Document EmqoOezze09wydJ7kRoykeGvg

(Y PLAINTIFFS * EXHIBIT j E-55 MAY/JUNE $ ABBREVIATIONS 1966 SYMBOLS CONSTANTS EQUIVALENTS INSULATION DIRECTORY / ENCYCLOPEDIA ISSUE CONVERSION rTABLES *| GLOSSARY . FORMULAS i ASSOCIATIONS CONCEPTS APPLICATIONS MATERIALS WIRE & CABLE CIRCUITS'" PARTS COMPONENTS - TEST INSTRUMENTS PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT . MANUFACTURERS DISTRIBUTORS TRADE NAMES STANDARDS & SPECIFICATIONS NUMBER 6 INFORMATION x 4: Reinforced and Laminated Plastic Sheets. Tubes, Rods; Copper-Clad and Unclad; Plain and Composite igio Developments i . thermosetting epoxy bonded ,ass paper laminate is said to provide gUgners with a glass fiber reiniorc- -,g material that fills the gap between jBulose paper/epoxy and glass ibric/epo ;y laminates. Advantages T<Jade excellent mechanical strength machineability in combination the outstanding electrical prop- rties of glass laminates. In addition slower initial cost, the material also gers economies in fabrication. Spe- ific gravity is low because of high jsn content, making it attractive to ijboroe insulation applications. The -isierial uses a reinforcement of ori* nted glass fibers produced on a modi- fed paper making machine and is coded with a flame-retardant epoxy y. It is produced in sheets from ,/32 to 1" thick with copper cladding o-one or both sides. Properties include flexural strength if 35.000 psi LW and 30.000 CW; & impact edgewise in ft lbs per JK& notch of 8.0 and 4.0 CW; Hockweli Hardness of 105 M scale; <n time dielectric strength, perpen- jcolar, condition A, of 600 vpm; ^Bpation factor at 1 Me of 0.020; dielectric constant at 1 Me of 4.2; insulation resistance, Cond. C-96/35/ 90, of 500,000 megohms; arc resist ance of 60 seconds; and water absorp tion, 1/16" thick, 24 brs immersion, of 0.2%. The material is designated as grade FR-16 by the producer Synthane Corp. ^ A new process to produce extremely thick-wall, small diameter reinforced phenolic tubing has been developed by Reinbold Aerospace Div,, a subsidiary of Haveg Industries. The process con sists of tube rolling the resin impreg nated material (cotton, paper, asbes tos, glass, or silica) in a machine that develops a very high densification. The wrapped mandrel is then sub jected to very high cure pressures using a proprietary process. 4 A family of vinyl ester thermoset ting resins which are particularly well suited for matched metal preform and mat molding use are low viscosity, low molecular weight resins dissolved in styrene monomers. They can be stored, formulated, and handled em ploying technology similar to that commonly used with polyester resins. Compared to conventional polvesters, they reportedly offer high filler ac ceptance. faster curing capabilities, greatly reduced stress cracking in filled systems, improved stiffness, and improved surfaces. The resins also show promise for filament winding, spray-up. and hand lav-up. Dow Chemical Co. is the supplier. ^ Grade X-831 is a paper base phenolic laminate formulated and controlled to meet very stringent re quirements of the electrolytic capaci tor industry. Each run is tested for corrosion characteristics--capacitor closure materials must not contami nate the electrolyte. In addition, the stock must be especially strong to withstand the flexural load when the aluminum can is spun over it. The laminate has good punching charac teristics and can be die stamped for identification. Spaulding Fibre Co., Inc. is the supplier. ^ MX6500 flexible epoxy "CuClad" is reported to be a truly flexible, copper-clad fiber reinforced epoxy dielectric system capable of with standing class 130 temperatures. It can be plated, etched, soldered, and otherwise processed in accordance with standard printed circuit tech niques. The producer is 3 M Co.. Elec trical Products Div. Author Credits: Prepared by H. C. Smith, D. L end E. G. Bittner, el! with the Micerte Division, Wesiinghoute Electric Corp., Hampton, S. C. The [following members of the Industrial aminate Section, insulating Materi- iu Division, Nation#! Electric Menu* lecturers Association, cooperated: Brandywine Fibre Products Co.. Polythem Div., The Budd Co.; Formica erp.; Laminated Products Deperisnt, Genera! Electric Co.; The fGlasfic Corp.; Hays Manufacturing Co., Reinforced Plastics Div.; The Mica Corp.; Electrical Products Di vision, Minnesota Mining & Manu facturing Co.: NVP Co.; New Englend Laminates Co., inc.; Norpiex Corp.; Penelyte industrial Div., Thiohot Chemical Corp.; Pennell, Inc.; The Richardson Co.; Rogers Corp.; Spaulding Fibre Co., Inc.; Synthane Corp.; Taylor Corp.; and Micarte Di vision, Westinghouse Electric Corp. Brief portions primarily on materials not covered by NEMA standards were staff prepared. INTRODUCTION The terms, "reinforced plastics" and "laminated plastics," generally refer to thermosetting plastic mate rials made from fabric, paper, or mat reinforcements combined with syn thetic resins. Suitable fibers may or may not be added to the resins. Through common usage, the terms have evolved to designate different types of products. Reinforced plastics (also referred to as FRP and GRP) is most frequently used to describe molded shapes manufactured from Section $-14: Reinforced & Laminated Plasties 279 oped for this grade in this form. Molded Tubes--Made from fine*weave cotton fabric weighing 4 ounces or less per square yard. The minimum thread count in any ply is 72 threads per inch in the filler direction and a total of 140 threads per inch in both the warp and filler directions. Has high density and good moisture re sistance. Primarily suitable for me chanical applications where finer ma chined appearance is required than is secured with grade CE molded tubes or where tougher material than grade LE molded tubes is required. This grade does not have controlled elec trical properties and its use for elec trical applications is not recom mended. Rods--Made from a cotton fabric with the same weight and thread-count limits as molded tubes of this grade. In general, characteristics are similar to those for molded tubes except as limited by inherent differ* ence in construction and shape. AppU> codon--Fine tooth gears, aircraft fair leads and radio parts. Meets MIL-P15035 C-FBI. Grade LE--Clast JOS Sheets--Made from a cotton fabric having the same weight and thread count limits as grade L. Suitable for electrical applications requiring great er toughness than provided by grade XX. Better in machining properties and appearance than grade CE, and available in thinner sizes. Good in moisture resistance. This grade is not recommended for primary insulation for electrical applications involving commercial power frequencies at volt ages in excess of 600 volts. Rolled Tubes--Made from a cotton fabric having the same weight and threadcount limits as grade L molded tubes. Suitable for use where the seams of a molded tube may be objectionable and where the application requires good machining qualities, together with fair electrical and good me chanical properties. This grade is not recommended for primary insulation for electrical applications involving commercial power frequencies at volt ages in excess of 600 volts. Molded Tubes--Made from a cotton fabric having the same weight and threadcount limits as grade L molded tubes. Has excellent machining and mois ture-resisting characteristics. For use in restricted electrical applications where a tougher material than grade XX tube is required at some sacrifice of electrical properties. Dielectric strength may be low at molded seams, especially in thin walls. Better elec trically than grade CE molded, but not quite as tough. This grade is not recommended for primary insulation for electrical applications involving commercial power frequencies at volt ages in excess of 600 volts. Rods-- Made from a cotton fabric with the same weight and thread-count limits as for molded tubes of this grade. In general, characteristics are similar to those for molded tubes except as limited by inherent differences in con struction and shape. Application-- Marine relay bases, terminal boards, radio parts, ball bearing retainer rings, gas tubing systems and circuit breaker grid tubes. Meets MIL-P15035-C-FBE. ASBESTOS.BASE GRADES Grade 4--Asbestos Paper--Class 130 Sheets--More resistant to flame and slightly more resistant to beat than ceilulosic laminated grades because of high inorganic content. Not recom mended for primary insulation for electrical applications involving com mercial power frequencies at voltages in excess of 250 volts. Small dimen sional changes when exposed to mois ture. Rolled and Molded Tubes-- Characteristics are similar to those for sheets except as limited by inherent differences in construction and shape. Rods--Not recommended in this form. Application--Applications for class 130 insulation; products requir ing a heat resistant material. Trans former coil spacers, armature slot wedges, furnace parts, etc. Grade AA Asbestos Fabric Bate-- Clots 130 Sheets--More resistant to heat and stronger and tougher than grade A. Not recommended foT primary insula tion for electrical applications at anv voltage. Small dimensional changes when exposed to moisture. Rolled and Molded Tubes--Characteristics aTe similar to those for sheets except as limited by inherent differences: struction and shape. Rods--Nc ommended in this form. Apf --Applications requiring chining and mechanical prof also heat resistance. Armature in railway, mill motors and generators. GLASS'BASE GRADES Grod* G-2--Sfap/*-P/br*-Typ* CJotfc, Electrical end Heat Jti Grod*--Clot* 130 Sheets -- Good electrical proj under high humidity conditior chanicallv it is the weakest glass-base grades. Lower in diele losses than other glass-base excepting silicone. Good dime stability. Tubes and Rods--Not ommended in these forms. Grod* G-3--CBfo**-F//onj*jrM Glass Cloth, Generai Porpos* --Class 730 Sheets--High impact and fl strength. Bonding strength is the est of the glass-base grades. Good ___ trical properties under dry conditkS?^ Dielectric strength perpendicular.*^' laminations is good. Good diroensjoSj*" stability. Rolled Tubes--Chart tics are similar to those for except as limited by inherent enccs in construction and Molded Tubes--Not recommend* this form. Rods--Characteristics^ similar to those for sheets except limited by inherent differences in struction and shape. Mold seams weak points mechanically and trically. Application--Applicatioi quiring a class 130 material good electrical properties but wi mechanical properties are not portant. Grod* GS--Coilli9i>.fllaa*M Glass Fabric Wftfc Malawi** Binder--C/ass 730 Sheets--Highest mechanical streng and hardest laminated grade, flame resistance; second only to cone laminates in heat and arc sistance. Excellent electrical propel under dry conditions. Low insulat resistance under high humidil Good dimensional stability. R<& Tubes--Characteristics are similar, those for sheets except as limited 292 Insulation Directory/Encyclopedia Issue, May/June, 1966 * Poper lomieote laminau romposed of silicone and a totally inorganic high asbestos paper i? a class 180 ^terial witr. eiecirical and thermal -tfhilitv reporlediv beyond 220C. It ^^gid to retain it? properties under JXtTt condition? of heat, humidity, ^ water immersion and to have ^ater heat'stability, less tool wear, ^er life, and lower cost than sili- glass fiber laminates. Typical Properties, Glass Filament Woamd Tubie$ Property Diel. Str.. short-time, vpm Power Factor, 1 Me Diel. Constant. 1 Me Tensile Str., psi Axial Compr. Str., psi Specific Gravity Water Absorp., % Poly ester 240 0.007 2.9 11.000 11,000 1.8 025 Epoxy 500 0.010 3.5 40.000 35,000 2.0 0.10 Acrylic Laminotei c Thermosetting acrylic resins for reinforced plastics using glass fiber materials for reinforcement are stated 0 exhibit high physical strength in ombination with excellent heat re-istance and chemical resistance. Electrical properties of cast speci mens of the resin appear to compare 3vorablv with the polyesters. A glass nat grade retains 97.8% of flexural irength after heat aging at 220C ;rid meets MIL-M-15617A. Typical roperties are shown in the table. Typical Properties, Glass Mai/ Thermosetting Acrylic Lominete, */" Tensile Strengtn. room temp, psi Flexural Strength, room temp, psi ftex. Str., room temp, Cone. E 12.880 35.000 168 /220CC, psi 34.220 Mod. of Elasticity in Flexure, room temp, psi 1.53 x 10c Comp:. Strength. Edge, rm temp, psi 35.000 Compr. Strengtn, Flat, rm temp, ps 56.680 impact St;., Izod, Edge, rm temp SDecific Gravity, room temp Snear Strength, room temp 9.82 1.78 16.400 iVater Absorp, room temp, % Arc Resist., rm temp, seconds 0.34 187 Diel. Constant, room temp, 60 cps ** 1 kc 300 kc 4.97 4.15 3.96 Dtssip. Factor, room temp. 60 cps 1 kc 300 kc 0.0350 0.0204 0.0205 Die:. Str., parallel, in oil, rm temp 65 kv Die!. Str., perpen., in oil, rm temp 472 vpm msul. Resistance, rm temp, ohms, Condition C 96/35/90 2.5 X 10'* toss FiJcmenf Wound ubing and Structures Spirally wound glass filament tub s' and structures offer extremely eh burst strength, corrosion resist.ce. high strength to weight ratio, v water absorption, heat resistance, ;c shock absorbing characteristics combination with desirable elec trical properties. Although a variety of bonding resins can be used, the epoxies and poivesters appear to be the most popular. In addition to standard circular sizes, these prod ucts can be furnished, in special shapes and also in combination with fibre, or with metal inserts or other conductive layers. Applications in clude switchgear, high voltage fuse tubes, circuit breaker arc interruption chambers, cases for seawater acti vated batteries, lightning arresters, grid tubes, bushings, spacers, antenna masts, coil bobbins, printed circuits, towers, conduit, etc. Some of the filament wound tubings are report edly available at about half the cost of comparable NEMA grades of tubing. They may be made flame retardant. Typical properties t which can be varied widely) are shown in the table. Others Other laminates available include asbestos cloth, mat. and paper base with melamine resin; asbestos mat or cotton mat with phenolic resin; cotton cloth with dially] phthalate Impregnated Spiral Tebreg 1 Paper1 Properties* Water absorp., %, ASTM D-348, 24 hrs at 236C Axial compr. strength, psi, ASTM D-348 Diel. str., short time, vpm, ASTM D-149,1/16' wall Arc resist., sec., ASTM D-495, min. Dissip. factor, ASTM 0*150, 8Vg., 10* cps Diel. constant. ASTM D-150, avg., 10* cps 15-25 5000-8000 130-175 5 .026 3.1 'Values are typical or average and should not be used tor specifications. resin; glass flakes with epoxy resin; parallel glass filaments with epoxv resin; glass reinforced/asbestos paper combinations with phenolic or silicone resins; silica cloth with phenolic resin: spirally wrapped paper tubes with phenolic or polyester resin; and glass filament reinforced epoxy, poly ester. or silicone resin rods and shapes. In addition to copper clad mate rials. a number of other composites are available--cladding materials in clude aluminum. Kovar. nickel, and other metals: as well as polvester, polyvinyl fluoride, and fluorinated ethylene films; rubber; vulcanized fibre; and asbestos paper. Laminated plastic faced chemically reconstituted lignocellulose board can also be sup plied. ADVANTAGES OF THERMOSETTING PLASTICS Saves Weight--Thermosetting plas tics weigh approximately one half as much as aluminum (except for asbes tos and glass base grades which have a density of .065 to .070 lhs/ins). Paper and cloth base grades have an average density of .050 lbs/in*. Resist Compression -- Thermoset ting plastics have their greatest strength in compression where, pound for pound, they exceed structural steel. Flexural strength is also ex tremely high. Resist Impact--The combination of toughness and resiliency gives thermo setting plastics the ability' to absorb impact and withstand severe shocks in service. Withstand Vibration -- The resili ence of thermoset plastics enables them to absorb severe vibrations and cushion repeated shocks without de terioration in structure or appearance. Excellent Insulators -- Thermoset ting plastics are one of the best insu lating materials known. They were originally developed for electrical use. Excellent Chemical Resistance-- Thermosetting plastics are not mate rially affected by acids and alkalis up to 10% concentration. Conditions of continued exposure to smog, oils, gasoline, or mildly corrosive fumes will not impair their usefulness. Cold and Heat Resistance--Ther- Section 3-14: Reinforced & Laminated Plastics 301 moset plastics may be applied within a temperature range of --80C (--112F) to 200C (392F) de pending on the resin and base mate rial used. Below zero temperature actually increases tensile and com pressive strengths. Higher tempera tures increase impact strength con siderably. Repel Moisture--The moisture re sistance of thermoset plastics is such that the material is not subject to ex cessive swelling or warping. When used in bearings, the best lubricant is water. Wear--In many applications, ther moset plastics wear more slowly than metals. Their uniformity of structure assures smooth, even wear. Reduced Noise--Thermoset plastics squelch vibrations and deaden noise because of the resilient structure. MACHINING CHARACTERISTICS One of the biggest advantages of thermosetting plastics is their ability to be easily machined. Genera/ Meehlttieq taformatloe Paper, Fabric, and Asbestos Base Grades As a rule they are machined more readily than metals on standard ma chine tools such as those used for wood or metal fabrication. For most machining operations, ordinary high-speed steel tools are satisfactory. However, where produc tion quantity, production speed, or finish are important factors, carbidetipped tools often prove more eco- nomica]. Cutting tools must be kept extremely sharp to achieve accuracy and fine finish. Thermosetting plastics are ordi narily machined dry. Cooling by air is preferable to the use of liquid coolants which are difficult to remove from finished parts. Machine opera tors'should be cautioned to keep the temperature of the work below 150C since temperatures above 150C may distort the material. Cuttings are readily removed by suction. Glass Base Grades In many cases, the same machining operations employed in the fabrica tion of metals and wood may also he adapted to glass base grades. How ever, certain slight changes in tools and the use of proper speeds are necessary. Diamond or tungsten-carbide tools will give more satisfactory work with longer, more economical life than high-speed steel tools. Circular Sawing Paper, Fabric, and Asbestos Base Grades Circular saws may be used for straight or angular sawing. When smooth edges are required or close tolerances are important, a hollowground circular saw without set should be used. For rough cutting, saws with set are satisfactory. Best re sults are obtained when the saw blade projects a minimum distance above the saw table. A design for circular saws used on thermoset plastics is shown. Circular saw data. Westingkouse Elec tric Corp. Band saw design. Wesdnghouse Elec tric Corp. 304 Insulation Directory/Encyclopedia Issue, May/June, 1966 Twelve-inch saws should be for material up to 1" thick and^li saws should be used for thicknesses t to 2y2". It is important that all ter be square, of the same height, V free from burrs. The cutting ed should run either directly toward just back of the center hole. In be circular sawing and band sawing*U work should be fed as rapidly as pc sible without forcing. 3 Glass Base Grades A diamond impregnated wheel wi copper body 1/16" thick and diameter run at 3000-3600 rpm^w give good results cutting dry witb good exhaust system. The material led by hand into the saw as fast at will cut without forcing the n Idling creates friction and heat, whi- cause excessive dulling and burnir A flood of water on the work a wheel can be used when necessary prevent overheating. Abrasive wbi cutting under water is also reco: mended. 5 Circo/or Sew Design * CircuUr Sooo Onu -_ Application rpm tooth din. ft 7 rough cut* 2150 100 16' 5/8 1/4 1 mooib cut 21S0 200 16' 9/82 S/52 ' 11 purpose* 2860 100 12* 5/8 8/14 1 tubing cut. 2860 100 12* 1/4 .095 } * TbM .019" oei. Othar aavs on b~- grouatl to prareot biedisg. - fiend Sewing Paper, Fabric, and Asbestos Base Grades : The standard band saw is satisfs tory where close tolerances or.smoo edges are not important. It is me effective in sawing blanks from pb stock. * A design for band saws is show Saw blades should have between 4 7 teeth per inch with some set, ti number of teeth depending on_-d thickness of the material being sa*e For heavy material, 3" thick and a blade with three teeth per is recommended. Operating spe*' should be approximately 3000 feetp minute and blades should be tempfr' to permit frequent sharpening. 1| Width of the blade will vary ^ pending on the radius to be cut. F circular cuts the width should be o* row, but for straight cuts the b^' may be up to 1" in width. Glass Base Grades j For good results, steel blades + i dened teeth and a soft back should usee ft ork should be fed lightly d the blade should be kept sharp, iaroond coated band saw blades are v available and are superior to -1. Sawing can be done dry with a d exhaust system which is very portant for safety. eking aper, Fabric, and Asbestos Base rodes Thermoset laminates are suitable r either hot or cold punching. Dies ust be kept sharp to obtain best -ults. The minimum clearance between dividual punchings and between unchings and the edge of plate ould be two to three times the thickess of the plate. Dies for punching may be designed q those used for punching metal ex*pt smaller clearances should be `lowed between punch and die. Strip-.rs should be close fitting and backed v strong springs. Since the diameter of punched holes rinks when the punch is removed, e size of the punch should be .001" rger than the desired diameter of e hole for even- .020" thickness of aterial punched cold, and .001" -rger for every .015" thickness unched hoi. T = thickness of plastic A = 1/40T (cold) or 1/60T (hot) hd -- hole diameter D = diameter of punch iastic block. H = diameter of die then . . . diameter of punch (D) = hd + (T/.020) .001 (cold) or = hd + (T/.015).001 (hot) diameter of die (H) = D -f- 2A diameter of hole (hd) = D - (T/.020).001 (cold) or = D - (T/.015).001 (hot) Example: To obtain a 1.000" diameter hole in 3/32" (.094") thick grade X by hot punching, use a punch diameter (D) equal to hole diameter (1.000") + (.094 X .001} --------------------- or 1.006" and a die .015 diameter (H) equal to punch diam eter (D) + 2A, or 1.006" + (2 X 1/60 X .094"), or 1.009". If the piece is punched cold, the punch diam eter (D) should be 1.005" and the die diameter (H) 1.009". Laminates to be hot punched are preheated in a steam or electrical oven designed to give uniform heat throughout the heating chamber. Pieces should be well separated. The material should be left in the oven only long enough to become uniformly heated to oven temperatures. Further heating will cause brittleness. Tem peratures of 100C to 120C are recommended. Consult manufacturer for recommended heating time for thickness concerned. Glass Base Grades Punching practices for glass base materials are the same as those used for laminated plastics generally, al though die life is shorter. The use of carbolov and special die steels will help to increase die life. Sheets up to 3/32" in thickness can be punched with good results. Sktaring Paper, Fabric, and Asbestos Base Grades Standard shears suitable for sheet metal are recommended. The knife blade should be kept sharp and the material held rigid with a hold-down bar. Most paper laminates up to 1/16" thickness and canvas laminates up to Ys" thickness may be sheared at room temperature (70F min.). Thicker stock may be sheared by heating the laminate to 200 to 250*F. Glass Base Grades Thicknesses up to 3/32" can be sheared. The same standard practices are used as for other laminated plastics. Traig Paper, Fabric, and Asbestos Base Grades Ordinary high-speed tool steel can be used in finishing operations for all grades. However, carbide-tipped tools may prove more economical and will hold sizes more accurately from piece to piece. About .010" stock should be left for finishing. Laminated plastics can be turned at 400 surface feet per minute with high-speed steel tools, and about twice that fast with car bides. Tools should be kept sharp, ground with an included angle of 80 to 100, and with a 10 to 16* side clearance. Cutting should be done dry. Glass Base Grades Conventional machining, such as turning, boring, and facing, can be done on automatic screw machines, standard and production lathes, and hand turret lathes. Carbide-tipped tools and cutters should be used with surface speeds below those used for paper base lami nates. Tools should be ground with a zero rake and machining can be done drv with an exhaust system to remove .-Fi unch. Turning tool. tagrams courtesy Westinghouse Electric Corp. Micarla Div. Section 3-1-4: Reinforced & Laminated Plastics 305 dust. A coolant can be used, but is not necessary. mtllag Paper, Fabric, and Asbestos Base Grades Standard tools may be used at speeds and feed similar to those for bronze and soft steel. It may be more economical in spite of higher mate* rial cost to use carbide tools. The cut ting angle of the mill will give better results if ground with a slight rake. Glass Base Grades Glass base laminates can be milled very satisfactorily on any conven tional metal-working milling machine. Carbide tipped tools should be used. Only climb or down milling should be practiced, as up milling will tend to delaminate the material. Drilliaq and Tapping Paper, Fabric, and Asbestos Base Grades A standard high-speed drill with lips backed off to provide plenty of clearance is satisfactory for all grades. However, for long production runs and deep holes, carbide-tipped drills give the best performance. The drill design shown has been used most effectively by fabricators. Drills should be lifted from the work frequently to prevent binding and excessive heating. The feed should be light and uniform and the speed of the drill should be considerably in excess of that used for soft steel. With tungsten-carbide tips, speeds may be as high as 16,000 rpm. Where pos sible, the material being drilled should be backed up with scrap or other soft material to prevent chipping out. In drilling laminates parallel to laminations, extra care must be taken to prevent splitting. The material should be clamped in a vise or be tween plates and the drill should be lifted more frequently to remove chips. Holes and over may be drilled in the conventional manner using radial drill presses or the counterbore method in which a pilot hole is drilled first. Drill Size--Because of the nature of plastic material, the diameters of holes drilled in laminates are usually .002" under the drill size. Therefore, the drill selected should be at least ,002" larger than the specified diam eter of the hole. If the drill is being used dull, the hole size may be an ad ditional .002" undersize, or a total of .004" less than the diameter of the drill. The recommendations for drilling also apply to tapping. Taps used for metahare also suitable for laminates. Tapping heads or tapping machines may be used, and for production work, collapsible taps are available in sizes over 1*4". Tap Size--In tapping, high-speed taps .002" oversize should be used. The tap drill size should also be changed to .002" oversize to counter act the tendency of the drill to cut undersize. If the thread is to be used frequently, metal inserts should be used. For threaded holes over it is often more desirable to chase the thread on a lathe using a motor- driven cutter mounted on the tool post. Glass Base Grades When drilling glass base grades, a carbide drill should be used. The ma terials can be drilled dry with a good exhaust system to remove dust. A Hood of water on the work and drill can be used when necessary to pre vent overheating and dulling of drills. High speed drills, mitrate treated, can be used, but must be sharpened more often. Care should be taken when sharpening that the drill is cut back far enough to original body diameter of drill. Spindle speed for these grades is 4800 rpm for V$" diameter drills. The methods for tapping these ma terials are much the same as for tap ping paper base laminated plastics. The abrasiveness may cause taps to cut very close to size, resulting in a tendency toward binding when back ing out. Standard high speed steel taps can be used on short runs. For anv sizeable quantity carbide taps should be used. Taps should be purchased oversize. Coolant can be used, but is not necessary if a good exhaust sys tem is available. Tfrroodlaf Paper, Fabric, and Asbestos Base Grades For threaded holes over Vs", it is often more desirable to chase the tPread on a lathe, using a me driven cutter mounted on the post. When cutting a 60 thread, iti always advisable to swing the coS? pound reset on the lathe to a angle. The tool is ground to cut one side only. For all other thi standard methods are used with factory results; the speeds and are similar to those used in threading; soft steel. Glass Base Grades External threads and inter threads can be cut on a lathe with*_ carbide-tipped tool, dry. Fine cu5a> should be taken to give best result A coolant can be used, but is un necessary. taHimq Paper, Fabric, and Asbestos and Glass Base Grades Standard polishing rouge on a wheel gives satisfactory results fc laminates requiring a polished sv face. Grinding and sanding may done by belt, disc, or centerless met ods. No lubrication is necessary. Stamping aod Engraving Paper, Fabric, Asbestos, and Glass Base Grades Laminated surfaces to be stamf should be smooth. Sanding may necessary, in some cases, to obtain isfactory results. Compression pre employing heated dies give best result Engraving can be done with an] standard engraving machine. Tool should be sharp to produce clean-ct edges. Conclnsien We are living in the age of plastic and thermosetting laminates contini to play a major role in electrical it suintion. It is said that the greatest limit lion an electrical equipment manufae turer faces is the quality of insuiatioj available for his product. The plastics industry is continue improving and developing therr setting laminates to keep step with tremendous growth of the electric industry. NEUA Standards Standards Publication on Industrie Laminated Thermosetting Product 306 Insulation Directory/Encyclopedia Issue. May/June, 1966 f ^ub. No. LI 1-1965. S3.50 each, and got Peel Strength of Laminates, LI J.1965. SLOG each, from National Electrical Manufacturers Association. 155 East 44th St.. New York IT. N. Y. ) NTEMA Authorized Engineering In formation. Recommended Practice for fabricating Laminated Plastics, Pub. jfo. 45-107, Dec., 1915. Acknowledgment editors are indebted to the following persons who have reviewed, commented on, n made suggestions for improving this lection: Walter Koval and Gan- R. Squires, Jfaveg Industries Inc.. Viimington, Del.; j R. Freed. Poiychem Div.. The Budd Co., Newark. Dei.: J. J. McLoughlin, Taylor Corp- Valley Forge. Pa.; K. H. Alverson, Spaulding Fibre Co.. Inc., Tonawanda, N.Y.; and Bernard Kessler. The Mica Corp- Culver City. Calif.; as well as others listed under author credits at the beginning if this section. f 5- SUPPLIER DIRECTORY LISTING IMPORTANT: Par labricated r converted lami nates one reinforced plastic products, see other jert'Ons suen os sections 3-17 and 3-22. NOTE: Numbers in parentheses following each prodoc? covered in this section- correspond with the numoers shown in front oi each supplier of product: hs'ec here (thus inoVccfmg which firms supply ?ne product concerned). Only compony names ore listed here--see Port 4. section 4-1. tor ederesses o' suppliers. Bold face type indicates advertisers--set advertisers' listing at back of poo* to* page nomoers o> advertisements. Products Covered in this Section Asbestos Clotti Bose Dioflen,: oxioe res:r.. sheers, luoes (64', Melamine res:r sneers, roos. fuoes (14. 23. 3l, y 42 4i Sc. 6:. 66' Pnenei:; resir sneers roc's tubes (2. 14. IS. IS. j 23 . 3:. 3* 42 . 41. S3. 56. 57. 61. 63. 64. 66 , 70) Asbestos Mot Bose Meiermne resir. shee-s (23 3!. 3f 48. 56. 41. 70) .Pnenoiic resir., sheets (3. 15. 23, 3i, 34. 28. 56, 61, " 63. 64. 70. * "Asbestos Paper Bose .'Meienlne resin, sneers (23. 34 48. 56. 61. 66. 70rpnenoilc resin shee-s roos tubes (3. 15. 18 23. 3!. JL34. 42. 48. 50. 52. 56. 57. 61, 43. 64. 66 70) barthed Asbestos Paper Bose ^oiyesie' resm. sheets (24. 68) rSHicone res.n sneets (24) Cotton Cloth Bose ii.illy: phthalate resin sheets MS. 56. 6! 701 rfeiemme resin, sheets root, tubes (3. 15, 23. 31. 34. 48. S3 56. 61. 66. 70) henoiic res>r.. sheets rods, tubes (3 15. IE. 23 31 t34 4e 56 . 61. 63 . 6-*. 66 . 47 . 701 Eolyeste- resin., sheers (56. 66. 681 Xetton Mot Bose pnenoiic >esr, sneets (3. 14, 23. 31, 34, 4c. 56, 6!, ITM 'Bless Clotti Bose Sfccrvlic resir sneets (16 44 46) lonenv; oxide resir., sheets, tubes (66. 67) feoiy resin sheets, nods, tubes (3. 15 17. 16 ,27. 3.. 32 34, 40. 42. 4B. 54 , 56 . 58 60 61 63 *6.67.70) me resin, sheets, rods tubes (3 M 15 3, 3l. 34. 46. S3. 56, 58. 61, 63, 64, 66 70) 23 64 ' |g ' Pnene!;: resin, sheets, roos. tubes-+W- 15 IS 23. 3:. 34 48 S3. 56. 56. 6i. 63 64. u. 70 Fo'veste- resm. streets (6 E, 14. 16. IT. 21 3C 4C 44 52 60. 66. 67. 68. 70' Eoiyterrefiuoroetnyierie resin, sheets (3 5 II 50 55 65. 70, Slicone resin, sneets rods, tubes (3. Is. 1$ 31. 42 44, 53. 56, 56. 61. 64. 66. 67. 70) dost Ctotb/Apbogtos Paper Cambiooti-- Bom Poiveste* resin, sneets (68) Bless Mot or Paper Bote Acrylic resin, sneets (2 21. 40'. Eooxy resin, sheets (4, [7, 18 23 . 34 40 56 60 61 63. 66. 70) Meiemme resin, sheets (31) Pnenoiic resin, sneets (4, 14, 16. 23. 34. 56, 61, 63. 66) Poivester resin, sheets, tubes (4. 7. 9. 14. 17. 20. 21. 23. 30. 40. 42. 43. 52. 56. 57, 60. 62. 66. 6E) Clou Mat/Asbestes Paper Bolpforcomoat Poiveste- resin, sheets (21, 25. 48. 49 62. 68) Clou FMemoat Reinforced Eooxy resin rods tunes, and shapes'(3i, 33, 37 38 40, 44. 52. 56 66) '' Poiveste- resin, rods, tubes enc shapes (20 25, 33, 36, 40. 44. 51. 52. 56. 62. 66) Siiieone resin, rods (44, 66) Class Fitcmont Rolntorcomont, Parallel. Uni- or Multt-Direetteoal Epoxy resin, sheeting (4 29. 40. 49) Polyester resin, sheeting (4, 23, 40, 49) Class Boinforeod/Asbestos Paper Combination Bose Pnenolie resin (4) Siiieone resin (4) Nylon Cloth Beso Pnenoiic resin, sneets, nods, tubes (3, 15 16 3: 3< 56. 61. 64 . 66. 70; '' ' ' Paper Base Eooxy resin, sheets (2, 3 15, 18 31. 3< 46 56 61 63. 66 70) Meiemine resin, sheets (2, 23. 34, 45 46. 61) Pnenoiic resin, sheets rods tubes (2 3 15 18 23 31. 34, 36 42. 48. S3. 66. 56. 61. 63. 64.. 66. 70) ' Poiveste- resir,. sheets (2. 56. 66) Soirelly wrapped tape-, phenolic or polyester resin, tubing (3. 9, 26. 36. 4? 59, 69) Silica Cloth Bose Pnenoiic resin, sheets, rods, tubes (22) Wood Veaeer Bose Pnenoiic resin, sneets (37 46. 67) Copper Clod Lommotos Cotton cloth base, pnenoiic resir. sheets (15 34 41. 48 49. 61. 70) Glass cloth base eooxv resin, sheets (3 15 16 27 31, 32 . 34 . 35. 41. 48. 49 , 50. 56 . 61, 63 64 66 67 70) Glass cloth base melamine resin sheets (15 34 4: 4$ 49, 61. 701 ' Giess cioth base, phenolic resin sheets (15 34 41 46 49. 6). 70) ' Giess ciotn base, oolyeste- resin, sheets (E 41 49 *7) Glass cloth base, polytetra-nuoroethylene resin sneets (1.3. 11 19. 29 41. 49 50. 55. 70) Glass cloth, base, silicone resir, sheets (41. 49 70; Glass mat reiniorcement. polyester resin sneets 8 41. 49) Nvlon cloth base, phenolic resin, sheets (15 34 41 49. 61. 70) Paper oese. epoxv resir sheets (3. 15 18 3: 3* 41. 48. 49, 56. 61 66 70) '' Pane- base, pnenoiic resin sheets (3 15 16 3i 34. 41. 45. 48. 49. 61. 66. 70) " Poivester mat. eooxy resin (29) Composite Lomiaotes Aluminum fcove*. niche!, o- steel ciac lemineles (3. 4. 15. 27. 32. 34. 4S 46 47. 48 46 56 61. 64) Asbestos paper cied laminates (4 34 49) Laminated plesiic faced herdboard (26. 45) Plastic film clad laminates (4 12 13 3i 34 39 49 54. 61. 63) ' Rubber clad laminates (3 * 10 23 3l 39 46 49 56, 63 64. 66) ... Vulcanised fib-e ciac iam-nafes (2. 22 3 3* 4 5e. 6., 63. 64. 66 70 Suppliers of Pr*eodig Products 1-- Amerce Inc., Tetrehuo* D'%. 2-- 6'enovwine Fipre Prooucts Co 3-- THE BUDD CO.. POIYCHEM DIV. 4-- Cnase 6 Sons Inc. 5-- Cnemica! i Power Prooucts Inc. 4--Cnevron Cnem,cai Cc. Oron<te DM. 7-- Cmcmnat' Development 8 Mtg. Cc. 8-- Cincinnati MMiioc Machine Cc. Cimestra Div. 9-- COIIFORM CO.! INC. 10-- DllECTHIX CORP. 11-- DODGE FIBERS CORP. 12-- Dodge Pipers Corp.. Circuit Materials DM. 13-- The Dow Chemical Cc. I-*--febricon Products 15--Formica Corp., Subsidiarv c: American Cyana- mid Cc 16-- G-L INDUSTRIES. INC., 6-1 ELECTRONICS DIV. 17-- 43-L Industries Inc.. Reiniorcec Piestlcs. Inc 18-- General Electric Co.. Laminated Products Dept. 19-- Genera1 Plastics Core. 20-- THE 6LASTIC CORP. 21-- HAYSITE CORP. 22-- Hitco, Materials Div. 25--The Iten Fibre Cc. 24-- JOHN5-MANVILLE 25-- Merpiex Cc. 2e--MASONITE CORP. 27-- Tne Mica Core. 28-- Middlesex Paper Tube Co. 29-- 3 M CO. 30--Moloec Flee- Glass Cc 31-- NVF CO. 37--New England Laminates Cc inc. 33-- New Plastic Corp. Nupia M-g Co Div 34-- NORPLEX CORP. 35--Palifiex Prooucts Core. 36-- PARAMOUNT PAPER TUBE CORP. 37-- Permaii. inc. 38-- Pias Stee1 Products Inc. Poiyoon Piastic Cc Div. ' 39-- Plymouth Rubpe- Co. inc. 40-- Poiypiv Inc. 41-- PRECISION LAMINATES INC 42-- PRECISION PAPER TUBE CO. 43-- Reichhold Cnemicels. Inc. 44-- Reintoreed Molding Corp. 45-- Reiss Associates Inc. 46-- REYNOLDS METALS CO. 47-- R. J. Reynolos Tobacco Cc.. Archer Aiuminum Div. 48-- The Richardson Co. 49-- Rieoe1 Pape- Corp. Industrial Films Div 50-- R06ERS CORP. 51-- ROSTONE CORP. 52-- H. P. Ruggies Co. Ltd. 53-- Joseph T. Ryerson & Son. Inc. 54-- S. T. Schieldeh! Cc.. Electrical Products Div. 55-- W. S. Snemben & Cc 56-- SPAULDIN6 FIBRE CO.. INC. 57-- Special Electric Co.. Inc. 58-- Stevens Products. Inc., Stevens Tubing Corp Div. ' 59-- STONE STRAW CORP., STONE PAPER TUBE CO. DIV. 40--Structure! Fiberglass. Inc. 61-- Svntnane Corp. 62-- TRW ELECTRO INSULATION. TRW INC. 65--Taylor Corp. 6^--Thioxol Chemical Corp., Penelvte Industrie! Div. 65-- U. S. Ceremic Tile Co., Sparta Menuiaetgrino Cc. Div. ' 66-- Westingheuse Electric Corp,. Industrial Micarta Div. 67-- Westingnouse Electric Corp,, Insulating Ma terials Div. 68-- Woodall Industries Inc.. Conolite Div. 69-- NIEMAND BROS., INC., TECHNICAL PROD UCTS DIV. 70-- FRANKLIN FIBRE-lAMITEX CORP. ........ ....................................................... ........................... lor motor slot wedges. slot insulators, core tubes.. coil bobbins and special shapes laminated or machined . Irotn silicone glass, epoxy glass, polyester glass and other reintoreed plastics - write or phone collect to: INSULATING SHAPES, INC." Bronx. N.Y. 19461 --Phone 212-792-4400 See our odverfisement in Section 3-22 Section 3-J4: Reinforced & Laminated Plastics 307