Document 93Xpg8YOnjbLbezjyy03976y6

Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-90 PROPERTIES AND ESSENTIAL INFORMATION FOR SAFE HANDLING AND USE OF 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE /VfTtjyt c'HC eeoft Chemicals in any form can be safely stored, handled or used if the physical, chemical and hazardous properties are fully under stood and the necessary precautions, including the use of proper safeguards and personal protective equipment, are observed. ADOPTED 1965 MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION 1825 CONNECTICUT AVENUE. N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. 20009 SL 036657 Published as an activity of the Association's Safety and Fire Protection Committee. Other MCA committees which have cooperated in its preparation include: Air Quality Committee Chemical Packaging Committee Labels and Precautionary Information Committee Occupational Health Committee Transportation and Distribution Committee Water Resources Committee Address correspondence to staff editor--F. G. Stephenson, Manufacturing Chemists Association, 1825 Connecticut Avenue, Washington, D. C. 20009, 1965 by Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. The information and recommendations contained in this Chemical Safety Data Sheet have been compiled from sources believed to be reliable and to represent the best opinion on the subject as of 1965 However, no warranty, guarantee, or representation is made by the Manufacturing Chemists Association as to the correctness or sufficiency of any information or recommendation herein, and the Association assumes no responsibility in connection therewith; nor can it be assumed that all necessary warnings and precautionary measures are contained in this Chemical Safety Data Sheet, or that other or additional information or measures may not be required or desirable because of particular or exceptional conditions or circumstances, or because of applicable federal, state, or local law. SL 036658 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface ..................................................................................................................... ^ 1. NAMES ..................................................................................................................... 5 2. PROPERTIES ............................................................................................................ 2.1 Grades .......... ....................................... ................................................. --2.2 Properties and Characteristics ................................................................. 5 5 5 3. HAZARDS ................................................................................................................ 3.1 Health Hazards ............................................................................................ 3.2 Fire Hazards ............................................................................................ --- 5 5 6 4. ENGINEERINGCONTROL OF HAZARDS 4.1 Svitdi'-'j Design 4.2 ovp*ne't Des:gn 4.2 4.4 Air Analysis ............................................... f> ft 4 /, 6 5. EMPLOYEE SAFETY ........................... 5.1 Employee Education and Training ........................................................ 5.2 Personal Protective Equipment ............................................................... 7 7 7 6. FIRE FIGHTING ....................................................................................................... 8 7. HANDLING AND STORAGE ................................................................................ 9 7.1 Usual ShippingContainers ...................................... 9 7.2 Drums ......................... 9 7.3 Tank Trucks ................................................................................................ 9 7.4 Tank Cars ................................................. 10 7.5 Storage ............. 10 7.6 Spills and Leakage ................................................................................... 11 7.7 Repackaging and Blending ............................................. 11 8. TANK AND EQUIPMENT CLEANING AND REPAIRS ........................................ 11 9. WASTE DISPOSAL ................................................................................................ 12 10. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT ................................................................................... 12 10.1 Health Hazards ............................................................. 12 10.2 Preventive Health Measures ................................................................. 13 10.3 Suggestions to Physicians ...................................................................... 13 11. FIRST AID ................................................................................................................ 13 036659 SL Chemical Safety Data Sheet 1, 1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE PREFACE 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane is a clear, colorless liquid. Although it is one of the least toxic of the chlorinated hydrocarbons, its vapors, in low concentrations, have anesthetic effects, and in high concentrations can have more serious results. The full text of this data sheet should be consulted for details of the hazards of 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane and recommendations for their control. FIRST AID-SEE PAGE 13 For assistance in the event of any emergency involving this chemical in transportation, call MCA's Chemical Transportation Emergency Center. CHEMTREC (800) 424-9300 * (Use 483-7616 in District of Columbia) Toll-free, day or night * Ut long distance acciti number if required. In CANADA, call Canadian Chemical Producers Association's TEAP (Transportation Emergency Assistance Plan) 036660 Sh 4 Chemical Safety Data Sheet Monuol Sheet SD.90 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE ADOPTED 1965 Chemical Name: Common Name: Formula: 1 . NAMES 1,1,1 -Trichloroethane Methyl Chloroform CH3CC13 2.1 GRADES Uninhibited and Inhibited. 2. PROPERTIES 2.2 PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS Physical Properties Uninhibited Grade Physical State ___ ______ ____...Liquid Explosive Limits --.................. Flammable at elevated tempera tures and pressures Autoignition Temperature____500C. (932F.) Boiling Range .--.............. ........74.TC. (165.2F.) Color------- ----------------------------- Clear, water white Corrosivity ---------------------------- Readily corrodes aluminum and aluminum alloys. Deliquescence ____ ___ ________ No Density @ 25 C__ ___________ 1.332 Hygroscopicity __ __ _________ No Light Sensitivity .......... ....... ......... No Freezing Point --37.9C. (--36.4F.) Odor --------- ---- ------- ---------------- Mild, chloroform-like Specific Gravity @ 25/25C......1.336 Specific Heat_________________ 0.25 Cal./gm./C. Vapor Density (Air = 1) ......... .4.55 Vapor Pressure <g 30C_____ 144 mm. Hg. Viscosity @ 25C ...------------- .0.59 Centistokes Inhibited Grades Liquid 70-88C. (158-190F.) Clear, water white May be used with aluminum and any common construction metals at temperatures up to 175F, No 1.284-1.317 No No --50C. (--58F.) Mild, chloroform-like 1.288-1.321 0.25 Cal./gm./C. 4.55 144 mm. Hg. 0.61 Centistokes 3. HAZARDS 3.1 HEALTH HAZARDS (Sec Section 10) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane is one of the least toxic of the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The vapors have a weak anesthetic action and have not caused organic injury. The main hazard is from high vapor concen trations. It is suggested that the time-weighted vapor concentration be maintained below 350 ppm so that complaints of unpleasant odor may be avoided. To avoid possible impairment of judgment and co- 5 SL 036661 Manual Sheet SD-90 Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane ordination, it would seem wise to limit exposure to concentrations approaching 1000 ppm to no more Ilian a few mi lutes. Concentrations which arc fatal can be attained in a confined space, such as an unventilatcd tank. 3.1.1 Warning Properties None in particular. Most persons exposed to high vapor concentrations (800-1000 ppm) would notice strong odor and slight loss of coordination and equilibrium due to the anesthetic properties1 of 1,1,1trichloroethane. 3.2 FIltE HAZARD 3.2.1 The fire hazard is very small and quite similar to that of trichloroethylene. In practical ap plications, such as open tank cleaning at room tem perature, the formation of combustible mixtures is extremely unlikely. 3.2.2 At very high temperatures, such as occur in open flames, 1,1,1-trichloroethane vapor may de compose to give hydrochloric acid and other toxic products. The possibility of metallic corrosion due to' hydrochloric acid vapors should be recognized. I 4. ENGINEERING CONTROL OF HAZARDS 4.1 BUILDING DESIGN Processes should not be located near open flames, open electrical heaters or high temperature opera tions, since 1,1,1-trichloroethane vapor exposed to such high temperatures may be decomposed to toxic and corrosive substances (See 3.2.2). 4.2 EQUIPMENT DESIGN The technical problems of designing equipment, providing adequate ventilation and formulating op erational procedures which provide adequate security , and economy, can be handled best by engineers and 'safety specialists. Manufacturers of 1,1,1-trichlorocthanc and of the equipment in which it is to be used, arc always prepared to help with these problems and to assist in maintaining safe working conditions. In most states, authoritative advice and assistance may also be obtained from the Industrial Hygiene Division of the State Health Department, or from the Labor Department. 4.2.1 System Types 4.2.1.1 Often Containers 1,1,1-Trichloroethane will be used most com monly in open containers. 4.3 VENTILATION Because high concentrations of vapors may be dis charged from open or partially closed containers, the working area should be provided with adequate ven tilation to keep the concentration of 1,1,1-trichloro ethane in the air below 500 ppm for the most part. A lime-weiglued average concentration should not exceed 350 ppm. 4.4 AIK ANALYSIS 4.4.1 Analysis of the air for 1,1,1-trichloro ethane in the work area will give a measure of the effectiveness of engineering control of the vapors. It may be performed to detect leakage of 1,1,1-trichloroethanc vapors from equipment and also to ascertain the order of magnitude of the health hazard existing in work areas. 4.4.2 When checking concentrations of 1,1,1trichloroethane vapor in the atmosphere, care is re quired to make certain that the sample is representa tive of the air breathed by the workers, and of the daily fluctuations which may occur. 4.4.3 It should be kept firmly in mind that the use of the following instruments and test procedures for the detection of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in the air requires specially trained personnel. Any method of sampling or analysis of the atmos phere for vapors should be calibrated for the specific material and this calibration should be checked periodically. Direct reading instruments based on color changes in a copper arc are available for chlorinated hydro carbons. Analyses of air samples using gas chroma tography, infrared and mass spectroscopy have been successful. The direct combustion of contaminated air followed by absorption in a basic reducing solu tion and chemical determination of the chloride ion has also been used, as has the adsorption of the vapors on silica gel followed by thermal desorption and combustion with chemical analysis for the chloride. Instruments are available which depend upon direct combustion of the vapor's adsorption in water and measurement of conductivity changes. Direct reading colorimetric indicating tubes used in conjunction with gas detector kits are available. Many of the above mentioned techniques are non specific. Any erroneous results due to interferences will be on the safe side. ^_=.SL 036662 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc, Monuol Sheftt S0-90 5. EMPLOYEE SAFETY 5.1 EMPLOYEE EDUCATION AND TRAINING Safety in handling 1,1,1-trichloroethane depends to a great extent upon the effectiveness of employee education, proper safety instructions, intelligent supervision and the use of safe equipment. The education and training of employees to work safely and to use the personal protective- equipment or other safeguards provided for them is the respon sibility of supervision. Training classes for both new and old employees should be conducted periodically to maintain a high degree of safety in handling procedures. Workers should be thoroughly informed of the hazards that may result from improper handling of 1,1,1-trichloroethane. They should be cautioned to prevent spills and thoroughly instructed regarding proper action to take in case they occur. Each em ployee should know what to do in an emergency and should be fully informed as to first aid measures. Due to its relatively low toxicity there may be a tendency for men to regard it as completely safe and use it to excess. In addition to the above, employee education and training should include the following: (a) Instructions and periodic drill or quiz re garding the locations, purpose, and use of personal protective equipment. (b) Instruction and periodic drill or quiz regard ing the locations of safety showers, eye baths, bub bler drinking fountains, or the closest source of water for use in emergencies. (c) Instructions to avoid all unnecessary inhala tion of vapors and direct contact with liquid 1,1,1trichloroethane. (d) Instructions to report to the proper authority all signs of illness. (c) Instructions to report to the proper authority all cases of equipment failure. 5.2 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 5.2.1 Avulhibility mid Use While personal protective equipment is not an adequate substitute for good, sale working conditions, adequate ventilation, and intelligent conduct on the part of employees working with 1,1,1 -trichlorocthanc, it is. in many instances the only practical moans of protecting the worker, particularly in emer gency situations. One should keep firmly in mind that personal protective equipment protects only the worker wearing it, and other unprotected workers in the area may be exposed to danger. The correct usage of personal protective equip ment requires the education of the worker in proper employment of the equipment available to him. Under conditions which are sufficiently hazard ous to require personal protective equipment, its use should be supervised and the type of protective equipment selected should be capable of control over any potential hazard. The following personal protective equipment should be used when indicated. 5.2.2 Eye Protection Chemical Safety Goggles; Cup-type or rubber framed goggles, equipped with the approved impact resistant glass or plastic lenses, should be worn when ever there is danger of 1,1,1-trichoroethane coming in contact with the eyes. Goggles should be carefully fitted. Spectacle-Type Safety Goggles; Metal or plastic rim safety spectacles with unperforated side shields which can be obtained with prescription safety lenses or suitable all-plastic safety goggles may be used where continuous eye protection is desirable, as in laboratories. These types, however, should not be used where complete eye protection is needed. Face Shields: Plastic shields (full length, eight inch minimum) with forehead protection may be worn in addition to chemical safety goggles where complete face protection is desirable. Chemical safe ty goggles should always be worn as added protection where there is danger of material striking the eyes from underneath or around the sides of the face shield. 5.2.3 Respiratory Protection Severe exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane may occur in tanks during equipment cleaning and re pairs, when decontaminating areas following spills, or in case of failure of piping or equipment. Employees who may be subject to such exposures should be provided with proper respiratory protection and trained in its use and care. Available types are described below. Note: Respiratory protective equipment must be carefully maintained, inspected, cleaned and sterilized at regular intervals and always before and after use by another person. (a) Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus which permits the wearer to carry a supply of oxygen or air compressed in the cylinder and the self-generating type which produces oxygen chemically, allow con siderable mobility. The length of time self-contained breathing apparatus provides protection varies ac cording to the amount of air, oxygen or regenerating 7 SL 036663 Manual Sheet SD-90 Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane material carried. Compressed oxygen should not be used in tanks or other confined spaces. (b) Positive Pressure Hose Masks which arc supplied by blowers requiring no internal lubrication. The wearer must be able to use the same route for exit as for entrance and must take precautions to keep the hose line free of entanglement. The air blower must be placed in an area free of contaminants, (c) Air-line Masks supplied with clean com pressed air, suitable for use only where conditions will permit safe escape in case of failure of the com pressed air supply. These masks are usually supplied with air piped to the area from a compressor. It is extremely important that the air supply is taken from a safe source and that it is not contaminated by oil decomposition from inadequate cooling at the com pressor. The safer method is to use a separate com pressor of the type not requiring internal lubrication. Pressure reducing and relief valves, as well as suitable traps and filters, must be installed at all mask sta tions. An alternative arrangement frequently used is high pressure breathing air from standard (200 cu. ft.) cylinders, with a demand-type valve and face piece. This arrangement may also be used with 50100 lb. clean piped plant air, and, as an additional precaution with the demand mask, a small cylinder of compressed air may be worn for use as an emer gency escape from the area. Consult a reliable safety equipment dealer for details on the proper use of Bureau of Mines approved equipment. (d) Industrial Canister-type Gas Masks equipped with full face pieces and approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, fitted with an organic vapor, all-purpose or combination canister for absorbing 1,1,1-trichloroethane vapor, will afford protection against concentrations not exceeding 2 percent by volume when used in accordance with manufac turer's instructions. The oxygen content of the air must not be less than 16 percent by volume. The masks should be used for relatively short exposure periods only. They may not be suitable for use in an emergency since, at that time, the actual vapor con centration is unknown and an oxygen deficiency may exist. The wearer must be warned to leave the con taminated area immediately on detecting the odor of a harmful vapor. This may indicate that the mask is not functioning properly, that the vapor concentra tion is too high, that the canister is exhausted or that the mask is not properly fitted. Note: Where other gas having little or no odor may be encountered in addition to 1,1,1 -trichlorocthanc the mask should be equipped with an "all purpose canister" and a "timing device" as approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. (e) Chemical Cartridge Respirators may be used to avoid inhaling disagreeable, but relatively harmless, concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloroethane vapor. These respirators, however, are not recom mended for protection where high concentrations may be encountered. Caution: Filter or dust-type respirators do not offer'protection against gases and arc unsuitable for use when working with 1,1,1-trichloroethane. 5.2.4 Head Protection "Hard" hats should be worn where there is danger from falling objects. If hard hats are not considered necessary, soft-brimmed hats or caps may be worn to give protection against liquid leaks and splashes. 5.2.5 Foot Protection Note: 1,1,1-trichloroethane attacks natural rub ber. Safety shoes with built-in toe caps, and made of leather, are recommended for workers handling con tainers of 1,1,1-trichloroethane. If spillage of the liquid on the shoes is expected, overshoes of a more impervious material, such as neoprene, may be worn over leather safety shoes. Footwear should be thor oughly cleaned and ventilated after contamination, 5.2.6 Body, Skin and Hand Protection Repeated and prolonged skin exposure to 1,1,1trichloroethane is only slightly irritating. Prolonged and frequent daily contact can defat tissues and cause dermatitis. If skin is exposed, remove soaked cloth ing and wash skin with running water. Do not wear soaked clothing until it is thoroughly dried. As a general hygienic measure, facilities for personal cleanliness should be provided and washing before lunch and at the end of the day should be encouraged. Protective clothing, such as gloves, should be made of polyvinyl alcohol or neoprene. Neoprene is not as impervious as polyvinyl alcohol material but is more pliable. Polyvinyl alcohol clothing must be kept away from water. Protective clothing should be examined frequently and discarded at the first evidence of deterioration. 6. FIRE FIGHTING As stated in Section 3.2, fires involving 1,1,1-trichlorocthane are unlikely, but if they do occur, they may be controlled by carbon dioxide, dry chemical or foam. 8 SL 036664 1, 1, 1-Triehloroethane Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc, Manual Sheet SD-90 7. HANDLING AND STORAGE 7.1 USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS 7.1.1 1,1,1-Trichloroethanc is not regulated by the Interstate Commerce Commission. 7.1.2 Type and Size Tank Cars: Class ICC 103 Tank Trucks: s' ICC Specifications MC 300, 301, 302, 303 and 304 Metal Drums: ICC Specification 17E, or CFC Rule 40, Section 5C 55 gallon maximum. 7.1.3 Labeling and Identification 7.1.3.1 Each container should carry an iden tifying label or stencil. 7.1.3.2 The Manufacturing Chemists' Associa tion recommends that all containers of 1,1,1-trichlorocthane should bear a label as shown below. The text is designed for the product as shipped for industrial use. It should be used in addition to or in combination with any specific wording required by law. Since individual statutes, regulations, or ordinances may require that particular information be included in a label, that certain information be displayed in a particular manner, or that a specific label be affixed to a container, the use of this label text will not necessarily insure compliance with such laws. Such laws include the Federal Hazardous Sub stances Labeling Act; Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodcnticide Act; and similar state and municipal legislation. 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE CAUTION: Use with adequate ventilation. Avoid prolonged or repeated breathing of vapor. Avoid prolonged or repeated contact with skin. Do not take internally. 7.2 DRUMS 7.2.1 Dmms should be unloaded carefully. Do not drop or bump. 7.2.2 Each shipment should be examined care fully for leaking drums. If any arc found, they should be handled with particular care by turning leak up to prevent further leakage, and should be removed to a safe place where the leakage can be stopped by tightening the plug or by some other approved method. 7.2.3 Before emptying contents, substantially support the drums and block them to prevent move ment. 7.2.4 A satisfactory method of removing 1,1,1trichloroethanc from drums is by means of a rotary pump. If emptied by gravity, the drum should be placed on a rack and a faucet inserted in the end bung. Faucets should have short shanks threaded with Briggs standard straight iron pipe threads and be preferably self-closing. A resilient gasket of suit able material should be used to ensure a tight fit. Bung opening anti faucet must have the same type and number of threads per inch. Protect workman from vapor and liquid. (Sec 5.2) 7.2,5 To remove the body plug, place bung up, and use a bung or plug wrench. Stand to one side and face away during the operation. Alter the plug starts, give one full turn. If accumulated internal pressure vents, allow it to reduce to atmospheric pressure; then only should the plug be loosened further or removed. 7.3 TANK TRUCKS 7.3.1 Ordinarily all operations concerning the tank truck and its appurtenances (fittings, pumps. 9 036&65 SL Manual Sheet SD-90 Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane hose, etc.) are the responsibility of the driver. Therefore unloading operations should be carried out by reliable and properly instructed employees in cooperation with him. 7.3.2 The shipper should be consulted for de tails on proper unloading procedure. 7.3.3 Before unloading a truck, the engine should be stopped and not started again during the entire unloading operation unless it is necessary to operate the pump by power take-off. 7.3.4 Truck brakes should be set and the wheels blocked. 7.3.5 It is preferable that truck unloading facili ties be level and paved and so located that the truck can be easily and safely maneuvered to the unloading spot. 7.3.6 Air pressure should never be used for un loading tank trucks. 7.4 TANK CARS 7.4.1 Unloading 7.4.1.1 Unloading operations should be con ducted by carefully instructed, reliable employees under adequate supervision. (See 5.1.) 7.4.1.2 Shipper's instructions should always be followed and all caution markings on both sides of tank and dome should be read and observed. 7.4.1.3 The train or engine crew should ac curately spot the car at the unloading line. The un loading track should be level. 7.4.1.4 Car number should be compared with that on shipping papers or invoice to verify contents of car and avoid mixing of products. 7.4.1.5 It is considered good practice that de rails be placed at the open end or ends of the un loading track approximately one car length front the car being unloaded, unless the car is protected by a closed and locked switch or gate. 7.4.1.6 The hand brake should be set and standard rail clamps should be installed to block the wheels at the time of unloading. "CAUTION" signs should be fastened to the track and so placed as to give necessary warning to persons approaching car from open end or ends of siding and should be left up until after the car is unloaded and disconnected. Signs should be of metal, at least 12 x 15 inches in size, and should bear the words "STOP-TANK CAR CONNECTED" or "STOP--MEN AT WORK", the word "STOP" being in letters at least 4 inches high and the other words in letters at least 2 inches high. The letters should be white on a blue background. 7.4.1.7 If necessary to discontinue unloading a tank car for any reason, all unloading connections must be disconnected. All valves must first be tightly closed, and the closures of all other openings se curely applied. 7.4,2 Return Precautions 7.4.2.1 As soon as the tank car is completely unloaded, all valves must be made tight, the unload ing connections removed, and all other closures made^ tight, except the heater coil connection and steam* connections. 7.4.2.2 Empty tank cars should be returned as promptly as possible, in accordance with instruc tions received from the shipper. The shipper's rout ing instructions should always be strictly followed. 7.5 STORAGE 7.5.1 Corrosion In selecting materials of construction suitable for storage of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, steel has been found best in the majority of installations. In instal lations where excessive moisture may be encountered, suitable resin linings or stainless steel may be pre ferred. In all installations aluminum components should be eliminated. 7.5.2 Drums 7.5.2.1 Indoors, drums of 1,1,1-trichloroethane should be stored in a cool place, bung up. Outdoors, horizontal racking may be preferred be cause of the possibility that water may be sucked in through the bung of a standing drum. To prevent evaporation losses, bungs should be kept tight at all times. 7.5.2.2 Ventilation should be provided at the floor level, as well as in the usual higher locations. Note that vapor is 4.55 times heavier than air (See 2.2). Do not store in pits, depressions, basements, or unventilatcd areas. 7.5.3 Tanks 7.5.3.1 Each tank, either vertical or horizon tal, should have a top and bottom manhole at least 22 inches in diameter, in addition to filling, vent, and measuring device openings, which should be 2 inch flanged connections in the top of the tank. A 2 inch or 2 Vi inch bottom outlet should be provided for use as a drain during clean-out operations. Vertical tanks should be of the closed top design, and the top should be caulked or welded vapor-tight. 7.5.3.2 Each storage tank should have a vent of diameter at least equal to that of the fill pipe or discharge pipe, whichever is the larger, to permit the escape of vapor during filling. Vents from indoor tanks should terminate outdoors, in such a location 10 SL 036666 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. Manual Shett SD-90 that escaping vapor will not contaminate any work space air. The vent is usually protected against entry of moist air by being extended down over the sides of the tank into a dryer which may be designed for cal cium chloride, silica gel, or other drying agents. In case of possible plugging of the vent dryer, it may be desirable to install a simple pressure-vacuum relief in the vent line. Suitable vents arc available but a unit may also be fabricated using a U-shapcd tube with an oil seal. Many installations may not have this protective device but the dryer is constructed to allow relief. 7.6 SPILLS AND LEAKAGE 7.6.1 Spills should be cleaned up immediately. Employees performing this work should wear ade quate personal protective equipment (See 5.2). 7.6.2 Rags or mops wet with 1,1.1 -trichloroethane should be placed in closed containers or in a safe place out-of-doors until they can be dried safely. 7.6.3 Clothing wet with 1,1,1-trichloroethane should be removed immediately. The clothing should not be used again until dry and free from the odor of 1.1.1- trichloroethane. Dry clothing out-of-doors or in a properly ventilated area. 7.7 REPACKAGING AND BLENDING 7.7.1 Repackaging should be done with adequate attention to the health hazards involved (See 10). 7.7.2 Precautionary labeling on small containers should be in accordance with hazardous substances labeling codes. 7.7.3 1,1,1-Trichloroethanc may be added to flammable solvents to form less flammable or rela tively non-flammable mixtures. It should be noted, however, if the flammable solvent is less volatile than 1.1.1- trichloroethanc, the mixture will tend to be come more and more flammable on evaporation. 7.7.4 When 1,1,1-trichloroethane is added to other solvents, the health hazard of the final mixture must be carefully considered, as it may differ from that of the constituent solvents. 7.7.5 The addition of other products to 1,1,1trichloroethane may affect its corrosive properties. 8. TANK AND EQUIPMENT CLEANING AND REPAIRS (See MCA Safety Guide SG-10) This work is probably the most hazardous of all operations which involve the use or handling of 1,1,1trichloroethane in industry. All precautions pertain ing to education, protective equipment and health hazards should be reviewed and understood. 8.1 PREPARATION OF TANKS AND EQUIPMENT 8.1.1 Tank and equipment cleaning should be under the direction of thoroughly trained personnel who arc fully familiar with all of the hazards and the safeguards necessary for the safe performance of the work. 8.1.2 Tanks and equipment, pumps, lines and valves should always be drained and thoroughly flushed with water before being repaired. Workmen should never be allowed to attempt to repair equip ment while it is in operation and the lines full. If pipe sections arc to be removed and flanges opened; the lower bolts should be loosened first and although the lines have been flushed, care should be taken to avoid personal contact with the liquid draining, or dripping from the equipment. All spillage from the lines or equipment should be removed immediately. 8.1.3 The tank or equipment to be repaired should first be emptied of all liquid and all pipes leading to and from the tank (except vents), after draining, should be disconnected or blanked off. Agi tator motor line switches should be locked open. 8.1.4 The tank should be steamed to remove residual 1,1,1-trichloroethane and vapors. Steam lines should be large enough to raise the tank tem perature above the boiling point of 1,1,1-trichloroethanc (74C) and the steaming should be continued until the 1,1,1-trichloroethane vapors have been removed, 8.1.5 The tank should then be cooled, preferably by filling with water and draining once or twice. Note: The volatilized 1,1,1-trichloroethane in the steam effluent should be controlled so as to avoid contaminating the air in the work area in excess of safe limits (Sec 4.3), 8.1.6 The tank should then be purged with fresh air and the air should be tested for 1,1,1-trichloroethnne vapor and for oxygen sufficiency before per mitting personnel to enter (See 4.4). 8 2 ENTERING TANK 8.2.1 No one should enter a tank or confined space until a work permit has been signed by an authorized person indicating that the area has been tested and found to be safe. Furthermore, no work- II SL 036667 Manual Sheet SD-90 Manufacturing Chemists* Association, Inc. 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane man should enter a tank or vessel that docs not have a manhole opening large enough to admit a person wearing a safety harness, life line, and emergency respiratory equipment. It should be ascertained that the tank or vessel can be left by the original entrance. 8.2.2 One man on the outside of the tank should keep the men in the tank under observation and another man should he available nearby to aid in rescue if any of the men in the tank are overcome (See 8.3). 8.2.3 A supplicd-air respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus, together with rescue harness and life line should always be located outside the tank entrance for rescue purposes, regardless of the type of respiratory equipment or air supply which is provided for employees inside the tank (Sec 8.3). 8.2.4 Special ventilation is recommended during the entire time men arc cleaning, repairing, or in specting the tank. Ventilation can be accomplished by exhausting or removing vapors from the bottom of the tank either through its bottom openings, or by exhausting the vapors from the tank bottom by means of a large flexible duct where tanks have a top opening only. On tanks having only a top opening, care must be exercised to ensure complete removal of vapors from the entire tank. Care must also be taken to avoid having exhaust gases recycled into the tank. 8.2.5 During the course of the work, frequent tests (See 4.4) should be made to determine that the atmosphere in the tank is being maintained within the safe range. This precaution is necessary because residues not completely removed by washing'may recontaminatc the tank atmosphere. 8.2.6 In all eases, if repair work is interrupted, the tank atmosphere should be checked thoroughly tmd a new work permit issued before resumption of work. 8.3 EMERGENCY RESCUE Under no circumstances should a rescuer enter a tank to remove a victim of over-exposure without proper respiratory protection, a safety harness and an attached life line. The free end of the life find should be manned by an attendant located outside the tank. Another attendant should be immediately available to assist in the rescue if needed. The res cuer should be in view of the outside attendant at all times or in constant communication with him. 8.4 EXTERIOR REPAIR WORK 8.4.1 Exterior tank repairs, including repairs to steam coils, cutting, riveting and welding, should be permitted only after thorough cleaning and testing of the tank to make sure it is free of vapors and after a work permit has been issued by an author ized person. 8.4.2 All outside welding or burning on tanks or equipment which have contained 1,1,1-trichloroethanc should be done only after such containers have been completely purged with steam. 8.4.3 In all cases, if repair work is interrupted, the tank atmosphere should be checked thoroughly and a new work permit issued before resumption of work. 9. WASTE DISPOSAL 9.1 All local and state regulations concerning waste disposal to streams, municipal treatment plants or into the ground should be determined and complied with. 9.2 I.l.l-Trichlorocthanc has a low biochemical oxygen demand, docs not interfere with biologi cal treatment, and is easily aerated out of water solutions. 9.3 In the interest of economy and avoidance of possible pollution, discharge water contaminated with it may be air blown for a few hours in a well ventilated area. It is relatively non-toxic in the air and the recommended upper limit for avoidance of odor complaints is 350 ppm. 9.4 Limited amounts may be poured on dry sand, earth, or ashes at a safe distance from occupied areas and allowed to evaporate into the atmosphere. 10. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT 10.1 HEALTH hazards 10,1,1 I, I, l-Trichlumelhane has been shown to In' one ol the least toxic of (he chlorinated hydro carbons. I he hazards from the vapors arc chiefly those of an anesthetic. Swallowing amounts that might be splashed in ordinary handling presents no problem. Splashing small amounts into the eves usu ally produces only slight irritation. Repeated skin exposure norniall> produces only slight irritation. 12 SL 036668 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. Manual Sheet $0-90 10.1.2 Acute Toxicity The principal toxic action of a single vapor exposure is a functional depression of the central nervous system, proportional to the magnitude of exposure, and typical of an anesthetic agent. Humans exposed to 900-1000 ppm experience transient, mild eye irritation and prompt, though minimal, impair ment of coordination. Below the current Threshold Limit Value of 350 ppm no physiological effects have been observed. Above 1700 ppm obvious disturb ances of equilibrium in humans have been observed. Exposures of this magnitude also may induce head ache and lassitude. Nausea has not been reported. In cases of massive overexposure, for example with in unventilated tanks where concentrations reach several thousand ppm, death may occur. 10.1.3 Chronic Toxicity No cases of organic injury as a result of re peated exposure are known. 10.1.4 Toxic Effects from External Contact 10.1.4.1 Skin Even repeated prolonged skin exposure to 1,1.1-trichlorocthane is not likely to cause more than slight irritation; prolonged and frequent daily contact can defat tissues and may cause dermatitis. People with chronic skin conditions should be cau tious regarding skin exposure to this material. 10.1.4.2 Eyes Undiluted 1,1,1-trichlorocthane spattered in eyes produces slight irritation which usually clears within hours. No serious injury would be expected, but appreciable discomfort may be experienced. 10.1.5 Toxic Effects after Oral Intake Swallowing amounts that might be splashed in ordinary industrial handling presents no problem. The swallowing of substantial quantities'may cause illness. 10.2 PREVENTIVE HEALTH MEASURES The most important factor in prevention of in jury by 1,1,1-trichloroethanc is to have sufficient ventilation to keep the time-weighted concentration of the vapor in the air below 350 ppm by volume. 10.2.1 Personal Hygiene . Employees should be instructed to report any signs or symptoms of a substandard physical condi tion and receive medical attention. Facilities for personal cleanliness should be pro vided and time allowed for thorough washing before lunch and at the end of the work day. 10.2.2 Physical Examination Because of the low toxicity of 1,1,1-tri chloroethanc it is not thought that any periodic physi cal examinations are necessary. 10.3 SUGGESTIONS TO PHYSICIANS It should be noted that 1,1,1-trichlorocthanc is known to make the heart hyperirritable to adren alin in a manner similar to that seen with many other chlorinated solvents. In treating individuals overcome with 1,1,1-trichlorocthanc, precautions should be taken to prevent an increase in adrenalin in the blood stream. Thus, overexertion, excitement, and the administration of adrenalin should be care fully avoided. 10.3.1 Oxygen Administration If a person is overcome by 1,1,1-trichloro cthanc but still breathing, oxygen should be admin istered by qualified personnel. ST AID 11.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES Most important in the case of any exposure is quick removal. In the case of 1,1,1-trichlorocthanc exposure, this means first removing the patient from the contaminated atmosphere and. insofar as possi ble, removing the 1,1.1-trichlorocthane from the patient's respiratory tract, skin or gastrointestinal tract. Give the patient fresh air by moving him to a well-ventilated room and by dispersing any crowd. If breathing has ceased, start artificial respiration at once. During recovery from an anesthetic dose of 1,1,1-trichlorocthanc, there may be an excitement phase. Keep the patient quiet and comfortably warm, but not hot. Call a physician immediately, explaining briefly and clearly what has happened and the exact location of the patient. Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious patient. 11.2 SPECIFIC ACTIONS 11.2.1 Inhalation A person showing symptoms of 1,1,1-trichloro ethanc exposure should be removed promptly from the contaminated area into fresh air. In case breath ing has stopped, artificial respiration should be started immediately. When breathing starts, oxygen should be administered. 13 SL 036669 Manual Shpot SD*90 Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane Adrenalin should never be given to a person suffering from 1,1,1-trichlorocthane poisoning. A physician should be called at once. He should be informed of the problem of increased sensitivity of the heart to adrenalin. 11.2.2 Skin Contact All contaminated clothing should be removed at once. Clothing, including shoes, soaked in 1,1,1trichlorocthane should be removed and not worn again until thoroughly dry. All affected areas should be washed thoroughly with warm water and soap. 11.2.3 Contact with Eyes If liquid 1,1,1-trichlorocthane has entered the eyes, they should be thoroughly Hushed with large amounts of water. Medical attention should be obtained. 11.2.4 Taken Internally If a person has swallowed more than an inci dental amount of 1,1,1-trichlorocthane, he should be made to vomit by drinking a glassful of mustard water, lukewarm salt, or soapy warm water. If nec essary, the patient should be encouraged to stick his finger down his throat to induce vomiting. This pro-* cedure should be repeated at least three times and then followed by the administration of a tablespoon full of Epsom salt. A physician should be called at once. f * 14 SL 036670