Document DdjG5epL7NdYrgjry7zD8E83Q

PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT ASBESTOS BULLETIN Vol.14 No. 4 July - August, 1973 Editor: Dr. C. Z. Carroll-Forcsynski CONTENTS Page Fart 1. ASBESTOS MINING............................................................................ 77 Part 2. ASBESTOS CEMENT............................................................................. 80 Part 3. ASBESTOS TEXTILES........................................................................ 82 Part 4. ASBESTOS FRICTION MATERIALS................................................. 88 Part 5. ASBESTOS REINFORCED FLASTICS............................................ 89 Part 6. BUILDING MATERIALS................................................................... 90 Part 7. ASBESTOS PACKING,SEALING & COATINGCOMPOSITIONS. 91 Part 8. ASBESTOS PAPER & INSULATING MATERIALS......................... Part 9. REFRACTORY FI3RES.................................................... ' . . . . 92 93 Part 10. MISCELLANEOUS................................................................................ 95 Part 11. REVIEW OF JOURNALS.................................................................. (C) Copyright Astex Publishing Co., 1973 99 .1 ASARCO ALV 0005827 asbestos buleetin 77 parti, asbestos mining. WORLD 310 WORLD RESERVES. Asbestos, April 1973, p.29. Total world reserves of asbestos at year-end 1972 were estimated at about 329,000,000 short tons (Canada - 144 million tons, Republic of South Africa - 23 million tons, United States - 10 million tons, Other Free World - 48 million tons, and Communist Countries except Yugoslavia - 104 million tons). U.S. demand forecast for asbestos to the year 2000 indicates an average annual growth rate of 31 to 5.2. World reserves other than U.S. appear ample to continue to supply 85/ or better of this demand. Prices for both U.S. and imported material are expected to remain relatively constant. More extensive use must be made of very short fibres if the ratio of U.S. supply to demand of 17'> is to be maintained. Technological progress suggests that competitive synthetic asbestos or asbestiform fibres may become available before the end of the century. (Commodity Data Summaries, January 1973; Division of Nonmetallic Minerals, U.S. Bureau of Mines) CANADA 311 NO.1 WORLD POSITION IN THE WORLD ASBESTOS MARKET. CANADA 73 (a section of The Financial Post, April 28, 1973 Vol.-LXVIl, No. 16), p.25. Canada retains its No.1 position in the world asbestos market. Production in 1972 was a record 1,692,000 tons, valued at (220 mill ion (also a record), vs. 1,635,000 tons, valued at 0204 million, in 1971. Asbestos is produced in Quebec (it leads with 1,374,000 tons in 1972),. Ontario, British Columbia, and the Yukon Territory, and about 957 of the production is exported, mostly to the United States, Japan and Europe. Some industry sources expect that the asbestos consumption rate for 1970-75 will be around 3>6f<> per year, down from the 4% in 1965-70. However, there is expected to be a higher rate of growth in Canadian production - meaning that Canadian producers face a sharp marketing challenge. 312 VALUES OF ASBESTOS-BASED PRODUCTS - IMPORTED Statistics Canada, Ottawa. Following are values of asbestos-based products imported into Canada for the year 1972: vinyl-asbestos floor and wall tiles - 0143,000 (123,865 square yards); asbestos cloth, dryer felts and sheets 01,115,000; asbestos packing - (1,130,000 (1,377,072 pounds); asbestos brake linings - 04,920,000; asbestos clutch facings 0644,000: asbestos-cement shingles and siding - 0160,000; asb.-cement .1 ASARCO ALV 0005828 78 ASBESTOS BULLETIN board and sheets - #842,000; other asbestos building materials #3,846,000; and other asbestos basic products - #1,918,000. 313 TURNER & NEWALL GROUP. Asbestos, April 1973, PP-36,38. The Turner & Newall Group engages in every stage of the chain of production of asbestos goods from mine to manufacture of the final product. Its subsidiaries and branches mine asbestos fibre in Canada, Swaziland and South Africa and manufacture a wide range of building, textile and insulation products, friction materials and gaskets. At Bell Asbestos Mines Ltd., Thetford Mines, Quebec, new shaft install, ations were completed and underground development progressed. Atlas Asbestos Co., Montreal, had an encouraging year with relatively high demand for building products and pipes. 314 SHIPMENTS OP ASBESTOS FIBRE. Asbestos, April 1973, p.20. Shipments of asbestos fibre to date in 1973 have been running well ahead of the 1972 pace. The demand for the shorter grades has continued strong in 1973 and the weakness in demand for the longer fibres which persisted for the greater part of 1972 has been replaced by a very heavy demand. Primarily, the heavy demand for the longer grades is from the international market and, in particular, from Europe. It is apparent that inventories were at a lower-than-normai level at thfe end of the year and, in addition, currency changes and some increases in business activity have combined to provide a much healthier picture in asbestos markets. It is noted, with concern, that the adverse publications on "asbestos and health" contine with increasing frequency and the greater the sensationalism the bigger the headlines. In most cases the inform ation presented in these articles is greatly exaggerated and the facts distorted. However, the press is a willing ally to this deception. AUSTRALIA_ 315 PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS. Asbestos, April 1973,p.26. Chryaotile production during the first quarter 1972 totalled 950 short tons, all from New South Wales. Imports reached 15,428 tons, valued at #2,395,000 (Chrysotile, 11,094 tons, #1,730,000; Amosite, 3,883 tons, #612,000; Other types, 451 tons, #53,000). Exports of ail types and grades amounted to 201 tons, valued at #23,000. (Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Canberra) ASARCO ALV 0005829 asbestos bulletin 79 NEW ZEALAND 316 EXPLORATION IN NEW ZEALAND. Asbestos, April 1973, p-12. Lime and Marble Ltd., Kennecott Copper Corporation and Cassiar Asbestos Corporation Ltd., announced an agreement whereby Cassiar will undertake exploration of an asbestos property by the Pyke River in the Red Hills area of New Zealand. Asbestos was found to occur intermittently along a ten-mile belt of ultramic rocks. Detailed geologic mapping, nine diamond drill holes and assessment of fibre quality gave sufficient encouragement to warrant a further major programme of detailed exploration and evalu ation of several of the asbestos occurences. Under the terms of the agreement, Cassiar Asbestos has undertaken a programme which will include trenching, diamond drilling and driving an adit to obtain bulk samples for test milling. The programme begain in February 1973. The agreement provides that Cassiar has a commitment to spend NZ$400,000. If a total of NZjzfl-million is spent, Cassiar and Kenne cott would become equal shareholders in New Zealand Asbestos Ltd. , with Lime and Marble having the right to acquire equity in the newlyorganised company. SOUTH AFRICA 317 ASBESTOS PRODUCTION. Asbestos, April 1973, p.26. Production of asbestos from January-September 1972 totalled 238,699 metric tons: 75,933 tons of Amosite, 42,473 tons of Chrysotile, 116,023 tons of Cape Blue, 4,270 tons of Transvaal Blue. Production during the same nine-months period of 1971 was 241,887 tons. (Department of Mines, Johannesburg) CYPRUS 318 ASBESTOS PRODUCTION. Asbestos, April 1973, p.26. Production of asbestos for the first nine months of 1972 totalled 21,675 short tons, valued at 1,304,000, an increase of 3,240 tons, valued at 272,610, over the same period of 19.71. (Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Mines Department, Nicosia). U.S.S.R. 319 TERSUT ANTHOPHYLLITE-ASBESTOS DEPOSIT. A.Ya.Khmara and V.N. Kudryavtsev. Geol.Rud.Mestorozhd. 1973,1j5,No. 1,74-87. (in Russ ian. Genesis of Tersut anthophyllite asbestos deposit is discussed in det ail. It was formed in ultrabasites belonging to a dunite-harzburgite formation. nod uiiiwKiii.wp ij wujiii.,.., w p ASARCO ALV 0005830 80 ASBESTOS BULLETIN a: 320 METALLOGENIC CHARACTERISTICS OP ALPINE-TYPE ULTRABASIC 3 ROCKS IN THE NORTHERN PART OP KUZNETSK ALATAU AND RELATED METASOMATIC FORMATIONS. A. I. Goncharenko. Magmat. Metallogen. Altae-Sayan. Skladchatoi Obi. Kratk. Tezisy Dokl.Konf., II, 1970 (published 1971), 179-181. M Mineralisation in this region, containing chromite, chrysotile asbestos and breunnerite (magnesite) are described in connection with the metallogenic characteristics of the ultrabasic rocks. I f f o m 321 BENEFICIATION OP ASBESTOS ORE CONCENTRATES IN AN ELECTRO c MAGNETIC SEPARATOR. N.N. Dolgopolov et al. Sb.Tr.,Vses. d Nauch.-Issled. Inst.Nov.Stroit. Mater. 1970, No.26,161-168. I Electromagnetic separation yields three fractions, viz., fine (dust), medium(asbestos) and coarse (pebbles). The parameters of the proc ess are: potential 50 kV; feeding speed 1.5 m/sec. PART 2. ASBESTOSCEMENT. 322 DEHSIFICATIOH OF ASBESTOS CEMENT BY DE-AERATION OP THE SUSPENSION. (Translation from Russian) It was found that the elastic expansion of "green" asbestos cement sheets after removal of pressure is due mainly to the pressure of air in the form of macro-and micro-bubbles attached to asbestos fibres (3.9'- 12 vol.$) and cement particles (1.9 - 2.2 vol.$). De-aeration of asbestos cement slurry (at 0.1 kg/cm2; 30C; the thickness of the slurry layer should not exceed 10mm) resulted in a 8-12$ improvement in physico-mechanical properties of the products. De-aeration can be promoted by application of vibrations. The air content of the slurry can be reduced from 9 to 2-1.5$ 323 NEW SOVIET STANDARDS FOR ASBESTOS CEMENT ARTICLES. Stroit.Mat. 1973, No.4, 23. GOST 18124-72 "Structural Plat Asbestos Cement Sheets" specifies sheets having a length between 1200 and 3600mm., a width between 1200 and 1500mm., and a thickness of 6, 8 or 10mm. Class A has a bending strength of 230 kg/cm2, a density of 1.8 g/cm^, and an impact strength of 2.5 kg.cm/cm2 or more; the respective figures for Class B are: 18O kg./cm3, 1.6 g/cm3 and 2 kg.cm/cm2. GOST 1839-72 "Asbestos Cement Tubes and Muffs for No-Pressure Piping Systems" differs from the GOST 1839-48 in that the inner diameter of the tubes is equal to that of asbestos cement pipes working under pressure (to 9 kg/cm2). The "no-pressure tubes" however, are tested at a hydraulic pressure of 4 atm. gauge; their bending strength is 120 kg/cm2 or more. r t E s ir r I c ( c V 1 \ 1 3 1 1 T ( I - -4> ASARCO ALV 0005831 asbestos BULLETIN ' 8f 324 INFLUENCE OF CEMENT QUALITY ON FILTRATION RATE OF ASBESTOS CEMENT SLURRIES. J. Sulikowski et al. Zesz. Naak. Akad. Gorn.-Hutn., Krakow, 1972, No.19, 133-141 (Polish) Mixtures of asbestos and Portland cement (ratio 12:88) were stirred for 5-120 min. in tenfold amount of water at 20-60C, and their filtration rate was determined. The highest filtration rates were obtained with mixtures containing the largest fraction of 20-30 micron cement particles. No effect of chemical or mineralogical composition of the cement was observed. The filtration rate greatly depended on temperature. 8. 325 t)* USE OF ASBESTOS PIPES IN IRRIGATION. G. S. Blokh., Stroit.Mat. 1973, No.1, 20-21. The use of asbestos cement pipes gives 177 saving compared with steel pipes and 397s saving compared with cast iron pipes. Their resistance to aggressive waters is much higher than that of metal tubes. Problems arising from the increasing use of asbestos cement pipes in irrigation networks, in particular their pressure resistance and the tightness of their joints, are discussed in detail. Coupling muffs made from resins or cast iron are produced in increasing numbers. 326 A NEW CONVEYOR FOR THE SETTING PLANT FOR ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES. G. V. Meshkov., Stroit. Mater., 1973, No.2, 9* Rollers having progressive and rotational movement carry asbestos ts. cement pipes (length 4m) through a preliminary air-hardening section r (30 - 35C for 3-5 hours). The pipes are then stacked to form two or three layers and moved through a hydrothermal-hardening section, where hot water (50 - 55C) is sprayed onto the tubes (for 15-25 hrs.). This system proved to be much more convenient and rapid than the hardening in hot water-containing tanks, especially in the case when high-quality cement is used. 327 ASBESTOS CEMENT FACTORY IN KENYA. Asbestos, April 1973, p. 34. It was reported in the February 1973 issue of "Standard Bank Review" that a K600,000 asbestos-cement products firm is expected to commence business in Mombasa, Kenya, towards the end of thisyear.. A develop ment of the recently-formed Kenya Asbestos Co. Ltd., the project in cludes building a factory and office block and installing processing er l machinery.Construction work on a 40-acre site adjacent to the Bamburi Portland Cement Works has already begun. Owned by a consortium compris ing the Swiss firm,Cementia AG,Bamburi Portland Cement Co.Ltd.and the Development Finance Co.of Kenya Ltd.the KAC project will initially fabricate corrugated roofing sheets,tiles,water tanks and sunbreakers. ASARCO ALV 0005832 82 ASBESTOS BULLETIN 328 ASBESTOS CEMENT CONSTRUCTIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. L. N. Pitskel' and A. P. Astashkevicher. Stroit.Mat. , 197-1 No.3, 28-29. Roofing plates AKD and AKP, and wall panels ASD are described in detail. Plate AKD has dimensions 2980 x 1450 x 10mm; its framework consists of wooden beams between which mineral wool is placed; this is covered with a corrugated fibrous sheet of the SV or UV type. Plate AKP for use under a roofing material consists of two asbestos cement sheets (2980 x 1490 x 10 mm. and 2980 x 1450 x 10 mm.) between which mineral wool is placed; 5 mm free space is left above it. Wall panel ASD has a length of 2980 mm, a width of 590, 890 or 1490^ and a thickness of 152-232 mm; it comprises a wooden framework with5 asbestos cement sheets fixed to both sides and the intervening space filled with mineral wool; a polyethylene film is placed inside. PART 3. 329 ASBESTOS TEXTILES. IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO COMPOSITE MATERIALS. National Research Development Corporation. The present invention relates to processes for the manufacture of composite materials and is particularly concerned with aligning fibres. The fibre concentration in a matrix and the degree of align ment of the fibres are inter-related and critical to the production of worthwhile composite materials. To achieve a high fibre concen tration the fibres must pack very well in the matrix. Adequate pack ing can be achieved only by a substantially parallel alignment of the fibres since misalignment of a small proportion of fibres is suffic ient to cause a disproportionately large decrease in fibre packing density. ' The effect is commonly seen in a box of matches when a few matches become misaligned. The present invention aims to produce a high degree of alignment in which composites are produced having 85 to 100% and normally at least 90% of the fibres aligned to within tea degrees at most of the intended direction and in which extremely high fibre loadings up to 70% by volume are obtainable. Using suitably strong fibres composites materials may be obtained having a Young's Modulus as high as 30-40 x 10 pounds per square inch and a flexural ultimate tensile strength up to 2000 pounds per square inch. Such high composite strengths are due to three main factors; the high fibre loading; the excellent alignment of the fibres; and the conse quent absence of significant number of fibres transverse to the align* ment direction which could cut and damage the aligned fibres and reduce the composite's strength. As shown in Fig. 1, the apparatus includes an application 1 having a dispersion supply tube 2 and a nozzle 3* The nozzle 3 is preferably shaped in the flow direction as shown having a slit outlet 5 ins. long and 0.005 ins.wide. A horizontally movable, level carriage 4 is mounted below the applicator 1. A filter bed 5, of 120 mesh gauze i I ASARCO ALV 0005833 ASARCO ALV 0005834 I ASARCO ALV 0005835 asbestos bulletin 87 measuring 5 ins. by 10 ins. is carried by the bed 5, and lies about | in. below the applicator 1. The carriage 4 forms a plenum chamber 6 below the bed 5 which chamber is connected by a flexible tube 7 to a low-pressure difference, high -rate, gas suction pump (not shown). Means (not shown) are provided to reciprocate the bed 4 beneath the applicator 1, between the extreme positions indicat ed by the dashed lines. Beneath the applicator 1 and the bed 4, there is a drip tray 8 for catching dispersion not applied to the bed 4. Alongside the applicator 1 is mounted a 2K.U. fan heater 9, about 4 ins. above the bed 4 and directed on to the bed 4. A cowl 10 serves to retain the hot air in the region of the bed. A water mist spray 11 is mounted within the cowl 10, also directed towards the bed 4. Fibres of chrysotile asbestos, up to about f in.long were dispersed in glycerol having a viscosity of about 1 poise,using a low-energy device so that damage to fibres was minimised. The concentration of fibres in glycerol is up to about 37= by weight. The dispersion is pumped into the applicator 1 at about 10 Ib/sq.in. pressure and emerged from the nozzle 3 at a velocity about 1 ft/sec. The bed 4 is reciprocated horizontally beneath the applicator 1 and the heater 9 at a velocity of about 1? ft/sec., whereby aligned fibres are deposited on the gauze 5, the glycerol passing through the gauze 5 and being sucked through the flexible pipe 7. As the mat of aligned fibres is built up on the gauze the hot air from the heater and the suction are sufficient to ensure that the liquid drains through the sheet and the gauze 5, the suction pump developing a suction of between 5 and 25 ins. water gauge. Towards the end of the process a spray of fine water mist is applied from the spray 11 to the gauze 5 to wash glycerol from the mat. After about 40 layers of aligned fibres have been applied a handleable felt is formed which can be lifted from the gauze. The mat readily absorbs synthetic resin, solvent and curing agents, which could be poured gently onto it without disturbing the alignment of fibres. Composites were then formed by known methods, the thickness of each 40 layer sheet in the composite after compression being typically about 0.01 ins. Such a composite of asbestos fibres in epoxy resin had, when tested, a modu lus of elasticity of 12 x 10 lb/sq.in.and a flexural ultimate tensile strength of 100,000 lb/sq.in. Fig.2 is a cross-sectional view through a pre-aligning nozzle having a variable-aperture exit slit; Fig.3 is a partly-broken away perspect ive view of apparatus for continuously producing an aligned fibre mat; Fig.4 is a perspective view of apparatus for continuously impregnating the aligned fibre mat with synthetic resin; Fig.5 is a perspective view of apparatus for compressing the impregnated mat to form a thin flexible composite and for cutting therefrom strips suitable for the fabrication of structures by filament winding. .1 ASARCO ALV 0005836 88 ASBESTOS BULLETIN 330 GERMAN PATENT APPLICATION NO. 2,127,668. FOAMED MATERIAL CONTAINING ASBESTOS FIBRES. Rex-Patent Graf, von Rex K.G, A suspension of asbestos fibres in an aqueous solution containing soap, a wetting agent, and aluminium sulphate is homogenised by intensive stirring (1400 rpm) and extruded into a 57* solution of zinc sulphate. The resulting bundle is moulded and heated in a closed mould at 220 and then at 350-400C. The product is waterresistant; its density is 40 kg/nw. 331 SORPTION PROPERTIES OF FIBROUS MATERIALS IMPREGNATED WITH SOLUTIONS OF HYGROSCOPIC SALTS. V.A. Artemenko et al. Trudy Nikolaev. Korablestoit.Inst. 1972, No.55, 75-79 Ref. Zh.Khim. 1972, 20B1255- Asbestos fabrics or cardboards saturated with solutions of hygro scopic salts, such-as LiCl2, are suitable for use in air-drying equipment (without circulation). The initial sorption capacity can be easily restored by drying. ^32 U.S. PATENT NO. 3,628,321. APPARATUS FOR FORMING ASBESTOS YARN. I. M. Schwartz. Asbestos roving is fed by a metering drive roll to a coating or impregnating station: then twisted and loose and fringe fibres are integrated into the roving which is then passed over a wiping pad. By this method, asbestos fibres are converted into tape, sliver or other material in the strand form. contamination of the environment is reduced. PART 4. ASBESTOS FRICTION MATERIALS. 333 U.S.S.R. PATENT NO. 363,729- SELF-LUBRICATING MATERIAL. P. V. Sysoev et al. Antifriction material having improved thermal stability and mechani cal strength is produced from a thermoreactive binder (such as poly-, dimethylvinylethynylphenol and hexamethylene-tetramine copolymer) ana fillers, such as asbestos fibres, graphite, ferric oxide and cadmiun oxide. 334 IMPROVING ASBESTOS FRICTION MATERIALS BY ADDITION OF BIS- (CHLOROMETHYL) AROMATIC COMPOUNDS. T.N. Istomina et al. Uch.Zap. Yaroslav. Tekhnol. Inst.1972, No.28, 69-71; Ref.Zhur.Khim.,1972, 14S969. Materials containing, e.g.bisr(chloromethyl) - naphthalene vulcanisates have higher strength and coefficient of friction at elevated temperatures than those containing conventional sulphur vulcanisates- ASARCO ALV OOOS837 asbestos BULLETIN 89 335 BONDING OP FRICTION PLATES WITH AE-520K SEALER. I.Gruin and J. Kielkiewicz, Polimery, 1972, 1_7, No. 9, 483-487 (in Polish). Adhesive system for bonding metal clutch discs with asbestos linings is described. The disc is preliminarily sand-blasted, and then coated with BWF-21 adhesive which is allowed to dry superficially. The asbestos lining is covered with AE-520K adhesive material (a thin asbestos layer impregnated with Epidian 520 epoxy resin), and pressed against the disc at 200C. The system is especially suitable for motorcycle clutches. 336 COMPOSITION OF VOLATILE SUBSTANCES EVOLVED DURING HOT FORMATION OF ASBESTOS FRICTION PRODUCTS. N.H. Nosova et al. Proizv-vo Shin. Rezinotekhn. i. Asbestotekhn. Izdelii, Ref.Sb., 1972, No.3, 24-26; 3ef.Zh.Khim. 1972, 23 S 740 (in Russian) Qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile substances evolved during the formation of asbestos brake linings in heated hydraulic presses has led to the conclusion that an effective ventilation system is indispensable. 337 GERMAN PATENT APPLICATION NO. 2,119,089- ASBESTOS FIBRE FRICTION ELEMENTS CONTAINING THERMOSETTING RESINS. Abex Corp. Railway brake shoes containing 8.8 of asbestos fibres and other fillers (cast iron particles, graphite, baryte, alumina and coke) in phenolformaldehyde novolak resin, are produced by first compressing the dry mix in a mould at room temperature and then heating the prod uct outside the mould to effect the thermosetting of the resin with out any cracking. PART 5- ASBESTOS REINFORCED PLASTICS. 338 BRITISH PATENT NO. 1,301,296. COMPOSITION FDR THE PRODUCTION OF AN INSULATING LAYER ON SOLID ROCKET PROP ELLANTS. Dynamit Nobel A.G. Title composition consists of 30-90 ^wt.^- of a prepolymer binder (preferably polyurethane), 5-65 wt.? of an inorganic filler (e.g.asb estos), and 5~50 wt.f of a substance absorbing heat by an endothermic reaction when the composition burns (e.g.ammonium oxalate). 339 PRODUCING DUROPLAST ARTICLES USING INJECTION-MOULDING MACHINES. H.Haase.Chem.-Anlagen Verfahren,1973,No.2,57-58. Manufacture of articles,e.g.plastic components,from thermosetting resins,such as phenolic resins filled with asbestos or wood flour,or the like,by means of injection-moulding machines is five times faster than the conventional methods. \ id ASARCO ALV 0005838 90 ASBESTOS BULLETIN 340 RESTRICTED EQUILIBRIUM SWELLING. TRUE MEASURE OF ADHESION BETWEEN SHORT FIBRES AND RUBBER. B.Das. J.Appl.Polym.Sci 1973, 17, No.4, 1019-1030. *' Measurements of restricted equilibrium swelling were carried out on rubber filled with short glass or asbestos fibres. Goodrich com pression fatigue and tensile measurements confirmed the beneficial role of bonding agents improving the adhesion of rubber to the fibres. Replacement of a part of carbon filler by silica did not affect the bonding between the rubber and the fibres. 341 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF FIBRES USED AS REINFORCING AGENTS. V.G. Tverdsk'nleb et al. Proizvod. Shin. Rezinotekh. Asbesto-tekh. Izdelii, Ref.Sb. 1972, No.5, 1-2; Ref.Zh.Khim.1972, 18 S 430. Chemical resistance of asbestos fibres, glass fibres and nylon fibres against kerosene, oleic acid, naphthenic acids, tallow oil, acetone, toluene, xylene and butyl acetate was studied by determining changes in mechanical properties after immersion in these liquids. On the whole, nylon 6 proved to be superior to glass or asbestos fibres. 342 BRITISH PATENT NO. 1,298,678. MOULDABLE AROMATIC POLYIMINZ PREPARATIONS. BBA Group Ltd. An aromatip dialdehyde^is mixed with an aromatic diamine in methanol at a temperature of 10'' or higher is milled with asbestos (preferably chrysotile asbestos) and moulded at 240-310 and 3500-4500 psi. Lewis acids can be used as curing catalysts. Articles having good mechanical and thermal resistance are obtained. t PART 6. 3UILDING MATERIALS. 343 PANELS COATED WITH RESIN-IMPREGNATED PAPER. M.S.Lashchaver. Sb.Tr. Vses. Nauch.-Issled. Inst. Nov.Stroit.Mater.,1970, No.24, 49-58. Panels consisting of fiberboard, chipboard, asbestos sheet, or wood are coated with, e.g. kraft paper impregnated with a urea-melamine resin to produce a decorative surface. .Panels coated in this manner can be used as building materials or in the production of furniture. Laminating machine is described and data of the lamination process are given. 344 GERMAN PATENT APPLICATION NO. 2,146,709. MORTAR FOR TILES. Suddeutsche Kalkstickstoff-Werke A.G. Mortars having improved water repellency and good adhesive properties consist of cement, sand, a sulphonated melamine-formaldehyde polymer, methyl cellulose, water-soluble polyacrylamide and optionally asb estos. .1 ASARCO ALV 0005839 ASBESTOS BULLETIN 91 345 C-ERMAN PATENT APPLICATION NO. 2,300,147- FLOORING TILES MADE FROM ASBESTOS WITH VINYL CHLORIDE COPOLYMER OR ASPHALT AS BINDER. GAF Corp. Mixture of asbestos with one of the title binders, optionally a filler, softener, antioxidant, light - and heat-stabiliser, pigment, etc., is calendered, and then coated with a thin layer of a mixture of an unsaturated polyester and a vinyl monomer, which is subsequently hardened by u.v. irradiation. The coating is clear and durable. 346 JAPANESE PATENT NO. 73 28,082. FIRE-RESISTANT COMPOSITE BOARDS CONTAINING POLYETHYLENE FOAM. Ohkura Industrial Co.Ltd. Non-inflammable laminate consists of successive layers of plywood, polyethylene foam, asbestos, sodium silicate, and asbestos again. The additional asbestos layer on the surface of the board prevents charring of the polyethylene foam and uneven foaming of the sodium silicate layer. 347 GERMAN PATENT APPLICATION NO. 2,136,149. PIGMENTS FOR PAINTS. Union Carbide Corp* High-opacity inorganic pigment composition for use in paints consists of short chrysotile asbestos fibres (having a specific surface area of 60-80 m2/g. and a reflecting power exceeding 74$), and of an anionic pigment- adsorbed on the fibres; a coating of a natural or synthetic resin can be provided. PART 7. ASBESTOS PACKING,SEALING & COATING COMPOSITIONS. 348 GERMAN PATENT APPLICATION NO. 2,140,714. REINFORCED FLUOROPLASTIC DIAPHRAGMS. Tokuyama Soda Co. Chemically and thermally resistant diaphragms are produced from fluoroplastics, such as polytetrafluoroethylene, reinforced with in organic fibres, e.g. asbestos. An aqueous slurry containing the fluoroplastic material and asbestos fibres is intensively stirred and then formed into sheets, dried and pressed (at e.g. 150 kg/cm^ and 400 C). The diaphragms are suitable for use in e.g. NaCl electro lysis. 349 EFFECT OF NEGATIVE POTENTIAL ON COATED UNDERGROUND IRON PIPES. W. von Baeckmann and D.Funk. Gesamm.Ber.Betr. Forsch.Ruhrgas Ag., 1972, No.20, 71-73 (in German) Combination of different protective coatings (bitumen, glass fibre, asbestos, polytene) with cathodic protection of underground iron pipes gives much better results than the protective coating alone. ASARCO ALV 0005840 92 ASBESTOS BULLETIN 350 U.S.S.H. PATENT NO. 364,647. ASPHALT-BASE MASTIC. M.V. Kuznetsov et al. Mastic suitable for hermetic sealing of panel joints consists of 65-757 asphalt, 2.5-47" synthetic rubber, 6--10/6 asbestos, 6-10f cement and 10-155 organic solvent. The addition of asbestos and cement increases the strength of the product, improves its deformability and surface adhesion, and diminishes flow in the cold. 351 GERMAN PATENT APPLICATION NO. 2,239,665- POLYMERIC SEALING COMPOSITIONS. Evode Ltd. Non-staining, fire-resistant, sealing compositions contain a layer of a pressure-sensitive adhesive filled with fillers, such as vermiculite and asbestos, and fireproofing agents such as tribromophenol or antimony trioxide, on a metal foil or a plastic substrate. This material is especially suitable for construction repairs. 352 INTERNAL STRESSES IN ASBESTOS-PILLED BUTADIENE-NITRILE RUBBER. M.M. Eoroaulin et al. Uch.Zap.Yaroslav.Tekhnol. Inst.1972, No.28, 16-9-172; Ref.Zh.Khim, 1972, 15 S 983. Internal stresses in the title composites can be reduced by using a combined mixing method instead of the dry mixing method. It is recommended to use granulated rubber. 353 tf.S.S.R. PATENT NO. 360,328. REFRACTORY COATINGS FOR METALS. T.K. Damzova et al. Refractory coatings are formed on metal surfaces using a composition containing 40-607 of aluminosilicate fibres, 35-507 -of a solution of zirconium acetate, and 5-107- of an a lumi no phosphate binder. The ad hesion of the coating to the metal is very good. PART 8. ASBESTOS PAPER AND INSULATING MATERIALS. 354 HEAT INSULATIONS MADE FROM SLAG REMAINING AFTER ELECTRO- THERMAL SUBLIMATION OF PHOSPHORUS. E. I. Ved and A.V.Satarin. Budiv. Mater. Konstr. 1973, 15, No.2, 38-39 (in Ukranian) Title slag consists mainly of a vitreous monocalcium silicate and a crystalline phase containing wollastonite and cuspidine. Thermal insulations are made from asbestos fibres with a slag-lime binder consisting mainly of low-basicity hydrated calcium silicates. The insulations contain tobermorite formed during the autoclave treatment' of the material. 1 ASARCO ALV 0005841 asbestos BULLETIN 93 355 U.S. PATENT NO. 3,721,637. ASBESTOS FIBRE DISPERSION. F. D. Schultz and H. J. Fogel. Dispersions of chrysotile or amosite asbestos, suitable for the production of asbestos paper or board, are prepared by slurrying asbestos fibre, and adding to the resulting 10= slurry 0.05-5^ of an acrylic or methacrylic acid polymer. Binders, dyes, antioxidants etc., can be added in an amount less than 35 wt.c/= with respect to the asbestos. 356 U.S. PATENT NO. 3,725,196. FIBROUS BASE FELT AS A DRAINAGE AID. Congoleum Industries Inc. Dimensionally-stable felt is produced by adding a water-soluble, cationic polyacrylic resin to an asbestos fibre slurry, mixing with a cellulose fibre slurry, forming sheets on a conventional paper making machine, and saturating them with a polymeric binder, e.g. a melamine resin. 357 FRENCH PATENT APPLICATION NO. 2,126,995- THERMOPLASTIC ACOUSTICAL INSULATIONS. Teroson 7/erke G.m.b.H. Panels especially suitable for soundproofing compartments of motor cars consist of an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer containing 60-90 of a filler, such as carbon black, mica, asbestos, barite, slate flour or chalk. One side of the panel is provided with a layer of an adhesive and the other side with aerated polyurethane or polyolefine. 358 JAPANESE PATENT NO. 7310,126. FIBRE-REINFORCED MAGNESIUM CARBONATE BOARDS FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATION. Konoshima Chemical Co.Ltd. Lightweight boards with high strength and good heat-insulating properties are produced from an aqueous suspension of magnesium carbonate crystals and fibres (e.g. amosite asbestos fibres or glass fibres), by moulding, dehydration, heating in saturated steam and 60-80C, and then rapid drying with hot air (110C). The bulk density of the product is 0.65 g/cm3, and the bending strength is 140 kg/cm^. PART 9. REFRACTORY FIBRES. 359 BRITISH PATENT NO. 1,307,133- BORON CARBIDE FIBRE PRODUCTION. Carborundum Co. Boron oxide fibres are heated in ammonia at 350-600F; then reacted with aliphatic amines at 600-1000F and heated in argon at 2000~3000F to produce boron carbide fibres having a density of 2.45 g/cm3. J ASARCO ALV 0005842 94 ASBESTOS BULLETIN 360 JAPANESE PATENT NO. 73 23,699- PRODUCTION OF SILICON CARBIDE WHISKERS. Ditto Electric Industrial Co.Ltd. High yields are obtained (up to. 60$) by forming silicon0carbide whiskers from SiCl. , carbon and hydrogen at 1300 - 1500 C in the presence of Ni or ^its compounds as catalysts. 361 NONLINEAR ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF UNIDIRECTIONAL COMPOSITE LAMINAE. H. T. Hahn and S. W. Tsai. J.Compos.Mater.1973, January, 102-118. A stress-strain relation was derived for graphite and boron fibre epoxy resin composites. The stress-strain relation is linear in uniaxial, longitudinal or transverse loading, and nonlinear in shear loading. 362 CARBON FIBRE-REINFORCED CERAMICS. D.H. Bowen, D.C.Phi Hips, R.A.J. Sambell and A. Briggs. Mech.Behav.Mater.,?roc.Int. Conf., 1st 1971 (published 1972), 5, 123-134. Strong, tough composites are made by reinforcing a brittle matrix (ceramic or glass) with high modulus carbon fibres. Maximum strength was achieved when thermal stresses were diminished. In Pyrex glass reinforced with aligned, continuous fibres, the strength was increased by a factor of 7, and the work of fracture by a factor of 1000;matrix cracking occurred at about 50$ of the ultimate strength. 36 3 GERMAN PATENT APPLICATION NO. 2,118,489- FIBRES AND FI IMS OF BORON CARBIDE OPTIONALLY MIXED WITH CARBON. Farbenfabrikea Bayer A.G. Fibres and films are formed from a solution containiftg a boron-hydrog en compound, a thermally decomposable polymer 3nd, optionally, an ^ auxiliary polymer. The fibres and films are then heated at 800-2 35013 under an inert gas. Boron carbide fibres having a tensile strength of 140 kg/mm2 and a modulus of elasticity of 29000 kg/mm2 were produc ed. 364 GROWING ALPHA-ALUMINA WHISKERS BY THE VAPOUR-LIQUID-SOLID PHASE METHOD. V.N.Gribkov et al. Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, 1972, 12, No.4, 12-16. Conditions and mechanism of alumina whiskers growth by oxidation of aluminium in a moist hydrogen atmosphere were investigated. The growth is more intensive, if lead is present forming Pb + Al drops. 365 U.S.S.B. PATENT NO. 357,187- METAL-CERAMIC FIBRE COMPOSITEV. G. Grosheva et al.. Material having high impact strength consists of 75-80$ by vol. of filamentary monocrystals of mullite and 25-20 vol.$ of vanadium. ASARCO ALV 0005843 I asbestos bulletin 95 PART 10. MISCELLANEOUS. 366 THE ASBESTOS QUESTION. Modern Plastics International, June 1973, p.56. M So far, the only measurable impact that an OSHA standard can have I on materials used by the plastics industry relates to the limits on a asbestos exposure. The standard permits a maximum of 5 fibres/cc. * of air, which is to be reduced to 2 fibres/cc. by July 1, 1976; 1 down from the 12-fibre threshold limit value originally set by ACGIH. There was some concern that this' standard would severely restrict I the market for asbestos - and General Electric in fact has eliminated I asbestos filler from its phenolic lines, substituting an FDA-accept- f able material (see Dec.1972 MPI, p.52). However consumption of * asbestos fibres in the U.S. actually increased by 7$ Last year, accordI ing to the Bureau of Mines of the Dept, of the Interior. I Still, there are economic penalties. Raybestos-Manhattan estimates t that the asbestos industry has spent (100 million over the past I decade to implement dust-control programmes, and will spend a like * amount just to meet the OSHA standard. This does not include the worker-safety compliance costs (for special safety garb, protective i devices, physical examinations, etc.) incurred by plastic plants and i other factories that handle asbestos routinely. One way out of QSHA's asbestos bind is via the development of process ing equipment with built-in-dust-abatement controls. New, for ex ample, is an automatic bag-opening attachment that also introduces asbestos fibre into the processing equipment and disposes of the empty bag. 367 GERMAN PATENT APPLICATION NO. 2,248,879- LINING MATERIAL FOR WATER RESERVOIRS. Bitumarin N.V. & N.V. Asphalt-en Chemische Fabrieken Smid en Hollander. l Water-impermeable films are produced by applying onto both sides of I a polymeric film (polamide, polyester) a mixture containing 957 of a 75/45 bitumen and 57 of asbestos fibres at 130 C. 368 PNEUMATIC VIBRATION VISCOMETER. R. E. Sarkisyan. Prom.Arm. 1971, No.3, 49-51 (in Russian) | A viscometer is described based on measurements of the amplitude of forced oscillations of a flat plate immersed in the liquid under test. | The viscometer has linear characteristic. It can be used for measur| ing viscosity of e.g. polyethylene solutions, petrol, asbestos suspen- ' sions etc. ASARCO ALV 0005844 96 ASBESTOS BULLETIN 369 DRAG. REDUCTION OF CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS DISPERSIONS. P. Peyser. J. Appl. Polym. Scie. , 1973 JT7, No.2, 421-431, Drag redaction was studied of chrysotiie asbestos fibre dispersions in aqueous solutions of Aerosol OT and in ethylene glycol, and com pared with that of glass microfibres in acidified water (pH3). The influence of concentration and temperature was determined. The fully separated fibres are probably primarily active in the drag reduction. 370 GERMAN PATENT APPLICATION NO. 2,111,011. POROUS SUBSTRATATE FOR ACETYLENE IN PRESSURE CONTAINERS. Linde A.G. Acetylene-acetone mixtures are safetly stored in cylinders containing a conventional porous base material (e.g. calcium silicate, asbestos; with addition of 1-3?' of a pulverulent additive (e.g. Sb, Pb, Pb-Zn, etc.) having a melting point below the temperature of thermal decomp osition of acetylene. 371 DEVELOPMENT OF A BORSIC-ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE RING STIFFENER. '7. R. Hoover et al. Reoort 1972, SC-DR-72070.6, 35 pp; Nucl.Sci.Abstr.1973, 27*, No. 3, 5724. Ring stiffener for atomic projectile fired from 155 mm. gun was produced from an aluminium alloy reinforced with Borsic filament. The composite ring can withstand severe stress conditions. 372 U.S. PATENT NO. 3,719,601. HEAT-INSULATING HYDROCARBON FLUIDS THICKENED WITH MAGNESIUM SILICATE. Continental Oil Co. Thermal injection wells in arctic regions are protected against melting of the permafrost by means of heat-insulating hydrocarbon fluids (e.g. clear paraffinic oil) thickened with fibrous magnesium silicates, especially asbestos, used in an amount of 1-10 wt.$. 373 U.S. PATENT NO. ^,707,398. PRE-COAT FILTER ON A LIQUIDPERMEABLE FILTER SUPPORT. Stella-Meta Filters Ltd, A suspension of a finely divided, nonfibrous, inert material (e.g. polystyrene, a phenolformaldehyde resin, nylon, carbon) is passed, through a porous filter support, which retains most of these particle so that a layer of them is formed on the support. Subsequently, a suspension of a fibrous filter material (cellulose, asbestos) ispassed through the pre-coated support to form a filter, which can be used in water treatment, chemical industry, breweries, etc. ASARCO ALV 0005845 ASBESTOS bulletin 97 374 U.S.S.R. PATENT NO. 352,984. FILTER PAPERBOARD FOR FILTERING PALATABLE LIQUIDS. 0. A. Malev et al. Filter for e.g. fruit syrups is produced from (in wt.$): mercerised sulphite cellulose 35-40, non-mercerised sulphite and sulphate cellu lose 10-15, asbestos 10--15* silica gel 35-40, and starch 3-4 (on top of 100^). The addition of silica gel greatly increases the filter ing rate and reduces losses. 375 SYNTHETIC, HYDROXYL - AND FLUORINE-CONTAINING ASBESTOS FROM PERIDOTITES. L. A. Khachatryan and M. L. Oganesyan. Prom. Arm. 1972, (7), 42-45 (in Russian) Peridotites are subjected to hydrothermal treatment and oxides of sodium and silicon are added. Sodium fluoride, chloride or carbon ate is used as a mineraliser. Fibrous alkaline amphiboles are formed under a pressure of 200-1000 atm. This amphibo^isation of the periaotite under pyrogenic conditions begins at S50C, and is most intensive at 850-950^0. 376 GERMAN PATENT APPLICATION NO. 2,132,786. HETENOGENEOUS POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS. J. Dreher and P. Fuhge. Membranes are produced by filtering a suspension of hydrophilised polytetrafluoroethylene and an ion exchange resin or asbestos in a paraffin oil, -washing the filter cake and compressing it at about 3.5 t./cm2. The membrane is especially suitable for high-capacity hydrazine-hydrogen peroxide cells. 377 USE OF VACUUM EXTRUDES FOR REMOVING NAPTHA FROM ASBESTOS MATERIALS. V.V. Utkin et al. Kauchuk; Rezina, 1972, 31, No.11, 37-39^ Removal of naphtha contamination from asbestos composites by means of a two-screw vacuum extruder is described in detail. 378 U.S. PATENT NO. 3,639,236. ASBESTOS-CONTAINING LUBRICATING GREASE. Esso Research & Engineering Co. Grease having excellent structural stability and resistance to hardening under static conditions at high temperatures, suitable for use at extreme pressures, comprises (l) a lubricating oil; (2) a complex- fatty acid salt as a thickener: (3) a complex aluminium salt; and (4) colloidal ehrysotile asbestos of the type produced in central California. .1 ASARCO ALV 0005846 98 ASBESTOS BULLETIN AS 379 PRODUCTION OP SYNTHETIC ASBESTOS. P. Krleza et al. Kem In* PA 1972, 21, No.2, 71-73 (in Croatian) Q "A A mixture of magnesia and silica gel was subjected to thermal treat 12 ment in an autoclave at 300-350C under a pressure of 86-165 atm. The product showed an x-ray diffraction pattern closely resembling that of chrysotile (especially when equal amounts of MgO and silica gel prepared by hydrolysis of ethyl silicate). The fibre length was I0"4cm. 3* I 3* 380 JAPANESE PATENT NO. 72 23,173- POLYVINYL CHLORIDE RESIN 3* 3f CONTAINING HIGHLY DISPERSED ASBESTOS. A. Taniguchi. 3C. Material having good fine and abrasion resistance, low thermal 3C. expansion and good adhesive properties is produced by polymerising vinyl chloride on chrysotile asbestos fibres in an aqueous suspension 3' in the presence of benzoyl peroxide as a catalyst and polyvinyl v a Icohol. 3 3 381 PACKING DENSITY OF I.1ACROMOLECULES IN AN ASBESTOS-POLYETHY 3 LENE SYSTEM MODIFIED '.71TH A SURFACTANT. M. M. Revyaka and 3 A. Ya. Markina. Vestsi Akad. Navuk Belarus. SSR. , Ser.Khim. 3 Navuk, 1972, (5), 55-58 (Belorussian) 3 4 The packing density of the title system increases with the increasing 4 asbestos content (5-30?<>) and surfactant content. The hardness also ! increases, but its value depends on the nature of the surfactant. I 382 3RITISH PATENT NO. 1,279,469. A PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OP FIBROUS TITANIUM DIOXIDE. Farbenfabriken Bayer A.G. Titanium tetrahalide or a mixture of tetrahalides is contacted at 600C with a melt of one or more salts of an inorganic oxygen-contain ing acid capable of forming a volatile anhydride under reaction conditions. The fibrous titanium dioxide is recovered from the reaction medium. These fibres are useful in composites. 383 U.S.S.R. PATENT NO. 346,231. PURIFICATION OP WATER. B. I. Katsen et al. Organic and inorganic impurities are removed from water by a twostage filtration. In the first stage, water is passed through porous plates (maximum pore size 55 microns), and in the second stage through a layer of asbestos and a layer of a mixture of asbestos with a cation exchange resin in the H+ form or in the Na+ form. L. ASARCO ALV 0005847 asbestos bulletin 99 PART 11. REVIEW OF JOURNALS "ASBESTOS", April 1973 131 North York Road (P.O.Box 471) Willow Grove, Penn. 19090, U . S A. 384 TEE SNYDER PROCESS-A BREAKTHROUGH IN COMMINUTION, p.4 385 INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY, p.14. 386 MARKET CONDITIONS: GENERAL BUSINESS & ASBESTOS FIBRE, p. 18. 387 PRODUCTION-IMPORTS-EXPORTS, p.26. 388 ANNUAL REPORTS 1972, p.36. 389 ASTM STANDARDS, p.42. 390 REPORTS/ARTICLES/DIRECTORIES, p.46. 391 NEW ASBESTOS PATENTS, p.48. "ASBESTOS", May 1973. 392 ASBESTOS NOT A PUBLIC HEALTH THREAT, d.6. 393 NEW ASBESTOS REGULATIONS FROM EPA, p.7. 394 EVERITE MOVES TO FRONT RANKS, p.8. 395 EXPANSIONS & ACQUISITIONS, p.11. 396 AS3E3T0S TEXTILE INSTITUTE, c.12. 397 MARKET CONDITIONS: GENERAL BUSINESS, p.14. 398 PRODUCTION-IMPORTS-EXFORTS, p.22. 399 FACTORIES, MINES & DISCOVERIES, p.30. 400 BOOKLETS, CATALOGUES AND BOOKS, p.46. 401 NEW ASBESTOS PATENTS, p.48. INTERNATIONAL ASBESTOS-CEMENT REVIEW, AC71, July 1973- Spiegelgasse 14 CH-8001 Zurich, Switzerland. 402 BLOSSOM MUSIC CENT'RE, CUYAHOGA FALLS, OHIO, U.S.A., p n f 40 3 CLUB PALTRO MONDO, RIMINI, ITALY, p.11. 404 MUNICIPAL THEATRE, UIM, GERMANY, p.14. 405 PHOENIX THEATRE, LEICESTER, ENGLAND, p.18. 406 YVONNE ARNAUD THEATRE, GUILDFORD, ENGLAND, p.19- 40? HOUSE OF PARLIAMENT AND THEATRE, STOCKHOLM, p.21. 408 MUNICIPAL LIBRARY, PANTIN, PARIS, p.23- 409 BARNKELD YOUTH CLUB, ICENGSTON-UPON-THAMES, ENGLAND. 410 COMJUNITY CENTRE, NIEDER-BEERBACH, GERMANY, p.28. 411 COMMUNITY BUILDING, BIEDENKOPF, GERMANY, p-30. 412 COMI.'IUNITY CENTRE, VILLE DE CAROUGE, GENEVA, p. 34- 413 BEE? CATTLE MARKET, CHIESANUOVA, PADUA, p-37. 414 COMMUNITY CENTRE, EPALCNGES, SWITZERLAND, p.41. 415 FESTIVAL HALL AT RUHSTORF a.d. ROTT, GERMANY, p.44. 416 SHIPPING CENTRE, EVERE, BRUSSELS, p.46. 417 SHOPPING CENTRE, REIMS- TINQUEUX, p.47. 418 DANCING "SILVTS", BARCELONA, p-52. 419 MERCADO MODELO, SAN SALVADOR, p-54. 420 THE ECOL OPERATION, p.57. ASARCO ALV 0005848 7JTX- U.S. Asbestos Standard-The Text Here is the complete text of the new standard for exposure to asbestos dust, as published in the Federal Register, vol. 37, No. 110, pp. 11320-11322, Wednesday, June 7, 1972: 1910.93a Asbestos (a) Definitions. For the purpose of this section; (1) "Asbestos" includes chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyliite, and actinolite. bestos fibers longer (2) "Asbestos fibers" means asbes tos fibers longer than 5 micrometers. (b) Permissible exposure to air borne concentrations of asbestos fibers --(1) Standard effective July 7, 1972. The 8-hour time-weighted average air borne concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be ex posed .shall not exceed five fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the method prescribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (2) Standard effective July 1, 1976. The 8-hour time-weighted average air borne concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be ex posed shall not exceed two fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic *ntimeter of air, as determined by the method prescribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (3) Ceiling concentration. No em ployee shall be exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of 10 fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centi meter of air, as determined by the method prescribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (c) Methods of compliance--(I) Engineering methods, (i) Engineering controls. Engineering controls, such as, but not limited to, isolation, enclosure, exhaust ventilation, and dust collec tion, shall be used to meet the expo sure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (ii) Local exhaust ventilation, (a) Local exhaust ventilation and dust col lection systems shall be designed, con structed, installed, and maintained in accordance with the American Na tional Standard Fundamentals Govern ing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, ANSI Z9.2-1971, which is incorporated by reference herein. (b) See 1910.6 concerning the availability of ANSI Z9.2-1971, and the maintenance of a historic file in connection therewith. The address of the American National Standards In stitute is given in 1910.100. (iii) Particular tools. All hand-op erated and power-operated tools which may produce or release asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this sec tion, such as, but not limited to, saws, scorers, abrasive wheels, and drills, shall be provided with local ex haust ventilation systems, in accord ance with subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph. (2) Work practices--(i) Wet meth ods. Insofar as practicable, asbestos shall be handled, mixed, applied, re moved, cut, scored, or otherwise worked in a wet state sufficient to pre vent the emission of airborne fibers in excess of the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this sec tion, unless the usefulness of the product would be diminished thereby. (ii) Particular products and opera tions. No asbestos cement, mortar, coating, grout, plaster, or similar material containing asbestos shall be removed from bags, cartons, or other containers in which they are shipped, without being either wetted, or en closed, or ventilated so as to prevent effectively the release of airborne as bestos fibers in excess of the limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (iii) Spraying, demolition, or re moval. Employees engaged in the spraying of asbestos, the removal, or demolition of pipes, structures, or equipment covered or insulated with asbestos, and in the removal or demo lition of asbestos insulation or cover ings shall be provided with respira tory equipment in accordance with paragraph (d) (2) (iii) of this sec tion and with special clothing in ac cordance with paragraph (d) (3) of this section. (d) Personal protective equipment --(1) Compliance with the exposure limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this section may not be achieved by the use of respirators or shift rotation of employees, except: (i) During the time period neces sary to install the engineering controls and to institute the work practices re quired by paragraph, (c) of this sec tion; (ii) In work situations in which the methods (prescribed in paragraph (c) `of* this' lection are either technically not feasible or feasible to an extent insufficient to reduce the airborne con centrations of asbestos fibers below the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) .1 of this section; or (iii) In emergencies. (iv) Where both respirators and personnel rotation are allowed by sub divisions (i), (ii), or (iii) of this subparagraph, and both are practica ble, personnel rotation shall be pre ferred and used. (2) Where a respirator is permitted by subparagraph (1) of this para graph it shall be selected from among those approved by the Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior, or the National Institute for Occupa tional Safety and Health, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, under the provision of 30 CFR Part 11 (37 F.R. 6244, Mar. 25, 1972), .and shall be used in accordance with subdivisions (i) (ii), and (iv) of this subparagraph. (i) Air purifying respirators. A re usable or single use air purifying respirator, or a respirator described in subdivision (ii) or (iii) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentrations of airborne asbestos fi bers in the respirator below the expo sure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 8-hour time-weighted average air borne concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed no more than 10 times those limits. (ii) Powered air purifying respira tors. A full facepiece powered air purifying respirator, or a powered air purifying respirator, or a respirator described in subdivision (iii) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentrations of airborne asbes tos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits prescribed in para graph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 3-hour time-weighted average concentrations of asbestos fi bers are reasonably expected to exceed 10 times, but not 100 times, those limits. (iii) Type "C supplied-air respira tors, continous flow or pressure-de mand class. A type "C" continuous flow or pressure-demand, supplied-air respirator shall be used to reduce the concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the ex posure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 3-hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to ex ceed 100 times those limits. (iv) Establishment of a respirator program. (a) The employer shall es- (Continued on sixth page) ASARCO ALV 0005849 (Continued from fifth page) tablish a respirator program in ac cordance with the requirements of the American National Standards Prac tices for Respiratory Protection, ANSI Z88.2-1969, which is incorporated by reference herein. (b) See 1910.6 concerning the availability of ANSIZ88.2-969 and the maintenance of an historic file in connection therewith. The address of the American National Standards In stitute is given in 1910.100. (c) No employee shall be assigned to tasks requiring the use of respira tors if, based upon his most recent examination, an examining physician determines that the employee will be unable to function normally wearing a respirator, or that the safety or health of the employee or other em ployees will be impaired by his use of a respirator. Such employee shall be rotated to another job or given the opportunity to transfer to a dif ferent position whose duties he is able to perform with the same em ployer, in the same geographical area and with the same seniority, status, and rate of pay he had just prior to such transfer, if such a different posi tion is available. (3) Special clothing: The employer shall provide, and require the use of special clothing, such as coveralls or similar whole body clothing, head coverings, gloves, and foot coverings for any employee exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers, which exceed the ceiling level pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this sec tion. (4) Change rooms: (i) At any fixed place of employment exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b)- of this section, the employer shall provide change rooms for employees working regularly at the place. (ii) Clothes lockers: The employer shall provide two separate lockers or containers for each employee, so sepa rated or isolated as to prevent con tamination of the employee's street clothes from his work clothes. (iii) Laundering: (a) Laundering of asbestos contaminated clothing shall be done so as to prevent the release of airborne asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (6) Any employer who gives asbes tos-contaminated clothing to another person for laundering shall inform such person of the requirement in (a) of this subdivision to effectively pre vent the release of airborne asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this Section. (c) Contaminated clothing shall be transported in sealed impermeable bags, or other ciosed, impermeable containers, and labeled in accordance with paragraph (g) of this section. (e) Method of measurement. All determinations of airborne concen trations of asbestos fibers shall be made by the membrane filter method at 400-450 X (magnification) (4 milli meter objective) with phase contrast illumination. (f) Monitoring--(1) Initial deter minations. Within 6 months of the publication of this section, every em ployer shall cause every place of em ployment where asbestos fibers are released to be monitored in such a way as to determine whether every employee's exposure to asbestos fibers is below the limits prescribed in para graph (b) of this section. If the limits are exceeded, the employer shall im mediately undertake a compliance program in accordance with para graph (c) of this section. (2) Personal monitoring--(i) Sam ples shall be collected from within the breathing zone of the employees, on membrane filters of 0.8 micrometer porosity mounted in an open-face fil ter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination of the 8-hour timeweighted average airborne concentra tions and of the ceiling concentrations of asbestos fibers. (ii) Sampling frequency and pat terns. After the initial determinations required by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, samples shall be of such frequency and pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of employees. In no case shall the sampling be done at intervals greater than 6 months for employees whose exposure to asbestos may rea sonably be foreseen to exceed the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of 'this section. (3) Environmental monitoring -- (i) samples shall be collected from areas of a work environment which are representative of the airborne con centrations of asbestos fibers which may reach the breathing zone of em ployees. Samples shall be collected on a membrane filter of 0.8 micrometer porosity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination of the 8-hour time- weighted average airborne concentra tions and of the ceiling concentrations of asbestos fibers. I (ii) Sampling frequency and pat terns. After the initial determinations required by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, samples shall be of such frequency and pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of the employees. In no case shall sampling be at intervals greater than 6 months for employees whose exposures to asbestos may rea sonably be foreseen to exceed the exposure limits prescribed in para graph (h) of this section. (4) Employee observation of moni toring. Affected employees, or their representatives, shall be given a rea sonable opportunity to observe any monitoring required by this paragraph and shall have access to the records thereof. (g) Caution signs and labels. (1) Caution signs, (i) Posting. Caution signs shall be provided and displayed at each location where airborne con centrations of asbestos fibers may be in excess of the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this sec tion. Signs shall be posted at such a distance from such a location so that an employee may read the signs and take necessary protective steps before entering the area marked by the signs. Signs shall be posted at all approaches to areas containing excessive concen trations of airborne asbestos fibers. (ii) Sign specifications. The warn ing signs required by subdivision (i) of this subparagraph shall conform to the requirements of 20" x 14" vertical format signs specified in 1910.145 (d) (4), and to this subdivision. The signs shall display the following legend in the lower panel, with letter sizes and styles of a visibility at least equal to that specified in this subdivision. Legend Notation Asbestos............... 1" Sans Serif, Gothic or Block. Dust Hazard .... %" Sans Serif, Gothic or Block. Avoid Breathing Dust.................... Y*" Gothic. Wear Assigned Protective Equip ment .................. !4" Gothic. Do Not Remain In Area Unless Your Works Requires It ........................ '/*" Gothic. Breathing Asbestos Dust May Be Hazardous To Your Health ... 14 point Gothic. (Continued on seventh page) asarco ALV 0005850 (Continued from sixth page) Spacing between lines shall be at least equal to the height of the upper of any two lines. (2) Caution labels--(i) Labeling. Caution labels shall be affixed to all raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris, and other products containing asbestos fibers, or to their containers, except that no label is required where asbestos fibers have been modified by a bonding agent, coating, binder, or other material so that during any rea sonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, disposal, processing, or trans portation, no airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section will be released. (ii)' Label specifications. The cau tion labels required by subdivision (i) of this subparagraph shall be printed in letters of sufficient size and contrast as to be readily visible and legible. The label shall state: Caution Contains Asbestos Fibers Avoid Creating Dust Breathing Asbestos Dust May Cause Serious Bodily Harm (h) Housekeeping--(1) Cleaning. All external surfaces in any place of employment shall be maintained free of accumulations of asbestos fibers if, with their dispersion, there would be an excessive concentration. (2) Waste disposal. Asbestos waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers, equip ment, and asbestos-contaminated clothing, consigned for disposal, which may produce in any reasonably fore seeable use, handling, storage, proc essing, disposal, or transportation air borne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this sec tion shall be collected and'disposed of in sealed impermeable bags, or other closed, impermeable containers. (i) Recordkeeping--(1) Exposure records. Every employer shall main tain records of any personal or en vironmental monitoring required by this section. Records shall be main tained for a period of at least 3 years and shall be made available upon re quest to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and to authorized representa tives of either. (2) Employee access. Every em ployee and former employee shall have reasonable access to any record required to be maintained by sub paragraph (1) of this paragraph, which indicates the employee's own exposure to asbestos fibers. (3) Employee notification. Any employee found to have been exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of the limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section shall be notified in writing of the exposure as soon as practicable but not later than 5 days of the find ing. The employee shall also be timely notified of the corrective action being taken. (j) Medical examinations -- (1) General. The employer shall provide or make available at his cost, medical examinations relative to exposure to asbestos required by this paragraph. (2) Preplacement. The employer shall provide or make available to each of his employees, within 30 calendar days following his first em ployment in an occupation exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers, a comprehensive medical exam ination, which shall include, as a mini mum, a chest roentgenogram (poste rior-anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVi.o). (3) Annual examinations. On or before January 31, 1973, and at least annually thereafter, every employer shall provide, or make available, com prehensive medical examinations to each of his employees engaged in oc cupations exposed to airborne con centrations of asbestos fibers. Such annual examination shall include, as a minimum, a chest roentgenogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVi.o). (4) Termination of employment. The employer shall provide, or make available, within 30 calendar days before or after the termination of employment of any employee engaged in an occupation exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers, a comprehensive medical examination which shall include, as a minimum, a chest roentgenogram (posterior- anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEVi.o). I (5) Recent examinations. No medi cal examination is required of any employee, if adequate records show that the employee has been examined in accordance with this paragraph within the past 1-year period. (6) Medical records--(i) Main tenance. Employers of employees examined pursuant to this paragraph shall cause to be maintained complete and accurate records of all such medi cal examinations. Records shall be re tained by employers for at least 20 years. (ii) Access. The contents of the records of the medical examinations required by this paragraph shall be made available, for inspection and copying, to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of NIOSH, to authorized physicians and medical consultants of either of them, and, upon the request of an employee or former employee, to his physician. Any physician who conducts a medi cal examination required by this para graph shall furnish to the employer of the examined employee all the in formation specifically required by this paragraph, and any other medical in formation related to occupational exposure to asbestos fibers. 3. A new 1910.19 is added to Subpart B of Part 1910, reading as follows: 1910.19 Asbestos dost. Section 1910.93a shall apply to the exposure of every employee to as bestos dust in every employment and place of employment covered by 1910.12, 1910.13, 1910.14, 1910.15, or 1910.16, in lieu of any different standard on exposure to asbestos dust which would otherwise be applicable by virtue of any of those sections. Effective date. Paragraph (b) (2) of 1910.93a shall become effective July l, 1976. All other provisions of 1919.93a, 1910.93, and 1910.19 shall become effective July 7, 1972. The current emergency temporary standard remains in effect until July 7, 1972. (Secs. 6, 8, 84 Stat. 1593, 1598; 29 U.S:C. 655, 657; 29 CFR 1910.4; Secretary of Labor's Order No. 12-71, 36 F.R. 8754) Signed at Washington, D.C., this 2d day of June 1972. G. C. Guenther, Assistant Secretary of Labor (FR. Doc. 72-8574 Filed 6-6-72:8:48 am] ASARCO ALV 0005851