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Business confidential
PROJECT REPORT
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FIRE RESEARCH FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES
!H ';?74 FLAMMABILITY AND EXPLOSIBILITY OF FINELY DIVIDED SOLIDS
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author:
C. J. Hilado
supervisor!
F. H. Small
datei
March 6, 1974
PROJECT NO.I FILE NO.t
510E15 19268
SUMMARY
This exploratory investigation of the effect
of particle size and resin type on dust
explosibility properties yielded only limited data because
of the small number of different resin samples and the
difficulty of obtaining dust explosions with the samples
that were obtained. The difficulty of exploding dusts of
the vinyl copolymer resins used for powder coatings speaks
well of the safety aspects of these products, but is not
conducive to fundamental research on dust explosions.
Prediction of dust explosibility as a function
of particle size requires physical and thermal characterization which is not normally performed, and thus involves costs which may exceed those involved in empirical explosibility
tests.
This report includes a compilation of dust
explosibility data on a wide variety of plastics, determined by the U. S. Bureau of Mines (177 samples) and our Fire Research Laboratory (29 samples), which should be useful for ready reference.
INTRODUCTION
Solids handling processes, such as grinding,
drying, dust collection, transportation,
and storage, are always exposed to the hazard of dust explosion
if the material involved is combustible. Materials which hav
been involved in dust explosions include foodstuffs such as
sugar, flour, cornstarch, and cocoa; synthetic materials such
as plastics, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals; metals such as
aluminum and magnesium; and fuels such as coal and wood.
Unless specially designed, many plants and buildings can withstand pressures of only 1 to 2 psi without damage. Because a dust explosion in a closed volume can develop pressures up to 100 psi or more, damage to plants and buildings by a dust explosion can be expected in most cases.
Union Carbide has an interest in dust explosibility because of its involvement in solids handling in manufacturing
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
CHEMICALS AND PLASTICS
UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION SOUTH CHARLESTON, WEST VIRGINIA
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DOCUMENTATION 07 THE THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOE SUBSTANCES IN WORKROOM AIR - Third Edition 1971
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VINYL CIILOKIDE
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.. . 200 ppm (Approximately V0Cl"mg/m3) Vinyl chloride is a flammable gas with anesthetic properties at high concentrations. At anes
thetic concentrations (3 to 12%) it has serious effects on cardiac muscle resulting in arrythmias and sensitization in dogs(l,2). There is a wide margin between anesthetic and lethal concentrations (30~'iCCi)(3). Torkeison, Oyen and Eov/e(4) reported that repeated seven-hour exposures for stx
monti.s at 200 ppm resulted in histologic changes in the central lobular region of the livers of
rabbits, but not in rats, guinea pigs and dogs. At 100 ppm there was only slight liver enlarge ment, A subsequent report by Lester, Greenberg and Adams(5) on the effects of repeated ex posure of rats to vinyl chloride assaying 09 + percent purity at 2 and 5% concentration stated butt, although liver changes were noted, they were not considered to bo of pathological signif- icanco. In their opinion, a rocommended TLV of 500 ppm was satisfactory for worker exposure.
An interitn report was made by Mutchlcr and Kramcr(G) of long industrial health experience with vinyl chloride workers. Beginning in 1950, continuous monitoring was begun at five or six stations and the results compared with breath analyses(7) for vinyl chloride for 50 workers. Between 1950 and 1967 the mean air concentration was 1 GO ppm, with one maximal peak at GC0
ppm of vinyl chloride and with great daily variation from 30 to 170 ppm, on the average. During part of this time vinylidene chloride* was an associated air contaminant estimated at around . 5 ppm. Twenty-one clinical parameters were measured for comparison with the environmental data, and relationships were obtained by stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. Of medical
examinations numbering 404 on 97 workers, 65 were used for comparison with 650 controls. Theso examinations with final diagnoses mads according to the international classification of diseases, failed to reveal any overt condition attributable to vinyl chloride (or vinylidene chloride) ex posure, No differences of physiologic significance were found in blood pressure, hemoglobin,
electrocardiograms, and no body abnormalities (acro-ostcolysis) appeared. No one was clinically
ill. Six clinical parameters appeared to be altered, however. Among these, beta lipoprotein,
icterus index, and bromosulfalcin retention time may have some physiologic significance. The
investigators felt, from a review of the interim findings, that a time-weighted average exposure
concentration at 300 ppm (combined vinyl chloride and 5 ppm vinylidene chloride) could result in some degreo of liver dysfunction. The multiphasic screening tests are continuing on all ex posed workers, and analysis of the findings is being made on an individual worker basis. In the meantime, a time-weighted average threshold limit .value of 200 ppm vinyl chloride (with a few ppm vinylidene chloride) seems appropriate to prevent adverse systemic effects from long-
continued daily erasure.
*
(* A 90-day animal inhalation exposure to vinylidene chloride at 5 ppm was without observable effect.)
References;
1. Osier, R.H., Oarr, C.J., Krantz, J.C., Sauorwald, M.J.: Anesthesiol. & 359 (1947).
2. Carr, J., Burgison, R.M., Vitcha, I.F., Krantz, J.C.: J. Pitarm. Exptl. Ther. 97, 1 (1949).
3. Mastromatteo, E., Fisher, A.M., Christie, H,, Danziger, H.: Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 21. 394
(19CG).
4. Torkeison, T.R., Oycn, F., Rowe, V.K.: ibid. 22, 354 (1061).
5. Lester, D,, Greenberg, L.A., Adams, W.R.; ibid., 24, 265 (1963).
6. Mutchior, J.E., Kramer, C.G.: Report on Relation of Exposure to State of Health of Dow Chemi
cal Workers, Gordon Conf., Tilton, N.J1, (August, 1963).
7. Earetta, E.D., Stewart, R.D., Mutchlcr, J.E.: Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 30, 537 (10G0).
UCC
1j*4 b!
(Reprinted from American Conference of Governmental Industrial
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BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL 510E15
2
operations and product applications; the latter includes powder coatings, a growing market for UCC polymers. Expertise in dust explosibility can not only increase process safety by identifying hazardous situations in UCC plants, but also promote the safe use of UCC products by defining safe limits in product application.
DISCUSSION
The most extensive body of information on
dust explosibility in the United States was
developed by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, and the apparatus
and procedures developed by this organization (1) are the
most widely used test methods in the U. S. The following are
brief descriptions of these tests:
To determine the hot-surface ignition temperature of a dust cloud, a sample of dust, normally 0.10 gram, is
dispersed into the top of a Godbert-Greenwald furnace at a known temperature by release of air from a reservoir.
To determine the minimum explosive concentration of a dust, a weighed amount of dust is dispersed in a 75 cu. in. polymethylmethacrylate tube by release of air from a reservoir and ignited by an electric spark. The Hartmann apparatus is employed in this test.
To determine the minimum electrical energy required to ignite a dust cloud, the Hartmann apparatus is used with a weighed amount of dust 5 to 10 times the minimum explosive concentration. The ignition energy is adjusted by means of condensers.
These values permit calculation of an ignition sensitivity relative to Pittsburgh coal dust, the reference standard.
To determine the explosion pressure and rate of pressure rise in a dust explosion, a steel Hartmann tube is used for explosions at dust concentrations of 0.10, 0.20, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 ounces per cubic foot. The values obtained permit calculation of an explosion severity relative to Pittsburgh coal dust.
An explosibility index is calculated by multiplying the ignition sensitivity and the explosion severity.
Data obtained by the U. S. Bureau of Mines on
explosibility of various polymer dusts (2) are presented in Table I. Although this information is available to the public, the author believed that a compilation of these data would be useful for ready reference.
BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL 510E15
3
A variety of Union Carbide materials have been evaluated for dust explosibility by the same test procedures, either by the U. S. Bureau of Mines during the period when tests were performed for industry as a service, or by the
Fire Research Laboratory after the apparatus was installed here. Data on these materials, with UCC identifications, are presented in Table II. This information is business con fidential, unless released by authorized persons.
Another source of dust explosibility data is the Fire Research Station at Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, England, which employs a vertical tube apparatus 254 mm in diameter and 5.2 m long. (3, 4). Other sources are Fenwal, Inc., which uses a 6.7 cu. ft. spherical vessel (5), Factory Mutual, which reported as 0.13 cu. ft. cylindrical vessel (6), and Georgia Institute of Technology, which used a cylindrical tank 14 inches in diameter and 23 inches deep (7).
Three samples of vinyl copolymer resins with different particle sizes were supplied by Mr. 0. W. Smith of Dr. J. V. Koleske's group for studies of the effects of particle size on dust explosibility. These were:
Identification
Particle Size, microns
VYHD, 14-0WS-65-1 VYHD, 14-0WS-65-3 VYHD, 14-0WS-65-2
8-10 10-30 100+
VYHD is an 85/15 copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate, and is a thermoplastic resin. To provide a thermoset resin for comparison, a sample of VERR, an 80/10/10 copolymer of vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, and glycidyl methacrylate, was also supplied.
Dust explosibility test results on these materials are presented in Table III through VI. At particle sizes larger than 10 microns, VYHD resin could not be exploded in the Hartmann apparatus and only ignition temperatures could be obtained. The 1920-millijoule maximum limit of the present apparatus was not enough to ignite the samples which could be ignited with continuous-spark ignition.
There was no consistent effect of particle size on ignition temperature. Ignition temperatures at 8-10 microns, 10-30 microns, ani over 100 microns were 695C, 650C, and 680C, respectively. The effect of particle shape is pro bably confounding this comparison, because the 8-10 micron sample had jagged particles due to pulverizing, while the 10-30 micron sample had spherical particles due to spray-drying
BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL 510E15
4
The thermoset VERR resin sample had a lower ignition temperature of 605C, but without additional data
it can be only conjectured whether this is due to the lower vinyl chloride content, the presence of glycidyl methacrylate, or other factors.
There have been efforts made to develop procedures for predicting dust explosibility properties as a function of particle size (8), but in general such approaches require physical and thermal characterization which is not normally per formed, at the very least a reasonable estimate of properties such as activation energy and emissivity. Meek and Dallavalle (7) reported on the effect of the physical structure of sugar dusts on explosibility:
Sugar
Specific Surface sq cm per g
Minimum Explosive Concentration g per cu m
Dextrose
4500 2930 2350 1480
20 110 220 300
Sucrose
3830 2950 2350 1800
40 120 180 320
Mitsui and Tanaka (8) reported that the empirical ignition temperature decreased with increasing particle size for certain metals and increased with increasing particle size for certain plastics, and that the empirical minimum explosive concentration increased with increasing particle size for certain plastics. They proposed a theoretical model which apparently gave satisfactory correlation with experi mental results.
CONCLUSIONS
This exploratory investigation of the effect
of particle size and resin type on dust
explosibility properties gave only limited data because of
lack of availability of numerous samples of resins and the
difficulty of obtaining dust explosions with the samples that
were obtained.
The difficulty of exploding dusts of the vinyl copolymer resins used for powder coatings speaks well of the safety aspects of these products, but is not conducive to fundamental research on dust explosions.
! JQ0 048630
BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL 510E15
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Prediction of dust explosibility as a function of particle size requires physical and thermal characterization which is not normally performed, and thus involves costs which may exceed those involved in empirical explosibility tests.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Dorsett, H. G., Jacobson, M., Nagy, J., Williams, R. P., "Laboratory Equipment and Test Procedures for Evaluating Explosibility of Dusts", U. S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 5624 (1960)
2. Jacobson, M., Nagy, J., Cooper, A. R., "Explosibility of Dusts Used in the Plastics Industry", U. S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 5971 (1962)
3. Palmer, K. N., Tonkin, P. S., "The Explosibility of Dusts in Small-Scale Tests and Large-Scale Industrial Plant", I. Chem. E. Symposium Series No. 25 (1968)
4. Palmer, K. N., Tonkin, P. S., "Coal Dust Explosions in a Large-Scale Vertical Tube Apparatus", Combustion and Flame, Vol. 17, 159-170 (1971)
5. Gillis, J., "Testing for Explosiveness of Dusts"
6. Cotton, P. E., "New Test Apparatus for Dust Explosions", NFPA Quarterly, 157-164 (October 1951)
7. Meek, R. L., Dallavalle, J. M., "Explosive Properties of Sugar Dusts", Industrial and Engineering Chemicsty, Vol. 46, No. 4, 763-766 (April 1954)
8. Mitsui, R., Tanaka, T., "Simple Models of Dust Explosion. Predicting Ignition Temperature and Minimum Explosive Limit in Terms of Particle Size", Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Res. Develop., Vol. 12, No. 3, 384-389 (July 1973)
Attachments: 6 Tables
CJH.-jes Manuscript Date: February 25, 1974 Date Typed: March 1, 1974
C. J. Hilado
BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL
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510E15
Table I
Explosibility of Dusts of Various Polymers
Polymer
Minimum
Ignition Temp. ccloud layer
Polyethylene type D high pressure, sample 1 high pressure, sample 2 low pressure, sample 1 low pressure, sample 2 low pressure, melt index 0.4 low pressure, melt index 6.0 wax, low molecular weight
Polypropylene molecular weight 1.8 million molecular weight 1.1 million molecular weight 0.6 million linear no antioxidant 0.3-0.4% antioxidant
Polyvinyl acetate Polyvinyl acetate alcohol Polyvinyl butyral Polyvinyl chloride
sample 1 sample 2, fine sample 3, coarse sample 4, powdered copolymer binder for fiber batting Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer sample 1 sample 2 sample 3
molding compound, mineral filler
450 450 410 420 450 430 420 400
460 460 460 420 420 420
550 520 390
730 660 690 680 720 670
690 750 710 690
380
440 290 400 480 400 500
Minimum Explosive Cone. oz/cu.ft.
Minimum Ignition Energy joule
Igni- Explotion sion Sensi- Severtivity ity
Explos: bility
Index
0.025 0.020
0.020 0.020
0.020
0.035 0.030 0.055 0.020 0.020
0.040 0.035 0.020
>2.00 >2.00 >2.00 >2.00 >2.00 >2.00
>2.00 >2.00 >2.00 >2.00
0.080 0.030
0.060 0.010
2.2 7.5
4.0 22.4
0.035
7.2
0.400
0.025 0.400 0.030 0.030
0.3 5.8 0.2 8.0 8.0
0.160 0.120 0.010
>8.32 >8.32 >8.32 >8.32 '8.32 > 8.32
8.32 .-8.32 >8.32 >8.32
0.6 0.9 25.8
<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
1.1 2.4 1.4 >10 0.8
1.0 4.0 2.3 >10 1.4 2.2
0.8 5.8
0.2 0.1 0.4 2.3 0.1 <0.1 1.0 8.0 2.0 >10 1.7
0.4 0. 2 1.2 1 i 0.9 >10
<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
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Table I
Explosibility of Dusts of Various Polymers (continued)
Polymer
Minimum
Ignition Temp. HC. cloud layer
Minimum
Explosive Cone. oz/cu.ft.
Minimum
Ignition Energy joule
Igni- Explo
tion sion Sensi- Severtivity ity
Explosi bility Index
Vinyl chloride-acrylonitrile
60/40 copolymer, water emuls. prod. 570
33/67 copolymer, water emuls. prod. 530
Vinyl chloride-polyoctyl acrylate
79/21 copolymer
500
Vinyl chloride-diisopropyl fumarate
70/30 copolymer
580
Polyvinyl chloride-dioctyl phthalate
67/33 mixture
320
Polyvinyl chloride-Hycar rubber
copolymer, sample 1
490
copolymer, sample 2, more resin
550
Vinyl-vinylidene chloride copolymer
mainly vinyl
780
mainly vinylidene
^1000
Vinylidene copolymer, 10% plasticizer 830
Vinylidene chloride polymer mold.cpd. 900
Vinyl multipolymer
monomeric vinylidene cyanide
500
Vinyl toluene-acrylonitrile-butadiene
58/19/23 copolymer, sample 1
530
58/19/23 copolymer, sample 2
530
Polyvinyl toluene, sulfonated
540
Polyvinyl benzyl trimethyl ammonium
chloride, flake
420
yellow, divinyl benzene
410
Polystyrene, clear
special grind molding compound beads latex, spray dried Styrene-hydrocarbon monomer polymer 85/15 copolymer, sample 1 85/15 copolymer, sample 2 Styrene-acrylonitrile 70/30 copolymer
490 500 560 500 500
460 460 500
470 470 430
460 450 420 390
510
330 240 220
470 500 450 470
0.045 0.035
0.100
0.060
0.035
0.025 0.070
>2.00 >2.00 >2.00 >2.00
0.030
0.020 0.020 1.000
0.045 0.035 0.020 0.020 0.015 0.025 0.020
0.020
0.035
0.025 0.015
0.960
0.060
0.050
0.030 0.060
>8.32 >8.32 >8.32 >8.32
0.015
0.020 0.020 2.880
0.140 0.100 0.120 0.040 0.040 0.060 0.015
0.035
0.030
3.1 7.2
<0.1
1.0
3.6
5.5 0.9
<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
8.9
9.5 9.5 <0.1
0.8 1.4 1.7 5.0 6.0 2.7 13.4
6.3
3.8
0.6 1.9 2.0 >10
<0.1 <0.1
0.9 0.9
0.8 2.9
1.7 9.4 0.3 0.3
<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
3.0 >10
1.6 >10 2.2 >10
<0.1
0.3 0.2 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.9
2.0 >10 1.5 4.1 3.3 >10
2.1 >10
0.5 1.9
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510E15
Table I
Explosibility of Dusts of Various Polymers (continued)
Polymer
Minimum Ignition Temp.,C. cloud layer
Minimum Explosive Cone. oz/cu.ft.
Minimum Ignition Energy joule
Igni- Explo- Explosi tion sion bility Sensi- Sever- Index tivity ity
Polystyrene-Buna N rubber coprecipitate 510
Styr ne-butadiene latex copolymer
less than 47 zinc stearate blend
470
over 757. styrene, alum coagulated
440
Methyl methacrylate polymer
sample 1
480
sample 2, molding compound, fines
440
sample 3, molding compound, fines
440
Methyl methacrylate-ethyl acrylate
copolymer, sample 1
480
sample 2, spray dried
500
Methyl methacrylate-ethyl acrylate-
styrene copolymer
440
Methyl methacrylate-styrene-butadiene-
acrylonitrile copolymer
480
Methyl methacrylate-styrene-butadiene-
ethyl acrylate copolymer
480
Methacrylic acid polymer, modified
450
Isobutyl methacrylate polymer
500
Acrylamide polymer
410
Acrylamide-vinyl benzyl trimethyl
ammonium chloride copolymer
810
Acrylonitrile polymer
500
Acrylonitrile-vinyl pyridine copolymer 510
Acrylonitrile-vinyl chloride-vinylidene
chloride copolymer 70/20/10
650
Cellulose acetate, sample 1
sample 2 sample 3 sample 4 sample 5 sample 6 sample 7 sample 8 sample 9
420
420 420 420 470 460 400 460 480
500
290 280 240 500 460 240 210
420 420 400 430 400 430 380
0.020
0.030 0.025
0.030 0.020 0.030
0.030 0.035
0.025
0.025
0.025 0.045 0.020 0.040
1.000 0.025 0.020
0.035
0.040 0.035 0.040 0.050 0.045 0.045 0.040 0.040 0.040
0.080
0.060 0.025
0.020 0.015 0.020
0.010 0.025
0.020
0.020
0.025 0.100 0.040 0.030
8.000 0.020 0.025
0.015
0.015 0.030 0.045 0.045 0.025 0.040 0.050 0.035 0.045
2.5
2.4 7.3
7.0 15.3
7.6
14.0 4.6
9.2
8.4
6.7 1.0 5.0 4.1
<0.1 8.1 7.9
5.9
8.0 4.6 2.7 2.1 3.8 2.4 2.5 3.1 2.3
2.3 5.8
0.6 1.4 1.7 >10
0.9 6.3 1.0 >10 0.8 6.1
2.7 >10 2.0 9.2
1.7 >10
1.4 >10
1.5 >10 0.6 0.6 1.0 5.0 0.6 2.5
<0.1 2.3 >10 2.4 >10
3.0 >10 1.6 >10 0.9 4.1
3.0 >10 3.2 7.7 2.2 5.5 2.1 6.5 2.9 6.7
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510E15
Table I Explosibility of Dusts of Various Polymers (continued)
Polymer
Minimum Ignition Temp. . C. cloud layer
Minimum
Explosive Cone.,
oz/cu,ft.
Minimum Ignition Energy joule
Igni Explo Explos: tion sion bility Sensi Sever Index tivity ity
Cellulose acetate, sample 11
430
sample 12
440
sample 13
430
sample 14, 5-10 micron
450
sample 15, molding compound
410
sample 16, 54.5% acetyl, spinning 450
sample 17, 53.0% acetyl, molding 470
Cellulose triacetate, sample 1
430
sample 2
430
Cellulose acetate butyrate, sample 1
410
sample 2
440
sample 3, molding compound
370
Cellulose acetate butyrate-cellulose
acetate mixture
430
Cellulose propionate, 0.3% free OH
460
Cellulose tripropionate, 0% free OH
460
Ethyl cellulose, sample 1
sample 2, 5-10 micron
370
sample 3, no fill, or plast.
340
sample 4, molding compound
320
Methyl cellulose, no fill, or plast.
360
Carboxy methyl cellulose, sample 1
350
low vise., 0.3-0.4% subs.
450
low vise., 0.3-0.4% subs., acid prod.460
med vise., 0.84% subs.
370
0.65-0.95% subs.
360
0.65-0.95% subs.
330
0.2-0.3% subs.
400
0.98% subs., 56.4% active agent
400
Carboxy methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose
sample 1
400
sample 2, 0.65-0.85% subs.
380
Hydroxyethyl cellulose-monosodium
phosphate sizing compound
390
Acetal, linear (polyformaldehyde)
440
340 390
350 330 340 290 290 310 260
380 330 340
0.045 0.055 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.040 0.035 0.035 0.040 0.035 0.035 0.025
0.030 0.025 0.025 0.020 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.030
0.165 0.060 0.150 0.400 0.350 0.300 0.340
0.250 0.200
0.070
0.035
0.030 0.020
0.020 0.040 0.080 0.060 0.030 0.030 0.030
0.030
0.060 0.045
0.010 0.015 0.010 0.020
0.180 0.140 0.560 1.920 0.800 1.920 >8.32
1.280 0.960
0.035 0.020
3.5 3.2 4.2 3.1
1.5 6.4 3.7
3.5 0.9 1.4 2.5 2.0 2.3 4.5 1.2 3.9 1.9
4.7 1.2
1.5 7.3 1.1
2.8 2.9 2.6 3.9 1.8
21.8 15.8 25.2
9.3
0.2 0.5 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
3.4 3.6 3.2
3.1 0.2 0.2
2.7
0.5 0.2 0.2 <0.1 0.2
<0.1 <0.1
0.1 0.3
2.1 0.8 6.5 1.9
>10 >10
>10 3.2 3.5 4.6 5.4 7.4 5.6
8.0
7.5 7.0
>10 >10 >10 >10
<0.1 1.4
<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
<0.1 <0.1
1.7
>10
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Table I
Explosibility of Dusts of Various Polymers (continued)
Polymer
Minimum
Ignition Temp. c_; cloud layer
Nylon (polyhexamethylene adipamide) sample 1 sample 2 sample 3, chemically precipitated
500 510 540
Chlorinated polyether alcohol
460
Ethylene oxide polymer
350
Polycarbonate
710
Phenol formaldehyde, sample 1
580
sample 2
670
sample 3
730
sample 4
700
sample 5
580
sample 6, powdered
630
sample 7, spray dried
580
sample 8, spray dried
660
sample 9, alkaline
620
sample 10, 1-step
640 -
sample 11, 2-step
580
sample 12, 2-step
580
sample 13, 2-step
590
sample 14, novalac, angular part. 620
sample 15, novalac, spherical part .650
sample 16, hollow spherical part. 500
sample 17, hollow spherical part. 490
sample 18, infusible, insoluble
500
sample 19, 1.57, zinc stearate and
1%, oxalic acid
550
sample 20, fiber batting binder
600
sample 21, semi resinous
460
sample 22, glass and fibers
590
sample 23, more fibers than above 540
sample 24, 20% cellulosic extender 500
Phenol formaldehyde molding compound
sample 1, cotton flock filler
490
430
320
190 180 210 300
Minimum Explosive Cone. ,
oz/cu.ft.
Minimum
Ignition Energy,
joule
Igni- Explo- Explos tion sion bility Sensi- Sever- Index
tivity ity
0.030 0.050 0.035
0.045
0.030
0.025
0.025 0.035 0.035 0.025 0.025 0.175 0.175 0.200 0.040 0.040 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.030 0.035 0.250 0.250 0.200
0.025 0.025 0.235
0.020 0.030 0.030
0.160
0.030
0.025
0.015 0.025 0.080 0.035 0.020 >8.32 3.840 6.000 0.030 0.010 0.010 0.015 0.030 0.020 0.030 >8.32 >8.32 1.300
0.010 0.025 >8.32
6.7 2.6 3.6
0.6
6.4
4.5
9.3 3.4 1.0 3.3 6.9 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 2.7 7.9 13.9 7.7 3.2 5.4 2.9 <0.1 < 0.1 <0.1
14.6 5.4
<0.1
1.8 3.3 1.1
0.3
0.9
1.9
1.4
1.9 1.7 3.9 0.1 0.1 0.1
5.3 4.0 4.1
2.5 0.8 0.2 0.3 <0.1
2.7 '3.5 <0.1
>10 8.6 4.0
0.2
5.8
8.6
>10
1.9 5.6 >10 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
>10 >10 >10
>10 2.3
<0.1 < 0.1 <0.1
>10 >10 < 0.1
0.120 0.030
3.840 0.010
<0.1 13.7
0.1 <0.1 5.3 >10
BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL
11
510E15
Table I Explosibility of Dusts of Various Polymers (continued)
Polymer
Minimum
Ignition Temp. ;c. cloud layer
Phenol formaldehyde, C stage, modified
by hydrophilic groups, sample 1
440
sample 2
590
sample 3
500
Phenol formaldehyde, amine modified
510
Phenol formaldehyde, polyalkylene
polyamine modified
420
Phenol anhydro formaldehyde anilin.
2-step
570
Phenol formaldehyde derivative, calcium
9
sample 1, spray dried
460
sample 2, spray and drum dried
460
Phenol formaldehyde, sulfonated
640
l^elamine formaldehyde, no plasticizer Melamine formaldehyde, plasticizer Urea formaldehyde, sample 1
sample 2, glue sample 3, glue sample 4, glue Urea formaldehyde molding compound sample 1, granular sample 2
sample 3, grade I, medium fine sample 4, grade II, fine
sample 5, wood flour filler Urea formaldehyde-phenol formaldehyde
molding compound, wood flour filler
810 790 530 510 510 470
480 530 450 460 490
530
Epoxy, one part anhydride type, 1% cat. 530
Epoxy, no cat., modif., or addit.
540
Epoxy-bisphenol A mixture
510
Polyethylene terephthalate
500
Polyurethane foam, TDI, not fire ret. Polyurethane foam, TDI, fire ret.
510 550
290 480 480 430
530 240
440 390
Minimum Explosive Cone.,
oz/cu.ft.
Minimum Ignition Energy,
joule
Igni- Explo- Explos: tion sion bility Sensi- Sever- Index tivity tty
0.070
0.020
0.035
0.030 0.025 >2.00
0.085 0.065 0.135 0.070 0.075 0.070
0.165 0.090 0.075 0.085 0.075
0.085
0.030 0.020 0.030
0.040
0.030 0.025
0.015
0.010
0.025 0.020 >8.32
0.320 0.050 1.280 0.640 0.960 0.080
0.080 0.080 0.160 0.080 0.160
0.120
0.035 0.015 0.035
0.035
0.020 0.015
16.0
10.1
5.8 8.8 <0.1
0.1 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.8
0.3 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.3
0.4
3.6 12.4
3.8
2.9
6.6 9.8
0.1
2.8 >10
5.1 >10
1.0 5.8 3.6 >10
<0.1
0.2 <0.1 0.9 0.7 0.1 <0.1 0.4 <0.1 0.8 0.1 0.6 0.5
0.2 0.1 1.1 0.6 0.9 0.4 1.7 1.0 0.9 0.3
0.6 0.2
2.0 7.2 2.7 >10 0.5 1.9
2.6 7.5
1.5 >10 1.7 >10
BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL
12
5I0E15
Table I
Explosibility of Dusts of Various Polymers (continued)
Polymer
Minimum
Ignition Temp. cloud layer
Allyl alcohol derivative sample 1, CR-39 sample 2, CR-39 sample 3, CR-149, glass (65/35)
Phenol furfural Phenol furfural, 1.5% glycerol mono-
oleate and 1% JUCOg
Alkyd molding compound, mineral filler sample 1, not self extinguishing sample 2, self extinguishing
510 500 540 530
520
500 510
310
270 270
Minimum
Explosive Cone., oz/cu.ft.
Minimum Ignition Energy, joule
0.035 0.035 0.345 0.025
0.025
0.155 >2.00
0.020 0.060 1.600 0.010
0.0X0
0.120 >8.32
Igni- Explo- Explosj tion sion bility Sensi Sever Index
tivity ity
5.6 1.9 0.1
15.2
15.5
3.6 >10 6.7 >10 0.2 <0.1
3.9 >10
4.0 >10
0.2 <0.1 0.1
<0.1 <0.1
BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL
13
510E15
Table II
Explosibility of Dusts of Some Union Carbide Materials
Material
Minimum Ignition Temp.,C. cloud
Minimum Explosive Cone., oz/cu.ft.
Minimum Ignition
Energy, joule
Igni tion
Sensi tivity
Polyethylene
DYNH, 20-200 mesh
450
low density, Texas City
450
high density, G process, aggreg.730
-200 mesh
460
100-200 mesh 450
60-100 mesh 450
40-60 mesh
895
20-40 mesh >1000
Vinyl chloride,VYHH, -200 mesh
710
20-200 mesh 730
VYNW, -200 mesh
690
20-200 mesh 700
ON-1000, 20-200 mesh 320
Vinyl copolymer, VERR, Swenson 5
560
VYHD/VMCC, Bowen 8 645
VP-3612
535
Vinyl acetate, AYAT, -200 mesh
550
20-200 mesh 590
Vinyl butyral, XYSG, -200 mesh
390
20-200 mesh 400
Vinyon, -200 mesh
570
20-20 mesh
570
Vinyon HN, -200 mesh
530
20-200 mesh
530
Epoxy phenolic 70/30
540
PEG 4000 Powdered Carbowax, Institute 410
TEMIK aldicarb pesticide, dry cryst. 385
TEMIK 10G-DC fines, coal/Norlig 11 570
' .if.
1. i . .
nn nAri
i
r r-
0.025 0.142 >3.26 0.0211 0.0490 3.02 >3.26
0.035 0.0537 0.0673 0.1833
0.040
0.020
0.045
0.035 0.0228 0.1220 0.0325 0.0511
0.030 0.240
0.152 0.361 >0.877
0.166
1.368 0.253
0.050 0.080 > 1.920 0.400
0.160
0.010
0.025
0.015 0.030 0.240 0.189 0.060 ^r
0.839 < 0.0242
0.0514
5.467 0.212 0.851 1.15
Explo sion Sever
ity 0.256
0.947 0.447
Explosi bility Index
0.350
0.806 0.514
BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL
14
510E15
TABLE III
DUST EXPLOSIBILITY DATA ON VYHD RESIN 14--OWS-65-1
Electrode Height, in.
2
4
Pressure psig
Minimum Explosive
Cone., g per 75 cu. in.
Sample Weight
g
Pressure in. Hg
5 Insuff. 0.05 Press.
10 0.5000 15 0.2000
5 Insuff. 0.10 Press.
10 0.4000 15 0.3000
0.20
5
10 15
5
10 15
5
10 15
Ignition Temp. C
Sample Cone. No.
Times Minimum
695 5
705 X820
705
7.5
725 715
705 10
725 710
Pressure psig
5
10 15
5
10 15
5
10 15
Minimum Ignition
Energy, Millijoules
Insuff. Press.
> 1920 > 1920
Insuff. Press.
> 1920 > 1920
Insuff. Press.
> 1920 > 1920
BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL
15
510E15
Electrode Height, in.
2
4
Pressure, psig
5 10 15
5 10 15
TABLE IV
DUST EXPLOSIBILITY DATA ON VYHD RESIN 14-OffS-65-3
Minimum Explosive Concentration,
g per 75 cu. in.
Insuff. Press. >4.0000 >3.2000
Insuff. Press. >3.2000 >3.2000
Sample Weight, g
0.05
0.10
0.20
Pressure, in. Hg
5 10 15
5 10 15
5 10 15
Ignition Temp.,
650 710 >865 733 675 660 755 735 730
BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL
16
510E15
Electrode Height, in.
2
4
Pressure, psig
5 10 15
5 10 15
TABLE V
DUST EXPLOSIBILITY DATA ON VYHD RESIN 14-OWS-65-2 BL-932
Minimum Explosive Concentration,
g per 75 cu. in.
Insuff. Press. >4.0000 >4.0000
Insuff. Press. >3.2000 >4.0000
Sample Weight, g
0.05
0.10
0.20
Pressure, in. Hg
5 10 15
5 10 15
5 10 15
Ignition Temp. , C
715 760 825 705 730 790 680 700 780
BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL
17
510E15
TABLE VI
DUST EXPLOSIBILITY DATA ON VERR RESIN BL. 15
Electrode Height, in.
2
4 l
Pressure psig
5 10 15
5 10 15
Ulnimum Explosive Cone., g
per 75 cu. in
>4.0000
0.1750
0.1750
>1.6000
0.5000
0.2500
Sample Weight
s
0.05
0.10
0.20
Pressure, in. Hg
5 10 15
5 10 15
5 10 15
Ignition Temp "C
Sample Cone. No.
Times Minimum
645 655 750 650 620 605 615 710 680
5 7.5 10
Pressure ps ig
5 10 15
5 10 15
5 10 15
Minimum Ignition
Energy, Milli.j oules
>1920 >1920 >1920 >1920 >1920 >1920 >1920
>1920 >1920
