the records is hardly Justified in view of the limited material they offer. It is believed, therefore, that - 15 - the accident recording method of the plant not only can he standardised as veil as simplified Bomevhat, hut changed to provide an efficient system. Such a system would have two primary objectives: a. To maintain a complete history of your accident experience, and h. To aid in the effective direction of preventive vorlc. Recommendation 45 - For recording and utilising accident data, four simple forms are suggested for consideration, namely: a. Foreman's Report of Accident h. Personal Injury Record of Employee c. departmental (Plant-Company) Accident Statement d. Treatment Record and doctor's Release Naturally, these forma nay be modified later as experience dictates. It is obviously impossible now to determine their ultimate scope or desi^a, but they are offered as a basis for a proposed recording plan which incorpor ates, modifies, and in some instances tends to eliminate certain accident forms now being used, together with most of the accident statements presently made. Foreman's Retort of Employee Accident - A foreman's report of an accident to am employee, PROPERLY CCg-^PLh-jmu, is considered the source cf all accident information and hence, the foundation upon which an accurate hmcv- lecge of your accident experience depends. Although a form of this hind, #2646, is in use, many of the questions are not considered altogether proper to include in a foreman's report of accident. For example, the-last two questions of section 1 of this report, the lost ten cf the second section, and - 14 - . { perhaps two of the third section cover material which generally is developed with the cooperation of the foreman concerned hy a thorough investigation by ( the Safety Director and/or a sub-oommittee selected to conduct accident in vestigations from the plant safety committee. In this connection, two specific points might be mentioned. First, foremen generally are not qualified to state the "Nature cf Injury" sustained. They can, however, indicate the "Apparent nature of injuzy." Seconily, the question "How Did the Accident Happen" tends to delegate the determination of the cause of the accident to foremen. Such determination should be made by the Safety Director after a careful analysis of all the circumstances and the findings resulting frcn the accident investigations. In other words, the cause of the accident at present seems to be determined according to the opinions of the supervisory force, which opinions in actual practice have not always been found Impartial by / other industrial organizations. Beliance on foremen for accident analyses likewise is contrary to standard accident prevention practice. In the first place, this is one of the functions of the Safety Engineer who is more qual ified to determine the underlying circumstances which actually provoked the occurrence of the accident; and secondly, foremen for reasons mentioned above, do not always render a full or an impartial analysis cf the causes -attribu table to accidents. Frequently, foremen hesitate to give evidence cf faulty supervision vhich in so many cases is either the irmsdiete or proximate cause of an accident. Moreover, there usually are some foremen who always seek a mechanical failure as an accident cause, and are quite at a loss to account for an accident when a mechanical fault is absent as a circumstance. V_- r - 15 - .The general purpose of a foreran*8 report of an accident is pri marily to Indicate an accident occurrence. Although it is customary to in clude the more pertinent circumstances, it would seem questionable whether or not the many entries in your present Foreman's Report of Accident are con ducive to completeness by foremen in entering infozmatlon. In reviewing past reports of accidents, it was noted in many Instances that very brief des criptions were given in the present foxm and that a number of entries were omitted altogether. To encourage completeness in the preparation of accident reports by foremen and to insure the receipt of information necessary for analysis and study, a brief report (Fora A) is proposed on page 17 covering entries which are considered essential and which foremen can be expected' and required to answer. When properly completed by foremen, this form together with the plant personnel records and the information resulting from an inves tigation, should provide the material neceeeery for reporting an accident to the State Industrial Coamiission. Essential data also would be provided for the Safety Engineer in analyzing the accident. Occasionally no one will be present with an employee when he is injured, or possibly hie foreman will be absent or some distance away from the scene of an accident. As injured employees often are able to report important details, a brief statement from then should be obtained immediately, if possible, following an accident. It may be desirable, too, for the injured employee to initial his statement on the Foreman's Report of Accident if he is able to do so, - particularly that type of man who, given tine, to thinh, may leter distort the facts. - 16 - '!' ' ** v-i y (Form "A") Cause Code Injury Code .... FJlr N'jtlvr . . . TOKg.tAW,s report of accident of Employee., ,,, r : Vo Department OCCM->*t Lon .Date of Injury _ Stooped T7ork;_, ` 19 Time 19.. Time t 4* >| a *> *# 4. A .li Sent to Plant Hosoital 19 Tine JM it Apparent Nature Injury........ _ Location of Accident . Machine or Tocl Involved describe FULLY Hot. Accident Cccnrreu How Kill You Prevent Similar Accident.*. Eaplqjree^S Statement of Accident fitnesses. Late of Report jo rorenrn Plant A l S." I. f f After the item "describe Fully Hov Accident Occurred" in the pro posed report, it is very important for foremen to give a complete and detailed statement depicting vhat the employee vas doing and Just hov the accident occurred. The importance of including all the facts and answering ques tions fully might veil he called to the attention of foremen. Perhaps a meeting of foremen say he desirable for this purpose, indicating hov the laclc of sufficient information in their reports vill handicap the preventive vorfc of the plant and necessitate time for inquiries on the part of the Safety Engineer and others in order to obtain all the circumstances. In justice to , the employees and to avoid later embarrassment to the Company, an accident should be reported impartially end truthfully. Attempts to obscure the actual circumstances may Jeopardize the position of the Company, especially in the more serious cases, since the facts usually are disclosed following an inves tigation. As one "-jr.< of training foremen to provide the data covered, incomplete reports should be returned to them for completion vith appropriate notations by the general superintendent. It is strongly recommended that all accidents, regardless of severity, be reported by foremen immediately end Form A forwarded directly to the Safety Sigineer. As the medical department in practice deals more with the curative rather than the preventive field, it is the function of the safety department to record and maintain the history of your accident exper ience. After determining the actual cause or causes as veil as the nature of injury; these can be entered in code (See pages 19, 20, and 21) in long hand by the Safety Engineer to facilitate future reviews of the records. - 18 - ACTUAL CAUSES OF ACCIDENT Supervisory and Bgplovee Instruction 1. none 2. Incomplete 3* erroneous Supervision It-, faulty 5* lack of proper inspection Ability of Employee 6. inexperience 7. unskilled Concentration 8. absent-minded 9. attention distracted Working Practices 10. chance taking 11. short cuts 12. haste 13. Improper method 14. unsuitable tools 15. failed to use proper protective devices Discipline 16. not enforced 17. disobedience 18. interference by others 19. fooling or horee-pley Mental 20. Ignorant 21. poor Judgnent 22. temper 23. excitable 2k.' asleep or intoxicated Physical 25. defective 26. fatigue 27* unauited for class of vork Equipment and Material Property Conditions 28. unguarded 29. ineffectively guarded 30. lack of proper protective devices or materials 31. insufficient ventilation 32. poor illumination Housekeeping Conditions 33. improper piling or storage 34. congestion - 35* refuse material 36. lack of sanitation Equipment 37. defective material or tools 38. defects in machinery, equipment, or building Planning 39* improper layout of operations 40. improper layout of equipment or materials 41. unsafe processes ' Working Apparel 42. no goggles 43. lack of proper protection for hands, feet, head, etc. 44. unsuitable clothing - long or tom sleeves, flarins trouser legs, etc. TABLE 2 MANNER OF INJURY a. Handling Material h* Handling Tools c. Balls - heights d. Balls - levels e. Balls - steps Burns - heated materials g. Burns - Chemical h Burns . other i. Balling Material J. Striding Objects h. Hand Trucks 1 Motor louche ffl. Flying Objects n. Machinery o. Electricity p. Gas &. Stepped on Objects r. Miscellaneous 20 - TAB1E 3 CODE FOR NATURE OF INJURIES A. Amputations B. Bruises and contusions C. Cuts and. lacerations D. Dislocations F. Fractures H. Hot substances and bums I. Irritations J. Objects - foreign E. Eilled _ L. Electrical injuries N. Infections O. Overcome - heat or cold ?. Punctures or Olivers R. Ruptures and hernias S. Sprains and strains X. Asphriations Z. Poisonings M Miscellaneous PART OR MKBERS AFFECTED 1. head 2. eyes 3* hose k. ears 5 neeb 6. shoulder 7. chest 8. abdesen 9* back 10. spine 11. ribs 12. arms 13* hands lb. fingers and thumbs 15 body - internal 16. buttocls 17. hips 18. legs 19. feet 20. toes Example, cede fer troben right arm: P-12, - 21 Appropriate spaces for these entries together vith that for case file numbers, have been indicated at the top of the proposed form. Use of the code tables on pages 19> 20, and 21 would show imme diately upon inspection the true causes as veil as the injuries sustained by an employee for any particular accident. Although the two codes suggested may seem somewhat involved at first, their continued use vill lend facility in identifying causes end injuries. Revisions, of course, may be made from time to time to conferm vith the progress of the vorb, and more specific causes may be found as studies of the circumstances surrounding accidents ere made. When the accident reports are coded in the spaces provided at the top, the accident cases may be ushered according to the number of accidents ' ex perienced by an employee. Tor convenience in filing and for reference pur poses, it will probably be found desirable to number the cases consecutively regardless of year, attaching all papers relating to a particular eccident, end placing in a filing envelope with other cases of accident involving the employee. A cross-reference also can be established between the case files relative to each consecutively mabered accident, and the personal injury record card (See page 2p) which should be filed alphabetically. ' ' Objections nay be made by seme foremen to the reporta because of the time reouired to complete the form. Such objections usually are based uxor, advanced opinion rather than actual fact, and their attention may be called to the presimption that the prevention of accidents will eliminate the necessity for cabins reports of this hind. Moreover, the method of obtaining full information for completing the fora properly is strictly a supervisory - 22 function, and not one vhich should be delegated to the plant nuroo nor the Safety Engineer. Severer, medical treatment should not be delayed in order to complete the form, and for eerious injuries and in cases of emergency, the employee should ro or be tahen to the plant hospital immediately. After noting the information needed for his records, the Safety Engineer should refer ell Foreman1 s Reports of Accidents received during the day to the general superintendent - together vith any suggested memoranda (vhen advisable) over the signature of the general superintendent for the attention and further action by the foremen concerned. In this way, the report vill serve to educate foremen in their safety responsibilities, and the importance of preventing accidents vill be emphasised vhen they realize that the general superintendent will read every line of it. Later, these accident reports should be initialed by the general superintendent and re- turned to the Safety Engineer and filed in the manner suggested. Reccrd cf Personal Injuries - Not only do the accident forms used by the floor division plant vary samevhat fren those of the other unite, but the-utility of several forms is believed doubtful from the standpoints of preventive information covered as veil as the amount of clerical time involved in their preparation. Moreover, the rather avfcvard procedure followed in developing useful accident data is further complicated by the different plant set-ups for maintaining accident records. C:ese conditions are mentioned since they tend to illustrate the present impracticability of obtaining and utilising accident facts readily by your Safety Engineers, and' the need fer a standard accident recording system for all plants. y ^r r ( V. f . . - In addition, the nature of the information supplied by the medical departments is largely medical as stated before, and deals mostly with the results rather than preventive features relating to accidents. Again, mention is made of the faet that no crlcldsm of the medical departments is Intended because they have very capably administered treatments to employees for various disabilities, and doubtless they have cooperated to the best of their abilities in the tash of reporting accidents, maintaining records, and develop Inc experience statements. On the other hand, it must be remembered that the medical unite are more curative than preventive agencies, and also that accident'data are of no value except es matters of record when buried in file. For the above reasons, it is recommended that all accident records, excepting those purely of a medical nature, be maintained in the safety de partment and utilised by the Safety J&igineer to determine corrective measures and to guide his preventive program. A proper running account is one of the essential needs fcr tabulating information efficiently concerning the daily occurrence of accidents. Such an account is Important as a working record for the Safety Engineer and to facilitate his preparation of periodic statements of accident causes, locations, rates, trends, etc., as veil as studies of departmental and plant accident experience. ` As discussed vith Mr. Marshall, a single method for recording em ployee accidents and one which is adapted for periodic reviews in connection with the safety activities of the plent, ie suggested by using a finwn index card, about 5" x 8", form '*3", Personal Injury Record, which appears on page 25. This card incorporates the information in the present accident Journals - 2k - rORM B (FRONT) H l 3; -*.. O&CVjZ /cYiSoey0 &coo ____________________ CJLCCfC r/* Tv . <r* TCYCY7Z. OC c cj*z*9r-/r>sY T -3_______ _ * O /o // /rtf Co-i <V* G+ f*. 4o/K &myA CWI *V> 4?rc y JLoof btf* Cod* Oocfor* ffosm*/ 9 --------------- _ /* / r ro Co^7*J | C7md'/ I 7bfo/ 1 1 i i j 1 1 jt -, ... i FOM B (BACK) , rs/m UdC~s Al/c Oofrn /toy* m*S Stiff ; .. ' CT9 />/<TCO 0*cY Ao// Cod* Codm j | - * .* | -- . ...r: ........... . --. j .j .. ...... .. ? n". "v * || 1 1| 1 -- . i 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 #xs+'/ JZa ^ Coo Comm CVmdV |a 7ot*o / I/ 1 i | 1 1 1r ' . _... - ...... \ 1 i 1 1 1 ------------ r i .1 1 I 1 1 ; maintained by, the medical departments, and provides additional entries necessary for the guidance and direction of your preventive work. If cards are prepared as accidents occur and are filed alphabetically or alphabetically according to department, a personal accident history can be maintained for all employees vfco experience accidents. Cards need not be prepared at once for all employees of the company, but only as additional new names are re ported by the foreman's Accident Report,*1 `'Form A". One card probably vill j be sufficient for practically every employee durins his working life with the company provided the influence of the safety activities in the plant produces expected results. A line with red ink can be drawn across the card after the accidents for preceding years. Although the columnar epacings of Form "3" vill probably be under stood upon inspection, columns 1 and 2 indicate your consecutive file number end industrial compensation ccmission number respectively. The location or department in which the accident occurred can be briefed in colimn 3 The date of the accident, the date of the employee's return to work, and the number of days or hours lost, if any, may be entered in columns k, 5, and 5 in the order given. Columns 7 and 8 vill show the cause and injury codes accord ing to the code tables on pages 19> 20, and 21. The last name or initials of the attending physician can be entered in colmn 9; and if the case requires hospital treatoent, the name of the hospital may be abbreviated in coli=n 10. Column 11 would show the compensation rate as determined by the industrial commission; and column 12, the total amount of compensation paid to the em ployee. The total amount of medical expense including ambulance, x-ray, I - 26 - hospital, and similar chergeo. would be indicated in column 13; and the cenbined compensation and medical costa for each accident experienced by an employee would oe entered in column Ik. Column 15 night show two entries, the number of weeks for which compensation already had been paid and the number of weeks remaining. Until the total compensation awards and total medical expenses have been detemlned for each ease, it is suggested that entries for colmms 12, 15, Ik, end 15 be made in pencil es remittances are cade, indicating the total amounts paid out for each item to date. Vhen the case is closed, final entries can be cade in ink. When filed alphabetically, (eee sketch on page 23) current and pre vious indexes are very helpful. The current index refers to the current month under which all personal injury cards of employees experiencing acci dents during than month, are placed. The previous index refers to those men' incurring accidents previously. In case of separation from the company for any cause, the card for the- employee can be pieced alphabetically in a "dead'' index file. This will provide a check on former employees considered undesir able for re-e^loyment by reason of their working methods, incorrigible acci dent tendencies cr other causes. ? Mary advantages are possible in the use of Form "2"; fcr example, the eccident experience cr details regarding a particular accident involvi^ a certain employee can be determined, by a glance at hiB individual card. Special analyses incident to lost time, causes, locations, etc., are facili tated by arranging the cards "solitaire" fashion according to desired grcucs. Other advantages in the use cf Form "3" are: - 27 - \ I vC .- tr r h:. * *i\ / Sketch No. / 1.. A permanent running account of employee accidents by department can 'be developed. 2. Accident-prone studies of employees, tabulations according to causes, units, costs, or any other desired statement can easily be made. 5. Considerable clerical work, non-essential entries, and repeated items would largely be eliminated. k. A check can be made on the re-employment of workmen with undesirable accident tendencies. 5. The plan systematizes, and is simple to maintain and operate. 6. It provides a cross-index to the suggested numerical file of accident cases. Special lets It is understood that by an agreement with the " Linoleum Workers Vnior., the occurrence of minor injuries is disregarded for recording pruposes. She reasons advanced for this policy ere appreciated, since seme concern on the part of the union apparently exists over the like lihood that an employee's position might be Jeopardized if he unfortunately experiences a number cf minor accidents. By the same token, the management feels that a tendency might develop among employees to neglect medical treat ment of minor injuries if these are recorded and included in the accident ex perience of the plant. However, the main issue seems to relate to the filing of records of minor accidents, in the personal folders of employees. Frankly, it is believed that too much emphasis has been placed on the evils which nay result. In the first place, a representative organization such as the Armstrong Cork Company can hardly be expected to utilize minor accident data to the detriment of the employee concerned, but rather to use such Information in disclosing hidden work hazards or operating difficulties for the benefit and safety of the employee. Moreover, the present practice of employees in reporting immediately for treattient of every injury is simply a natter of training and discipline which seems to be very well instilled. In the opinion cf our engineer, the matter is one which ought to be easily adjusted to the satisfaction of the union as well as the management and, at the sane tine, promote the effectiveness of your accident prevention activi ties which, after all, are to the advantage of both. . As the reporting of ninor cases of eccident is very essential for the success cf ycur safety progran, it is proposed, therefore, that all minor accidents be: . - 29 - 1. Reported promptly by foremen. 2. Investigated and recorded by the safety engineer In plant experience statements. 3. Quitted ae records In the personnel fol ders of employees as In the past. There are several pertinent reasons for this proposal; but im portantly, it vill provide: 1. A complete history of your accident experi ence which is not covered at present. 2. Information regarding accident circumstances which may not be detected until a serious accident occurs. 3. Greater protection to employees from hazards . that are complicated or obscure. i frequently, the difference between a minor accident or a very serious oiie is only a natter of a second or two, or "plain lucic.M To illus trate this end also a striking example of the need for reporting minor acci dents involves an incident which occurred in a department where a large roll of linoleum was being pushed on a dolly truck by two men. Because of the worn and uneven condition of the cement floor, extra effort was necessary to move the roll to a "buck" where the roll was picked up by a traveling electric hand-operated crane. On this occasion, the two men pushing the truck with its roll of linoleum lost control and the heavy steel spindle projecting from the roll was pointed towards the crane-man's helper who was adjusting a sling to another roll on the "buck." A warning cry from the men pushing the truck caused the crane-man's helper,- whose back was turned, to glance behind him Just in time to Jump upwards and allow the spindle .to pass between his legs. Aside from a very minor bruise, no injury resulted and no time was lost ex cept for a few minutes at the plant hospital; but a potential serious injury if not a permanent disability was possible. Under ordinary circumstances according to your present practice, the safety engineer would hare no know ledge of the event nor the need for corrective measures. It also is inter esting to note that the damage to the roll of linoleum as well as to the equip ment- apparently was considered merely as an Incidental phase of production. It is suggested that a meeting be arranged with union representa tives for a discussion of this proposal and an understanding to the end that minor accidents be reported for investigation, study, and recording by the safety engineer. Statement of Accident Experience To present the accident experience of the various units of the plant to the management as well as to interested supervisors and executives, it usually is desirable to prepare monthly statements of accidents. Although statements entitled "Injuries by Types" and "Illness by Types" are prepared at present, it seems doubtful if the infojvnation and the manner of its pres entation is of special interest or utility to those receiving the statement aside from a routine medical record. In our opinion, such a statement should provide a complete record of the accident status of each department for the period covered, combining data vhlch a department head should loiov in order ! to take whatever preventive measures are necessary. Fora "C" on page 32, offers a simple means of presenting the monthly or yearly experiences of the departments, and contains essential information which can be interpreted readily by the executives concerned. Vith proper esphaeis on the part of the manage ment, it also should serve to stimulate more interest in accident prevention methods on the part of the supervisory force. . tost of the material for Form "C" (column i, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 1C, 11, and 12) can be obtained directly from the personal injury records, . Form "B". In column 1, the names of employees who experienced accidents for any given period may be included under the names of their respective depart j ments. The combined experience of each unit would precede that of individual employees and appear in the columns in line vith the of the department. Data covering injured employees would be indicated similarly in line with their names, excepting no rates would be involved in column 7. Such e statement should prove particularly helpful to foreman. For the information of the Plant Superintendents end other executives, the combined experience of each nlar.t probably would be of considerable interest as e means of ccnuariscn. Onittinr - 31 - the nemos of employees Involved, such a statement covering the accident ex perience of al3 plants of the company could be developed quarterly, or for any other period, simply by substituting the names of the plants in column 1 and entering the respective plant totals in the columns after each plant. Column 3 has been included in case it is desirable to differentiate minor injuries from those involving loss of time less than seven days. Data for column 6 can be secured from the peyrolls, vhile the rates under column 7 must/ of course, be computed. Frequency rates are based on lost-tine accidents only, and ere used rather generally in. industry as a means of comparing the accident experience of various units and to measure the results obtained from safety vorfc. When com puting frequency rates under column 1, the definition commonly accepted in industrial safety practice defines a lost-time accident as one arising out of and during the course of employment, resulting in loss of time other then that day or shift during vhich the accident occurred. Accordingly, the method ord inarily used for determining the frequency rates of en organisation or a unit is to multiply the number of lost-time accidents for a given period by *one million end divide the product by the nan-hours vorhed. Occasionally, it may be desirable to have indications cf accident severity and rates should be computed in accordance vith past procedure cf the company. However, for fatalities, and total or partial disabilities, Table v on page is suggested for coroutine severity rates. In such cases, the allowance-indicated should be used instead of actual days lost, and attention particularly is invited to the note following the table for determining ' - 33 - TAKE 4 ALLOWANCES FOR FATALITIES AND PERMANENT, TOTAL OR PARTIAL DISABILITIES Nature of In.1ur.v degree of disability in of Permanent Total disability Allowance in davs Lost Fatality Permanent Total disability 100 100 6000 6000 Permanent Partial disability of: Arm at or above elbow Azm below elbow Hand Thumb Any one finger Two Fingers same hand Three Fingers same hand ' Four Fingers same hand Thumb and one finger same hand Thumb and two fingers - same hsrA Thumb and three fingers seme hand Thumb and four fingers same hand Leg at or above knee Leg below knee Foot * Great toe or any two ctr more -toes same foot One toe other than great toe One eye loss of eight Both eyes loss of sight One ear loss of hearing Both ear6 loss of hearing 75 60 50 10 5, 12J20 50 20 25 35-1/3 . 4o 75 50 ko 5 *> 30 100 10 50 ^500 3600 30C0 600 300 750 1200 1800 12C0 1500 2000 2400 4500 3000 2400 ' 300 ? 1800 6000 600 3000 (Prepared by the Ccsittee on Statistics and Compensation Insurance Costs of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards end Cccmis6ioas.) (#) In cases of injury involving impairment of function, hut not amputations of members, percentages of the allovance in days lost are used conforming with the degrees of disability determined by the authority adjudicating compensation claims. For example, if the adjudicating authority determines that a case involving the impairment of an arm warrants l6o weeks compensa tion - in a State which allows 240 weeks compensation fcr the entire loss of an aim - then 160/240 or tvo-thirds of the allovance in days lost is used; that is, tvo-thirds of 4500 or 3000 deys. - 34 - severity rotes for accidents of this kind. A thorough taowledge of the cause of accidents is very important as a guide to detennine vhat remedial measures ere required. In addition to reporting such information to the management and also for the particular guid ance of the Safety Engineer, the department heads should he advised period ically concerning the causes of accidents occurring in their units in order to supply them vith pertinent material hy vtich action may he taken to eliminate such causes. Column 8 of Form "C" is designed to provide this in formation. ' If master copies of Tables 1 and 2 on pages 19 and 20 are given to I interested executives end department heads, practice in the use of these tables should lend facility in recognizing the causes of an accident by code. For example, actual causes of accidents, on page 19, Table 1, have beer, numbered . serially from 1 to kk. Provision likewise has been made to show the manner of injury or secondary causes which are indicated by the small letters *a" to "r" on Table 2, page 20. Thus, an accident coded!2-e, would show haste or foolish hurry as the actual cause and a fall on steps as the manner of injury. In case the fall was due to a slippery substance carelessly spilled and left on the steps, the accident night properly be coded es After entering the proper code in eolicn 8 of Form "C", three or four words regarding the accident may follow. Although the code of accident causes is indicated primarily for the use of-the Safety Engineer, he ney briefly describe accident-causes on Form "C", column 8, by the use of such words as: "Fall-foolish haste" or "fall-level-refuse material." - 35 - One of the benefits in the use of Fonn "C" is that it shows the departments experiencing the highest incidence of accidents and where initial efforts can be applied moet advantageously, permitting consideration of the other units in their order of importance.' When required, practically any type of diagram, chart, or graph can be developed from it to depict special acci dent features or interesting phases of the safety program. As time goes on, these accident statements will probably be found of increasing value as records and for the furtherance of the preventive work. Statement of Disability and Medical Release When an illnesa or injury occurs to an employee as a result of his work, a statement is especially desirable concerning the immediate status of the employee and the disposition of his case to insure prompt receipt of in formation necessary for the proper maintenance of both accident and medical records. However, in addition to having a check on medical treatments re- * ceived and days lost by employees, it also is important to have certain in formation covering the exact nature of injuries or illness, possible loss of time, end other data in order that proper safety measures and operating arrangements car. be effected at once. ' For these purposes, Form "Drt shown on pages 38 and 39 suggests a method whereby cases of accidental injury or illness incurred while at work are handled to the advantage of the employee, the physician or nurse, *nd the company. A plain card about 6" by 6" detachable at the middle, can be used. The plan -utilizes both sides of the card, two sections of the form appearing on the front and two sections at the back. The preeent practice of an employee reporting immediately to the medical department when injured is strongly recommended. In ceees of minor injury when on employe is able to resume vork and no redressing or subsequent visits are necessary: A. The nurse should - 1. Complete sections 1, 2, and h 2. Strike out "Safety Director1' and "home-hospital" on section 1. 3. Indicate the nature of either accident or illness ' on section 3 and strike out "has been absent since." 4. Indicate either Injured or taken 111 on section kt and strike out "and absent since." 5. Strike out "work of a nature lighter than his regular duties." 5. Send the entire form to the employee's foreman. 3. The foreman should - 1. liote any additional information he requires to complete his Foreman1 s Beport of Accident. ' 2. Inter time, date employee again began vork as veil as his remarks, if any, on section 3* 5 Forward the upper pert of Form "D", sections-1 end 3 (together vith his report of the accident) to the Safety Engineer. z Beturn the lover part of the form, sections^ and 1 to the medical department. . C. The Safety Engineer should - 1. liote all information required to complete his reoords. 2. Investigate the accident and/or arrange for its investigation by a sub-ccecittee appointed for this p purpose from the safety comittee. . 3. Fasten sections 1 and 3 to any papers relative to this particular accident and place them in the employee's accident folder. If the ermloyee is permitted to resiae vork but is instructed by the medical depar'i^nt to return on subsequent days for re-dressings or other treatment, the seme procedure is folloved excepting that the nurse retains the lover portion of Form "D", sections 2 end 4. The fact that the man may con tinue vork, but is to return at prescribed times to the medical department or to an outside doctor vill be indicated to the foreman as veil as the Safety Engineer in the remarks section 1. When the employee no longer is required - 37 - to report to the nedical department, the foreman ie advised of the employee's release from further treatment by sections 2 and k. After initialing section 4, the foreman should return this part of the form innediately to the nedical department. In the event an employee is unable to resume work, Dr. Stair is available to render necessary treataent and visit the plant at certain hours during the day. Eovever, in Dr. Stahr's absence, a few obvious changes are indicated in the use of Form "D1* when the nurse considers a case serious. If the disability is such that the employee nay lose time other than that day or shift during which the accident or illness occurred: A. The nurse should - 1 1. Scter the foreman's name, department, employee's name and clock nisrber, the hour and date of first . treatment on section 1, leaving the other entries of this section for completion by the doctor. 2. Indicete on section 3 whether an accident or ill ness and the date it occurred. 3. While convenient, enter on section h such items as employee's name and clock number, and the date when the injury (or illness) actually occurred, and the - first day of absence by the employee. h. Send section 1 immediately to the Safety Engineer when it is completed by the doctor. 5. Forward section k to the foreman concerned when the employee is released for work by the doctor. B. The doctor should - - 1. Indicate on section 1 his diagnosis, probable length of disability, disposition of the enployee, and any renarks he considers pertinent. (Kote: In the ab sence of the doctor, it may be desirable to send Fora WDM in an envelope to the doctor, either with the employee or the person who nay acccnpany him.) 2. Beturn section 1 to the plant nurse with the enployee, the person who accompanied him, by nail, or personally. . ( Iiote: If no more than one visit to the doctor is neceseery, the doctor, after entering the treatment given on section 2 and properly completing section U, also should return these sections with sections 1 and 3). - hO - 3. Retain section 2 in serious cases such as those re quiring subsequent visits or hospital care, asking current entries in the treatment record during the convalescence of the employee. t. Release the employee when he is able to resume work, completing; section 4 and returning it to the plant nurse, (Notes If subsequent visits to the doctor later are warranted after the release of the employee for work, the plant nurse should send section 2 to ' the doctor for additional entries in the treatment record.) C. The Safety Sngineer should - 1. Immediately investigate the accident upon receipt of section 1 from the plant nurse. 2. Discuss the circumstances with the foreman and obtain ' his accident report from him. 3. Leave section 1 with the foreman, h. Arrange for a thorough investigation by the sub- cc=ittee of the safety comnittee. 5. Tile section 3 when received from the foreman with other papers relating to the case in the employees accident folder. D. The foreman should - 1. Retain section 1. 2. Obtain all the facts regarding the accident and complete his accident report if he has not already done so. 5. Return section 3 properly completed to the Safety Engineer when section 4 is received fren the medical department. t. Initial section k and return it to the plant nurse. It probably would prove helpful if the medical department also maintained a small index cabinet for filing- the lover part of Form "D". If the cards were filed alphabetically according to deparmcent and the closed cases separated from those pending, an arrangement consistent with that sug gested for filing Form "3" Personal Injury Record, by the safety department, would be provided. . The code proposed for section 2 covering the record, of treatments is merely an example cf items which could be used by the doctors and nurses for / 'V their convenience vhilo treating employees. Naturally, these items ae veil as the procedure suggested can he revised to suit conditions as experience dic tates; hut in the use of a record such as Form "D", several advantages are believed possible. It serves to: 1. Maintain a constant check on the status of employees 'incurring occupational accidents or illnesses. 2. Give necessary information for the guidance of the safety department in recording accidents and pre paring statements of accident experience. y. Provide a system for determining actual days lost iron accidents. 4. Prevent employees and other persons receiving un authorised treatment in the name of the company. 5. Prevent return to vork before an employee is physically able to do so. but permit the under taking of lighter duties vhen desirable. o. Overcome malingering on the part of employees. 7. impress foremen end supervisors with their accident responsibilities.* 8. Furnish a brief factual record of a disability vhich information may prove extremely helpful before a compensation board or court of lav. Incidentally, Form "D" is not prepered as an inclusive medical record of a disability, but rether as a mediae to coordinate information essen tial to both the medical and safety departments. Although the form vould elim inate a certain amount of clerical vork nov performed by the plant nurse, no conflict is intended vith vhatever additional records Dr. Stahr or others con sider important for maintaining necessary medical information. On the other hand, dependence largely on medical records has been one of the weaknesses of your present eafety program, and the continued use of such records alone eo e beoie for directing preventive activities is strongly opposed. - 12 - I V r ( s PREVENTIVE ACTIVITIES To emphasize and sustain the subject of safety In the minds of the working force, safety educational work generally follows the coordination of effort by the management, foremen, and safety engineer to eliminate accidents. As a means, therefore, of arousing greater interest in preventing accidents among supervisors, but particularly workmen, certain activities are suggested in this section as aids in the development of your safety program. Plant Safety Committee There ere few veys more effective to interest an individual in a special subject than by giving that individual something definite to do regard ing the matter. Such is the basis for the formation of safety comittees, and when correctly organized and efficiently directed, they have proven to be a very effective means for increasing general interest and decreasing accidents. Usually, the purpose of such a committee is to assist in co-ordinating the pre ventive work and in developing *e proper safety attitude oh the part of ell employees. Recommendation #6 - Structure Although a plant safety committee has been formed, it is composed largely of supervisors and foremen with little direct representation from the working force. Of course, it is edrisable to give representation to each phase of a plant's operations as now provided in order that any ouestion of operating practice relating to a certain department cay be answered by the member con cerned. Per certain reasons, it may be the better plan to limit service on the cc=ittee to supervisors and foremen; but if a mixed committee would not con flict with compeny policy, service also by employees is reco=:ended. It should - *3 - be remembered that oupervisors and foremen as a croup do not usually experience accidents vhich, in the majority of cases, involve employees. If possible, therefore, some employees night veil ao included as members of your safety committee; but the size of the committee should be limited for practical pur poses in order that it will not be too unwieldy. The general superintendent as functional head of the plant, should serve permanently as chairman of the cosaittee. This duty should by no neans be delegated to the safety engineer. Service as chairman is one of the best means for the general superintendent to indicate the attitude of management and official interest in the plant's preventive vorh. The safety engineer should serve as secretary of the committee, act as an advisor or consultant to the members on matters of safety, ard assist the chairman in conducting the meetings and making then interesting. Peconr.endation ^7 (Changes in Membership) - A change of membership quarterly cr every four months,- is reccemnended as a means of uniform develop ment and continuity of effort embracing all crafts and departments of the plant. It also is recemended that only a few cambers be changed at one tine. This vould provide for the service of experienced members and facilitate the train ing of new members. Among vorhnen, the election of members by fellov employees of a unit attracts considerable interest. Elections may be conducted as an item of a safety meeting by a foremen with his men. Pecosiendation ^8 (Meetings) - It is reccaended that meetings be short, informal, animated, and held only as often as interesting material can be presented or brought up for discussion. Periodic meetings frequently - hk - become routine In nature and often result In aimless discussions and vaste of time. However, at first, following the initial re-organisation of the com mittee, meetings at frequent intervals may be advisable. Official surroundings are often undesirable for plant safety committee meetings which should be held where all will feel at ease and free from restraint. Domination of the meet ings by officials or executives is -to be avoided for best results, and every encouragement given vorteer. to enter the discussions. It should be remembered that worsen have an intimate Jmowledge of actual operating conditions, and it is this knowledge which the management should endeavor to procure. The following order of business which can be modified to suit future ; developments, will probably be found helpful in conducting meetings of your safety corrmi ttee: 1. Call meeting to order. 2. Roll call, listing names of members present and absent. 3. Reading minutes of previous.meeting. h. Unfinished business (recoraendations referred from last meeting, etc.)*' * 5. Reports of inspection committees (discussing each reccaasndaticn). a. Humber of reccssendations made. b. Humber of recommendations carried out. c. Hmber of recommendations now being worked on. d. Humber of recommendations upon which no action has been taken e. Reccmnendations passed to general safety cossr-lttee for action 6. Reading of special inspection committee reports. 7. What departments have new employees? Check and discuss methods of instruction, improper methods of performing duties, etc. 8. Accident reports read and discussed. Including methods to prevent recurrences of such accidents. 9* Hew business. 10. General discussions, safety talks, end first aid training. 11. Date set for nert meeting and adjournment. -The fora offered cr. page 1*7 likewise may be found helpful in main taining a record of the minutes of meetings. The "Statement of Other Matters - 1*5 - Cosing Before the Meeting", nay be as long ao requirod, supplemented, perhaps, by an additional sheet recording the general discussions and other business. 1 It would be desirable to brief and circulate the ninutos of the meetings, after they have been prepared, to those who attended the meeting. Eecorgr.endation 49 - Duties Most failures in safety committee work are largely due to faulty direction. The management is usually at fault and organizes committees uncon vinced cf their advantages or what an organization of this kind really can accomplish. The causes of a committee's ineffectiveness are frequently trace able to the lack of: 1. leadership and training 2. A definite Job 3. Encouragement and support of the management At first, the natural tendency of a casmittee Is to correct obvious, conditions of safeguarding instead of concentrating on unsafe practices and careless working habits. Although mechanical safeguarding is important to in dicate that the management is doing its part in the safety pro^-em, the atten tion of the cormittee should be gradually directed to the detection of danger ous practices which are generally complicated or obscure. In this way, the constructive stage of the committee's work embracing the fundamental safety defects of the operating organization is reached. An important item of safety cc=^.ttee work is the assigraent to it of all of these duties for which its organization is adapted. For example, questions pertaining to working methods and 6afe operating practices are seme of the matters which the committee 227 veil consider ar.i offer reco=!er.dations. - U6 - J-gjftTTKS OF SAFETY COMMITTEE MKETIMS Date........................................... Time......................... A.K............................ P.M. Where Held.............................. .Tine of Adjournment.................. A.M............................P.M. Name of Members Chairman Occutaticr. Present or Absent Reasons for Absence Item Ko. Statement cf leer Author.and Comments Action Taicen - Check- Proper Column Future Cannot Referred to Action Tahe Action (Hanes) Statement of ether natters brought before committee The above is a correct record of the minutes of the safety cocsittee meeting. held on cate siren. Secretary In addition, the committee aay to assigned the task of correlating preventive activities vith the operations of the plant, acting as a policy-setting body in deciding issues vhere present practices and safety appear to conflict, con sidering operating changes, reviewing accident records of the various depart ments, and indicating its official interest to the various units. Other functions of a plant safety committee consist of: 1. Assisting foremen in training and instructing new men, and offering recc=endations concerning the transfer or retire ment of eld employees. 2. Preparing safety rules. ' 3. The use of questionnaires to develop interest and to determine the location cf hazards. 1. Preparing safety publicity material and maintaining bulletin boards. . 5. Planning and conducting accident contests and arranging celebrations for successful "no-accident" records. 6. Considering friendly competitions vith companies engaged in similar lines rf* business. 7. Studying employee suggestions and maintaining suggestion bones. 3. Arranging for suitable awards or prizes for winners of safety contests and for the best employee suggestions. 9. Planning safety rallies and "no-accident" drives. 10. finding suitable work for injured men not able to assume their regular duties. 11. Periodic inspections of property. 12. Inspecting special equipment such as cranes, elevators, chains, goggles, clothing end protective wearing apparel. * 15* Investigating all accidents and near accidents, determining the true causes ar.d contributing conditions, firing responsibility and suggesting preventive measures to obviate recurrence, and - US - recosrnending disciplinary action when advisable. (Note - In this connection, the coiwiittee may sit as a court of inquiry before whom the injured employee and vitnesaeo are brought for examination.) Recommendation ~10 - Sub-Committees Very likely, all of the activities cannot be covered practically by this organization as a body. For this reason, some of the activities might be assigned to one, two, or more members on a sub-committee basis. The various activities can be rotated periodically to insure proper training in the dif ferent elements of the safety work. Safety committees are not usually vested vith executive authority. It is, therefore, advisable to have all proposed actions submitted first to the supervisor or foreman concerned, in recomended rather than mandatory fora. Ordinarily, the general superintendent should not be appealed to except when combined Judgment clearly indicates the desirability of the change and vhen all measures ts convert the dissenting supervisor have failed. As the safety program progresses, many other activities will present themselves. Such subjects as fire prevention, sanitation, health hazards, waste elimination, new methods, etc., are some of the special problems which a comittee may consider for which recommendations may be offered. Reports from the plant safety committee offer excellent opportunities for the manage ment to reflect official interest. They can be made the bases for visits to the group vhen members may be congratulated officially for a fine safety record and so encouraged to maintain the work in the most productive channels. It is suggested that committees be allowed to perform their duties during working hours, or to errange for the necessary over-time. In most companies which have organised wortanen's safety committees, the former plan is preferred. ' Safety Competitions Friendly competition in the form of accident prevention contests has been found an excellent means of stimulating employee interest in safety activities. After all practical physical Improvements have been made, such as the safeguarding of machinery and the development of better operating methods and working conditions, a problem frequently remains of preventing accidents caused by the unsafe habits of employees. As the spirit of competition is reflected to a large extent in the daily work and play of nearly all individ uals, this spirit generally can be directed edvantegeously in encouraging a concentrated effort by employees to prevent accidents. For example, at Beaver Falls, Mr. Corbett has made use of the "white elephant" stmt by which the department having the worst accident experience is "awarded" the white elephant trophy for a certain period or'until another unit "wins" the award by its unfavorable record. Simple competitions such as these do have particular value after the novelty of launching a safety program has dulled. Pecceaendatlon &11 - Planning a Contest Some fora of organized safety competition applicable for the depart ments of e plant as well as the plants of the company, is recomended. In planning such a contest, the following Items should be considered: Drafting the Rules - In any game or sport where the selection of the winner rests upon a score, it is important that the contestants understand and believe in the rules and scoring methods. In planning safety contests, it i s - 50 - customary to have definite rules prepared by a responsible group, ouch as the plant safety committee, and., if necessary, the reaoonableness of those rules explained to worloaen. It is also considered highly important that company or plant officials and executives "be in sympathy with the rules and plans for the contest, and their enthusiasm aroused in order to secure their cooperation. After a plan has been developed, lb usually is discussed at a meeting of exec utives and foremen. Short informal meetings of foremen vith their men, end bulletins describing the contest, serve to place the matter before employees. Participating Units - It is the practice of a number of companies to eliminate units of a nor.-cperating nature, such as the general office, sales department, etc., from the competitive plan. In planning your contest, it is suggested'that only the operating units be included. What Constitutes An Accident - Most companies vith successful safety programs require that all accidents, no matter hov trivial, be reported for investigation, analysis, and proper treatment. However, when minor accidents are Included in determining departmental standings in safety contests, it sometimes happens that those accidents are mot reported by some units, thereby Jeopardizing the fairness of the system. On the other hand, if minor acci dents are not included in the rating plan, greater attention often i6 given them by foremen and supervisors to obviate possible infections or other con sequences resulting in lost time. For these reasons, it is recommended that your contest be based on lost time accidents only, a6 defined on Page 33 Contest Period - The period of a contest ordinarily followed by a number of industrial organizations is one month. In many cases, however, these i monthly contests are Incidental to periods lasting from three, six, or twelve months* A period of either six months or a year seems best suited for your requirements; as a unit having an unfavorable experience during any one month will not be eliminated necessarily from the contest, but may be determined the winner by operating safely during the remainder of the period* Departmental and Plant Accident Record Sheet -- A plan Sor presenting the safety performances of the operating departments of a plant together with those of the other plants of the company, is shorn below* This plan utilizes frequency rates and, although the departmental contest of a plant can be based on monthly or other suitable periods, the plants compete for the lowest fre quency rate for six months or yearly periods according to the cumulative hours worked and aunber of lost-tine accidents* ARMSTRONG CORK COMPANY Safety Contest Standing. Fulton Plant* February 1942. (Note - Specimen, not actual figures) Departnent Lost-Time Accidents Man-Hours Frecuency Rates Standing This Mo. This Year This Ho.This_Yr*_ This Mo. This Yr To Date A B C D Others Totals Feb* 1941 Feb. 1940 - Beaver Falls Pittsburgh Pensacola Others Company - 0 1 1 2 4 6 7 0 1 2 7 0 35000 72500 2 87484 175891 1 34200 67799 S 67680 145750 6 224344 461940 11 750190 1782250 13 725420 1583426 2 265763 554784 3 282356 684941 5 301745 723862 10 1074208 2425527 0 11*4 28*2 29.5 17.8 7.98 9,61 0 3*5 6.7 6*5 0 11.4 14.7 20.6 -1 2 3 4 ...13,0 6.17 - 8,?P 3.6 4.4 6.9 1 2 3 4.1 ii Periodic monthly statements such as the above can be readily pre pared by the Safety Engineer of each plant, excepting the lover portion having to do with the experiences of the other plants of the Company. This latter part could be assembled at Lancaster with the understanding that plant state ments must be received ir. Lancaster by a certain time. Reports then could be forvarded to all plants covering the experiences of each unit of the ccapany. After receipt by the plant safety engineer, these additional data could be added to his plant statement, copies of vhich could be sent to the general superintendent and certain executives of the unit as veil as to the foremen. ' (Comment - From discussions vith general superintendents and others, there is some variance of opinion as to an ecuit- able basis for conducting an inter-plant contest for the best safety record in the corn)any. A consensus reveals that the comparative hazards of the several units ought to be considered. If desired, a plan of this hind or any other suitable for the operating peculiarities of the company as a vhole, can be developed. Eovever, before attempting to present a tentative method for consideration, it is suggested that our engineer further discuss the mat ter vith executives in Lancaster. In this vay, it is " believed a workable plan can be developed and most of the "bugs" eliminated before the contest is placed into oper ation. The foregoing type of contest based on accident frequency, is similar to the present plan conducted. The safety contest standing record, illustrated on the pre vious page, is submitted only to provoke thought and can be changed, modified, or entirely eliminated as require ments dictate.) - An accident score based similar to the one at 3eaver Falls vouid serve to acquaint employees vith the standings of the various departments of a plant and the performance of the plant in relation to other units of the Company. The lay-cut of such a board might be as follows: _ c?;> - diplomacy and the attention of the unit diverted to the remaining period of the competition. This personal interest also has been known to manifest itself by a tendency of the men to return to work as soon as possible. Avaros - Suitable but inexpensive awards seem to lend considerable interest in contests. The following are some of the forms of awards which might be used in connection with your competitive plan. 1. Watch-fobs, lapel-buttons, pens or pencils for members of a winning department. 2. A pair of theatre tickets. 3. "Sunday dinner" baskets, containing the material required by ' an average family. h. A day or two off on the stagger plan, with pay; or double time if working. 5. A new hat. 6. Cash prizes cr bonuses. - The safety profit-sharing plan is one method cf distributing cash prizes among employees of those units whose records merit recognition. The plan is usually based on the reduction of accident expenditures for a year be low the previous year's experience, thereby a percentage of the savings accrued are allotted for distribution. All accident costs of a unit, sueh as production losses, damage to equipment spoilage of material, etc., are usually considered in apportion ing the percentage of savings allotted to an individual or unit 7. A banner or trophy to be competed for periodically. A unit winning the trophy a number of consecutive times should be allowed to retain it permanently, and individual awards, such as watch-fobs, lapel-buttons, gold pencils or other suitable awards made to members. 8. A trip to the Rational Safety Congress for a foreman or super visor whose unit has the best safety record for a year. In this case, it would be desirable to give individual prizes to the worim^n cf the unit. ` . *5* _ Recormendatlor. **12 - Safety Advertising - Bulletin "boards ore stationed at the entrance to the plant. For beet results, hovever, the value of any advertisement depends largely on the number of mental impressions pro duced, and for this reason it is recommended that a variety of material, preferable of local interest, be used. Rather than relying entirely or. printed posters and bulletins which have been prepared by outside agencies. It is believed that mere appeal can be had in the use of home-made bulletins, photographs, newspaper clippings, messages from company officials, accounts of accidents, statements of prize-winning suggestions, exhibits, etc. Such material of local interest is considered an excellent supplement to the use of news service, posters and special bulletins which can be subscribed for from commercial agencies. Many organisations have found that bulletin boards located at the entrance of a plant do not receive much attention from employees hurrying to and from verk. For this reason, safety displays generally are placed at more strategic places on the property, such as near drinking fountains, in lunch rooms, rest roems end places where employees naturally congregate, or even in working places. In brief, best results are usually obtained through a clean and attractive bulletin board, properly located, frequently chenged and offer ing a definite message. A few safety signs were found on the properties where specific hazards were found, cr at points where the employees were exposed to danger. In addition to a definite message, a safety sign should have gcod visibility, be made cf substantial material, and have a cleanly appearance. Periodic - 56 - replacement of signs bearing similar messages but in different wording makes for continual effectiveness and refreshes the minds of employees concerning a particular danger or condition involved. Recommendation --1^ - Suggestion Boxes - Many companies have found that suggestion systems have proved a valuable means towards reducing pro duction costs, impraving operating practices and promoting safety. Accord ingly, the present suggestion system may well be continued. In order to overcome timidfjtfi on the part of employees, or the fear of criticism from supervisors, prompt acknowledgment to an employee submitting a suggestion is highly essential. Moreover, regardless of the nature of the suggestion or how trivial it may seem, careful consideration is important; ' and, if the suggestion is believed impractical, the matter should be explained carefully to the employee end an aclmovledr^ient made thanking him for his in terest. A form letter prepared for the signature of the general superintendent is suggested for this purpose: If the suggestion submitted is considered worthy of adoption, a similar letter may be sent with the thanks of the man agement -- encouraging the employee to offer additional ideas concerning conditions or practices which he has observed. Unless this is done, workmen will soon lose interest in your suggestion system and few, if any, results will be obtained from it. In some cccmamies, it is customary to give inexpensive awards cr prises to employees for suggestions which merit adoption. This arrangement would probably create additional interest on the part of your employees and result in an increased use cf suggestion boxes. The posting of employees' names, together with the nature cf the suggestions adopted, also eerves to - 57 - vork. Such a code of rules Is recommended for your organization, primarily for self-instruction and guidance of employees and secondarily, as a means of discipline. Special rules concerning process or departmental safety are believed ; of creater importance than thoee intended to cover common, veil recognized hazards. Tor example, a rule such as: "Goggles must he worn if your vork endangere your eyes, " is considered poorly defined. A much better vay to prescribe the wearing of goggles is to specify thoee operations where they are to be worn. Only ir. this vay is individual responsibility properly interpreted in the ruies - avoiding vague, unenforceable regulations or rules of question able utility. Simple language and brevity, without sacrificing clarity and pur pose, are very essential if the rules are to be studied and understood. Il lustrations are very helpful in impressing a vortennn with the danger of his . Job and the practices he is -expected to follow while at work. In the formu lation of rules, it is advisable to draw upon the experience of the foreman and supervisors and to discuss with them the various proposals contemplated. This will create greater interest in the rules emong this group and tends to better enforcement than if they had been originated by the management and thrust upon them. ft. Discipline - A new employee, unfenilier with his Job or surround ings, usually is unimpressed by roles until he learns they will be enforced. Without enforcement, rules are valueless and weaken the structure designed to maintain safe vorissnsiip. To obtain best results from a code of safety r-ies, they should he impartially but rigidly enforced. HnrohnesB is unnecessary, end discipline is not recommended until all the facts are taiovn. Value to the company, position or Job held, and length of service may be given considera tion in determining the nature of a penalty, but such factors should not apply in the ratter of enforcement. b. Penalties - For some men, dismissal is the severest fora of discipline. Except for iaeorrigible cases and those men who through their habits constitute a constant hazard to their fellow vorhnen, a lighter form I of punislmsent is desirable. However, instances occur when dismissal is fully warranted. It is the most striking form of penalty and consequently has the greatest effect on the operating force &6 a body, particularly if the iniivid- ual concerned be prominently Imown or holds an important position in the company. The utter disregard by a deparmaent of a safety rule may be remedied effectively by the dismissal of a foreman or supervisor responsible for the enforcement. " * Suspension is a form of discipline resorted to by some organizations for the infraction of an established rule or regulation. For certain classes of employees, it is unsuitable as it frequently causes hardships on dependents. Temporary demotion is another disciplinary measure for violations of regula tions, which is occasionally accompanied with a decrease in pay rate. The latter case, in nearly all instances, produces resentment. A verbal reprimand under impressive conditions, giver, after an ex planation -has been ashed, usually serves as a sufficient penalty for the first violation. However, such actions should be given privetely, and ridicule avoided to eliminate reactions prejudicial to the morale of the offender. - 60 - Physical Conditions of the Properties I As mentioned previously, safeguarding together vith good housekeep ing is ar. Important phase of safety vork. Not only do the guarding of mach inery and the maintenance of good order prevent certain accidents, but they indicate to employees that the company is sincere in its efforts to prevent injuries and physical suffering* A number of items of safeguarding and house* keeping vere discussed vith Hr. Keen and with certain foremen during visits to the departments. It is believed, hovever, that this part of your safety program can be undertaken constructively by your plant safety committee. In placing safeguards gn; correcting unsafe conditions of the plant, the more important cases sight be considered first. This plan provides for a progres sive and gradual irrorovensnt rather than attempting to correct all items at once. It is reeoimisnded that individual goggles be issued by the company to employees requiring them.irr their vork. In this vay, suitable goggles can be obtained for the types of vork conducted by your company. The majority of companies vhlch provide employees vith goggles issue these vlthout charge and replace them vhen unserviceable through fair vear and tear. If lost or care lessly broken, they ere replaced at the expense of the' employee. - METROPOLITAN COOPERATION The safety service of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company has been glad to make this study in the interest of preventing accidents among your employees. The kind assistance of Messrs. Blaisdell, Marshall, and Keen aided our engineer materially in the survey, and this opportunity is taken to - 61 - express our appreciation of the many courtesies extended. The recosaendatlons offered In this report say be considered as features to assist you In your accident prevention problems; and those vhich, in the opinion of our engineer, can be used advantageously to create greater interest in safety among your employees. If there are any itess in the re- * ' port not sufficiently clear, or if other problems arise in connection vith your safety program, ve shall be pleased to have you consult us further or have one of our engineers return to discuss the matter fully. - 62 -