Document 9JEodrOXQ06Yp314akoXQGa8p

c. Total Amounts of VCM Emitted from Flexible PVC Compounding Processes The amount of vinyl chloride monomer emitted from flexible resin compounding processes is almost directly proportional to the amount of residual VCM in the input resin to the operation, since practically all of the residual VCM in the resin is released upon compounding. The amount of residual VCM in the incoming resin la highly variable, and dependent upon a number of factors, notably the details of the polymerization and post-stripping process, and the storage and shipping history of the resin to com pounding. Storage time of the resin before use strongly afkcip the resi dual VCM levels: it has been estimated that approximately ZS A 50Z of the original VCM content of raw resin is lost during the first 30 days of shipping and storage under ordinary conditions. This loss may be accentuated under conditions of high ventilation. Because of this effect of storage, VCM losses will, in general, be from compounding operations which take place at the same location at which the raw resin is manufactured, and lower from these operations which purchase or ship input resins from other locations. In studies of suspension resins, residual VCM levels ranged from less than 50 ppm to as high as 2600 ppm vinyl chloride monomer by weight. Tables 1V-4 and 1V-5 show a tabulation of VIM contents or resins received in consecutive shipments from suppliers by one major fabricator in late 1974. Suspension resin VCM contents are shown to vary from a low of 30 to a high of 3500 ppm. Complete statistics on VCM levels in input resins are not available. On the basis of our plant visits we estimate that the majority of flexible resin compounding operations had an input resin VCM content of 200 to 1000 ppm. in 1974. In the latter part of 1974, raw resin manufacturers were beginning to devote considerable effort to lowering the VCM levels in their resins, so that the input resin to many of the operations probably fell in the 200500 ppm range. It has been estimated by manufacturers that by the end of 1975 most suspension resins will have residual VCM levels below 50 ppm. The technology to achieve these low levels appears to be a practical and important "control" measure for reducing VCM release to the atmosphere from flexible resin compounding operations. For the purposes of estimating the total VCM release rate to the atmosphere from a compounding operation, the following formula may be used: 100,000 x 300 106 30 lbs/day - 13.6 kg/day Assuming as a very rough estimate a nationwide average of 300 ppm in the input resins to flexible resin compounding operations in 1975, the nationwide release of VCM last year can be estimated as: iv-io SPI-26216 Arthur D Little Inc TABLE TV-4 Percent* Vinyl Chloride Monomer in PVC Homopolymer itlflcatlon 105-1 244 283 283 283 283 283 294 309 309 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 312 312 312 312 312 312 313 313 313 313 313 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 321 323 323 903 Type Resin Suspension Emulsion Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Emulsion Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension r Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension X Vinyl Chloride .086 .003 .082 .081 ' .14 .13 .031 .005 .016 .01 .064 .073 .068 .029 .053 .049 .033 .037 .030 .064 .047 .091 .033 .041 .28 .28 .19 .06 .14 .087 .063 .084 .045 .046 .087 .045 .030 .022 .025 .014 .099 .004 * XX - 10,000 ppm IV-11 SPI-26217 Arthur D Little Inc TABLE IV-5 Percent* Vinyl Chloride Monomer in PVC-PVA Copolymer tttification 163 163 163 163 163 163 297 430 430 440 440 440 430 430 450 450 450 451 451 458 458 458 458 458 459 459 459 459 459 459 459 459 459 479 479 480 532 Type Resin Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Solution Solution Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Solution Solution Solution Suspension *% Vinyl Chloride Monomer .071 .050 .077 .25150 .2600 .2100 .041 .009 .007 .054 .041 .100 .058 .079 .097 .039 .034 .078 .074 .062 .14 .080 .080 .054 .10 .082 .083 .136 .16 .15 .12 .118 .17 .055 .01 .003 .35 * 1Z - 10,000 ppm. IV-12 SPl-26218 Arthur D Little Inc Nationwide Release of VCM in 1974 from Flexible Resin Compounding Operations ^oo 9 " --g* x 1.6 x 10 lbs/yr of 10 flexible resins produced - 480,000 kg/yr of VCM released ( - 218,000 lbs/yr of VCM ) 'y By the end of 1975, assuming the goal of 50 ppm Is reached, the annual rate of VCM release from flexible resin compounding operations may be estimated (assuming the same rate of production): ^ - 1.6 X 10> - 80,000 lbs/yr - 36,000 kg/yr As discussed in Section III (Table XII-4) approximately 83Z of flexible PVC compound is produced by the fabricators of semi-finished products, about 11Z is produced by the raw resin producers, and about 6Z by independent compounders. Table III-4 of Section III further subdivides the compounding operations by type of final product. 2, Compounding of Rigid Formulations a. Process Description In rigid dry blend formulations, the resin, filler, lubricant and stabilizers are mixed in an intensive (high speed) mixer where considerable heat is generated. It is then cooled in a ribbon blender or in a lower speed cooling mixer similar in design to the hot, high Intensity mixer, and transferred for packaging or storage. In this operation, the compound does not go through the melt phase. Figure IV-4 shows a schematic of a dry blend process. A minor amount of rigid compounds is also produced by a process Involving fusing of the powder and dicing to produce rigid pellets. By far the largest application for rigid PVC resins is In the production of PVC pipe. The great majority of PVC pipe producers do their own com pounding on the same site as the pipe production. Mixing the additives with the raw resin takes place in a high intensity "hot" mixer through the use of an air sweep or a vacuum, considerably increasing the amount of VCM given off. Older installations do not have this feature, but the pressures of the 0SHA regulations and the hazards of exceeding the lower explosive limit for VCM will probably result in more and more facilities providing for VCM removal in the "hot" mixer. rv-13 SPI-26219 Arthur D Little. Inc C Q M E o u M B iM O s * l q s C4j s jv a , *n .u mb a ib tt. IV-14 SPI-26220 Arthur D Little Inc F ig u re IV - 4 . Di^r B le n d Compounding From the "hot" mixer, the blended powder Is sent to a cooler, which nay be a high Intensity mixer with a cooling jacket, or a ribbon blender from which It is transferred to a storage silo. A variation of this process is the "double batching" method of compounding in which only a portion (usually 50Z) of the batch of raw resin is mixed with additives in the hot mixer. The remaining portion of raw resin is sent directly to the cold mixer where it Is blended with the material from the hot mixer. A typical double batching compounding set-up Is shown in Figure IV-5. Double batching is efficient in that energy sayings are possible and the heat exposure of the resin Is minimized. Slagle batching which is much more widely practiced in the pipe industry, removes a con siderably large quantity of VCM since the major point of VCM emission appears to be the hot mixing stage. b. Points of VCM Loss and Amounts of Loss from Compounding of Rigid PVC Formulations Data on VCM loss in rigid formulation compounding is scarce. Almost all of the data which do exist come from the compounding of pipe compound, which is by far the largest application of rigid PVC. It appears that under some circumstances, very high removal rates for VCM are possible in the dry blending operation due to the relatively high temperatures in the hot mixer (as high as 138*C (280F)) and the large surface area of the resin powder. The amount of VCM given off In the com pounding operation appears to be highly variable, and dependent upon mixing temperature and time, mixing intensity, resin particle size and porosity, and aspiration within the hot mixer. Some manufacturers show negligible amounts of VCM lost In the compounding operation, while one manufacturer reported 94 to 98Z removal of VCM during rigid compounding. Data from a manufacturer of an internal aspiration system for hot blenders indicates that the loss is highly dependent upon the amount of aspiration, ranging from 84Z removal of VCM without aspiration to 99Z removal with aspiration and air stripping. These data are all summarized in Table IV-6. Bar resins to pipe compounding operations in late 1974 (which are presumed to be typical of PVC resins for other rigid formulations) typically contained 300 to 300 ppm VCM, with VCM levels in compounded resins about 50 ppm. As a very rough estimate therefore, the total loss of VCM from PVC compounding manufacturing operations is estimated to be about 250-450 lbs per million lbs of pipe produced. At an estimated 1.9 billion lbs of rigid PVC produced in 1974, this corresponds to a total VCM loss of 216,000-388,000 kg (475,000-855,000 lbs) of VCM lost/year from rigid PVC compounding. IV-15 SPI-26221 Arthur D Little Inc Detail of Typical Aspirating Hood-Type Vent c FIGURE IV-5 TYPICAL DOUBLE BATCH COMPOUNDING OF PIPE RESIN IV-16 SPI-26222 Arthur DLittlelnc TABLE IV-6 VCM Loss During Dry Blend Compounding of Rigid PVC Formulations VCM Content (After Stripping) Input Resin (ppm) Blend from Mixer (ppm) Blend from Cooler (ppm) X VCM Removal After Cooler Manufacturer A 218 Manufacturer B Batch 1 Batch 2 1014 413 Manufacturer C 550 Manufacturer D Batch 1 Batch 2 Batch 3 300 530 390 Weraer-Pfluderer "Eacorsta" Data Mixing @ 120C (237F) No Aspiration Aspiration Aspiration & Air Stripping 1000 1000 1000 190 33 - - -- - 565 205 68 180 30 26 74 80 92 200 160 36 11 17 98 94 87 73 83 49 84 96 99 IV-17 SPl-26223 ArthurD Little Inc 3. Plastisol and Organosol Compounding Plastisols and organosols are liquid systems consisting of dispersions of PVC resins In additives. Plastisols typically contain 30 to 50Z plasti cizer plus other additives such as stabilizers and fillers. Organosols differ from plastisols In that the former are thinned with solvents to control the viscosity. The VCM emissions from plastlsol and ogganosol compounding appear to be negligible because the VCM content of vthe Input resin Is extremely low. Most organosols and plastisols are mads from emulsion resins. Data from manufacturers Indicate that raw emulsion resins typically have VCM content of less than 10 ppm. Thus, the total amount of VCM which could be emitted could not exceed 10 pounds of VCM per million pounds of emulsion resins used to produce plastisols or organosols, or a total of 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) per year. B.___EXTRUSION Extruded products account for a large fraction of the consumption of PVC resins, and include both flexible and rigid formulations. Approximately 80Z of rigid PVC Is processed by extrusion; major products Include pipe and conduit, panels and siding, windows and other profiles and rigid sheet. Extrusion also accounts for almost 40Z of flexible PVC fabrication with major products being wire and cable sheathing, weather stripping, medical tubing, garden hose and film. (A breakdown of the type and quantity of products made by extrusion of PVC Is given in Table 11-3.) Extrusion takes piece at temperatures ranging from 120 to 190C (Table 1V-7). In general, extruders processing powder blends will operate at the upper temperatures, and those processing granulated compounds at the lover end. Unplasticized PVC is processed at a somewhat higher temperature than plasticized PVC. 1, Extrusion of Flexible PVC Extruders of flexible PVC operate in either of two modest they may purchase compounded flexible PVC to be fed directly into their extruders, or they may purchase raw resin and do their own compounding in-house. The VCM emissions from the plants of extruders of flexible PVC Is totally dependent upon which of these choices Is made. As discussed under "Flexible PVC Compounding" above, almost all the residual vinyl chloride monomer In raw resin compounded Into flexible formulations Is lost during the hot blending portion of the compounding operation, when plasticizer Is added. The amount of VCM remaining after completion of compounding is usually less than 10 ppm. Thus, the extruder of flexible PVC resin will have VCM emissions of a maximum of only ten parts of VCM per million parts of resin processed If he starts with compound. His counterpart who purchases and compounds from raw resin will have emissions as high as 200-500 parts per million. IV-18 SPI-26224 Arthur D Little Inc TABLE IV-7 Typical Extruder Temperatures for PVC Plasticized Compounds feed end of screw front end of screw head die Pnplasticized (rigid) Compounds feed end of screw front end of screw head die Temp. C 120-140 140-160 150-170 160-180 140-150 155-165 165-175 170-190 IV-19 SPI-26225 Arthur D little Inc We estimate that approximately 70 to 75Z of manufacturers of extruded flexible PVC products do their own compounding. (A breakdown of this is shown in more detail in Table III-4 of Section III.) The only major purchasers of ready-made flexible compound for extrusion are makers of film and medical tubing, who buy their compound from the resin producers; wire and cable coating extruders also buy a minor fraction of their feed as compound, from Independent compounders * Wire and cable coating and film extrusion ere good examples oiuproducts made by extrusion of flexible PVC. Wire and cable coating is-j^ie single largest extrusion process for flexible PVC and accounts for: approximately 354 million lbs per year, or about 22Z of the 1.6 billion Ibsbf flexible PVC consumed in the United States each year. The major resin used Is a homopolymer of medium to high molecular weight, with an additive content of 40 to 60 percent based on the final compound. About 125-135 million pounds of PVC were used in 1973 for the fabrication of flexible film for packaging applications. Wire and Cable Coating The producers of PVC-lnsulated wire and cable generally purchase raw resin and produce granulated compound themselves. (About 70> million lbs--or 20Z--is bought from Independent compounders who prepare special formulations, for the wire and cable Industry.) The total process is shown schematically in Figure IV-7. In the extrusion process for wire coating, high rates of output are of primary importance. Figure IV-7 is an Illustration of the croaahead type die used for wire coating. The wire to be coated passes straight through a crosshead die at right angles to the length of the extruder. The polymer melt (melted granules) enters the crosshead from the extruder and is directed around the wire and merges through the die. After emerging, the wire may be preheated electrically or flamed to remove lubricants and to Improve adhesion. VCM Emissions from Wire and Cable Coatings As discussed above, the primary emissions of VCM from wire and cable coating operations will occur In the compounding steps. The primary point of this emission would be in the addition of the plasticizers additives to the raw resin during the hot portion of the com pounding operation (discussed above). Emission of VCM at later points in the process is negligible. Taking as a very rough average a net emission from the entire coating operation of 300 parts of VCM per part of resin processed in 1974, the emissions from a 1,000 lb per hour extrusion line would be 0.3 lbs per hour of VCM, or 3.3 kg/day (7.2 lb/day). The total nationwide emissions from the process (assuming 354 million lbs of PVC used per year) would be approximately 48,000 kg VCM per year (106,000 lb/year). rv-20 SPI-26226 Arthur D Little Inc (0 M V T3 ,9 wl M M *J i-I X 9]|w T uMOi /N cn M <u T3> 5o> uM MU to a rt * oeo T <o o H H i--1 to *9 O JZ 4-) 0) X 2:1 A M 9 -O c <0 A t 1 1 41 M o cl o T-tl M JZ col o u 4)1 4-1 41 A to X IV-21 F ig u re IV -6 . S chem atic o f W ire and C able C o a tin g P rocess. SPI-26227 Arthur D Little, Inc FIGURE IV- 7 CROSSHEAD DIE FOR WIRE COATING IV-22 SPI-26228 Arthur D Little Inc  Film Extrusion Most flexible PVC packaging film is made by blown film extrusion. These products are used for a variety of consumer and industrial applications. Consumer applications include meat and produce wrap; industrial applications include wrapping for small parts or loose paper type products. A particular advantage of the PVC films for these applications is their ability to be oriented and then shrunk during subsequent exposure to heat to produce a so-called shrink wrap film. It is possible to extrude film from either compounded powder or pellets. Most flexible PVC extruded film is formed from pellets (which are made using conventional powder blending techniques described earlier), followed by extrusion of a strand which is cooled and pelletized. Film is made from either purchased pellets or via in-house compounding at the fabrication plant. Flexible film is also made from powder which is compounded on-site using standard techniques. Both of these methods are indicated in the flow chart of a typical flexible film extrusion plant, shown in Figure IV-8. (Figure IV-8 also indicates the sources of VCM emission.) The major source of emission will be from the hot stage of the compounding operation. Other emission points of less importance as shown in Figure IV-8 are from: unloading, venting to the atmosphere from raw powder and pellet storage silos, the vacuum port of the pelletizing extruder, and the fume collector which surrounds the film bubble. We have obtained data on residual VCM content of extrusion-blown film from two major manufacturers. In one case the manufacturer reported that during a six month period VCM concentrations in film leaving the plant never exceeded 0.02 ppm. The second manufacturer indicated that with rare exception the concentrations were below the levels detectable by gas chromato graphic methods. Thus, emissions from this portion of the industry can be estimated by assuming all of the VCM entering as raw resin leaves the film operation. One major manufacturer's sampling of incoming (uncompounded) resin between June and November of 1974 measured VCM concentrations ranging from 2 to 325 ppm, with, typical readings of 65 ppm. Assuming this figure is typical and that 130 MM lbs of flexible PVC packaging film are processed annually, the emissions from this sector of the industry are 65 x 130 8450 lbs/yr (3840 kg/year). It should be noted that approxi mately 902 of this arises from the compounding portion of the operation, and less than 10Z arises from the actual extrusion process. IV-23 SPI-26229 Arthur D Little Inc Direct Vent 'vent to Atmosphere to Atmosphere IV-24 S5 8 u cu z B 3 s Eh O > Ph 64 -J A a bj CO I >M a M8 Eh SPI-26230 Arthur D Little Inc 2. Extrusion of Rigid PVC Basins a. General As in Che case of processors of flexible PVC resins by extruders, manufac turers of rigid PVC resins by extrusion may purchase ready-made compound from the resin producers, or may compound thelT resins themselves. (The independent compounder of rigid PVC resins for extrusion is virtually non existent.) Manufacturers of pipe and conduit--which account for 78Z of the total consumption of rigid PVC for extrusion--compound about 99Z of their resin themselves. Most other manufacturers of extruded rigid PVC products purchase all of their compound from the resin producers. (An exception to this rule are the producers of foam molding, many of whom formulate their own compounds.) b. Major Examples of Extruded Rigid PVC Products (1) Pipe Production of PVC pipe represents about 55Z of the total extrusion- of PVC in this country (or about 78Z of extrusion of rigid PVC). Most PVC pipe manufacturers compound raw material at the same site, and the majority of the VCM loss is from the hot mixing step of the compounding operation. A typical PVC pipe manufacturing facility produces 20-25 million pounds of extruded pipe per year using 4805 extruders. A schematic of a typical plant's operations is shown in Figure IV-9. (Note that in Figure IV-9 compounding via both simple and double batching is indicated.) The economics of PVC pipe extrusion dictate that individual processors purchase raw PVC resin powder and add stabilizers, lubricants, and process ing aids and pigments in a central compounding operation at the plant. The powder blend to feed the extruders is typically prepared in 400-1,000 lb (180-455 kg) batches. The capacity of the extruders is typically 600-700 Ibs/hr (270-320 kg/hr) although some plants, particularly those processing manufacturing larger diameter pipe, use extruders with capacities as high as 1,300 lbs/hr (590 kg/hr). Simple twin-screw machines typically consist of two twinscrew machines operating in series. In this mode of operation, the first extruder's function is to melt and mix the powder and extrude it into the hopper of the second^ extruder via an intermediate evacuated pelletizing stage (In which the molten strands of resin are cut into pellets using a hot face cutter.) Evacuation occurs from this intermediate "pelletizing" stage. After emerging from the second extruder, the melt passes through the annular orifice of the die, and then is cooled in a water bath, cut into lengths and stored. Some types of pipe require a secondary finishing or shaping operation prior to storage. IV-25 SPI-26231 Arthur D Little Inc 3 N&i> CO 2 ro a tNo> ro Arthur D Little Inc c Sources of VCM Loss In Pipe Extrusion In practice, resin is transferred from the storage silo to the hot mixer via an intermediate weighing station In which additives are mixed. The batch is processed using either the single or double-batch method which have been described previously. From the processor*s -viewpoint, double batching is efficient in that energy savings are possible and the heat exposure of the resin is minimised. Single batching, however, removes a considerably larger quantity of VCM. In estimating the quantity of VCM discharged by a particularly plant, it is therefore essential to determine which practice is used. Sources of VCM losses from pipe extrusion facilities are from vents in the following four areas: 1. Resin Handling Hopper car, transfer devices, and raw resin storage silos In-plant conveying systems Weighing station Extruder hopper Hot mixer 2. Compounding Cold mixer Compound storage 3. Extrusion Extruder vent pump Extruder die 4. Pipe Handling/Storage Pipe cutting station Pipe storage facility The major locations of VCM removal and discharge to the atmosphere are (in decreasing order of importance): hot mixer, cold mixer, extruder vent, resin unloading and transfer. IV-27 SPI-26233 Arthur D Little Inc Hot mixer. As discussed previously, considerable quantities of VCM can be removed during the hot blending stage. Modern Installations remove VCM directly from the bowl of the hot mixer through the use of an air sweep or a vacuum. Although there are still a considerable number of Installa tions which do not follow this practice, it appears that the pressures of OSHA regulations and the hazards of exceeding the lower explosive limit for VCM will result In provision for VCM removal from the bowl of the internsive mixer. Cold mixer. After hot mixing the powder compound is transferred to the cooling stage. Removal of VCM at this stage is comparable to that achieved in the hot mixer. Extruder vent. Elimination of volatiles from the molten pipe extrudate is crucial to the production of quality pipe. This removal occurs from an evacuated port at a stage in the extruder at which the resin is molten. Typically, the molten resin Is exposed to a vacuum of 12-14" Hg., although vacuums as high as 23" Hg. have been observed during our field visits. In the case of pipe production using a single extruder (either single screw or twin screw), the volatiles are removed from a vacuum port located along the barrel. Ventilation. In modem pipe production plants the ventilation systems from the storage/transfer and compounding stages are collected at a central location - often this is a rooftop collector containing a bag for filtering powder particles. This is known as the bag house and is important for economical operation since considerable quantities of FVC powder can be recovered. The bag house is also the major concentrated location of VCM in a typical pipe processing plant. Robintech, Inc., has the capability of blending additives in the polymeri zation kettle. These resins are referred to as in-house compounded (1HC) resins and they do not require compounding at the pipe extrusion facility. The VCM discharge from such plants should be considerably less since the compounding steps are eliminated. VCM Loss in Pipe Extrusion. Although data on VCM levels in pipe from extruders are not available, an estimate of the amount of VCM lost may be made from the measured VCM levels in the air exiting from the extrusion process. Typical concentrations of VCM between 23.5 and 430 ppm (in air) were reported at a flow rate of.3.5 SCFM of air, corresponding to a total loss of 4.2 x 10"4 - 77.4 x 10"4 lbs/hr (1.9 x 10-4 - 35 x 10^ kg/hr) of VCM at an extrusion rate of 1,000 lbs/hr (454 kg/hr) of pipe. This cor responds to a VCM loss of 0.4 - 7 lbs VCM per million lbs of PVC pipe extruded--a negligible quantity. The total nationwide emissions of VCM from PVC pipe extrusion (accounting for 1.26 billion lbs/year of PVC resin) are estimated to be: IV-28 SPI-26234 Arthur D Littlejnc VCM loss from compounding: (250-450 ppm lost) VCM lose from extrusion: 142,000-257,000 kg/yr (315,000-567,000 lbe/year) 218-3,800 kg/year (negligible) (480-8,400 lbs/year) (2) Profiles and Siding Profiles and siding account for almost 100 million lbs of rigid PVC extrusion per year. Manufacturers typically buy pelletized compounds from the resin manufacturers who supply custom formulations to the large fabricators. Compound arrives to the fabricator in trucks and is stored in vented silos. The residence time of the compound in the silo can vary from three days to two months. From the silos, the resin Is conveyed into vented surge hoppers where it is warmed slightly [to 380C (100F)j, and then into the extruder. From the extruder, the profile is conveyed through a cooling system--either water or air-cooled--and thence to a cutter. Scrap from the cutting opera tion (averaging about 15% of the product) is sent to the grinding room for recycling. (Figure IV-10 shows a schematic of the operation.) Essentially no data are available on the VCM emission from these operations. One manufacturer quoted an input compound level of 100 ppm VCM as received from the resin manufacturer. The amount of further loss during the extrusion step is not known. One source of loss to the atmosphere is from the storage silo. This loss may be relatively small since the resin is in pellet form rather than in powder form. Some loss probably occurs over the heated extrusion section. However, this appears to be quite small, since the measured levels of VCM in the air exhaust over the extrusion is very small --less than 0.1 ppm (volume of VCM vapor per volume of air). C. CALENDERING Calendering is used for the production of both plasticized and rigid PVC sheet as well as coated fabrics and unsupported flexible films. It is capable of producing high quality material at very high rates of output. The resin formulations typically contain 20-30% plasticizer. Its major application is in the production of flexible PVC sheet and film, and accounts for the consumption of approximately 867 million pounds per year of flexible resin--or about 54% of the total U.S. consumption of flexible compound. Essentially all calendering compound Is produced by the fabricator rather than the resin producer. Typically, the raw (suspension or bulk process) resin and additives are fed to a hot blender, thence to a Banbury mixer where it is melted; it is then milled and discharged directly into the calender. Often a screening extruder is used before the calender. After the calender, the sheet is cooled and finished. IV-29 SPI-26235 Arthur D Little Inc ii iv-30 Delivery Silo Emission Sources: Intermittent VCM (in air) (volume VCM per volume of air) Stack Height (ft) Fan (CFM) None Temp F R.T. 32 Surge Hopper Continuous 244 110 Extruder Continuous 0.03 Cooling Air or Water Continuous Conveyor Cutter Continuous Packing N.D.-0.03 20 1875 350 Code: + Fan Location ^Location of VCM Measurement O) -o to oto to a> FIGURE IV-10 RIGID PROFILE EXTRUSION Arthur D Little Inc Calendering can also be used for coating fabric and paper with plasticized PVC sheet; the substrate Is fed Into the calender nip of the last roll to carry out the lamination. In calendering, the PVC Is subjected to fairly high temperature because of the high shear; molecular weight polymers can therefore-be used. In rigid sheet production, extreme pressures and high roll temperatures--approaching 200C for homopolymers--must be used. Figure IV-11 shows a schematic of a typical calendering operation which could be used for manufacturing flexible unsupported films or coated fabrics These products are used for shower curtains, baby pants, wall coverings, swimming pool lining, tape, surgical drapes and book covers. As in all processing of flexible PVC resins, the majority of the residual vinyl chloride monomer loss in PVC calendering plants occurs during the compounding portion of the operation. In the past, raw resin arrived with a residual VCM level typically between 100 and 500 ppm. Even at these input levels it is possible to reduce VCM in outgoing film to below 1 ppm. Table IV-8 shows data obtained from a manufacturer of unsupported film which shows the reduction in VCM at different stages in the process. This data was obtained on a process which has two mills following the Banbury. Unfortunately data were not obtained directly after the Banbury. The data does indicate however that the major portion of VCM is removed either by the Banbury alone or in combination with the first run. The fact that very little reduction in VCM content is measured between the first and second mill supports the conclusion that the major portion of the VCM is eliminated by the Banbury. This loss is not surprising, since the polymer during this operation is hot, molten, plasticized, and has a high surface-to-volume ratio--all optimum conditions for the release of monomer. Based on these data, the nationwide emissions from calendering of flexible PVC can be estimated to be: Compounding portion: <100-500 ppm) 39,000-195,000 kg/year (86,700-430,000 lbs/year) Calendering portion: (10-20 ppm) 3,900-7,900 kg/year (8,670-17,340 lbs/year) D. BLOW MOLDING Rigid PVC bottles are produced by the blow molding process. All blow molded PVC bottles are made from compounded pellets purchased by the blow molder from the resin supplier. These pellets are stored after delivery and then vacuum-conveyed to a hopper which feeds a single-screw extruder. The compound is melted in the extruder, reaching a temperature of 380F. From the extruder, the molten compound passes through a die to a mold where it is blown and cooled. After cooling the flashings are cut from the bottle and recycled into a grinder and thence to the extruder hopper. About 30Z of the feed is recycled as ground flashings. SPI-26237 IV-31 Arthur D Little Inc Vent to Dust Collector t Vent to Dust Collector Silo Railcar i i uN>i "brf- Ribbon Blender -Additives -Plasticizer * Weigh Hopper E 'General Area Exhaust (fo Banbury (melt mixer) 350F |"Dough O O 2'RoM MHIs Arthur D Little Inc </> 2 FIGURE IV-11 TYPICAL CALENDERING OPERATION to <ryo> co co TABLE IV--8 VCM Losses from flexible PVC Calendering PVC resin to Banbury PVC compound from Banbury PVC compound from first mill PVC compound from second mill Film from calender VCM Concentration <PPm)_________ 400 - (No value vas measured) 32 26 ND (<1 ppm) IV-33 SPI-26239 Arthur D Little Inc Resin manufacturers typically control the VCM levels in amnpound for bottles to extremely low values. Ethyl Corporation, who Is a major supplier of blow molding resins for example, currently produces to a specification of less than 1 ppm VCM for their food grade bottles and to a specification of less than 10 ppm in its general purpose bottle compound. They estimate and we agree, that less than 15Z of the VCM in the compounded pellets is removed during blow molding. These figures indicate that the total loss of VCM from blow molding is very small (probably less than 1 lb VCM loss per million lbs of FVC processed by this route). The major source of this loss may be at the point at which the bottles are blown. Prior to this, the process is essentially totally enclosed. Little, if any, VCM can escape from the extruder, and the residence time at the die (where the molten compound is first exposed to the atmosphere) is too low--typically about 4 seconds--to allow much escape of VCM. E. INJECTION MOLDING Injection molding is an intermittent, cyclic process in which particles of compound are heated until they become molten. The melt is then forced into a closed mold where it cools, solidifies and is ejected as a finished or semi-finished part. Both flexible and rigid PVC compounds are injection molded. Both homo polymers and copolymer resins are used, with homopolymers predominating. Although it is possible to mold powder blends, most injection molders use compounded pellets. Shoe components account for the majority of the injection molding of flexible compound and pipe fittings account for the majority of rigid compound which is injection molded. VCM Loss. VCM loss during the injection molding of flexible PVC pellets is slight or negligible. Little monomer remains in the compound granules which are put into the injection molding process since most has been removed during compounding. In addition, the injection molding process is essen tially close to the atmosphere allowing little or no monomer to escape. We have no data on the VCM losses during injection molding of rigid PVC compound. In contrast to flexible compound, the VCM content of rigid compound is sometimes substantial (possibly ranging as high as 100 ppm in late 1974 compound). However, the opportunity for VCM loss is relatively slight. We would estimate that the major source of loss in the injection molding process would be at the point at which the pellets are melted. IV-34 SPI-26240 Arthur D Little Inc F. COMPRESSION MOLDING Phonograph records are the major PVC product fabricated by compression molding * In the record molding process either compounded resin or dry blend is fed to a small extruder where it is melted. A measured amount of material is then extruded between the labels that go onto the record. The operator picks this up from the extruder and places the sandwich in a press. The press closes and the finished record Is removed some 15 to 30 seconds later. VCM Loss. Records are made from a polyvinyl chloride/polyvinyl acetate copolymer which in early 1974 had a relatively high monomer content (greater than 500 ppm). However, manufacturers of records tell us that in late 1974 the monomer content in raw resin was reduced to 50 to 100 ppm. Compounding of semi-rigid compound for records may take place either at the resin producers or at the record manufacturing site. It appears that approximately half of the input resin monomer content is lost in the compounding process. (This is a very rough estimate, based on a minimal amount of data.) We cannot estimate the additional VCM loss during the compression molding process since no data are available. G. SOLVENT CAST FILM The solvent casting process is used to produce packaging films of higher quality than those made by blown film extrusion. The solvent cast product has better gauge control and Improved clarity. The solvent cast processing consists of dissolving powdered resin and casting the solution onto a belt. The casting belt is totally enclosed thereby permitting complete recovery of solvent. The wet film is then passed to a drying oven. A high percentage of solvent recovery is essential to the economics of the process. The details of the solvent recovery system are considered proprietary by the film manufacturers. A generalized flow chart for solvent cast film production showing potential emission points for VCM is shown in Figure IV-12. The sources of VCM loss are primarily from the solvent recovery operation with minor quantities during resin transfer and storage. We have not been able to obtain quantitative data on VCM concentrations in streams leaving the processes. One manufacturer reported the results of several months monitoring of incoming resin at solvent casting operations. Indicating an average VCM concentration of 20 ppm. Typically they found no detectable concentration of VCM in film leaving the process, but they have not been able to isolate the specific source of VCM loss from the process. Ue estimate that 50 million lbs of solvent cast PVC film are manufactured in the U.S. Assuming that an average concentration of 20 ppm enters the process in the raw PVC powder, and that it is completely lost in the IV-35 SPl-26241 Arthur D Little Inc 2 IV-36 SPI-26242 Arthur DLittlelnc FIGURE IV--12 SOLVENT CAST PVC FILM PRODUCTION production process, the loss of VCM from this segment of the Industry is estimated to be: 20 lbs million lbs X 50 million lbs 1,000 lbs/year (450 kg/year) IV-37 SP1-26243 Arthur D Little Irc V. TOTAL U.S. EMISSIONS OF VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER FROM POLYVINYL CHLORIDE COMPOUNDING AND FABRICATING Table V-l lists estimates of the total U.S. emission rate of VCM from PVC compounding and fabricating processes. These totals re based on 1974 production rates of PVC products and on representative VCM levels In the various types of resins in late 1974. Bases for the various estimates are discussed In some detail in Section IV above. Table V-2 shows the estimated annual VCM emissions from all stages of PVC product manufacture* starting with the monomer production and proceeding to PVC polymerization and thence to fabrication. As shown in this table PVC fabrication processes, including compounding, account for less than one-half of one percent of the total VCM emissions in the U.S. Fabrication excluding compounding amounts to about one one-hundredth of one percent of total U.S. emissions. SPI-26244 v-i Arthur D Little Inc TABLE V-l* TOTAL U,S, EMISSION RATE OF VCM FROM POLYVINYL CHLORIDE PROCESSING Process Estimated VCM Emission Rate* kg/year A. Flexible PVC 1. Compounding 2. Extrusion 3. Calendering 4. Molding 220,000 <3,000 <4,000 <400 B. Rigid PVC 1. Compounding 2. Extrusion 3. Molding 300,000 <4,000 <1,000 C. Plastisols, Organosols, Solution and Latex Pabrication 2,000 (lbs/yr) (480,000) (<6,000) (<1,000) (<800) (660,000) (<10,000) (<2,000) (4,500) * Based on 1974 production rates and late 1974 VCM contents of resins. SPI-26245 V-2 Arthur D Little Inc table V-2 ANNUAL VINYL CHLORIDE EMISSIONS - 1974 Process Emissions (kg/kg produced) Amount Produced (kg) Subtotal of U.S. Qnissions by Process (kg) -*o f u> O 00 A. Monomer Production 2.5 x 2.2 x 109 - B. Polymerization Suspension Process Dispersion Process Solution Process Bulk Process - 3.9 x ID'2 6.0 x 1.8 x IQ'2 2.4 x ID"2 2.4 x io9 1.9 x 109 2.8 x 5.9 x 107 1.2 x 108 - 7.6 x 107 1.7 x 107 1.0 x 106 2.9 x IQ6 C. Fabrication Processes -- 2.3 x 109 - Total U.S. Emissions (kg) 5.7 x 106 1.3 x 108 - 5-6 x id5 Percent of Tot U.S. Emissions 4.0 95.4 - 0.4 1HO Arthur D Little Inc CO o ro <y> N> -Ck. a VI. CURRENT STATUS OF CONTROLS TO LIMIT VCM EMISSIONS FROM THE PVC FABRICATION INDUSTRIES A. CURRENT CONTROL TECHNIQUES In 1974, che major emphasis on limitation of VCM emissions was, perforce, concentrated on reduction of VCM content in plant air, in order to mini mize risk to the plant workers. These controls measures took two forms: 1. Massive ventilation and hooding at the points of the process where large amounts of VCM could be expected to be emitted; and 2. Reduction of the residual VCM levels in input resins so that the total amount of monomer available to be released would be minimised. In none of the 25 to 30 facilities we visited or interviewed by telephone and letter was there any control equipment used to limit the VCM emission from che fabricating plants into the surrounding atmosphere (aside from the usual stacks).* Manufacturers believed that the most practical way to limit emissions both inside and outside the plant was to reduce the monomer content in the incoming resin. Both resin manufacturers and users of the resins were confident that, by the end of 1975, the residual mono mer In resin coming into compounding and fabricating facilities would be sufficiently low that additional control measures to limit external emis sions would not be required. (Thus, the OSHA regulations to limit internal plant emissions were expected to result in solving of the "external" emis sion problem also.) Compounders and fabricators did not believe that, at present, there were any economically practical ways to control emissions from compounding and fabricating externally without seriously hindering their ability to control Internal plant emissions. Not even the more sophisticated and advanced facilities (notably those compounding operations operated by the more research-minded resin-producing firms) had any method for removing VCM from vented air from the plant. The reason for the lack of control methods available appears to be in the very low level of VCM in the vented air (typically less than 1.0 and *It should be noted that VCM emissions from oven-dried PVC coatings (such as coatings on sheet metal and fused plastlsol resins on cast sheet and coated fabrics) are Inadvertently controlled. The air in the drying ovens is recirculated through the gas burners; both the solvent and the VCM are thereby consumed. The VCM released in coatings, however, is negligible--totalling less than a few thousand lbs/year nationwide. VI-1 SPI-26247 Arthur D Little Inc almost always less than 10 ppm even In the air vented directly from the dry blenders and Banbury machines In the compounding facilities) and in the large volumes of air to be processed. These factors made scrubbers* after-burners and adsorbers (such as carbon columns) largely impractical. We should note at this point that activated carbon adsorption of VCM has been suggested as a practical method for removing and recovering VCM from stack gas. Although this method offers some promise for the reduction of VCM emissions from FVC polymerization facilities. Its utility appears to be limited to recovery of VCM from low volume, high concentration streams. In the Tenneco pilot plant In which It Is currently under investigation, the VCM concentration in the stream is between 10 and 30X (100,000 to 300,000) ppm. The maximum concentrations of VCM in fabricating plant vents Is usually 50,000 to 100,000 times lower than this. In addition, much of the emissions from compounding and fabricating plants will also contain larger amounts of volatile plasticisers and other additives--frequently in much larger concentrations than the VCM--which would be expected to compete with VCM for the carbon adsorption sites, and significantly limit tbe utility of the carbon. At present, therefore, it does not appear practical to suggest carbon adsorption for limiting emissions from fabricating and compounding facil ities, unless significant and unanticipated breakthroughs in VCM concen trating and adsorption techniques occur. Similar difficulties arise in attempting to apply other emission control techniques such aa condensation, compression and scrubbing which have been suggested for application to PVC polymerization facilities. The levels of VCM are simply too low to be practical. B. FUTURE CONTROL TECHNIQUES 1. Reduction of VCM in Input Resins The major control technique for the future appears to be reduction of residual VCM content In incoming resins. Since polyvinyl chloride does not generate VCM (decomposition of FVC generally produces RC1 instead), the only VCM which can he emitted from compounding and fabricating facil ities will be that in the incoming resins. We are told by resin manu facturers that they anticipate reducing residual VCM levels In resins to less than 50 ppm. Should thla be achieved, the total nationwide emissions from all FVC compounding and fabricating facilities will be less than 110,000 kg/yaar (230,000 lbs/year) nationwide* A few resin producers have predicted that a 10 ppm residual monomer content can be achieved by 1976 to 1977. Should this be achieved, the total nation wide emissions should be less than 23,000 kg/year (50,000 lba/year) by 1977--a negligible quantity. These estimates are summarized in Table VI-1. VI-2 SPI-26248 Arthur D Little Inc Table VI-1 ANTICIPATED FUTURE VCM LOSS HATES PROM COMPOUNDING AND FABRICATION Year 1974 1975 1980 PVC Production Rates (kg) Avg. VCM Content of Raw Resin (ppm) 2.0 x 109 2.1 x 109* 300 50 2.4 x 109 (est) 20 Total Annual U.S. VCM Release from Compounding and Fabricating (kg) 600,000 105,000 48,000 *Assumes 7% growth rate. Finally, It appears that reduction of VCM emissions at later stages of fabricating (after compounding) is best accomplished by reducing the VCM levels either In the Input raw resin or in the final compound. Tech niques exist for both reductions, and It would appear wasteful to attempt to design and build equipment for removing VCM further downstream If It could be removed before it even entered the fabricating operations. VI-3 SPI-26249 Arthur D Little Inc The major difficulty in achieving these low VCM levels appears to be the quality of resin produced. Current techniques for reducing monomer con tent--many of them proprietary at this time--appear to result In dimin ished adsorbabillty of the raw resin for plasticizer and In reduced Insulation properties and altered color. The additional cost of producing resins of lower VCM levels cannot be estimated at this time since techniques are still In the developmental stage and information is proprietary* However* It appears that the pres sures from OSHA to reduce in-plant emissions (and the high cost of pro viding respirators and other controls if emissions cannot be reduced), will place a very high premium on reducing the VCM content in resins. The industry is quite competitive, and it appears that fabricators will favor those manufacturers' resins which have the lowest VCM levels* thus increasing the incentives for the resin manufacturers to reduce these levels. 2. Auxiliary "External" Control Techniques For completeness one should consider other techniques which might be appli cable for controlling VCM emitted from compounding and fabricating opera tions. It should be stressed, however, that these techniques are purely speculative at this time, and have not been considered by any manufacturers we interviewed. The most promising control techniques which we can envision are those which might operate at points of high VCM emissions--notably at the dry blending points of compounding operations. As we have noted, up to 90Z of the residual VCM in resins used In flexible formulations is emitted at the dryblending stage. A sizable fraction of the VCM in rigid com pounds is also emitted at this stage. At least in theory, it should be possible to totally enclose the dryblending equipmentand yent it with only small volumes of air, which could then be used as feed air to gas burners or incinerators. The purpose of the small volume of venting air would be to Increase the VCM levels In the air and to reduce the volume of air to be processed to amounts which could be usefully employed in the burners. VCM Is highly combustible and decomposes readily at normal burner temperatures. There are several disadvantages to this technique which must be considered. At present. It runs totally counter to current "improvements" in process ing equipment designed to sweep away any VCM emissions which might go into the workspace. Thus, equipment would have to be totally redesigned for low flows. Secondly, the dryblend powder would probably need a longer residence time In order to ensure that enough VCM Is stripped out under the low-air-flow conditions. Finally, of course, the burners would have to be built of materials that would withstand the HC1 emitted when vinyl chloride monomer is burned. It la not possible at this stage to estimate the cost of equipment rede sign for VCM burning since such a system is simply at the speculation stage. SPI-26250 VI-4 Arthur D Little Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-I Major U.S Producers of Raw PVC Resin Annual Capacity (million lbs) by December 1975 Goodrich Borden Tenneco Robintech Continental Oil Firestone Tire & Rubber Diamond Shamrock Union Carbide Goodyear Georgia Pacific* Others (Air Products, American Chemical, Certain-teed, Ethyl, General Tire, Olin, Pantasote, Shintech. Occidental Petroleum, Stauffer Chemical, Uniroyal, Keysor) 950 545 480 470 430 400 360 350 200 220 1.895 TOTAL 6,400 Not currently a producer; plant opening in late 1975. A-l SPl-26251 Arthur D Little Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-II MAJOR MERCHANT PVC RESIN CONSUMERS COMPANY Wire and Cable Anaconda Wire & Cable American Enka Belden Manufacturing Essex Wire & Cable General Cable General Electric Hatfield (Div. Continental Cooper & Steel) Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Okonite (LTV) Packard Electric (General Motors) Phelps Dodge Simplex Wire & Cable Triangle Conduit & Cable Western Electric Flooring American Blltrite Rubber Armstrong Cork Congoleum Flintkote Johns-Manville Kentile Robbins Floor Products Ruberold (GAF) Uvalde Rock Asphalt Vinyl Plastics (U.I.P.) Film, Sheet and Coated Fabrics Athol Mfg. Bemls Burlington Industries Chrysler Dart Industries (Fabrovin) Dayco (L.E. Carpenter) MAJOR PLANT LOCATION Hastings, New York Willimantic, Connecticut Chicago, Illinois Marion, Indiana Bayonne, New Jersey Bridgeport, Connecticut Hillside, New Jersey Bristol, Rhode Island Passaic, New Jersey Warren, Ohio Yonkers, New York Cambridge, Massachusetts New Brunswick, New Jersey Baltimore, Maryland Trenton, New Jersey Lancaster, Pennsylvania Kearny, New Jersey Chicago, Illinois Manville, New Jersey New York, New York Tuscumbia, Alabama Newburgh, New York Houston, Texas Sheboygan, Wisconsin Butner, North Carolina Stratford and Plainfield, Connecticut Reading, Massachusetts Sandusky, Ohio Paterson, New Jersey Wharton, New Jersey SPI-26252 A-2 Arthur D Little inc APPENDIX TABLE A-II (continued) MAJOR MERCHANT PVC RESIN CONSUMERS COMPANY MAJOR PLANT LOCATION Film, Sheet and Coated Fabrics (Continued) Fields Plastics and Chemicals Ford Motor W.R. Grace (Southbrldge, Elm Coated Fabric, Ellay Rubber) Haartz-Mason Interchemical Lyntex 3M O'Sullivan Rubber Plastic Calendering Plymouth Rubber Weymouth Art Leather Whittaker (Am. Finishing) Lodi, New Jersey Mt. Clemens, Michigan Clifton, New Jersey; Brooklyn, New York; Corinth, Mississippi Los Angeles, California Watertown, Massachusetts Toledo, Ohio Conshohocken, Pennsylvania Hastings, Michigan Winchester, West Virginia Farmlngdale, New York Canton, Massachusetts Braintree, Massachusetts Memphis, Tennessee Phonograph Records Capital CBS Decca MGM RCA Scranton, Pennsylvania Pitman, New Jersey Gloversville. New Jersey Bloomfield, New Jersey Indianapolis, Indiana Slush Molding (Dolls. Toys) Doughbough Industries DubIon Ideal Toy Kaysam Mattel Richmond, Virginia Newark, New Jersey Hollis, New York Paterson, New Jersey Hawthorne, California Miscellaneous Extrusions Abbott Labs American Biltrlte Rubber American Vinyl Backstay Welt (Division of Essex International) Ashland, Ohio Trenton, New Jersey Hialeah, Florida Union City, Indiana SPl-26253 A-3 Arthur D Little. Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-II (continued) MAJOR MERCHANT PVC RESIN CONSUMERS COMPANY Miscellaneous Extrusions (Continued) Dart Industries (Colorite) Geauga Industries Globe Hoover Johnson Plastics Kraco 3M Norton Premoid Rubbermaid Swan Rubber (Div. Amerace) Whittaker (Suval) Industrial Tape Anchor Continental Tape Arno Adhesives Behr-Manning (Norton) 3M Permacel Tape (Johnson & Johnson) Technical Tape Packaging Film Clopay Filiac o (R.J Reynolds) FMC (American Viscose) W.R. Grace (Cryovac) Reynolds Metal Rigid Products (Pipe,Sliding,Other) Alpha Plastics Amos Molded Plastics (National Lead) Andersen Bird & Son Borg-Waraer Cabot Certain-teed Products MAJOR PLANT LOCATION Paterson, New Jersey Middlefleld, Ohio Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Canton, Ohio Chagrin Falls, Ohio Los Angeles, California St. Paul, Minnesota Akron, Ohio Holyoke, Massachusetts Wooster, Ohio Bucyrus, Ohio New York Columbia, South Carolina Michigan City, Indiana Troy, New York Minneapolis, Minnesota New Brunswick, New Jersey New Rochelle, New York Cincinnati, Ohio Aurora, Ohio Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania Cedar Rapids, Iowa Grottoes, Virginia Livingston, New Jersey Edinburg, Indiana Bayport, Minnesota Bardstown, Kentucky Los Angeles, California Louisville, Kentucky McPherson, Kansas SPI-26254 A-4 Arthur D Little Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-II (continued) MAJOR MERCHANT PVC RESIN CONSUMERS COMPANY MAJOR PLANT LOCATION Rigid Products(Pipe,Sliding,Other) (Continued) Colonial Plastics Mfg.(Van Dorn) Consolidated Pipe Crane Plastics Fllntkote Glamorgan Pipe & Foundry Harsco Johns-Manville Kraloy (Dlv. of Dart Industries) Mastic Asphalt Skyline Plastics (Phillips Petroleum) Sloane Mfg. (Susquehanna) Standard Oil (Ohio) Whittaker (Thermoplastics) Yardley (Dlv. of Celaneae) Cleveland, Ohio Stow, Ohio Columbus, Ohio Whippany, New Jersey Lynchburg, Virginia Mineral Wells, Texas Manville, New Jersey Santa Ana, California South Bend, Indiana Titusville, Pennsylvania Sun Valley, California Columbus, Ohio Charlotte, North Carolina Columbus, Ohio Containers American Can Creative Packaging (Div. of Eli Lilly) Owens-Illinois Chicago, Illinois Roanoke, Virginia Toledo, Ohio Footwear American Biltrlte Rubber Avon Sole Bata Shoe Brown Shoe Genesco International Shoe New Jersey Rubber O'Sullivan Rubber , USM Chelsea, Massachusetts Avon, Massachusetts Belcamp, Maryland St. Louis, Missouri Nashville, Tennessee St. Louis, Missouri Taunton, Massachusetts Winchester, Virginia Kenton, Tennessee Coatings American Cyanamld Baldwin Montrose Bradley & Vrooman (Whittaker) Buchanan, New York St. Louis, Missouri Chicago, Illinois SPI-26255 A-5 Arthur DLittlelnc APPENDIX TABLE A-II (continued) MAJOR MERCHANT PVC RESIN CONSUMERS COMPANY Coatings (Continued) Chemical Products Continental Can Dennis Chemical DeSoto Dewey and Almy (Div. W.R. Grace) General Electric Glldden (Div. SCM) Interchemical Michigan Chrome & Chemical 3M Permalastic Stoner-Mudge (Div. Mobil Oil) Compounding Bamberger Reichhold Chemicals A. Shulman Vinyl Industrial Products Machlin Premier Chemical Products MAJOR PLANT LOCATION East Providence, Rhode Island New York, New York St. Louis, Missouri Chicago, Illinois Cambridge, Massachusetts Louisville, Kentucky Cleveland, Ohio Newark, New Jersey Detroit, Michigan St. Paul, Minnesota Detroit, Michigan Cleveland, Ohio Carlstadt, New Jersey Mansfield, Massachusetts Akron, Ohio Grand Rapids, Michigan SPI-26256 A-6 Arthur D Little Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-III LIST OF SUPPLIERS OF PVC COMPOUND ___CORPORATION______________ Abbey Plastics Corp. Hudson, Mass. Aero Chemical Prod.Corp Longualley, N.J. Albis Corp. Houston, Texas Alpha Chemical & Plastics Corp. Newark, N.J. American Chemical Corp. Subs.: Atlantic Richfield Co* Stauffer Chemical Co. Long Beach, California Aoerichem, Inc. Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio TYPE OF COMPOUND CO 10 e 00 os o H a P(Q0 U e9O i u o uo S TH3 a ia a ao oCO o00 O8 *4HJ <Q V 00 CO fOH M9 O P. 33 WHM 00 co .H(0 00 1S 00 QCoHO 0Utau0. W *H w9 O OH cfl O SALES CATEGORY (Of Parent Corporation) XB X AA X XX XB X X AAAA AAA AA A B-D Over Over Over Over < $1,000,000/Year in Sales 500,000/Year in Sales 300,000/Year in Sales 100,000/Year In Sales 50,000/Year in Sales SP1-26257 A-7 Arthur D Little Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-III (continued) LIST OF SUPPLIERS OF PVC COMPOUND TYPE OF COMPOUND S o lu tio n s , E m ulsions o r D isp e rsio n s O rganosols & P la s tis o ls M o ld in g o r E x tru s io n Compounds B a sic R esins CORPORATION_____________ Atlas Coatings Corp. Long Island, N.Y. Axel Plastics Research Labs, Inc. Long Island City, N.Y. Ball Chemical Co. Glenshaw, Pa. Blane Chemical Division Reichhold Chemo, Inc. Mansfield, Mass. Borden Chemical Div. of Borden, Inc. Columbus, Ohio X Bostik Chemical Group USM Corp. Middleton, Mass. AAAA AAA AA A B-D Over Over Over Over < X X X L SALES CATEGORY (Of Parent Corporation XX A XX A X AAAA AA XX AAAA X AAAA $1,000,000/Year in Sales 500,000/Year in Sales 300,000/Year in Sales 100,000/Year in Sales 50,000/Year in Sales SPI-26258 A-8 Arthur D Little. Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-III (continued) LIST OF SUPPLIERS OF PVC COMPOUND TYPE OF COMPOUND B a sic R esins M olding o r E x tru s io n Compounds O rganosols & P la s tls o ls S o lu tIo n s , E m ulsions o r D isp e rsio n s CORPORATION Cary Page Chests.,Inc. Edison, N.J. *Chemetron Corp. Pigments Division Holland, Michigan Chemical Coating & Engineering Co., Inc. Media, Pa. Chemical & Engineering Assoc., Inc. Elkton, Md. Chemical Industries Pasadena, California Chemical Prod. Co. E. Providence, R.I. SALES CATEGORY (Of Parent Corporation) X X AAAA XX A XX X X AAAA AAAA AAA AA A B-D Over Over Over Over < $1,000,000/Year in Sales 500,000/Year in Sales 300,000/Year in Sales 100,000/Year in Sales 50,000/Year in Sales *Chemetron Corp., Ill E. Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. 60601 SPI-26259 A-9 Arthur D Little. Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-III (Continued) LIST OF SUPPLIERS OF PVC COMPOUND TYPE OF COMPOUND B a sic R esins M o ld in g o r E x tru s io n Compounds O rganosols & P la s tis o ls S o lu tio n s , E m ulsions o r D isp e rsio n s ____CORPORATION Colorite Plastics Co. Dlv. Dart Industries, Inc. Ridgefield, N.J. Conoco Chemicals Dlv. Continental Oil Co. Saddlebrook, N.J. Custom Chemicals Co. Patterson, N.J. Diamond Shamrock Chemical Company Plastics Dlv. Cleveland, Ohio Dynamlt Nobel of America, Inc. Northvale, N.J. X X X XX X AAAA AAA AA A B-D Over Over Over Over < SALES CATEGORY (Of Parent Corporation) AAA AAAA XX AAAA $1,000,000/Year in Sales 500,000/Year In Sales 300,000/Year in Sales 100,000/Year in Sales 50,000/Year in Sales A-10 SPI-26260 Arthur D Little. Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-III (continued) LIST OF SUPPLIERS OF PVC COMPOUND TYPE OF COMPOUND B a sic R esins M o ld in g o r E x tru s io n Compounds O rganosols & P la s tis o ls S o lu tio n s , E m ulsions o r D isp e rsio n s CORPORATION Eronel Industries Hawthorne, California *Ethyl Corp. Polymer Division Baton Rouge, La. *Ferro Corp. Composite Div. Norwalk, Conn. X Firestone Plastics Co. Div. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. Pottstown, Pa. X Flexcraft Industries Newark, N.J. George, P.D. Co. St:. Louis, Mo. X X X X X SALES CATEGORY (Of Parent Corporation) XB AAAA (All plants and division) AAAA (All divisions of Ferro) AAAA X X AAAA AAAA AAA AA A B-D Over Over Over Over < $1,000,000/Year in Sales 500,000/Year in Sales 300,000/Year in Sales 100,000/Year in Sales 50,000/Year in Sales * Ethyl Corp., 330 S. 4th St., Richmond, Va. 23219 Ferro Corp.t 1 Erie View Pla2a, Cleveland, Ohio 44144 SPl-26261 A-ll Arthur D Little. Inc > APPENDIX TABLE A - I I I (c o n tin u e d ) L IS T OF SUPPLIERS OF PVC COMPOUND A ??? (n rnt> jno ro k ! I-- NS HUUlO oo oo oo oo o ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ** (D (6 ft (ft (6 Qft P> 0> P) H H HH H 0O (A CO (A CO CO p 0^ IV (0 ft ft (t n> </> to to u 10 "0 ro aro &ro APPENDIX TABLE A-III (continued) LIST OF SUPPLIERS OF PVC COMPOUND TYPE OF COMPOUND B a sic R esins M o ld in g o r E x tru s io n Compounds O rganosols & P la s tis o ls S o lu tio n s , E m ulsions o r D isp e rsio n s CORPORATION Howell Industries Paterson, N.J. Jedco Chemical Corp. Mt. Vernon, N.Y. Key Polymer Corp. Lawrence, Mass. Leon Chest.& Plastics, Inc. Div. of U.S.Industries, Inc. Grand Rapids, Mich. Loes Enterprises SALES CATEGORY (Of Parent Corporation XX X B X XX X AAA XXX A M.R. Plastics & Coating, Inc. Maryland Heights,Mo. X X AAAA AAA AA A B-D Over Over Over Over < XX AAAA $1,000,000/Year in Sales 500,000/Year in Sales 300,000/Year in Sales 100,000/Year in Sales 50,000/Year in Sales A-13 SPI-26263 Arthur D Little Inc. APPENDIX TABLE A~III (continued) LIST OF SUPPLIERS OF PVC COMPOUND TYPE OF COMPOUND B a sic R esins M o ld in g o r E x tru s io n Compounds O rganosols & P la s tis o ls S o lu tio n s , E m ulsions o r D isp e rsio n s CORPORATION M-R-S Chemo, Inc. Hazelwood, Mo. *M & T Chems., Inc. Subs.American Can Co. Rahway, N.J. Machlin Co. Industry, California Michigan Chrome & Chemical Co. Detroit, Michigan Monsanto Co. St. Louis, Mo. X X X X X X XX SALES CATEGORY (Of Parent Corporation) AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA X AAAA AAAA AAA AA A B-D Over Over Over Over < $1,000,000/Year in Sales 500,000/Year in Sales 300,000/Year in Sales 100,000/Year in Sales 50,000/Year in Sales *M & T Chem.,Inc., Subs. American Can Co., American Lane, Greenwich, Conn. 06830 SPI-26264 A-14 Arthur D Little. Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-III (continued) LIST OF SUPPLIERS OF PVC COMPOUND CORPORATION Moore Chemical Corp. Div. Moore Plastics Ind.,Inc. Burlingame, Calif. TYPE OF COMPOUND a] a (0 c c3 H O 1a 4) 06 M o O (0 O H a O CJ 6a0 C o oo 09 09 O *H <3 H -H a pH 0 su CO (0 60 (8 O 1- X X pl w CO Go CO 1--1 3 6) 6c uo CO 09 V. e a) oa H CO 3Q fH o u Vi o XX H. Muchlstein & Co. Greenwich, Conn. XX Nat'l Adhesives Div. Nat'l Starch & Chemical Corp. New York, N.Y. X P.F.D., Penn. Color,Inc. Subs. Bonn Ind.,Inc. Doylestown, Pa. X Parclold Chemical Co. Ridgewood, N.J. XX SALES CATEGORY(Of Parent Corporation) AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAA AA A B-D Over Over Over Over < A-15 $1,000,000/Year in Sales 500,000/Year in Sales 300,000/Year in Sales 100,000/Year in Sales 50,000/Year in Sales SPI-26265 Arthur D Little. Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-III (continued) LIST OF SUPPLIERS OF PVC COMPOUND CORPORATION Perma-Flex Mold Co. Columbus, Ohio Piper Plastics Corp. Copiague, N.Y. Poly Resins Sun Valley, Calif. The Polymer Corp. Reading, Pa. Premier Thermo-Plastics Co. Subs. Plastic Bldg. Products Co. Jeffersontown, Ry. R.A* Chemical Corp. Brooklyn, N.Y. TYPE 019 C0MP01JND CO <n c os c o c 3 <J3 o CO M V u o o. CO Cfl rH 3 00 oa o HH OO ag O 00 u O CO H c o *H CO co (0 pa H c a o O CO S 3 CO 0U0 CO -( cn >4 eo o. H CO X 3u O Pu 4J i-t 3O *J X w cOn >o- SALES CATEGORY (Of Parent Corporation) XB X XXX AA AAAA X AAAA X AAAA AAA AA A B-D Over Over Over Over < A-16 $1,000,000/Year In Sales 500,000/Year in Sales 300,000/Year in Sales 100,000/Year in Sales 50,000/Year in Sales SPl-26266 Arthur D Little. Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-III (continued) LIST OF SUPPLIERS OF PVC COMPOUND CORPORATION Reichhold Chemical,Inc. White Plains, N.Y. Research Sales, Inc. TYPE OF COMPOUND 0) to *o Gc to oa 3 CD O to 0) 06 U s 1* o 00 u GO <0 iH oo H CO 3c 3 c <0 H C 0o0 to CO (D U ta XI o G -4-1 G <U ea iHo n (0 to ao to OA *4 to 32 3 3 4J H t* 3 Q 4J X u COrt hoi X XX AAAA AAAA Reynolds Chemical Prod Division Hoover Ball & Bearing Co Ann Arbor, Michigan Ruco Division Hooker Chemical Corp. Hicksville, N.Y. X A. Schulman, Inc. Akron, Ohio Soc-Co Plastic Coating Co. Paramount, Calif.. AAAA AAA AA A B-D Over Over Over Over < XX AAAA XX X XX AAAA AAAA AAA $1,000,000/Year in Sales 500,000/Year in Sales 300,000/Year in Sales 100,000/Year in Sales 50,000/Year in Sales A-17 SPI-26267 Arthur D Little. Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-III (continued) LIST OF SUPPLIERS OF PVC COMPOUND TYPE OF COMPOUND B asic R esins M olding o r E x tru s io n Compounds O rganosols & P la s tis o ls S o lu tio n s , E m ulsions o r D isp e rsio n s CORPORATION Solar Compounds Corp. Linden, N.J. Special Products Div. Sun Steel Co. Chicago Hghts.,111. Stanchem, Inc. E. Berlin,. Conn. Stauffer Chemical Co. Plastics Div. Westport, Conn. X Tamite Industries Div. Watsco, Inc. Hialeah, Fla. Tenneco Chemicals, Inc. Tenneco Intermediate Div Piscatavay, N.J. X AAAA AAA AA A B-D Over Over Over Over < X X SALES CATEGORY(Of Parent Corporation' X AAA X AAAA X AAAA AAAA XX AAAA (Watsco, Inc.) XX AAAA $1,000,000/Year in Sales 500,000/Year in Sales 300,000/Year in Sales 100,000/Year in Sales 50,000/Year in Sales SPI-26268 A-18 Arthur D Little Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-IIl (continued) LIST OF SUPPLIERS OF PVC COMPOUND CORPORATION Union Carbide Corp. Chemicals & Plastics New York, N.Y. TYPE OF COMPOUND MaH (0 u aoo <4 a e o V PVi paa o0 eco so TH3 r-J O C oo CD 4WsJt DO CQ OO gfl <00 4CJO 00 CQ W o *tHu DHO <0 1|S *SH CcD <Va0>i *oH aCO 9Q wX COQ VOi SALES CATEGORY (Of Parent Corporation) XX AAAA *Uniroyal, Inc. Adhesives & Coatings Dept. Mishawaka, Ind. X AAAA The Vorac Co. Carlstadt, N.J. X AAA Watson Standard Co. Harvlck, Pa. XX AAAA George Woloch Co.,Inc. Allentown, Pa. Youngstown Vinyl Comp., Inc. Yonnyfltrwjn , Pa. X X AAAA AAAA AAA AA A B-D Over Over Over Over < $1,000,000/Year in Sales 500,000/Year in Sales 300,000/Year in Sales 100,000/Year in Sales 50,000/Year in Sales *Uniroyal, Inc., Uniroyal Products Information Center 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020 SPI-26269 A-19 Arthur D Little Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-IV PRODUCERS OF PVC PIPE AND FITTINGS CORPORATION Adams Brothers Co., Inc. Eads, Tennessee Amoco Chemicals Corp. Industrial Products Division Stow, Ohio ASC Industries, Inc. Plastics Division Spokane, Washington Can-Tex Industries A Division of Harsco Corp, PIPE X X X X Celanese Piping Systems Hilliard, Ohio Certain-Teed Products Corp. McPherson, Kansas Charlotte Pipe & Foundry Co. Plastic Division Monroe, North Carolina Clin Plastics X X X X Continental Plastics Industries, Inc. Denver, Colorado Cresline Plastic Pipe Co., Inc. Evansville, Indiana Cupples Colled Pipe, Inc. Austin, Texas Dixie Plastics Mfg. Co. New Orleans, Louisiana X X X X A-20 FITTINGS X X X X X X X X X X X SPI-26270 Arthur D Little. Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-IV (continued) PRODUCERS OF PVC PIPE AND FITTINGS CORPORATION Graspo, Inc. Honolulu, Hawaii Harvel Plastics, Inc. Easton, Pennsylvania Jet Stream Plastics (Ralph Jones Co.) Dlv. of Winrock Enterprises Slloam Springs, Arkansas Mid-American Industries, Inc. Memphis, Tennessee Plastiline, Inc. Pompano Beach, Florida Portco Corp. Vancouver, Washington Shamrock Industries, Inc. Minneapolis, Minnesota Simpson Extruded Plastics Co. Eugene, Oregon R & G Sloane Mfg. Co., Inc. Sun Valley, California U-Brand Corp. Plastic Division Ashland, Ohio Western Plastics Corp. Hastings, Nebraska Western Plastics Corp. Tacoma, Washington PIPE X X X X X X X X X FITTINGS X X X X X X ' A-21 SPI-26271 Arthur D Little inc APPENDIX TABLE A-V SUPPLIERS OF RESIN OR COMPOUND TO PVC PIPE FABRICATORS Allied Chemical Corp., Plastics Division Morristown, New Jersey American Chemical Corp. Long Beach, California Argus Chemical Corp., Subsidiary of Witco Chemical Corp. Brooklyn, New York Borden Chemical, Division of Borden, Inc. Leominster, Massachusetts Celanese Piping Systems Newark, New Jersey Cincinnati Milacron Chemicals, Inc. Reading, Ohio Conoco Chemicals Saddle Brook, New Jersey Diamond Shamrock Chemical Co. Cleveland, Ohio E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Inc. Pencader Plant, Pipe Division Vilmington, Delaware Eastman Chemical Products, Inc. Kingsport, Tennessee Ethyl Corp., Polymer Division Baton Rouge, Louisiana General Electric Co., Plastics Dept. Pittsfield, Massachusetts B.F. Goodrich Chemical Co. Cleveland, Ohio A-22 SPl-26272 Arthur D Little. Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-V (continued) SUPPLIERS OF RESIN OR COMPOUND TO PVC PIPE FABRICATORS Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Chemical Division Niagara Falls, New York Gulf Oil Co., Houston, Texas Hooker Chemical Corp., Ruco Division Burlington, New Jersey MAT Chemicals, Inc. Rahway, New Jersey Mallinckrodt Chemical Works St. Louis, Missouri Marbon Division, Borg-Warner Corp. Washington, West Virginia Mobil Chemical Co. New York, New York Monsanto Polymers & Petrochemicals Co. St. Louis, Missouri Permatex Co., Inc. West Palm Beach, Florida Rohm & Haas Philadelphia, Pennsylvania A. Schulman, Inc. Akron, Ohio Slnclalr-Koppers Co. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Synthetic Products Co. Cleveland, Ohio Tenneco Chemicals, Inc., Tenneco Intermediates Division Piscataway, New Jersey A-23 SPI-26273 Arthur D Little Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-V (continued) SUPPLIERS OF RESIN OR COMPOUND TO PVC PIPE FABRICATORS Union Carbide Corp., Plastics Products Division New York, New York Unlroyal Chemical Division, Uniroyal, Inc. Naugatuck, Connecticut Witco Chemical Corp. New York, New York A-24 SPI-26274 ArthurDLittlelnc APPENDIX TABLE A-VI FILM AND SHEETING CALENDERS IN OPERATION IN THE U.S.A. * (Includes coating but not flooring calenders) COMPANY LOCATION Associated Rubber Bronx* New York Bemis Bag Stratford* Connecticut ** Borden Co. Columbus, Ohio (4) San Francisco, Calif.(1) ** Burlington Industries Reading, Massachusetts ** Chrysler Corp. Sandusky* Ohio Continental Plastics Avenel, New Jersey C.S. Fields Lodi, New Jersey Diamond Shamrock (Harte & Co.) Brooklyn, New York (5) Mountaintop, Pa.(1) ** Firestone Tire & Rubber Pottstown* Pennsylvania Co. ** Ford Motor Co. Mt. Clemens, Michigan ** General Tire & Rubber Co. Columbus, Mississippi (4) Jeanette, Pa. (3) Lawrence, Mass. (6) Newcomerstown, Ohio (2) Toledo, Ohio (3) ** B.F. Goodrich & Co. Marietta, Ohio Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. Akron, Ohio ^SOURCE: Monsanto Company **MAJOR PRODUCT: Coated Fabrics A-25 TOTAL NO. OF CALENDERS 2 4 5 4 4 2 4 6 3 3 18 2 5 Arthur D Little Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-VI (continued) FILM AND SHEETING CALENDERS IN OPERATION IN THE U.S.A. * (Includes coating but not flooring calenders) COMPANY LOCATION W.R. Grace Los Angeles, Calif. <2) Brooklyn, N.H. (7) Corinth, Miss. (3) ** Hooker Chemical Corp. Carteret, New Jersey Imperial Chemical (Atlantic Tubing) ** Inmont Cranston, R.I. Toledo, Ohio Lamcal Hickory, North Carolina Lynn Vinyl Plastics Co. Lynn, Massachusetts Lyntex Corp. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania Macklin Co. Los Angeles, Calif. Middletown Rubber Co. Middletown, Connecticut MMM St. Paul, Minnesota Monsanto Co. Springfield, Massachusetts ** O'Sullivan Rubber Corp. Winchester, Virginia Pantasote Co. Passaic, New Jersey Parker, Streams & Co. Brooklyn, New York Phillips Petroleum Auburn, Pennsylvania TOTAL NO. OF CALENDERS 12 3 5 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 5 1 2 A-26 SPI-26276 Arthur I) Little Inc APPENDIX TABLE A--VI (continued) FILM AND SHEETING CALENDERS IN OPERATION IN THE U.S.A. * (Includes coating but not flooring calenders) COMPANY Plastic Calendering Plicoflex, Inc. ** Plymouth Rubber Rand Rubber Co. Rudd Plastics ** Stauffer Chemical Co. Swartz-Dondero ** Tenneco Chemicals, Inc. Union Carbide Corp. ** Uniroyal, Inc. Vernon Plastics Corp. Vinyl Masters TOTAL LOCATION TOTAL NO. OF CALENDERS Farmingdale, L.I.,N.Y. 2 Houston, Texas 1 Canton, Massachusetts 5 Brooklyn, New York 1 Brooklyn, New York 2 Newburgh, New York (2) Delaware City, Del.(2) Yardville, N.J. (3) Yonkers, New York 7 2 Newton Upper Falls, Mass.(l) Nixon, N.J. (6) Chicago, 111. (1) 8 Bound Brook, New Jersey (4) Ottawa, 111. (4) 8 Chicago, Illinois Mishawaka, Ind. Philadelphia, Pa. Port Clinton, Ohio (2) (2) (3) (2) 9 Haverhill, Massachusetts 1 Brooklyn, New York 2 153 A-27 SPI-26277 Arthur D Little* Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-VI1 MANUFACTURERS OF FLEXIBLE (PLASTICIZED) PVC SHEET CORPORATION NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES Ace-Tex Vinyls, Inc. New York, New York 1-9 American Renolit Corp. Whippany, New Jersey Ameron Corrosion Control Division Brea, California Bakelite Xylonite Ltd London England Cadillac Plastic & Chemical Co. Detroit, Michigan 800 Commercial Plastics & Supply Corp. Cornwells Heights, Pennsylvania Dynamit Nobel of America, Inc. Northvale, New Jersey Ellay Rubber Division W.R. Grace Co. Los Angeles, California 100 - 499 Ethyl Corp. Baton Rouge, Louisiana 13,743 Firestone Plastics Co. Div. of Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. Pott55tovn, Pennsylvania 675 Ford Motor Co. Mount. Clenens, Michigan 442,607 CALENDERED EXTRUDED X X X XX XX XX XX X X X XX A-28 SP1-26278 Arthur D Little. Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-VII (continued) MANUFACTURERS OF FLEXIBLE (PLASTICIZED) PVC SHEET CORPORATION NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES Franklin Fibre-Lamstex Wilmington, Delaware 50-99 Gelman, Herman A. Co. Brooklyn, New York General Tire & Rubber Co. Akron, Ohio 37,000 Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. Akron, Ohio 145,000 Goss Plastic Corp. Los Angeles, California Harte & Co. New York, New York 100 - 499 Hydrawlik Co. Roselle, New York Industrial Vinyls, Inc. Miami, Florida 60 Jodee Plastics, Inc. Brooklyn, New York 20-49 Kessler Products Co. Youngstown, Ohio 200 Lavorazione Materse Plastiche, S.P.D. Torino, Italy Leathertone, Inc. Chelsea, Massachusetts 20-49 Maclin Co. Industry, California 50-99 A-29 CALENDERED X EXTRUDED X Xx XX X X X X XX X X X X SPI-26279 Arthur D Little Inc. APPENDIX TABLE A-VII (continued) MANUFACTURERS OF FLEXIBLE (PLASTICIZED) PVC SHEET CORPORATION Masland Duraleather Co. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Monsanto Co. St. Louis, Missouri New England Plastic Corp. Woburn, Massachusetts Norton Co. Akron, Ohio O'Sullivan Corp. Winchester, Virginia Pervel Industries, Inc. Plainfield, Connecticut Plastic Mfg., Inc. ?hiladelphia, Pennsylvania Polyval Corp. New York, New York Rowland Products, Inc. Kensington, Connecticut Ross & Roberts, Inc. Stratford, Connecticut Rotuba Extruders, Inc. Linden, New Jersey Ruco Division, Hooker Chemical Corp. Burlington, New Jersey NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 450 CALENDERED EXTRUDED X 57,833 X X 20 - 49 X 100 - 499 X 700 X 1,300 X XX X 200 X 250 X 100 - 499 X 700 X SP1-26280 A-30 Arthur I) 1 .ittlc Inc APPENDIX TABLE A--VII (continued) MANUFACTURERS OF FLEXIBLE (PLASTICIZED) PVC SHEET CORPORATION S.G.L. Haddonfield, New Jersey Scranton Plastic Laminating, Inc. Scranton, Pennsylvania Stauffer Chemical Co. Westport, Connecticut Strauss, H.B. Corp. Bronx, New York Tenneco Chemical Co. New York, New York Union Carbide Corp. New York, New York Uniroyal, Inc. Chicago, Illinois Vanguard Extruders, Inc. Farmingdale, New York Vernon Plastics Corp. Haverhill, Massachusetts NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 940 75 10,000 20 - 49 67,942 100 - 499 50 - 99 40 CALENDERED EXTRUDED X X X X XX XX XX X X A-3I SPI-26281 Arthur Dl.ittk Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-VIII MANUFACTURERS OF RIGID PVC SHEET CORPORATION NO. OF EMPLOYEES Ain Plastics Co. Mt,. Vernon, New York Ameron Corrosion Control Div. Brea, Calif. 650 Atlas Plastics Corp. Cape Guardeaw, Mo. 300 Bakelite Xylonite Ltd. London, England Brimai Fair Lawn, N.J. Canadian Industries Ltd. Montreal, Que, Canada 9,000 Ellay Rubber Division W,,R. Grace & Co. Los Angeles, Calif. 100-499 Ethyl Corp. Baton Rouge, Louisiana 13,743 Extrudyne, Inc. Amityville, New York 20-49 Hydrawlik Co. Roselle, New York Industrial Vinyls, Inc. Miami, Florida 60 Keller Products, Inc. Manchester, N.H. 110 Kessler Products Co. Youngstown, Ohio 200 A-32 CALENDERED X EXTRUDED X X X X X X XX X X X X X SPI-26282 Arthur!) Little. Inc APPENDIX TABLE a- VIII (Continued) MANUFACTURERS OF RIGID PVC SHEET CORPORATION NO. OF EMPLOYEES Lavorazlone Materse Plastiche, S.P..D. Torino, Italy Leather tone, Inc. Chelsea, Mass. Lustro Corp. of California Valencia, California 20-49 100 Masland Duraleather Co. Philadelphia, Pa. 450 Monsanto Co. St. Louis, Missouri 57,831 New England Plastic Corp, Woburn, Mass. Polyval Corp. New York, New York 20-49 Rohm & Haas Co. Philadelphia, Pa. 16,026 Rotuba Extruders, Inc. Linden, New Jersey Scranton Plastic Laminating, Inc. Scranton, Pennsylvania 100-499 75 S.G.L. Industries, Inc. Haddonfield, New Jersey 940 Sheffield Plastics, Inc. Sheffield, Mass. 100-499 Technical Plastic Extruders, Inc. 50-99 Kearny, New Jersey A-33 CALENDERED EXTRUDED X X. XX X XX X X X X X XX X XX SPI-26283 Arthur 0 Lulc Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-VIII (Continued) MANUFACTURERS OF RIGID PVC SHEET CORPORATION Union Carbide Corp. New York, New York Uniroyal, Inc. Chicago, 111. Vanguard Extruders, Inc. Farmingdale, New York NO. OF EMPLOYEES 67,942 100-499 50-99 CALENDERED X EXTRUDED X XX XX A-34 SP1-26284 Arthur D Little Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-IX U.S. PRODUCERS OF PVC FILM (Calendered and Extruded) CORPORATION Ace-Tex Vinyls, Inc. New York, New York Allied Chemical Corp. Morristown, New Jersey Alusuisse Metals, Inc. Fort Lee, New Jersey American Hoechst Corp. Delaware City, Delaware American Renolit Corp. Whippany, New Jersey American Soplaril Co. Atlanta, Georgia Columbus Coated Fabrics Columbus, Ohio Continental Plastic Co. Chicago, Illinois Dynamic Nobel of America, Inc. Northvale, New Jersey Fabric Leather Corp. Glen Cove, New York Firestone Plastics Co., Division of Firestone Fire & Rubber Co. Pottstown, Pennsylvania Flex-O-Glass, Inc. Chicago, Illinois Ford Motor Co. Mount Clenens, Michigan NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 1-9 33,000 2,500 500 - 999 50 - 99 250 675 325 442,607 A-35 SPl-26285 Arthur D Little Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-IX (continued) U.S. PRODUCERS OF PVC FILM (Calendered and Extruded) CORPORATION Franklin Fibre-Lamstex Corp. Wilmington, Delavare General Binding Corp. Northbrook, 111. General Plastics Corp. Marion, Indiana General Tire & Rubber Co. Akron, Ohio Gelman, Herman A. Co. Brooklyn, New York Goodrich, B.F. Chemical Co. Cleveland, Ohio Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. Akron, Ohio Goss Plastic Corp. Los Angeles, California Grace, W.R & Co. New York, New York Harte & Co. New York, New York Jodee Plastics, Inc. Brooklyn, New York Maclin Co. Industry, California Norton Co. Akron, Ohio NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 50 - 99 1,800 50 37,000 145,000 66,400 100 - 499 20 - 49 50 - 99 100 - 499 A-36 SPl-26286 Arthur D Little. Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-IX (continued) U.S. PRODUCERS OF PVC FILM (Calendered and Extruded) CORPORATION O'Sullivan Corp. Winchester, Virginia Pervel Industries, Inc. Plainfield, Connecticut Reynolds Metals Co. Richmond, Virginia Ross & Roberts, Inc. Stratford, Connecticut Rowland Products, Inc. Kensington, Connecticut Ruco Division, Hooker Chemical Corp. Burlington, New Jersey Stauffer Chemical Co. Westport, Connecticut Strauss, H.B. Corp. Bronx, New York Vernon Plastics Corp. Haverhill, Massachusetts NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 700 1,300 35,200 250 200 700 10,000 20 - 49 40 A-37 SPl-26287 Arthur D Little Inc APPENDIX TABLE A-X U.S. PRODUCERS OF CAST PVC FILM AND SHEET Borden Chemical Division, Borden, Inc. Columbus, Ohio Cadillac Plastic & Chemical Co. Detroit, Michigan Clopay Corp., Plastic Film Division Cincinnati, Ohio Commercial Plastics & Supply Corp. Cornwells Heights, Pennsylvania Crystal-X Corp. Darby, Pennsylvania Dura Plastics of New York, Inc. Westport, Connecticut Fassler, M.J. & Co. Bayshore, New York King Plastic Corp. Venice, Florida Newage Industries, Inc. Jenkintovn, Pennsylvania Plastic Mfg., Inc. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Reynolds Metals Co. Richmond, Virginia Rhodla, Inc. New York, New York Tenneco Chemical, Foam & Plastic Division New York, New York A-38 SPl-26288 Arthur () l.ittlu Inc