Document 8qbxbgbqo5EnkMR6ovRreqXm

* 1 - HSDB HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES 169 DATABANK NUMBER LAST REVISION DATE 900823 REVIEW DATE Reviewed by SRP on 08/25/89 UPDATE HISTORY Complete Update on 08/23/90, 1 field added/edited/deleted. UPDATE HISTORY Complete Update on 05/23/90, 50 fields RECORD LENGTH 159609 NAME OF SUBSTANCE CAS REGISTRY NUMBER VINYL CHLORIDE 75-01-4 SYNONYMS CHLORETHENE **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS CHLORETHYLENE **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS CHLOROETHENE **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS CHLOROETHYLENE **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS CHLORURE DE VINYLE (FRENCH) **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS CLORURO DI VINILE (ITALIAN) **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS ETHYLENE MONOCHLORIDE **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS ETHYLENE, CHLORO- **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS MONOCHLOROETHENE **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS MONOCHLOROETHYLENE **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS VC **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS VCM **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS VINILE (CLORURO DI) (ITALIAN) **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS VINYL C MONOMER **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS VINYLCHLORID (GERMAN) **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS VINYLE(CHLORURE DE) (FRENCH) **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS WINYLU CHLOREK (POLISH) **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS Ethene, chloro- **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS Trovidur **PEER REVIEWED** SYNONYMS Monovinyl chloride (MVC) **PEER REVIEWED** MOLECULAR FORMULA C2-H3-C1 **PEER REVIEWED** RTECS NUMBER NIOSH/KU9625000 OHM-TADS NUMBER 7216947 SHIPPING NAME/NUMBER UN 1086; Vinyl chloride DOT/UN/NA/IMCO SHIPPING NAME/NUMBER IMO 2.1; Vinyl chloride DOT/UN/NA/IMCO STCC NUMBER 49 057 92; Vinyl chloride EPA HAZARDOUS WASTE U043; A toxic waste when a discarded commercial NUMBER chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate. METHODS OF MANUFACTURING CRACKING OF ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE OBTAINED VIA OXYCHLORINATION OR DIRECT CHLORINATION OF ETHYLENE; VAPOR-PHASE REACTION OF ACETYLENE HYDROGEN CHLORIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF MERCURIC CHLORIDE [SRI ] **PEER REVIEWED** METHODS OF MANUFACTURING FROM ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE AND ALCOHOLIC POTASSIUM: REGNAULT, ANN 14, 22 (1835); BY HALOGENATION OF ETHYLENE: MILLER, JENKS, US PATENT 2,896,000 (1959 TO NATIONAL DISTILLERS & CHEM CORP). COMPREHENSIVE MONOGRAPH ON TOXICITY OF VINYL CHLORIDE: ANN NY ACAD SCI 246, 1 (1975). [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey; Merck Co., Inc., 1983. , p. 1430] **PEER REVIEWED** IMPURITIES Commercial grade contains 1-2% impurities: water, non-volatile residues, acetaldehyde, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide, and methyl chloride. [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. , p. 2256] **PEER REVIEWED** IMPURITIES Specifications for a typical commercial product call for maxima in BOR 006796 mg/kg by weight of the following impurities; unsaturated hydrocarbons 10; acetaldehyde - 2; dichloro compounds - 16; water - 15 ; hydrogen chloride - 2; nonvolatiles - 200; iron - 0.4. Phenol at levels of 25-50 mg/kg by weight is used as a stabilizer to prevent polymerization [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V7 292 (1972)] **PEER REVIEWED** IMPURITIES The impurities /of vinyl chloride are as follows:/ acetic aldehyde 5 ppm, butane 8 ppm, 1,3-butadiene 10 ppm, chlorophene 10 ppm, diacetylene 4 ppm, vinyl acetylene 10 ppm, propine 3 ppm, methylchloride 100 ppm. [Hiatt HH et al; Origins of Human Cancer Book A: Incidence of Cancer in Humans Vol #4 p.120 (1977)] **PEER REVIEWED** FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS Grade: Technical, pure 99.9% [Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. , p. 1223] **PEER REVIEWED** FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS Vinyl chloride monomer is available commercially in cylinders or in bulk and is generally supplied as a liquid under pressure. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V7 292 (1974)] **PEER REVIEWED** FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS Liquefied gas, polymer grade [Kuney, J.H. and J.N. Nullican (eds.) Chemcyclopedia. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1988. , p. 122] **PEER REVIEWED** MANUFACTURERS Borden Chemicals and Plastics, Hq, Hwy 73, Geismar, LA 70734, (504) 387-5101; Production site: Geismar, LA 70734 [SRI. 1988 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1988. , p. 1049] **PEER REVIEWED** MANUFACTURERS Dow Chemical USA, Hq, 2020 Dow Center, Midland, MI 48640, (517) 636-1000; Production sites: Oyster Creek, TX 77541; Plaquemine, LA 70764 [SRI. 1988 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1988. , p. 1049] **PEER REVIEWED** MANUFACTURERS Formosa PlasticB Corporation USA, Hq, 66 Hanover Rd, Florham Park, NJ 07932 (201) 966-0025; Production sites: Baton Rouge, LA 70821; Point Comfort, TX 77978 [SRI. 1988 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1988. , p. 1049] **PEER REVIEWED** MANUFACTURERS Georgia Gulf Corporation, Hq, 400 Perimeter Center Terrace, Suit 595, PO Box 105197, Atlanta, GA 30348 (404) 395-4500; Production site: Plaquemine, LA 70764 [SRI. 1988 Directory of Chemical Producers United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1988. , p. 1049] **PEER REVIEWED** MANUFACTURERS The BF Goodrich Company, Hq, 3925 Embassy Parkway, Akron, OH 44313, (216) 374-2000; BF Goodrich Chemical Group, 6100 Oak Tree Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44131, (216) 447-6000; Production sites: Calvert City, KY 42029; La Porte, TX 77571 (Independence Plant) [SRI. 1988 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1988. , p. 1049] **PEER REVIEWED** MANUFACTURERS PPG Industries, Inc, Chemicals Group, Hq, One PPG Place, Pittsburgh, PA 15272 (412) 434-3131; Production site: Lake Charles, LA 70601 [SRI. 1988 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1988. , p. 1049] **PEER REVIEWED** 0R OO6797 MANUFACTURERS Occidental Petroleum Corporation, Hq, 10889 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 1500, Los Angeles, CA 90024, (213) 879-1700; Subsidiary; Occidental Chemical Corporation, S00S LBJ Freeway, Dallas, TX 75244, (214) 404-3800; PVC Resins and Fabricated Products, Armand Hammer Blvd, Pottstown, PA 19464, (215) 327-6400; Production site: Deer Park, TX 77536 [SRI. 1988 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1988. , p. 1049] **PEER REVIEWED** MANUFACTURERS Vista Chemical Company, Hq, 15990 N Barker's Landing Road, Houston, TX 77029, (713) 531-3200; Production site: Lake Charles, LA 70669 [SRI. 1988 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1988. , p. 1049] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER MANUFACTURING INFORMATION BECAUSE IT HAS BEEN CONFIRMED THAT VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER IS A HUMAN & ANIMAL CARCINOGEN, SALE OF PROPELLANTS & ALL AEROSOLS CONTAINING IT WAS BANNED IN 1974 (USEPA, 1974; USA CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION, 1974). [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. , p. 738] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER MANUFACTURING INFORMATION ... SOMETIMES STABILIZED BY ADDING HYDROQUINONE, BUTYL CATECHOL, OR PHENOL. [Lefaux, R. Practical Toxicology of Plastics. Cleveland: CRC Press Inc., 1968. , p. 83] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER MANUFACTURING INFORMATION The most important vinyl monomer; 19th highest-volume chemical produced in the US (1985) [Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. , p. 1223] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER MANUFACTURING INFORMATION Dichloroethane used for pyrolysis to vinyl chloride must be of purity greater than 99.5 wt % because cracking process is exceedingly susceptible to inhibitors. It must also be dry to prevent corrosion. [Kirk-Othmer Condensed Encyc Chem Tech 1985 p.1230] **PEER REVIEWED** MAJOR USES IN PLASTIC INDUSTRY; IN ORG SYNTHESES [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. , p. 1430] **PEER REVIEWED** MAJOR USES MONOMER FOR POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) HOMOPOLYMER [SRI ] **PEER REVIEWED** MAJOR USES COMONOMER-EG, WITH VINYL ACETATE OR VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE [SRI ] **PEER REVIEWED** MAJOR USES CHEM INTERMED FOR METHYL CHLOROFORM & 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE [SRI ] **PER REVIEWED** MAJOR USES CHEM INTERMED FOR OTHER ORG CHEMS-EG, CHLOROACETALDEHYDE [SRI ] **PEER REVIEWED** MAJOR USES MONOMER & COMONOMER FOR FIBERS-EG, VINYON & SARAN FIBERS [SRI ] **PEER REVIEWED** MAJOR USES OXIDN INHIBITOR IN ETHYLENE OXIDE PRODN [SRI ] **PEER REVIEWED** MAJOR USES REFRIGERANT & EXTRACTION SOLVENT (FORMER USE) [SRI ] **PEER REVIEWED** MAJOR USES Vinyl chloride ... ie used in the manufacture of numerous products in building and construction, automotive industry, electrical wire insulation and cables, piping, industrial and household equipment, medical supplies, and is depended upon heavily by the rubber, paper, and glass industries. [USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Vinyl Chloride p.A-1 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-078] **PEER REVIEWED** MAJOR USES BOR 006798 Adhesives for plastics [Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. , p. 1223] **PEER REVIEWED** MAJOR USES Vinyl chloride ... was formerly a component of aerosol propellants. Vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate copolymers are used extensively to produce vinyl asbestos floor tiles. [DHHS/NTP; Fourth Annual Report On Carcinogens p.200 (1985) NTP 85-002] **PEER REVIEWED** MAJOR USES Limited quantities of chloroethene were used in the United States as an aerosol propellant ... and as an ingredient of drug and cosmetic products. (Former use) [USEPA; Health and Enviromental Effects Profile for Chloroethene; p4 (1985) ECAO-CIN-P155] **PEER REVIEWED** CONSUMPTION PATTERNS MONOMER FOR POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) RESINS, 85%; EXPORTS, 13.5%; MISCELLANEOUS (MOSTLY COPOLYMER USE), 1.5% (1982) [SRI ] **PEER REVIEWED** CONSUMPTION PATTERNS 95% FOR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE HOMOPOLYMER AND COPOLYMER RESIN; 4% FOR SYNTHESIS OF METHYL CHLOROFORM; 1% FOR MISC APPLICATIONS (1972) [SRI ] **PEER REVIEWED** CONSUMPTION PATTERNS 91% FOR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE [Kavaler, A.R. (ed.). Chemical Marketing Reporter. New York, NY: Schnell Publishing Co., Inc., 1984 , p. 46] **PEER REVIEWED** CONSUMPTION PATTERNS CHEMICAL PROFILE: Vinyl Chloride. Polyvinyl chloride, 91%; exports, 7%; other, including chlorinated solvents, 2%. [Kavaler AR; Chemical Marketing Reporter 235 (22): 46 (1989)] **PEER REVIEWED** CONSUMPTION PATTERNS CHEMICAL PROFILE: Vinyl chloride. Demand: 1988: 9.1 billion lb; 1989: 9.2 billion lb; 1993 /projected/: 11.0 billion lb. (Includes exports, but not imports, which totaled 227 million lb last year.) [Kavaler AR; Chemical Marketing Reporter 235 (22): 46 (1989)] **PEER REVIEWED** U.S. PRODUCTION (1977) 2.72X10+12 G [SRI ] **PEER REVIEWED** U.S. PRODUCTION (1982) 2.22X10+12 G [SRI ] **PEER REVIEWED** U.S. PRODUCTION (1985) 4.30X10+12 G [USITC. SYN ORG CHEM-U.S. PROD/SALES 1985 p.268] **PEER REVIEWED** U.S. PRODUCTION (1986) 8.41X10+9 lb [USITC. SYN ORG CHEM-U.S. PROD. PRELIMINARY FEB 1988 (SERIES C/P-87-5)] **PEER REVIEWED** U.S. PRODUCTION (1987) 8.40X10+9 lb [USITC. SYN ORG CHEM-U.S. PROD/SALES 1987 p.15-7] **UNREVIEWED** U.S. IMPORTS (1977) 6.05X10+5 G [SRI ] **PEER REVIEWED** U.S. IMPORTS (1982) 2.30X10+10 G [SRI ] **PEER REVIEWED** U.S. IMPORTS (1985) 5.89X10+10 G [BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND GENERAL IMPORTS 1985 p.1-584] **PEER REVIEWED** U.S. IMPORTS (1986) 2.06X10+8 lb [BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. US IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND GENERAL IMPORTS 1986 p.1-530] **UNREVIEWED** U.S. EXPORTS (1978) 4.08X10+11 G [SRI ] **PEER REVIEWED** U.S. EXPORTS (1983) 3.11X10+11 G [SRI ] **PEER REVIEWED** U.S. EXPORTS (1985) 4.61X10+11 G [BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. US EXPORTS, SCHEDULE E, 1985 p.2-69] **PEER REVIEWED** B0R 0067gg U.S. EXPORTS (1987) 8.43X10+8 lb [BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U. S. EXPORTS, SCHEDULE E, DECEMBER 1987, P. 2-73] * * UNREVIEWED * * COLOR/FORM COLORLESS GAS OR LIQUID [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. , p. 2728] "PEER REVIEWED** ODOR Ethereal odor [Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. , p. 1223] **PEER REVIEWED** ODOR Sweet odor [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc, of American Railroads, , p. 715] **PEER REVIEWED** BOILING POINT -13.37 deg C [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. , p. 1430] **PEER REVIEWED** MELTING POINT -153.8 deg C [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. , p. 1430] "PEER REVIEWED** MOLECULAR HEIGHT 62.50 [CITATION ] "PEER REVIEWED** CORROSIVITY VINYL CHLORIDE IS NOT CORROSIVE WHEN DRY BUT IN PRESENCE OF MOISTURE IT CORRODES IRON AND STEEL. [Lefaux, R. Practical Toxicology of Plastics. Cleveland: CRC Press Inc., 1968. , p. 82] "PEER REVIEWED** CRITICAL TEMPERATURE & 424.61 deg K; 151.5 deg C; 304.6 deg F/5755 kPa; PRESSURE 57.55 bar; 834.7 psia; 56.8 atm [Braker W, Mossman Al; Matheson Gas Data Book 6th ED p.695 (1980)] "QC REVIEWED** DENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY 0.9106 @ 20 DEG C/4 DEG C [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 377 (1979)] "PEER REVIEWED** HEAT OF VAPORIZATION 20.9 kJ/mole at -13.4 deg C [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Vinyl Chlorid (Draft) p.4 (1981)] "PEER REVIEWED** OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION Log Kow- 0.6 (calculated) [Callahan, M.A., M.W. COEFFICIENT Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Volume I. EPA-440/4 79-029a. Washington, DC: U.S. 49-2] "PEER REVIEWED** SOLUBILITIES SOL IN ALCOHOL, ETHER, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, BENZENE [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. , p. 1430] "PEER REVIEWED** SOLUBILITIES Soluble in hydrocarbons, oil, chlorinated solvents, and most common organic solvents. [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed.. Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984. 23(85) 865] "PEER REVIEWED** SOLUBILITIES Water solubility of 2,700 mg/1 [Riddick JA et al; Organic Solvents: Physical Properties and Methods of Purification. Techniques of Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-Interscience p. 1325 (1986)] "PEER REVIEWED** SPECTRAL PROPERTIES INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.3700 @ 20 DEG C/D [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989. C-548] "PEER REVIEWED** SPECTRAL PROPERTIES IR: 10973 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR BOR 006800 Grating Collection) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985. V2 433] **PEER REVIEWED** SPECTRAL PROPERTIES MASS: 42 (Atlas of Mass spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985. V2 433] **PEER REVIEWED** SURFACE TENSION 23.1 dyn/cm at -20 deg C [Braker W, Mossman A; Matheson Gas Data Book 6th ED p.695 (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED** VAPOR DENSITY 2.15 [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. , p. 2728] **PEER REVIEWED** VAPOR PRESSURE 2660 MM HG 6 25 DEG C [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva; world Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 377 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** VISCOSITY Viscosity, gas at 101.325 kPa at 20 deg C is 0.01072 cP; viscosity, liquid at -20 deg C is 0.280 cP [Braker W, Mossman A; Matheson Gas Data Book 6th ED p.695 (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Undergoes rapid photochemical oxidation. (Gay BW et al; Environ Sci Technol 10: 58-67 (1976)] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL 1 mg/cu m 0.39 ppm; 1 ppm* 2.60 mg/cu m PROPERTIES [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. , p. 1185] **PEER REVIEWED** FIRE POTENTIAL DANGEROUS, WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT OR FLAME. LARGE FIRES OF THIS MATERIAL ARE PRACTICALLY INEXTINGUISHABLE. SPONTANEOUS HEATING: NO. [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. , p. 2728] **PEER REVIEWED** FIRE POTENTIAL ... /FORMS/ INFLAMMABLE MIXT WITH AIR ABOVE -78 DEG C. [Lefaux, R. Practical Toxicology of Plastics. Cleveland: CRC Press Inc., 1968. , p. 81] **PEER REVIEWED** FIRE POTENTIAL ... flammable gas at room temperature ... [Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. , p. 993] **PEER REVIEWED** NFPA HAZARD CLASSIFICATION HEALTH: 2. 2- MATERIALS HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH, BUT AREAS MAY BE ENTERED FREELY WITH FULL-FACED MASK SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS WHICH PROVIDES EYE PROTECTION. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986. 325M-93] **PEER REVIEWED** NFPA HAZARD CLASSIFICATION FLAMMABILITY: 4. 4* VERY FLAMMABLE GASES OR VERY VOLATILE FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS. SHUT OFF FLOW AND KEEP COOLING WATER STREAMS ON EXPOSED TANKS OR CONTAINERS. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986. 325M-93] **PEER REVIEWED** NFPA HAZARD CLASSIFICATION REACTIVITY: 1. 1* MATERIALS WHICH (IN THEMSELVES) ARE NORMALLY STABLE BUT WHICH MAY BECOME UNSTABLE AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES OR WHICH MAY REACT RELEASE OF ENERGY BUT NOT VIOLENTLY. CAUTION MUST BE USED THE FIRE AND APPLYING WATER. [National Fire Protection Bor 006801 Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986. 32SM-93] **PEER REVIEWED** FLAMMABLE LIMITS % BY VOL: LOWER 3.6; UPPER 33.0 [National Fire protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986. 325M-93] **PEER REVIEWED** FLASH POINT -78 DEG C (OPEN CUP) [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. , p. 3537] **PEER REVIEWED** AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE 882 DEG F [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. , p. 2728] **PEER REVIEWED** FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES STOP FLOW OF GAS. USE WATER TO KEEP FIRE-EXPOSED CONTAINERS COOL 6 TO PROTECT MEN AFFECTING SHUT-OFF. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986. 49-93] **PEER REVIEWED** FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame, consider evacuation of one-half mile radius. If material, is leaking (not on fire), downwind evacuation must be considered. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc, of American Railroads, , p. 715] **PEER REVIEWED** TOXIC COMBUSTION PRODUCTS ON COMBUSTION, IT DEGRADES MAINLY TO HYDROGEN CHLORIDE, CARBON MONOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE & TRACES OF PHOSGENE ... [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Gen va: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 378 (1979)] **UNREVIEWED** OTHER FIRE FIGHTING HAZARDS GAS ... MAY TRAVEL CONSIDERABLE DISTANCE TO SOURCE OF IGNITION FLASH BACK [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guid on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986. 49-93] **PEER REVIEWED** EXPLOSIVE LIMITS AND POTENTIAL FORMS EXPLOSIVE MIXT WITH AIR. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986. 49-93] **PBR REVIEWED** EXPLOSIVE LIMITS AND POTENTIAL FORMS /EXPLOSIVE VAPOR/ WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT OR FLAME. [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. , p. 2728] **PEER REVIEWED** EXPLOSIVE LIMITS AND POTENTIAL LOWER 4%/V; UPPER 22%/V (Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. , p. 2728] **PEER REVIEWED** REACTIVITIES 6 INCOMPATIBILITIES CAN REACT VIGOROUSLY WITH OXIDIZING MATERIALS. [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. , p. 2728] **PEER REVIEWED** REACTIVITIES INCOMPATIBILITIES IT LOSES HYDROGEN CHLORIDE (HCL) ON TREATMENT WITH STRONG ALKALIS @ HIGH TEMP. (IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 378 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** DECOMPOSITION VERY DANGEROUS; WHEN HEATED TO DECOMP, IT EMITS HIGHLY TOXIC FUMES OF PHOSGENE ... [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. , p. 2728] BOR 006802 **UNREVIEWED** DECOMPOSITION Vinyl chloride /is decomposed/ into gaseous hydrochloric acid, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. , p. 2256] **PEER REVIEWED** POLYMERIZATION Polymerization occurs if heated in sunlight or presence of air; reaction is exothermic. [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Vinyl Chloride (Draft) p.l (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** POLYMERIZATION POLYMERIZED IN PRESENCE OF CATALYST [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. , p. 1430] **PEER REVIEWED** POLYMERIZATION Prolonged exposure of cylinders or tank cars to heat or fire may cause the material to polymerize with possible container rupture. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc, of American Railroads, , p. 715] **PEER REVIEWED** POLYMERIZATION ... tends to self-polymerize explosively if peroxidation occurs, and several industrial explosions have been recorded. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Butterworths, 1985. , p. 239] **PEER REVIEWED** POLYMERIZATION May polymerize violently under fire condition or loss or removal of inhibitor. [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vole. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. , p. 2258] **PEER REVIEWED** ODOR THRESHOLD Although vinyl chloride has an odor at high concn, it is of no value in preventing excessive exposure. The actual vapor concn that can be detected has never been adequately determined and varies from one individual to another, from impurities in the sample and probably from duration of exposure. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. , p. 3542] **PEER REVIEWED** SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS ... primary irritant for skin ... [Lefaux, R. Practical Toxicology of Plastics. Cleveland: CRC PresB Inc., 1968. , p. 82] **PEER REVIEWED** PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING /WEAR/ RUBBER GLOVES AND SHOES, GAS-TIGHT GOGGLES, ORGANIC VAPOR CANISTER OR SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5. ] **PEER REVIEWED** PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING Respiratory protection is as follows for the following concentrations of vinyl chloride: Not over 10 ppm: Combination type C supplied-air respirator, demand type, with half facepiece, and auxiliary Belf-contained breathing air supply, or type C supplied air respirator, demand type, with half facepiece, or any chemical cartridge respirator with an organic vapor cartridge which provides a service life of at least 1 hr for concentrations up to 10 ppm; Not over 25 ppm: A powered air purifying respirator with hood, helmet, full or half facepiece, and a canister which provides a service life of at least 4 hours for concentrations of vinyl chloride up to 25 ppm, or gas mask, front- or back-mounted canister which provides a service life of at least 4 hours for concentrations of vinyl chloride up to 25 ppm; Not over 100 ppm: Combination type C supplied air respirator, demand type, with full facepiece, and auxiliary self-contained air supply, or open circuit self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece in demand mode, or type C supplied air respirator, demand type, with full facepiece; BOR 006803 Not over 1000 ppm: Combination type supplied air respirator, continuous flow type with full or half facepiece, and auxiliary self-contained air supply; Not over 3600 ppm: Combination type C supplied air respirator, pressure demand type, with full or half facepiece, and auxiliary self-contained air supply; Unknown, or above 3600 ppm: Open circuit, self-contained breathing apparatus, pressure demand type with a full facepiece. [Mackison, F. w., R. s. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication , p. 5] **PEER REVIEWED** PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 8] **PEER REVIEWED** PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING Some data suggests vinyl chloride breakthrough times of approximately an hour or more for nitrile rubber. [ACGIH; Guidelines Select of Chem Protect Clothing Volume #1 Field Guide p.50 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING Some data (usually from immersion tests) suggests vinyl chloride breakthrough times greater than one hour are not likely with chlorinated polyethylene. [ACGIH; Guidelines Select of Chem Protect Clothing Volume 01 Field Guide p.50 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES Nobody may keep tobacco or food either in his work clothes or at his workplace. Meals should be eaten in appropriate canteens, which should be ventilated separately and isolated from the work premises. The work clothing should be specially designed for this use and left at the end of the shift. [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. Ifill. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. , p. 2258] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES If material is not on fire and not involved in a fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away; keep material out of water sources and sewers; attempt to stop leak without hazard; use water spray to knock down vapors. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc, of American Railroads, , p. 715] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ___ wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 8] **PEER REVIEWED** BOR 006804 OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering overshoes. ... clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. TomatiB, and H. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 8] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... operations connected with synth purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that conen of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and w. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 8] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be us d ___ Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) label fixed to it, giving date of test avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and w. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory; , p. 9] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Principles that apply to chem or biochem lab also apply to microbiological cell-culture labs ... Special consideration should be given to route of admin. ___ Safest method of administering volatile carcinogen is by injection of a soln. Admin by topical application, gavage, or intratracheal instillation should be performed under hood. If chem will be exhaled, animals should be kept under hood during thiB period. Inhalation exposure requires special equipment. ... unless specifically required, routes of admin other than in the diet should be used. Mixing of carcinogen in diet should be carried out in sealed mixers under fume hood, from which the exhaust is fitted with an efficient particulate filter. Techniques for cleaning mixer hood should be devised before expt begun. When mixing diets, special protective clothing , possibly, respirators may be required. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and w. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 9] **PEER REVIEWED** BOR 006805 OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied to skin, animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms & sides & fitted with a filter top. When volatile carcinogens are given, filter tops should not be used. Cages which have been used to house animals that received carcinogens Bhould be decontaminated. Cage-cleaning facilities should be installed in area in which carcinogens are being used, to avoid moving of ... contaminated /cages/. It is difficult to ensure that cages are decontaminated, & monitoring methods are necessary. Situations may exist in which the use of disposable cages should be recommended, depending on type & amt of carcinogen & efficiency with which it can be removed. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and w. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 10] **PEER REVIEWED** . OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ... contamination in lab could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks should be carried out on lab atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors & benches, & ... interior of fume hoods & airducts. As well as regular monitoring, check must be carried out after cleaning-up of spillage. Sensitive methods are required when testing lab atmospheres for chem such as nitrosamines. Methods ... should ... where possible, be simple & sensitive. ... /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and w. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 10] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in which obvious contamination has occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab personn 1 engaged in expt. Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of permanent equipment. ... Procedures should ensure that maintenance workers are not exposed to carcinogens. ... Particular care should be taken to avoid contamination of drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning labs, procedures should be used which do not produce aerosols or dispersal of dust, ie, wet mop or vacuum cleaner equipped with high-efficiency particulate filter on exhaust, which are avail commercially, should be used. Sweeping, brushing & use of dry dusters or mops should be prohibited. Grossly contaminated cleaning materials should not be re-used -- If gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent to laundry, but ... decontaminated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to laundry personnel. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 10] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where carcinogens are used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate labels. Access ... limited to persons involved in expt. ... A prominently displayed notice should give the name of the Scientific Investigator or other person who can advise in an emergency & who can inform others (such as firemen) on the handling of carcinogenic substances. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 11] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES Avoid breathing vapors. Keep up wind. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc, of American Railroads, , p. 715] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a bor 06806 manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handl , dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. [CITATION ] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES Emergency situation: A written operational plan for emergency situations shall be developed for each facility storing, handling, or otherwise using vinyl chloride as a liquid or compressed gas. Appropriate portions of the plan shall be implemented in the event of an emergency. [29 CFR 1910.1017 (1986)] **PEER REVIEWED** SHIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./ [49 CFR 171.2 (10/1/87)] **PEER REVIEWED** SHIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and w. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 13] **PEER REVIEWED** SHIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and w. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 13] **PEER REVIEWED** SHIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS Int'l Air Shipments: Chemical: Vinyl chloride, inhibited. IMO Class: 2.0. UN 1086. Primary hazard label: Flammable gas. Vinyl chloride, inhibited is forbidden for transport on passenger aircraft. Additional packaging instructions listed in the table must also be followed. /Vinyl chloride, inhibited/ [IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 30th ed. Montreal, Canada: International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Board, January 1, 1989. , p. 186] **PEER REVIEWED** SHIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS Int'l Air Shipments: Vinyl chloride, uninhibited is forbidden for transport on passenger and cargo aircraft. /Vinyl chloride, uninhibited/ [IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 30th ed. Montreal, BOR 006807 Canada: International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Board, January 1, 1989. , p. 186] **PEER REVIEWED** SHIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS Domestic Transportation: Chemical: Vinyl chloride. Primary Hazard Class: Flammable gas. A flammable gas is any compressed gas that will burn. UN 1086. Label(s) required: Flammable gas. Acceptable Modes of Transportation: Air, rail, road, and water. [49 CFR 172.101 (10/1/87)] PEER REVIEWED** SHIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS International Water Shipments: Chemical: Vinyl chloride. IMO Class: 2.0,Gases. UN 1086. Packaging Label(s) required: Flammable gas. [IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime organization p.2123 (1988)] **PEER REVIEWED** STORAGE CONDITIONS PROTECT AGAINST PHYSICAL DAMAGE. OUTSIDE OR DETACHED STORAGE IS PREFERABLE. INSIDE STORAGE ... COOL, WELL-VENTILATED, NONCOMBUSTIBLE LOCATION, AWAY FROM ALL POSSIBLE SOURCES OF IGNITION. SEPARATE FROM OXIDIZING MATERIALS. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986. 49-93] **PEER REVIEWED** STORAGE CONDITIONS Containers of vinyl chloride shall be legibly labeled either: VINYL CHLORIDE: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND GAS UNDER PRESSURE: CANCER SUSPECT AGENT or with the additional legend CANCER-SUSPECT AGENT applied near the label or placard. [29 CFR 1910.1017 (7/1/88] **PEER REVIEWED** STORAGE CONDITIONS STORAGE TEMPERATURE: UNDER PRESSURE, AMBIENT; AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, LOW. VENTING: UNDER PRESSURE, SAFETY RELIEF; AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, PRESSURE-VACUUM. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5. ] **PEER REVIEWED** STORAGE CONDITIONS PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing -- should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and w. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 13] **PEER REVIEWED** STORAGE CONDITIONS Suitable precautions ... including the use of 20-30% aqueous sodium hydroxide soln to destroy the peroxide. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Butterworths, 1985. , p. 239] **PEER REVIEWED** CLEANUP METHODS Land Spill: Construct barriers to contain spill. Absorb small amounts of spill with natural or synthetic sorbents, shovel into containers with covers. [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Vinyl Chloride (Draft) p.2 (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED** CLEANUP METHODS Water Spill: Contain contaminated water with dams or natural barriers. [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: vinyl Chloride (Draft) p.2 (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED** CLEANUP METHODS PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinog n in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters BOR 006808 can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Haste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and H. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in th Laboratory! , p. 15] **PEER REVIEWED** DISPOSAL METHODS SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. [CITATION ] **PEER REVIEWED** DISPOSAL METHODS PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 14] **PEER REVIEWED** DISPOSAL METHODS PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Total destruction ... by incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose.The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 15] **PEER REVIEWED** DISPOSAL METHODS PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 15] **PEER REVIEWED** DISPOSAL METHODS PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Small quantities of ... some carcinogens can be destroyed using chem reactions ... but no general rules can be given. ... As a general technique -- treatment with BOR 006809 sodium dichromate in strong sulfuric acid can be used. The time necessary for destruction ... is seldom known ... but 1-2 days is generally considered sufficient when freshly prepd reagent is used. ... Carcinogens that are easily oxidizable can be destroyed with milder oxidative agents, such as sat soln of potassium permanganate in acetone, which appears to be a suitable agent for destruction of hydrazines or of compounds containing isolated carbon-carbon double bonds. Concn or 50% aqueous sodium hypochlorite can also be used as an oxidizing agent. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and H. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 16] **PEER REVIEWED** DISPOSAL METHODS PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS"; Carcinogens that are alkylating, arylating or acylating agents per se can be destroyed by reaction with appropriate nucleophiles, such as water, hydroxyl ions, ammonia, thiols & thiosulfate. The reactivity of various alkylating agents varies greatly ... & is also influenced by sol of agent in the reaction medium. To facilitate the complete reaction, it is suggested that the agents be dissolved in ethanol or similar solvents. ... No method should be applied ... until it has been thoroughly tested for its effectiveness & safety on material to be inactivated. For example, in case of destruction of alkylating agents, it is possible to detect residual compounds by reaction with 4(4-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 17] **PEER REVIEWED** DISPOSAL METHODS A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. [USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration p.3-11 (1981) EPA 68-03-3025] **PEER REVIEWED** DISPOSAL METHODS Vinyl chloride is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Vinyl chloride is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration; preferably after mixing another combustible fuel. Care must be taken to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. [USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration p.2-10 (1981) EPA 68-03-3025] **PEER REVIEWED** DISPOSAL METHODS The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for vinyl chloride: Biological treatment. [USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766 p.E-3-E-22 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** DISPOSAL METHODS PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS"; There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 14] **PEER REVIEWED** DISPOSAL METHODS Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the Bor 06810 formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. A variety of techniques have been described for vinyl chloride recovery from PVC /polyvinyl chloride/ latexes. Recommendable method: Incineration. Peer-review: Vinyl chloride is a gas 6 normal temp and pressures and incineration may be difficult to arrange. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (Hay 1985)) [United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Haste Chemicals (IRPTC File). Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environmental Programme, Dec. 1985. , p. 178] **QC REVIEWED** STABILITY/SHELF LIFE May produce peroxides. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. , p. 3537] **PEER REVIEWED** DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES Fire or Explosion: Extremely flammable. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Container may explode violently in heat of fire. Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. [Department of Transportation. Emergency Response Guidebook 1987. DOT P 5800.4. Washington, DC; U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987. G-17] **QC REVIEWED** DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES Health Hazards; If inhaled, may be harmful; contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Contact with liquid may cause frostbite. Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gases. [Department of Transportation. Emergency Response Guidebook 1987. DOT P 5800.4. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987. G-17] **QC REVIEWED** DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES Emergency Action: Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind, out of low areas, and ventilate closed spaces before entering. Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and structural firefighter's protective clothing will provide limited protection. Isolate for 1/2 mile in all directions if tank car or truck is involved in fire. CALL CHEMTREC AT 1-800-424-9300 AS SOON AS POSSIBLE, especially if there is no local hazardous materials team available. [Department of Transportation. Emergency Response Guidebook 1987. DOT P 5800.4. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987. G-17] **QC REVIEWED** DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES Fire: Let tank car, tank truck or storage tank burn unless leak can be stopped; with smaller tanks or cylinders, extinguish/isolate from other flammables. Small Fires: Dry chemical, C02 or Halon. Large Fires: Water spray, fog or standard foam is recommended. Move container from fire area if you can do it without risk. Stay away from ends of tanks. For massive fire in cargo area, use unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety device or any discoloration of tank due to fire. Cool container with water using unmanned device until well after fire is out. [Department of Transportation. Emergency Response Guidebook 1987. DOT P 5800.4. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987. G-17] **QC REVIEWED** DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES Spill or Leak: Shut off ignition sources; no flares, smoking or flames in hazard area. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Water spray may reduce vapor; but it may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. [Department of Transportation. Emergency Response Guidebook 1987. DOT P 5800.4. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing office, 1987. G-17] **QC REVIEWED** DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES First Aid: Move victim to fresh air and call emergency medical care; if not breathing, give artificial respiration; if breathing is difficult, give oxygen. In case of frostbite, thaw frosted parts with water. Keep BOR 006811 victim quiet and maintain normal body temperature. [Department of Transportation. Emergency Response Guidebook 1987. DOT P 5800.4. Washington, DC: u.s. Government printing office, 1987. G-17] **QC REVIEWED** TOXIC HAZARD RATING Classification of carcinogenicity: 1) evidence in humans: sufficient; 2) evidence in animals: sufficient; Overall summary evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans is group 1: The chemical is carcinogenic to humans. /From table/ [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). S7 373 (1987)] **PEER REVIEWED** THE FOLLOWING OVERVIEW IS A SUMMARY. CONSULT THE COMPLETE POISINDEX (R) DATABASE FOR TREATMENT PURPOSES. COPYRIGHT 1974-YEAR MICROMEDEX, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. DUPLICATION PROHIBITED. EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT o LIFE SUPPORT : This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted. O CLINICAL EFFECTS : SUMMARY o Acute exposures and deaths are most often due to CNS depression and subsequent respiratory depression. The primary toxic hazard is to VCM gas rather than to PVC products. There may be a long latent period between initial exposure and onset of symptoms. HEENT o Contact with escaping, compressed gas may cause mechanical injury and frostbite. The vapor is irritating to the eyes. CARDIOVASCULAR o VCM has sensitized animal heart to epinephrine-induced arrhythmias. Ventricular fibrillation may be a cause of sudden death. o Portal hypertension can result from liver injury. RESPIRATORY o Various pulmonary abnormalities have occurred including dyspnea, asthma, and pneumonoconiosis. NEUROLOGIC o VCM may cause CNS depression, fatigue, headache, vertigo, ataxia, euphoria, visual disturbances, numbness and tingling in the extremities, narcosis, loss of consciousness, and death from respiratory failure. GASTROINTESTINAL o Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and severe epigastric pain can result from ingestion of the liquid. HEPATIC o Angiosarcoma, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly have been reported as toxic effects with this agent. GENITOURINARY o Loss of libido and sperm have occurred in men exposed to VCM. HEMATOLOGIC o Thrombocytopenia, porphyrinuria, and capillary abnormalities have also been reported as toxic effects. DERMATOLOGIC o Scleroderma and frostbite have both been reported after exposures. MUSCULOSKELETAL BOR 006812 o Aero-osteolysis, arthralgias, and cold extremities have been reported in workers exposed to vinyl chloride. PREGNANCY/BREAST MILK o Fetotoxicity and congenital malformations have been seen in animals. Human birth defects have not been substantiated. CARCINOGENICITY o VCM is a HUMAN CARCINOGEN and can induce angiosarcoma, a rare form of liver cancer. Cancers of the brain, lungs, blood and digestive systems, and melanoma have also been implicated. o It has also been carcinogenic in rats, mice, and hamsters. GENOTOXICITY o VCM has induced DNA damage, unscheduled DNA synthesis, DNA inhibition, mutations, chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges, micronuclei, and oncogenic transformation in a variety of in vivo or in vitro assays. o LABORATORY t o No toxic serum or blood level has been established. O TREATMENT OVERVIEW : SUMMARY o Acute exposures to high concentrations may cause CNS and respiratory depression. Patients significantly exposed need appropriate supportive care. Workers exposed chronically may require monitoring for liver cancer, scleroderma, pneumonitis, clotting abnormalities, and acro-osteolysis. There are no specific antidotes. INHALATION EXPOSURE o VCM and PVC dust may cause various respiratory abnormalities and respiratory cancers. Workers exposed to dust should have periodic chest x-rays. o HEPATIC: There is no specific test to detect VCM hepatic toxicity, and although authors disagree on the usefulness of normal liver enzyme profile testing, this should still be done as a prophylactic measure for those chronically exposed. EYE EXPOSURE o DECONTAMINATION: Exposed eyes should be irrigated with copious amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, the patient should probably be seen in a health care facility. DERMAL EXPOSURE o DECONTAMINATION; Wash exposed area extremely thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persist. O RANGE OF TOXICITY : o Vinyl chloride may be narcotic in concentrations as low as 7 to 10%. Twelve percent may be dangerous. Concentrations greater than 10,000 ppm to 20,000 ppm may cause significant symptoms. o REFERENCE : [Rumack BH & Spoerke DG: POISINDEX(R) Information System. Micromedex Inc., Denver, CO, 1990; CCIS CD-ROM Volume 68, edition exp May, 1991. ] **PEER REVIEWED** BOR 006813 MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE Exam by wide field capillary microscopy of th hands of polyvinyl chloride workers demonstrated capillary abnormalities in a high percentage of exposed men. This /non-invasive/ technique may be useful as a mass screening procedure in the early detection of vinyl chloride induced disease. [Maricq HR et al; JAMA 236: 1368 (1976) as cited in USEFA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Vinyl Chloride p.C-19 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-678] **PEER REVIEWED** MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE A preplacement examination should include an employment history, and a personal history; which should also contain information about alcohol and cigarette consumption, previous episodes of hepatitis, exposures to hepatotoxic /agents/, and hospitalizations. It is also advisable to carry out a number of laboratory examinations and tests: chest radiography, ECG, blood count, determination of SGOT and SGPT, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and urinalysis. ... Periodic medical examinations may be carried out every 12 months (or every 6 months for workers with particularly high exposure). [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vole. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. , p. 2256] **PEER REVIEWED** MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... in relation specifically to cancer hazards, there are at present no health monitoring methods that may ensure the early detection of preneoplastic lesions or lesions which may preclude them. Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning additional tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: , p. 23] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS ... VINYL CHLORIDE DOES NOT EXERT CLEARLY PERCEPTIBLE ACUTE EFFECTS BELOW 1,000 PPM. AT THAT DOSE HUMANS EXHIBIT SLIGHT ANESTHESIA, DROWSINESS, SLIGHT VISUAL DISTURBANCES, FALTERING GAIT, NUMBNESS, & TINGLING OF EXTREMITIES. [Lefaux, R. Practical Toxicology of Plastics. Cleveland: CRC Press Inc., 1968. , p. 82] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT INCR IN CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES IN CULTURED PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTES FROM 57 MALE WORKERS WHEN COMPARED WITH CONTROLS. GREATEST STATISTICAL INCR OCCURRED IN AUTOCLAVE OPERATORS. [PURCHASE I HF ET AL; MUTAT RES 57 (3): 325 (1978)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS THE HEALTH STATUS OF 13 WORKERS EMPLOYED FOR 1.75-18 YR IN A POLYVINYL CHLORIDE FACTORY WAS STUDIED. 8 OF THEM HAD SCLERODERMA-LIKE SKIN CHANGES CHARACTERIZED HISTOLOGICALLY BY THICKENING & RAREFRACTION OF THE ELASTIC FIBERS. IN 7 PT, THICKENING OF TERMINAL FINGER PHALANGES RESEMBLING CLUBBING WAS NOTED; 11 PT HAD CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES OF THE EXTREMITIES (4 HAD RAYNAUD'S SYNDROME) & 6 PT HAD BAND-LIKE OSTEOLYSES OF TERMINAL FINGER PHALANGES. THROMBOCYTOPENIA WAS OBSERVED IN ALL PT, SPLENOMEGALY IN 12 PT, & MALFUNCTION OF THE LIVER IN 11 PT. LONG TERM EXPOSURE TO VAPORS MAY CAUSE OCCUPATIONAL ACROOSTEOLYSIS. [LANGE CE ET AL; INT ARCH ARBEITSMED 32 (1-2): 1 (1974)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS An unusual distribution in the cell type of brain cancer was noted in vinyl chloride exposed workers. Of 10 brain cancer deaths identified, 9 had a histologic diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme. The other case did not have histological confirmation. [Waxweiler RJ et al; Ann NY Acad Sci 271: 40-8 (1976)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS A population of 10,173 men employed in 37 plants, /were/ identified as having worked for at least one yr in jobs involving probable exposure BOR 006814 to vinyl chloride monomer (VCM). Of the 9677 men whose vital status was determined, 707 were known to have died. For 699, death certificates were obtained. ... The only type of malignancy found in significant excess was ... malignant neoplasms of the brain and other parts of the nervous system. ... There were alight but inconclusive upward trends for malignancies of the respiratory tract, digestive tract, and central nervous system associated with reported levels of maximum exposure to vinyl chloride. [Cooper WC; Environ Health Perspect 41: 101-6 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS Hepatic angiosarcoma in man was first associated with exposure to vinyl chloride in Louisville, Kentucky where it was identified in 10 persons from a single vinyl chloride polymerization plant. ... Clinical manifestations ... /were/ ... nonspecific hepatic injury with mildly abnormal ... liver test results. Carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein /were/ undetectable. ... A definite diagnosis was made only by open liver biopsy. ... Average survival from diagnosis is about 12 months. Overt liver failure usually occurs only as a preterminal event and was the major cause of death. [Dannaher CL et al; Am J Med 70 (2): 279-87 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS The livers from five vinyl chloride workers /showed/ angioformative and hepatocellular growth disturbance in varying proportions: angiosarcoma in four cases, liver cell hyperplasia in all cases, hyperplastic nodules in three cases, and hepatocellular carcinoma in two cases. [Evans DM et al; Histopath 7 (3): 377-88 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS The results of angiography of the hand in workers in the vinyl chloride industry were described. Among 93 patients, there were 19 on whom angiograms of the hand were performed because of Raynaud-like changes, pain, or other pathological findings. All patients examined by angiography showed abnormalities of the vessels in the hands and fingers of varying severity. Vascular occlusions (17 patients), stenoses (9 patients), and thread-like narrowing of the digital arteries (6 patients) with the development of a collateral circulation were prominent findings ... There was elongation and tortuosity of the digital arteries (14 patients) which were regarded as crisoid aneurysms. [Koischwitz D et al; Roefo 132 (1): 62-8 (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS Of a group of 155 males and 45 females employed for 1 to 25 yr (mean 14 yr) in a facility producing vinyl chloride, 58 (29%) were free of complaints and nervous disturbances. An astheno-autonomic syndrome was found in 54 (27%) and in 88 (44%) in combination with positive neurological findings, ie pyramidal syndrome in 52, cerebellar disturbances in 38, trigeminal neuropathy in 24, and extrapyramidal symptoms in 3, ... pyramidal + cerebellar in 12, trigeminal + pyramidal in 7, trigeminal + cerebellar in 5. Headaches (48%), nervousness (26%), deer in physical strength (16%), loss of memory (14%), sleeping disturbances and somnolence were the most frequent complaints. Scleroderma-like skin changes were found in 10 subjects, but only 6 of them had any neurological disturbances. ... Frequency of the arterial hypertension were the same in both groups, whereas acroparesthesias, Raynaud's syndrome, and increased gamma guanidine triphosphate serum activity were significantly more frequent in workers with neurological disturbances. 62% of the neurologically pos group and only 24% of the neg group reported euphoric or narcotic states after exposure. This probably indicates episodic exposures to high concn of vinyl chloride. This difference points to a possibility that neurological disturbances may be related to short exposures to peak concn. The neurological injury may be both a direct neurotoxic effect of vinyl chloride and secondary to vascular disorders. [Langauer-Lewowicka H; Int Arch Occup Envir Health 52 (2): 151-7 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS BOR 006815 ... The nervous system and bioelectric functioning of the brain (EEG) /were evaluated/ in 114 workers aged 20-62, employed in significant exposed to vinyl chloride for 1-28 yr on avg 7.5 + or - 4.0 years. Clinical symptoms of the nervous system occurred in the form of peripheral-vegetative syndrome with accompanying vasomotor disturbances of Raynaud syndrome type. EEG yielded 39 (34.2%) correct and 75 (65.8%) incorrect records. Among incorrect records most frequent (32.5%) were low-voltage and flat records; those with fast spindled activity and frequent changes typical for reduced wakefulness. The nature of clinical symptoms and EEG disturbances may point to the contribution of the hypothalmus in the pathomechanism of changes in those chronically exposed to vinyl chloride. [Si'nczuk-Walczak H, Gluszcz M; Med Pr 33 (5-6)t 349-54 (1982)) **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS ... The mortality in a cohort of 451 workers exposed to vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) for more than 5 yr was compared with that of 870 workers from the same company ... not exposed to vinyl chloride. The relative risk for digestive cancer was significantly higher than 1 (6.25, confidence interval 2.69-14.52) in the exposed group. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for digestive cancer was also higher (standardized mortality ratio 259.26 p < 0.01) than that of the general population. No other cancer was in excess. Since the exposed workers are known to have had a cigarette smoking experience similar to that of those who were not exposed, it is concluded that the association between lung cancer and VCM exposure ... is ... rather small. [Th'eriault G, Allard P; J Occup Med 23 (10): 671-6 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS The incidence of birth defects in infants born to residents of Shawinigan, Canada in 1966-1979 were significantly higher than in three comparison communities. Since there has been a vinyl chloride polymerization plant in this town, since 1943 from which ten cases of /liver/ angiosarcoma have been identified, this study explored the possible association between exposure to vinyl chloride monomer in ambient air and the occurrence of birth defects in the community. The excess of birth defects fluctuated seasonally in a way that corresponded to changes in vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) eoncn in the environment. ... There /was/ no excess of still births in Shawinigan. The excess in birth defects involved most organ systems, and variation in birth-defect rates among school districts could not be account d for by estimates of VCM in the atmosphere. The occupational and residential histories of parents who gave birth to malformed infants were compared with those of normal infants. The two groups did not differ in occupational exposure or closeness to the vinyl chloride polymerization plant. [Th'eriault G et al; Teratol 27 (3): 359-70 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS ... RESULTS OF MASSIVE & APPARENTLY REPEATED EXPOSURES > 10,000-20,000 PPM VOL/VOL ... EUPHORIA ... FOLLOWED BY STATE OF INEBRIATION SIMILAR TO THAT OF ALCOHOL INTOXICATION. ... EPIGASTRIC PAIN ... ANOREXIA ... ALLERGIC DERMATITIS ... & SCLERODERMA ... [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. Sth ed. Cincinnati, OH: , p. 624] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS AN EXCESS OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEFECTS, DEFORMITIES OF THE UPPER ALIMENTARY AND GENITAL TRACTS, AND CLUBFOOT WERE OBSERVED IN STILLBORN AND LIVE CHILDREN IN THREE OHIO CITIES IN WHICH VINYL CHLORIDE POLYMERIZATION PLANTS ARE LOCATED. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 398 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS ... MORTALITY STUDY OF 8384 MEN ... /WITH/ 0 LEAST 1 YR ... EXPOSURE BOR 006816 ... BEFORE DEC 31, 1972, DEMONSTRATED THAT CANCERS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (PRIMARILY ANGIOSARCOMA), RESP SYSTEM, BRAIN, & CANCERS OF UNKNOWN SITE, AS WELL AS LYMPHOMAS OCCURRED MORE OFTEN THAN EXPECTED IN ... STUDY POPULATION WITH GREATEST ESTIMATED EXPOSURE. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. Sth ed. Cincinnati, OH: , p. 625] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS Skin Changes: In a small number of cases, the angioneurotic disorders may be associated with scleroderma on the back of the hand at the metacarpal and phalangeal joints and on the inside of the forearms. [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. , p. 2256] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS Pathologic porphyrinuria, especially secondary coproporphyrinuria with transition to subclinical chronic hepatic porphyria, is a consistent pathobiochemical parameter for the recognition of vinyl chloride hepatic lesions. ... Erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity studied in 6 cases with initial chronic hepatic porphyria was normal, suggesting that vinyl chloride affects this enzyme only in the liver. (Doss M et al; Klin Wochenschr 62 (4): 175-258 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS Nine retrospective mortality studies of workers exposed to vinyl chloride were reviewed to determine whether differences in their hypothesis testing results might be due to differences in statistical power. Where possible, the power of each study was calculated for cancer of the lung, brain and liver. When power was taken into consideration, the results for liver and brain cancer were consistent with an etiologic role for vinyl chloride. For lung cancer, the data were not consistent with an etiologic role, in that 2 studies with very high power yielded negative results. [Beaumont JJ, Breslow NE; Am J Epidemiol 114 (5): 725-34 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS A case of angiosarcoma of the penis associated with 2 hepatic angiomata in a 61 year old man is presented. The patient had worked in a polyvinyl chloride factory as an accountant for 10 yr. The relationship of this low vinyl chloride exposure to the development of the vascular lesions is discussed with a review of the experimental and epidemiologic data on this subject. [Ghandur-Mnaymneh L, Gonzalez MS; Cancer 47 (6): 1318-24 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS This /study/ briefly reviews suspected causes of malignant melanoma. Industrial chemicals that have been suggested include arsenic, polychlorinated biphenyls, alcohol and alpha-chloroacetophenone. Recent studies of an increased incidence at plants producing polyvinyl chloride and asbestos products are reported. The question of the mechanism of action is discussed: inhaled vinyl chloride monomer migrates to the subcutaneous layers of the skin after a short time. Transcutaneous penetration of asbestos fibers is a possibility. [Hilt B et al; Scand J Work Environ Health 9 (1): 52-3 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS The carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride (VC) and polyvinyl chloride is reviewed with specific attention to the gaps in knowledge for risk estimation and epidemiological presentation of the available data. Although experimental studies have demonstrated the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of VC/polyvinyl chloride in general, the epidemiologic studies available for review do not include an assessment of carcinogenic risk among humans exposed to these chemicals. This conclusion is based on the observation that the majority of cohort studies reviewed lacked sufficient statistical power because of small sample sizes. Further, in epidemiological studies, individuals were not BOR 006817 followed over an adequate period of time during which cancer could become clinically manifest. [Kalmaz EE, Kalmaz CD; Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 4 (1): 13-27 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS Epidemiological evidence of an occupational risk of brain cancer has been reported in four industries where chemical exposures are likely, most recently in a series of prospective studies in the petrochemical industry. However, only in the case of vinyl chloride exposure has an occupational central nervous system carcinogen been identified. This report reviews the convergence of epidemiological and laboratory evidence that established the occupational carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride, and discusses in detail the current evidence for an occupational risk of brain tumors in the petrochemical industry. [Moss AR; J Toxicol Environ Health 16 (5): 703-11 (1985)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS There are 3 mechanisms by which exposure of the male to toxic substances may cause poor reproductive performance or congenital malformations in his offspring; a direct effect on pituitary-hypothalamic function or male sex hormones; a direct effect on the sperm itself; abnormalities in seminal fluid with secondary abnormalities due to dissolved toxins. Experimental studies with 7 drugs and 5 groups of toxic chemicals are reviewed. Clinical studies reviewed relate to lead, vinyl chloride, the insecticide carbaryl, the pesticides chlordecone and dibromochloropropane, radiation, fathers with epilepsy, and male and female anesthesiologists. [Pearn JH; Med J Australia 2 (1): 16-20 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS Occupational influences on male fertility and sexuality are reviewed. The potential risks of physical factors (trauma, temperature, radiation, microwaves), of chemical factors (metals, mineral oils, hormones (oral contraceptives and estrogen) pesticides and herbicides, neurotoxins, vinyl chloride and analogs, carbon disulfide), of phyBiopathological factors (infectious diseases occupationally acquired, low-back syndrome) and of psychological factors (stress, alcoholism) are discussed. The methodological aspects in monitoring the fertility and sexuality of male workers are considered. Physicians practicing occupational medicine are cautioned to be aware of these potential risks regarding gonadal function. Occupational hygienic measures are the first step in preventing environmental pollution hazards. [Steeno OP, Pangkahila A; Andrologia 16 (1): 5-22 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS In 1974, vinyl chloride (VC) was first reported in the open scientific literature to induce angiosarcoma of the liver both in humans and in animals. Additional research has now demonstrated the carcinogenicity of VC to other organs and at lower concentrations. The target organs for VC now clearly include the liver, brain and the lung, and probably the lymphohematopoietic system. The evidence for a carcinogenic risk has been extended to jobs associated with poly (vinyl chloride) exposure. Cases of liver angiosarcoma have been reported among individuals employed in PVC fabrication facilities and an epidemiological study has demonstrated a significant association between exposure to PVC dust and the risk of lung cancer mortality. Cases of angiosarcoma of the liver also have been reported among individuals living in near proximity to vinyl chloride-poly vinyl chloride plants. An association between PVC dust and pneumoconiosis also has been demonstrated. On the basis of findings, prudent control of PVC dust in the industrial setting is indicated. [Wagoner JK; Environ Health Perspeet 52: 61-6 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS A standardized mortality ratio of 1.49 for respiratory system cancer (42 observed deaths versus 28.2 expected, p <0.01) was observed among a cohort of 4806 males employed at a synthetic chemicals plant sine its startup in 1942. Upon review of pathologic material, the excess was BOR 006818 found to be limited to adenocarcinoma and large cell undifferentiated lung cancer. Many of the workers had been exposed to vinyl chloride, as well bb to chlorinated solvents, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) dust, acrylates and acrylonitrile. To evaluate the association between lung cancer and occupational chemical exposures, detailed work histories for each cohort member were combined with exposure ratings for each of 19 chemicals for each job for each calendar year since 1942. A serially additive expected dose model was then constructed which compared the doses of the chemicals observed for the lung cancer cases to the doses expected based on subcohorts without lung cancer individually matched to the cases. PVC duet appeared to be the most likely etiologic agent (p 0.037). Time trends of PVC dust exposure indicated a potential latent period of 5-16 years before death. [Waxweiler RJ et al; Environ Health Perspect 41s 159-65 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS A method generally used for chromosomal analysis is presented, and the main morphological abnormalities that may appear spontaneously are summarized. In a survey of 109 persons not exposed to chemicals, abnormalities, mainly of the "gap" or "break" type, were present in 76.1% of the cases. A brief review of the literature, giving results of studies of workers exposed to benzene, vinyl chloride monomer, and some metals, showed that these substances induce increased chromosome changes. [Siou G et al; Cahiers de Notes Documentaires - S'ecurit'e et Hygi'ene du Travail 2nd quarter No 107, Note No 1379-107-82 p.269-76 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS If spilled on skin rapid evaporation can cause local frostbite. [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. , p. 1430] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS A retrospective mortality study of 454 male workers exposed to chloroethene during its production and polymerization to polyvinyl chloride was conducted. The cohort consisted of men working for at least 1 year during 1950-1969 and the group was followed during 1953-1979. A total of 23 cancer deaths were observed (20.2 expected) with 1 case of liver angiosarcoma, 5 lung cancers (2.8 expected), 3 colon cancers (1.4 expected), 2 thyroid cancers (0.16 expected) and 4 malignant melanomas of the skin (0.8 expected) ... "the increased incidence of cancer is accounted for almost entirely by the high exposure group" ... . The high level of malignant melanoma among this group of workers is unique and warrants further attention. [Heldaas SS et al; Br J Ind Med 41 (1): 25-30 (1984) as cited in USEPA; Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Chloroethene; p.59 (1985) ECAO-CIN-P155] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS IN VIEW OF EXTREME RARITY OF ANGIOSARCOMA OF LIVER IN GENERAL POPULATION, OBSERVATION OF 16 CASES IN WORKERS EXPOSED TO VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER DURING POLYMERIZATION PROCESS IS EVIDENCE OF CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V7 305 (1974)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS Vinyl chloride is an asphyxiant at high concentrations. [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Vinyl Chloride (Draft) p.l (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS It appears that metabolism of vinyl chloride is necessary before many of its toxic effects occur. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. , p. 3538] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS The Carcinogen Assessment Group (CAG), Office of Health and BOR 006819 Environmental Assessment in EPA'S Research and D velopment Office, has prepared a list of chemical substances for which substantial or strong evidence exists showing that exposure to these chemicals, under certain conditions, causes cancer in humans, or can cause cancer in animal species which in turn, makes them potentially carcinogenic in humans. Substances are placed on the CAG list only if they have been demonstrated to induce malignant tumors in one or more animal species or to induce benign tumors that are generally recognized as early stages of malignancies, and/or if positive epidemiologic studies indicated they were carcinogenic. Vinyl chloride is on that list. [USEPA/CAG; The Carcinogen Assessment Group's List of Carcinogens (7/14/80)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS Russian studies examined sexual function and hormone levels in men and sexual function and gynecological health in women occupationally exposed to vinyl chloride and in unexposed control groups. ... An exposure and duration related decline in sexual function was reported in exposed men and women. Ovarian dysfunction, benign uterine growths, and prolapsed genital organs were reported in 77% of exposed women. {Makarov IA et al; Gig Tr Prof Zabol 3: 22-7 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS Vinyl chloride causes hepatic damage by interfering with essential metabolic pathways, which leads to cytotoxic (necrosis or steatosis) and/or cholestatic (biliary stasis) injury patterns. [Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. , p. 36] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS TO DATE, 48 CASES OF HEPATIC ANGIOSARCOMA ... DIAGNOSED IN INDUST ... WORXERS AROUND WORLD. ALL AUTHENTICATED CASES ... FOUND IN WORKERS ENGAGED IN CLOSED-IN PLANTS HANDLING VERY LARGE QUANTITIES OF LIQUEFIED VINYL CHLORIDE UNDER PRESSURE ... EXPOSURE CONCN WERE HIGH, PROBABLY RANGING FROM 1,000 PPM TO SEVERAL THOUSAND PPM. [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. , p. 784] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS IN 48 WORKERS EXPOSED TO 140-1200 MG/CU M VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER (VCM) DURING PRODN OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE IN A RUSSIAN FACTORY, SOME WORKERS WERE REPORTED TO HAVE HAD SIGNS OF IRRITATION OF RESP TRACT & HEPATITIS. TWENTY-THREE WORKERS WERE FOUND TO HAVE AN INCR HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V7 303 (1974)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS /INVESTIGATORS/ STUDIED 168 WORKERS INVOLVED IN THE POLYMERIZATION OF VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER, IN WHOM THEY REPORTED NARCOTIC SYMPTOMS, ASTHENIC NERVOUS SYMPTOMS, RAYNAUD'S SYNDROME & LIVER ENLARGEMENT. INCIDENCE OF RAYNAUD'S SYNDROME WAS 6% & THAT OF LIVER ENLARGEMENT 30%. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V7 303 (1974)] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS ... 26 MALE AR/IRE WISTAR RATS ... EXPOSED TO ... 3% VOL/VOL ... COMMERCIAL-GRADE VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER ... (99% PURE) 4 HR/DAY ON 5 DAY/WK FOR 12 MO. ... SKIN TUMORS DEVELOPED IN SUBMAXILLARY PAROTID REGION ... (14 EPIDERMOID CARCINOMAS, 2 MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMAS, 1 PAPILLOMA) ... LUNG TUMORS DEVELOPED IN 7 RATS AND OSTEOCHONDROMAS IN 5. NO TUMORS ... IN 25 UNTREATED CONTROLS ... /SKIN TUMORS WERE ZYMBAL GLAND TUMORS AND LUNG TUMORS WERE METASTASIS FROM THESE/ (VIOLA ET AL, 1971). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 386 BOR 006820 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS GROUPS OF MALE AND FEMALE 11 WEEK-OLD SWISS MICE WERE EXPOSED TO CONCENTRATIONS OF 50 TO 10,000 PPM VINYL CHLORIDE IN AIR FOR 4 HOURS/DAY ON 5 DAYS/WEEK FOR 30 WEEKS. AT 81 WEEKS, 70% (OF THE 10,000 PPM GROUP) HAD ADENOMAS AND/OR ADENOCARCINOMAS OF THE LUNG, 47% HAD MAMMARY ADENOCARCINOMAS AND 16% HAD ANGIOSARCOMAS OF THE LIVER. IN 80 MALE AND 70 FEMALE UNTREATED CONTROLS, 8 PULMONARY TUMORS AND 3 LYMPHOMAS WERE OBSERVED (MALTONI, 1977; MALTONI ET AL, 1974). (IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 384 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS VINYL CHLORIDE WAS ADMIN FOR 7 HR/DAY ON DAYS 6-18 OF GESTATION IN MICE, RATS, & RABBITS. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT ALTHOUGH MATERNAL TOXICITY ... OBSERVED, VINYL CHLORIDE ALONE DID NOT CAUSE SIGNIFICANT EMBRYONAL OR FETAL TOXICITY & WAS NOT TERATOGENIC IN ANY OF THE SPECIES @ CONCN TESTED. [National Research Council. Drinking Water Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. , p. 785] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS ... EXPOSURE OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM STRAINS TA1530, TA1535, G-46 ... INCR NUMBER OF HIS+ REVERTANTS/PLATE 16, 12 OR 5 TIMES OVER SPONTANEOUS MUTATION RATE. MUTAGENIC RESPONSE FOR TA1530 STRAIN ... INCR WHEN S-9 LIVER FRACTIONS FROM HUMANS, RATS, OR MICE ... ADDED. [National Research Council. Drinking Water Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. , p. 784] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS ACUTE EFFECTS. ... INHALATION ... /OF/ VINYL CHLORIDE ... SHOWN TO PRODUCE LUNG CONGESTION SOME HEMORRHAGING, BLOOD-CLOTTING DIFFICULTIES, CONGESTION OF LIVER KIDNEYS IN LAB ANIMALS. (National Research Council. Drinking Water Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. , p. 784] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS ACUTE EFFECTS. AFTER 2 HR 0 5% VINYL CHLORIDE, RATS SHOWED MODERATE INTOXICATION; 2 HR @ 15% PROVOKED RESP FAILURE. [National Research Council. Drinking Water Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. , p. 784] **PEBR REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS ... DEGENERATION OF BONE CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN MALE WISTAR RATS EXPOSED TO CONCN OF 30,000 PPM ... 4 HR/DAY ON 5 DAYS/WK FOR UP TO 12 MO. DEGENERATIVE CHANGES WERE OBSERVED IN LIVER (INTERSTITIAL HEPATITIS, NECROSIS, PROLIFERATION OF KUPFER CELLS AND FIBROSIS), KIDNEY (TUBULAR NEPHROSIS INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS), BRAIN (NEURONAL AND GLIAL CELL DEGENERATION). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V7 302 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE OF CFY RATS TO VINYL CHLORIDE (4000 MG/CU M IN AIR) DURING PREGNANCY CAUSED INCR IN FETAL DEATHS EMBRYOTOXIC EFFECTS. [UNGVARY G ET AL; TOXICOLOGY 11 (1): 45 (1978)] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS DOMINANT LETHAL STUDIES OF MALE CD-I MICE THAT HAD BEEN EXPOSED TO 3000, 10,000, 30,000 PPM FOR 5 DAYS SHOWED NO MUTAGENIC EFFECT. [ANDERSON D ET AL; ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECT (21): 71 (1977)] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE EXPOSED TO 10,000 PPM VINYL CHLORIDE IN AIR FOR 4 HOURS/DAY ON 5 DAYS/WEEK FOR 5 WEEKS, STARTING AT THE AGE OF 13 WEEKS (120 RATS PER GROUP) OR 1 DAY (43 AND 46 RATS). ANIMALS WERE OBSERVED FOR 135 WEEKS. ONE HEPATOMA WAS REPORTED IN THE OLDER RATS ... BOR 006821 IN NEWBORN RATS, 10 ANGIOSARCOMAS AND 15 HEPATOMAS WERE FOUND. NO LIVER TUMORS WERE REPORTED IN 249 CONTROLS (MALTONI, 1977B). (IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 388 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS 40 RABBITS WERE EXPOSED FOR 4 HOURS/DAY ON 5 DAYS/WEEK FOR 12 MONTHS TO AIR CONTAINING ... (10,000 PPM) VINYL CHLORIDE. BETWEEN 9 AND 15 MONTHS EXPOSURE, 12 SKIN ACANTHOMAS AND 6 LUNG ADENOCARCINOMAS WERE SEEN. NO SIMILAR TUMORS OCCURRED IN 20 CONTROLS AFTER 15 MONTHS OBSERVATION (CAPUTO ET AL, 1974). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 389 (1979)) **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS THE EMBRYOTOXIC & TERATOGENIC ACTION OF VINYL CHLORIDE ON 40 PREGNANT WHITE WISTAR RATS WAS EXAMINED. THE EXPT WERE CARRIED OUT UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF DAILY INHALATORY POISONING DURING GESTATION AT MEAN DAILY CONCN OF 6.15 MG/CU M. THERE WAS A MANIFESTATED EMBRYOTOXIC & TERATOGENIC EFFECT OF ELEVATED TOTAL EMBRYONAL MORTALITY, LOWERED FETAL WT & INDUCTION OF EXTERNAL & INTERNAL ANOMALIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FETUS. THE THRESHOLD VALUE OF CONCN FOR EMBRYOTOXICITY TERATOGENICITY WAS CALCULATED TO BE 10 MG/CU M. [MIRKOVA E ET AL; KHIG ZDRAVEOPAZ 21 (5): 440 (1978)) **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS Rats and mice were exposed in an inhalation chamber to single 1 hr /concentration/ of vinyl chloride ranging from 50-50,000 ppm. A second group was given 10 1 hr exposures to 500 ppm or 100 1 hr exposures to 50 ppm of the same chemical. All animals were then observed for the remainder of their lives, generally 18-24 months. Moribound animals were euthanized, and survivors were sacrificed on schedule and their tissues examined for pathological changes. Specifically, the oncogenic study demonstrated dose related effects for single 1 hr exposure of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), at high levels, ie 5,000 and 50,000 ppm. The concn increased the incidence of pulmonary adenomas and carcinomas in mice. Repeated exposure of A/J mice ... at 500 ppm x 10 1 hr exposures also increased the incidence of pulmonary adenomas and carcinomas. ... Rats exposed to identical concn of VCM failed to elicit a tumorigenic response. [Hehir RM et al; Environ Health Perspeet 41: 63-72 (1981)) **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS Wistar rats were exposed to atmospheres containing 0 (control) or 5000 ppm vinyl chloride monomer, 7 hr/day, 5 day/wk, for 52 wk. ... 10 rats/sex per group were killed. ... Growth, mortality, hematology, clinical chemistry, and organ weights were studied. Slight growth retardation throughout the experimental period and high mortality in the second half of the study were observed in vinyl chloride monomer exposed animals. ... Blood clotting time was ... shorter in vinyl chloride monomer exposed rats than controls. There were minor /incr in/ potassium content in the blood serum in vinyl chloride monomer exposed animals during the first half of the test period. Increased blood urea nitrogen levels and relative kidney weights were evidence that the kidneys were adversely affected by vinyl chloride monomer. After 52 wk increased weights of heart and spleen, and slight signs of an anemia were noted in vinyl chloride monomer-exposed rats. ... [Feron VJ et al; Toxicol 13 (1): 25-8 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS Rats exposed to vinyl chloride (in air at 2500 ppm, 4-7 hr/day, 5 days/wk) from day 12 of embryonic life for 57 wk had a 63.1% incidence of liver angiosarcoma with a latency period of 49.9 wk and a 41.4% incidence of lung metastasis. The experimental tumors were similar to those of humanB with respect to gross pathology, histopathology, and metastatic behavior. [Maltoni C et al; Dev Oncol 15: 339-41 (1983)] BOR 006822 **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS ... The mutagenicity of vinyl chloride ... was tested in V79 Chinese hamster cells in the presence of a 15,000 g supernatant from phenobarbitone pretreated rats and mice. Mutations ... of 8-azoguanine and ouabain resistance were induced in a dose related fashion by exposure to vapor of vinyl chloride in the presence of liver supernatant from phenobarbital-pretreated rats. [Drevon C, Kuroki T; Mutat Res 67 (2): 173-82 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS ... ZYMBAL GLAND CARCINOMAS, NEPHROBLASTOMAS, & ANGIOSARCOMAS OF LIVER & OF OTHER LOCATIONS /INDUCED/ IN RATS FOLLOWING 52 WK OF EXPOSURE FOR 20 HR EACH WK. CONCN ... 10,000 PPM ... 6000 PPM ... 2500 PPM ... 500 PPM ... 50 PPM, WITH ANGIOSARCOMAS IN 7, 13, 14, 7, 4, & 1 RATS, RESPECTIVELY (AIR CONTROLS WERE NEGATIVE). [Searle, C. E. (ed.). Chemical Carcinogens. ACS Monograph 173. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1976. , p. 333] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS ... REPEATED EXPOSURES ... FOR 7 HR/DAY, 5 DAYS/WK, @ 500 PPM, RATS ... INCR LIVER WT & HISTOPATHOLOGY. AT 200 & 100 PPM, RATS INCR LIVER WT, BUT NO CHANGES ... OBSERVED IN DOGS OR GUINEA PIGS. ALL SPECIES TOLERATED 50 PPM FOR 6 MONTHS. (Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. , p. 3538] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS DNA SYNTHESIS WAS DEPRESSED IN RAT LIVER IN VIVO BY VINYL CHLORIDE AND TWO OF ITS PRESUMED METABOLITES, CHLOROETHYLENE OXIDE AND CHLOROACETALDEHYDE. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: world Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 391 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS A review of the data obtained from various studies on carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride (VC) in rodents, particularly on the effect of dose, age, duration of exposure and potential reversibility of lesions, revealed that vinyl chloride induced carcinogenicity in rodents was dose and time related; no recovery occurred in mice even after only 1 month of VC exposures or in rats after 6 month exposures. In addition, younger animals (2 months old) were more susceptible to VC induced carcinogenicity than animals held for 6 or 12 months prior to exposure. Initial 6 or 12 month exposures were adequate to detect the carcinogenic potential of VC. The above information was used as a basis for discussion on design of carcinogenicity studies. Possibility of determining the carcinogenic potential of a compound in a shorter period than the traditional 2 year studies in rodents was discussed in consideration with appropriate doses, species, age and exposure duration. Although this approach may be applicable to a strong carcinogen, it was not considered practicable in case of weak or unknown carcinogens. [Bhandari JC; Toxicol Pathol 11 (2): 181-7 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS The carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride for experimental animals when administered transplacentally is reviewed in comparison with known transplacental carcinogens, including those that, like vinyl chloride, are dependent on enzyme mediated metabolic conversion to a reactiv intermediate in maternal or fetal tissues. Vinyl chloride is converted by mixed function oxidases to the reactive metabolite chlorooxirane, the carcinogenicity of which is also reviewed. Vinyl chloride is unequivocally a transplacental carcinogen for the rat. No evidence exists, however, to support the hypothesis that exposure of male rats to vinyl chloride or any other carcinogen confers an increased risk of tumor development on their progeny. Many structural analogs of vinyl chloride, ie, substituted ethylenes, are also carcinogenic for adult BOR 006823 animals, and can with confidence likewise be predicted to be effective transplacental carcinogens. [Rice JM; Environ Health Perspect 41: 179-88 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS Inhaled vinyl chloride (VC) was carcinogenic in rats. Pour groups of 2 month old CRL:CD rats of both sexes exposed to filtered air (control), 50, 250, or 1000 ppm VC for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 1, 3, 6, or 10 months. Animals were autopsied when moribund; all others were autopaied at 12 months. There were no differences in the survival rate of control, 1, or 3 month exposure groups; however, the mortality incidence increased in the 6 and 10 month exposure groups in proportion to the VC concentration. Tumors were examined microscopically. The tumor incidence in the 1 and 3 month exposure groups did not differ from controls. The cumulative tumor incidence in rats exposed for 6 and 10 months was: liver neoplasms (including neoplastic nodules, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hemangiosarcoma) 1 of 72 (controls), 0 of 66 (50 ppm VC), 17 of 68 (250 ppm VC), and 23 of 72 (1000 ppm VC); lung tumors (bronchioloalveolar and hemangiosarcoma) 0 of 72 (controls), 0 of 66 (50 ppm VC), 4 of 68 (250 ppm VC), and 11 of 72 (1000 ppm VC); mammary gland tumors (females only; includes fibroadenoma, adenocarcinoma, and carcinoma) 6 of 36 (controls), 15 of 36 (50 ppm VC), 10 of 32 (250 ppm VC), and 5 of 36 (1000 ppm VC); malignant lymphoma 0 of 72 (controls), 0 of 66 (50 ppm VC), 1 of 68 (250 ppm VC), and 4 of 72 (1000 ppm VC). [Hong CB et al; J Toxicol Environ Health 7: 909-24 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS Few data on the responses of freshwater and marine organisms to chloroethene ... reported complete mortality of northern pike (Esox lucius) after a 10 day exposure at 388 ppm chloroethene. [Brown et al; Chemical Pollutants in Relation to Diseases in Fish 298: 535-46 (1977)] PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS Recent inhalation studies with albino CD-I mice and CD rats ... confirmed the carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride at concentrations as low as 50 ppm ... liver angiosarcomas as well as other forms of cancer were found in both species. (USEPA; Drinking Water Criteria Document for Vinyl Chloride p.iv-5 (1986)] **PEER REVIEWED** ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION FOLLOWING EXPOSURE OF MALE RATS BY INHALATION TO 10 PPM (14)C VINYL CHLORIDE FOR 6 HOURS, URINARY (14)C ACTIVITY AND EXPIRED VINYL CHLORIDE COMPRISED 68 AND 2%, RESPECTIVELY, OF THE RECOVERED RADIOACTIVITY; AFTER EXPOSURE TO 1000 PPM (14)C VINYL CHLORIDE, THE PROPORTION OF RADIOACTIVITY IN THE URINE WAS LOWER AND THAT EXPIRED AS VINYL CHLORIDE HIGHER, REPRESENTING 56 AND 12%, RESPECTIVELY ... [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 392 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given single oral doses (gavage) of (14)C vinyl chloride at 0.05, 1.0 or 100 mg/kg, ... routes and rates of elim of (14)C activity were followed for 72 hr. ... Of the samples examined (liver, skin, plasma, muscle, lung, fat, and carcass), liver retained the greatest percentage of admin radioactivity at all doses. [Watanabe PG et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 36: 339-52 (1976) as cited in USEPA; Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft): Vinyl Chloride p.IX-3 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION Experiments with volunteers showed that 42% of an inhaled dose of vinyl chloride ... was retained in the lung. This value was independent of the concn of vinyl chloride in the air. Elim of vinyl chloride through the lung was negligible since its concn in expired air decreased immediately after cessation of exposure. [Krajewski J et al; Br J Ind Med 37 (4): 373-4 (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED** ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION BOR 006824 ORAL DOSES OF 0.05-1.0 MG/KG IN RATS ... PULMONARY EXCRETION WAS MONOPHASIC @ THESE DOSES, & URINARY METABOLITES ... /WERE N-ACETYL-S-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)CYSTEINE & THIODIGLYCOLIC ACID/. AT ... 100 MG/KG, PULMONARY EXCRETION ... BIPHASIC & A GREATER PERCENTAGE ... EXPIRED AS VINYL CHLORIDE--67%, COMPARED WITH 1 OR 2% @ LOWER DOSE. (National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. , p. 783] **PEER REVIEWED** ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION The metabolic elimination of vinyl chloride in Rhesus monkeys /following inhalation exposure/ is a dose-dependent, saturable process. ... below 200-300 ppm elimination is first-order. [Buchter A et al; Tox Lett 6: 33-6 (1980) as cited in USEPA, Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft): Vinyl Chloride p.IV-8 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION It is easily absorbed by the human organism through the respiratory system from where it passes into the blood circuit and from there to the various organs and tissues. It is also absorbed through the digestive system as a contaminant of food and beverages, and through the skin. [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. , p. 2256] **PEER REVIEWED** ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION Gastrointestinal absorption of vinyl chloride in rats occurs rapidly following ingestion of aqueous or vegetable oil treatment solutions. ... Quantitatively, absorption of 98.7% from the gut occurred at an oral dose of 450 mg/kg. [Withey JR; J Toxicol Environ Health 1 (3): 381-94 (1976)] **PEER REVIEWED** METABOLISM/METABOLITES AFTER INHALATION OF (14)C-VINYL CHLORIDE BY RATS ... THREE URINARY METABOLITES HAVE BEEN DETECTED: N-ACETYL-S-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)CYSTEINE, THIODIGLYCOLIC ACID, & AN UNIDENTIFIED SUBSTANCE. (National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. , p. 783] **PEER REVIEWED** METABOLISM/METABOLITES N-ACETYL-S-(2-CHLOROETHYL)CYSTEINE OR N-ACETYL-S-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)CYSTEINE MAY BE ISOLATED FROM RAT BODY FLUIDS DEPENDING ON METHOD OF PROTECTIVE ESTERIFICATION USED. [GREEN T, HATHWAY DE; CHEM-BIOL INTERACT 17 (2): 137 (1977)] **PEER REVIEWED** METABOLISM/METABOLITES Rats /were subjected/ to an airborne concn of (14)C-vinyl chlorid ranging from 200-1,200 ppm in a closed system, ... the rate of deer of vinyl chloride levels in the chamber atmosphere /was measured/. ... Saturation of the vinyl chloride-metabolizing enzymes of the rat /was/ achieved at 250 ppm. [Bolt HM et al; Arch Toxicol 7: 179-88 (1977) as cited in USEPA, Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft): Vinyl Chloride p.IV-7 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** METABOLISM/METABOLITES ... DATA ... INDICATE DOSE-DEPENDENT FATE OF VINYL CHLORIDE AFTER INHALATION OR ORAL ADMIN IN RATS. PRIMARY MECHANISM OF DETOXIFICATION OF VINYL CHLORIDE OR ITS REACTIVE METABOLITES INVOLVES CONJUGATION WITH HEPATIC GLUTATHIONE. GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATES ... SUBJECT TO HYDROLYSIS YIELDING CYSTEINE CONJUGATES ... [National Research Council. Drinking Water Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. , p. 783] **PEER REVIEWED** METABOLISM/METABOLITES The principal center of the metabolic process is the liver, where the monomer undergoes a number of oxidative processes, being catalyzed partly by alcohol dehydrogenase, and partly by a catalase. [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. , p. 2256] **PEER REVIEWED** METABOLISM/METABOLITES BOR 006825 Data suggest that the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway is the major route of metabolism below SO ppm, while the microsomal oxidase pathway is the major route at higher concentrations. [Hefner RE et al; Ann NY Acad Sci 246: 135-48 (1975)] **PEER REVIEWED** METABOLISM/METABOLITES A STRONG CORRELATION WAS POUND BETWEEN VINYL CHLORIDE (VC) CONCN AT WORKING PLACES AND THE INCR EXCRETION OF THIODIGLYCOLIC ACID OF 18 EXPOSED WORKERS. THE VALUE OBTAINED WERE IN THE RANGE OF 0.14-7.00 PPM. THE EXCRETION OF THIODIGYLCOLIC ACID, MEASURED BY GC-MS ANALYSIS, AMOUNTED TO 0.3-4.0 MG/L. [MUELLER G ET AL; INT ARCH OCCUP ENVIRON HEALTH 41 (3): 199 (1978)) **PEER REVIEWED** BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE THE PATTERN OF PULMONARY ELIMINATION OF 10 AND 1000 PPM VINYL CHLORIDE WAS DESCRIBED BY APPARENTLY SIMILAR FIRST-ORDER KINETICS, WITH HALF-LIVES OF 20.4 AND 22.4 MINUTES RESPECTIVELY. THE HALF LIVES FOR THE INITIAL PHASE OF EXCRETION OF (14)C RADIOACTIVITY IN URINE WERE 4.6 AND 4.1 HOURS, RESPECTIVELY. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 392 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** MECHANISM OF ACTION PRECARCINOGEN VINYL CHLORIDE CONVERTED TO ALKYLATING INTERMEDIATE RESPONSIBLE FOR INTRODUCTION OF 2-OXYETHYL GROUP ONTO NUCLEOPHILIC SITES IN DNA & PROTEINS OF MICE. [GOTKE ET AL; BIOCHEM BIOPHYS RES COMMUN 76 (2): 259 (1977)] **PEER REVIEWED** INTERACTIONS SPRAGUE-DAWLEY MALE RATS RECEIVED EITHER 5% ETHANOL IN DRINKING WATER OR DRINKING WATER ONLY FOR 4 WEEKS PRIOR TO BEGINNING INHALATION OF 600 PPM VINYL CHLORIDE FOR 4 HOURS/DAY ON 5 DAYS/WEEK FOR 12 MONTHS. AFTER 60 WEEKS FROM THE FIRST VINYL CHLORIDE EXPOSURE, LIVER TUMORS WERE FOUND IN 75% OF THE VINYL CHLORIDE-ETHANOL RATS AND IN 38% OF THE VINYL CHLORIDE-ONLY GROUP (RADLIKE ET AL, 1977). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 388 (1979)] **UNREVIEWED** INTERACTIONS Vinyl chloride exertB a protective effect on hepatotoxieity when admin with vinylidene chloride. [Jaeger RJ; Ann NY Sci 246: 150-1 (1975) as cited in USEPA, Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft): Vinyl Chloride p.VI-2 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** INTERACTIONS The metabolism of vinyl chloride /was inhibited/ by administering a single dose of 320 mg/kg pyrazole one hr prior to inhalation of /vinyl chloride/ gas. [Hefner RE Jr et al; Ann NY Acad Sci 246: 135-48 (1975) ae cited in USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Vinyl Chlorid p.C-21 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-078] **PBER REVIEWED** INTERACTIONS Vinyl chloride and ethylene are acutely hepatotoxic in rats pretreated with polychlorinated biphenyl. ... Trichloropropane oxide significantly incr vinyl chloride toxicity in fasted but not in fed rats. Diethylmaleate significantly lowered hepatic glutathione during exposure, but did not increase hepatotoxieity of either vinyl chloride or ethylene. ... In polychlorinated biphenyl-treated rats, hepatic glutathione and hepatic epoxide hydrase influence the acute hepatotoxieity of vinyl chloride. [Conolly RB, Jaeger RJ; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 50 (3): 523-32 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** INTERACTIONS /Combining/ 1 mg/cu m vinyl chloride with 1 mg phenol/cu m antagonized the effects on the nervous system of rats in a 7 month continuous inhalation study. The mixture did not affect the learning ability which was impaired by 1 mg/cu m of either /empd/ separately. Vinyl chloride alone ... extended the blood clotting time. [Chyba A; Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 32 (4): 357-61 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** TSCA TEST SUBMISSIONS BOR 006826 The ability of vinyl chloride (VC) to induce morphological transformation in the BALB/3T3 mouse cell line (Cell Transformation Assay) was evaluated. Based on preliminary toxicity determinations (exposure time=l day), VC was tested as a gas in an exposure chamber which contained VC in the medium at concentrations of 0, 4, 20, 100 and 250 ug/ml in the medium (corresponding to a measured concentration in the chamber of 0, 4.1 and 9.0, 69, 506 and 1024 ppm, respectively) with cell survival ranging from 92% to 47% for treated cells. VC clearly exhibited a statistically significant increase in transformation activity when compared with controls. [Arthur D. Little, Inc.; Cell Transformation Assays of 11 Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Analogs. (1983), EPA Document No. 40-8324457, Fiche No. OTS0509392 ] **UNREVIEWED** TSCA TEST SUBMISSIONS The effects of vinyl chloride were examined in the mouse hepatocyte primaryculture/DNA repair assay. Based on preliminary toxicity tests, vinylchloride was tested at concentrations of 5, 10 and 15% and was found to becytotoxic at the 15% concentration. Vinyl chloride was genotoxic at allconcentrations tested. [Naylor Dana Institute; DNA Repair Tests of 11 Chlorinated Hydrocarbon analogs. (1983), EPA Document No. 40-8324292, Fiche No. OTS0509403 ] **UNREVIEWED** TSCA TEST SUBMISSIONS The effects of vinyl chloride were examined in the rat hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair assay. Based on preliminary toxicity tests, vinyl chloride was tested at concentrations of 5, 10 and 15% as a gas in a desiccator exposure chamber. The highest concentration was too toxic to be evaluated in the assay. The lower two concentrations were nontoxic but did cause a significant increase in the unscheduled DNA synthesis over untreated controls. [Naylor Dana Institute; DNA Repair Tests of 11 Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Analogs. (1983), EPA Document No. 40-8324292, Fiche No. OTS0509403 ] **UNREVIEWED** TSCA TEST SUBMISSIONS Chronic toxicity and oncogenicity were evaluated in groups of male and female Wistar rats (100/sex/group, except highest dose level, 50/sex/group) ingesting vinyl chloride (VC) in the diet at 0, 0.014, 0.13 and 1.3 mg VC/kg body weight/day, which was available for 4 hrs/day over the lifespan of the animals. There was a significant increase in the incidence of liver nodules suspected of being tumors in both sexes, especially in females, at the highest dose level. An increased incidence of foci of cellular alteration, neoplastic nodules, hepatocellular carcinomas, liver-cell polymorphism and cysts were observed at the highest dose level. Two females and 1 male developed a hepatic angiosarcoma, while none were observed in the other groups. Females exhibited a significant increase of basophilic foci of cellular alterations in the low and mid-dose levels, and the number of females in the mid-dose group bearing foci of cellular alteration was significantly increased. There were no significant differences betw en treated groups and controls in the following; body weight, hematology, or glutathione levels of the liver. [Civo Institute TNO; Lifespan Oral Carcinogenicity Study of Vinyl Chloride in Rats. (1983), EPA Document NO. FYI-AX-1084-0353, Fiche No. 0353 ] **UNREVIEWED** POPULATIONS AT SPECIAL RISK Older individuals, females, newborns, and alcohol consumers may be particularly sensitive to the effects of vinyl chloride. [USEPA, Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft): Vinyl Chloride p.IX-3 (1983)) **UNRBVIEWED** POPULATIONS AT SPECIAL RISK Those individuals ... with liver, renal, cardiac, or pulmonary impairments. [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. , p. 2256] **PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL FATE/EXPOSURE SUMMARY Although vinyl chloride is produced in large quantities, almost all of it is used captively for the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and other polymers. Therefore, its major release to the environment will be BOR 006827 as emissions and wastewater at th se production and manufacturing facilities. If vinyl chloride is released to soil, it will be subject to rapid volatilization with reported half-lives of 0.2 and 0.5 days for evaporation from soil at 1 and 10 cm incorporation, respectively. Any vinyl chloride which does not evaporate win be expected to be highly to very highly mobile in soil and it may leach to the groundwater. It may be subject to biodegradation under anaerobic conditions such as exists in flooded soil and groundwater. If vinyl chloride is released to water, it will not be expected to hydrolyze, to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms or to adsorb to sediments. It will be subject to rapid volatilization with an estimated half-life of 0.805 hr for evaporation from a river 1 m deep with a current of 3 m/sec and a wind velocity of 3 m/sec. In waters containing photosensitizers such as humic acid, photodegradation will occur fairly rapidly. Limited existing data indicate that vinyl chloride is resistant to biodegradation in aerobic systems and therefore, it may not be subject to biodegradation in aerobic soils and natural waters. It will not be expected to hydrolyze in soils or natural waters under normal environmental conditions. If vinyl chloride is released to the atmosphere, it can be expected to exist mainly in the vapor-phase in the ambient atmosphere and to degrade rapidly in air by gas-phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of 1.5 days. Products of reaction in the atmosphere include chloroacetaldehyde, hydrogen chloride, chloroethylene epoxide, formaldehyde, formyl chloride, formic acid, and carbon monoxide. In the presence of nitrogen oxides, eg photochemical smog situations, the half-life would be reduced to approximately a few hours. Since vinyl chloride is primarily used in limited number of locations, it is unlikely that contamination will be widespread. Major human exposure will be from inhalation of occupational atmospheres and from ingestion of contaminated food and drinking water which has come into contact with polyvinyl chloride packaging material or pipe which has not been treated adequately to remove residual monomer. (SRC) [CITATION ] **PEER REVIEWED** NATURAL OCCURRING SOURCES Vinyl chloride monomer is not known to occur in nature(l). [(1) IARC; Monograph Some Monomers, Plastics and Synthetic Elastomers, and Acrolein 19: 377-83 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** ARTIFICIAL SOURCES Small quantities of chloroethene can be exposed to food by migration of chloroethene monomer present in polyvinyl chloride food wrapings and containers. [Gilbert SG et al; J Food Process Preserv 4 (1-2): 27-49 (1980) as cited in USEPA; Health and Enviromental Effects Profile for Chloroethene; p.14 (1985) ECAO-CIN-P155] **PEER REVIEWED** ARTIFICIAL SOURCES Air emission from vinyl chloride production and use as a feedstock in the plastics industry (principally for pvc production) and wastewater from these industries(l). Vinyl chloride is also a product of anaerobic degradation of chlorination solvents such as would be expected to occur in groundwater and landfills(3). Spills(2). [(1) IARC; Monograph Some Monomers, Plastics and Synthetic Elastomers and Acrolein 19: 377-83 (1979) (2) charton J et al; p. 245-67 in Hazard Assessment of Chemicals Vol 2; Saxena J ed (1983) (3) Hallen et al; American Chem Soc 192 Annual Meeting, Anaheim CA 9/7-12/86 p. 344-346. (1986)] **PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL FATE TERRESTRIAL FATE: If vinyl chloride is released to soil, it will be subject to rapid volatilization based on a reported vapor pressure of 2600 mm Hg at 25 deg C(l); half-lives of 0.2 and 0.5 days were reported for volatilization from soil at 1 and 10 cm incorporation, respectively(2). Any vinyl chloride which does not evaporate will be expected to be highly mobile in soil and may leach to the groundwater. It may be subject to biodegradation under anaerobic conditions such as exists in flooded soil and groundwater; however, limited existing data BOR 006828 indicate that vinyl chloride is resistant to biodegradation in aerobic systems and therefore, it may not be subject to biodegradation in natural waters. It will not be expected to hydrolyze in soils under normal environmental conditions(SRC). [(1) Riddick JA et al.; Organic Solvents: Physical Properties and Methods of Purification. Techniques of Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-Interscience pp.1325 (1986) (2) Jury HA et al; J Environ Qual 13: 573-9 (1984)) **PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AQUATIC FATE: If vinyl chloride is released to water, it will not be expected to hydrolyze, to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms or to adsorb to sediments. It will be subject to rapid volatilization with an estimated half-life of 0.805 hr for evaporation from a river 1 m deep with a current of 3 m/sec and a wind velocity of 3 m/sec(l,SRC). In waters containing photosensitizers such as humic acid, photodegradation will occur fairly rapidly. Limited existing data indicate that vinyl chloride is resistant to biodegradation in aerobic systems and therefore, it may not be subject to biodegradation in natural waters(SRC). [(1) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of chemical Property Estimation Methods. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill p. 15-25 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL FATE ATMOSPHERIC FATE: If vinyl chloride is released to the atmosphere, it can be expected to exist mainly in the vapor-phase in the ambient atmosphere(1,SRC) based on a reported vapor pressure of 2660 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2). Gas phase vinyl chloride is expected to degrade rapidly in air by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of 1.5 days(3,SRC). Products of reaction in the atmosphere include chloroacetaldehyde, HC1, chloroethylene epoxide, formaldehyde, formyl chloride, formic acid, and carbon monoxide(4). In the presence of nitrogen oxides, eg photochemical smog situations, the half-life would be reduced to a few hours(SRC). [(1) Eisenreich SJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 15: 30-8 (1981) (2) Riddick JA et al.; Organic Solvents: Physical Properties and Methods of Purification. Techniques of Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-Interscience pp.1325 (1986) (3) Perry RA et al; J Chem Phys 67: 458-62 (1977) (4) Muller JPH, Korte F; Chemosphere 6: 341-6 (1977)] **PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AQUATIC FATE: ... the rate of bulk exchange of gaseous vinyl chloride between atmosphere and water is about twice that of oxygen. As a result ... the loss of vinyl chloride by volatilization from water is probably the most significant process in its distribution. There is little information pertaining specifically to the rate of adsorption ... onto particulate matter. In a study on the behavior vinyl chloride in water no significant difference in the rate of ... loss from distilled water, river water, or effluent from a vinyl chloride plant stirred at the same rate was found, thus indicating negligible adsorption ... onto particulate matter. -- Aquatic sediments could exhibit long-term storage of low levels ... if extreme environmental conditions, such as continual high levels of vinyl chloride input were present in water. [Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Volume II. EPA-440/4-79-029b. Washington, D.C.: U.S. 49-6] **PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AQUATIC FATE: ... In environments such as municipal water chlorination facilities, high concentrations of chloride would exist. Under certain conditions, vinyl chloride may be converted to more highly chlorinated compounds based on the reactivity of carbon-carbon double bonds with chlorine and hypohalous acid. Dissolved vinyl chloride in water will readily escape into the gas phase, but chemical reactions can occur with water impurities which may inhibit its release. Many salts have the ability to form complexes with vinyl chloride and can increase its solubility. Therefore, the amounts of vinyl chloride in water could be influenced significantly by the presence of salts. [Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 BOR 006829 Priority Pollutants. Volume II. EPA-440/4-79-029b. Washington, D.C.j U.S. 49-7] **PEER REVIEWED** BIODEGRADATION Limited existing data indicate that vinyl chloride is resistant to biodegradation in aerobic systems(l,2). Vinyl chloride was approximately 50% and 100% degraded in 4 and 11 weeks, respectively, in the presence of sand by methanogenic microorganisms under anaerobic conditions in laboratory scale experiments(3). In the absence of sand 20% and 55% degradation occurred in 4 and 11 weeks, respectively(3). [(1) Helfgott TB et al; An index of refractory organics, p.21 USEPA-600/2-77-174 (1977) (2) Callahan MA et al; Water-related environmental fate of 129 priority pollutants Vol 2, p.49-1 to 49-10 USEPA-440/4-79-029b (1979) (3) Brauch HJ et al; Vom Wasser 68; 23-32 (1987)] **PEER REVIEWED** ABIOTIC DEGRADATION The rate constant for the vapor phase reaction of vinyl chloride with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been determined in laboratory experiments to be 6.60x10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 26 deg C(l) which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of 1.5 days at an atmospheric concentration of 8X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm (SRC). Disappearance of approximately 50% of vinyl chloride exposed to sunlight outdoors in air occurred in 0.5 and 2 days in Sept and Dec, respectively(2). The products of reaction include chloroacetaldehyde, MCI, chloroethylene epoxide, formaldehyde, formyl chloride, formic acid and carbon monoxide(3,4). In the presence of nitrogen oxides, its reactivity is higher with a half-life of 3-7 hre(2,5,6). In water no photodegradation was observed in 90 hours; however, degradation is rapid in the presence of sensitizers such as might be found in humic waters, etc, or free radicals as might be found in PVC manufacturing effluent streams(7). Hydrolysis will not be a significant loss process(8). ((1) Perry RA et al; J Chem Phys 67: 458-62 (1977) (2) Carassiti V et al; Ann Chim 67: 499-512 (1978) (3) Muller JPH, Korte F; Chemosphere 6: 341-6 (1977) (4) Kagiya T et al; Japan Chem Soc Spring Term Mtg, 32nd Tokyo Japan paper 1035 (1975) (5) Woldbaek T, Klaboe P; Spectrochim Acta A 34: 481-7 (1978) (6) Gay BW Jr et al; Environ Sci Technol 10: 58-66 (1976) (7) Callahan MA et al; Water-related environmental fate of 129 priority pollutants Vol 2 p.49-1 to 49-10 USEPA-440/4-79-029b (1979) (8) Mabey WR et al; Aquatic Fate Process Data for Organic Priority Pollutants p.156 USEPA-440/4-81-014 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** ABIOTIC DEGRADATION ... Reacts at an extremely rapid rate with hydroxyl radicals, exhibiting a half-life on the order of a few hours with the subsequent formation of hydrogen chloride or formyl chloride as posible products. Formyl chloride, if formed, is reported to decompose thermally at ambient temperatures with a half-life of about 20 minutes, yielding carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride. [Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants, volume II. EPA-440/4-79-029b. Washington, D.C.: U.S. 49-1] **PEER REVIEWED** ABIOTIC DEGRADATION Atmospheric ozone prevents essentially all sunlight of wavelengths shorter than 290 nm from reaching the earth's surface, vinyl chloride, in the vapor phase, does not absorb light of wavelengths greater than 220 nm, and in water it does not absorb above 218 nm. As a result, direct photolysis ... would be expected, at best, to be a very slow process due to lack of overlap between vinyl chloride absorption and sunlight radiation spectra. ... It is, however, possible that light-induced transformations of vinyl chloride could occur through indirect photolysis. Photolysis experiments were conducted ... in natural water and in distilled water containing photosensitizers that absorb light of wavelengths greater than 300 nm. It was found that vinyl chloride in soln decomposed rapidly when irradiated with ultraviolet light in the presence of acetone, a high energy triplet BOR 006830 sensitizer, or hydrogen peroxide, a free radical source. [Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Volume II. EPA-440/4-79-029b. Washington, D.C.: U.S. 49-2] **PEER REVIEWED** ABIOTIC DEGRADATION Atmospheric photodissociation ... appears to be much less important than photochemical oxidation. Rapid photochemical oxidation is reported to remove the compound from the troposphere with a half-life of a few hours. As a result, neither the chlorine in vinyl chloride nor vinyl chloride itself is likely to diffuse to the stratosphere. Experiments ... indicate ... that if reactive radicals are present in natural waters at significant concn, they may degrade vinyl chloride. Experimental results show that vinyl chloride will not be significantly degraded by molecular oxygen at temperatures and oxygen concn present in natural waters. [Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Volume II. EPA-440/4-79-029b. Washington, D.C.: U.S. 49-3] **PEER REVIEWED** ABIOTIC DEGRADATION Hydrolysis over a pH range of 4.3 to 9.4 does not appear to be an important pathway for loss of vinyl chloride from water. The hydrolytic half-life ... has been estimated to be less than 10 years at 25 deg C. Since the volatilization rate ... is much more rapid than the predicted rate of hydrolysis, hydrolysis should not be a significant aquatic fate. [Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Volume II. EPA-440/4-79-029b. Washington, D.C.: U.S. 49-4] **PER REVIEWED** BIOCONCENTRATION Based on a reported water solubility of 2,700 mg/l(l), a BCF of 7 was estimated(3,SRC). Based on the estimated BCF, vinyl chloride will not be expected to significantly bioconcentrate in aquatic organism(SRC). While not reporting actual bioconcentration factors, a lack of appreciable bioconcentration in extractable fractions of fish and aquatic invertebrates was reported in an ecosystem study(2). [(1) Riddick JA et al; Organic Solvents; Physical Properties and Methods of Purification. Techniques of Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-Interscienc pp. 1325 (1986) (2) Lu PY et al; Arch Enivron Contain Toxicol 9: 1042-8 (1977) (3) Lyman wj et al; Handbook of Chem Property Estimation Methods Environ Behavior of Org Compounds McGraw-Hill NY p. 4-9 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** BIOCONCENTRATION Some /data indicated/ that vinyl chloride is too readily volatilized to undergo bioaccumulation, except perhaps in the most extreme exposur conditions. Studies on five bacterial, three fungal, and two single organism cultures from natural aquatic systems did not show bioaccumulation to be an appreciable process. [Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Volume II. EPA-440/4-79-029b. Washington, D.C.; U.S. 49-6] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS Vinyl chloride monomer has been found in polyvinyl chloride resins but these levels can be reduced by new processing techniques in food grade resins(l). For example, PVC delivered to a fabricator contained 250 ppm vinyl chloride monomer which was reduced to 0.5-20 ppm after fabrication(l). Residual vinyl chloride monomer found in food packing material ranged from 0.043-71 ppb for film and up to 7.9 ppm for plastic bottles(1). It has been found in domestic and foreign cigarettes and little cigars in concentrations of 5.6-27 mg/cigarette(l). [(1) IARC; Monograph Some Monomers, Plasties and Synthetic Elastomers, and Acrolein 19: 381-3 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** WATER CONCENTRATIONS DRINKING WATER: In the National Organic Monitoring Survey (1976-7) 2 samples out of 113 contained detectable levels (>0.1 ppb) and these averaged 0.14 ppb(l). Highest value found in USA drinking water is 10 ppb(5,7). 23% of 133 USA cities using finished surface water were pos. BOR 006831 0.1 to 9.8 ppb, 0.4 ppb median of pos samples(2). A finished groundwater survey in 25 USA cities resulted in 4.0% pos, 9.4 ppb mean(2,6). One contaminated drinking water well contained 50 ppb(3). Drinking water from PVC pipes contained 1.4 ppb in a recent installation, while a 9 yr old system had 0.03 to 0.06 ppb(4). [(1) Drury JS, Hammons AS; Investigations of Selected Environmental Pollutants 1,2-dichloroethane. p.63 EPA-560/2-78-006 (1979) (2) Coniglio WA et al; The occurrence of volatile organics in drinking water. EPA exposure assessment project (1980) (3) Burmaster DE; Environ 24; 6-13, 33-6 (1982) (4) USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Vinyl Chloride. USEPA-440/5-80-078 (1980) (5) Fishbein L; Sci Total Environ 11: 111-61 (1979) (6) Council Environmental Quality; Contamination on groundwater by toxic organic chemicals. Washington, DC 84 p.(1981) (7) Kraybill HF; NY Acad Sci Annals 298:80-9 (1977)] **PEER REVIEWED** WATER CONCENTRATIONS DRINKING WATER: USA: National Screening Program, 1977-1981, 142 water supplies, 4.9% pos, trace to 76 ppb(l); state sampling data, 1033 supplies sampled, 7.1% pos, trace to 380 ppb(l). [(1) Cotruvo JA et al; pp.511-30 in Organic Carcinogens in Drinking Water (1986)] **PEER REVIEWED** WATER CONCENTRATIONS GROUNDWATER: 4 of 1060 wells in New Jersey were positive(4) and vinyl chloride (VC) was present in the 10 most polluted wells from 408 New Jersey samples; however, it was not quantified(S). 15.4% of 13 US cities sampled were pos - 2.2 to 9.4 ppb, 5.8 ppb median(1,2). In a 9-state survey, 7% of the wells tested were positive, with a maximum value of 380 ppb reported(3). After train derailment in Manitoba on Mar 10, 1980, in which large amounts of VC was spilled in the snow, 10 ppm max occurred in groundwater which decreased to below 0.02 ppm by 10 wk after the spill(6). [(1) Coniglio WA et al; The occurrence of volatile organics in drinking water. EPA exposure assessment project (1980) (2) Council Environmental Quality; Contamination on groundwater by toxic organic chemicals. Washington, DC 84 p.(1981) (3) Dyksen JE, Herr AF III; J Amer Water Work Assoc 1982, 394-403 (1982) (4) Page GW; Environ Sci Technol 15: 1475-81 (1981) (5) Greenberg M et al; Environ Sci Technol 16:14-9 (1982) (6) Charlton J et al; p.245-67 in Hazard Assessment of Chemicals Vol 2; Saxena J ed (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** WATER CONCENTRATIONS GROUNDWATER: USA 1982 National Ground Water Supply Survey, 466 samples, 1.1% pos, 1.1 ppb median, 1.1 ppb max (1 ppb quantification limit)(1). [(1) Cotruvo JA; Sci Total Environ 47: 7-26 (1985)] **PBER REVIEWED** WATER CONCENTRATIONS SURFACE WATER: 9.8 ppb max value found in a 1981, 9 state survey(2,3). It was not detected in winter or summer samples from the Delaware River(4). Vinyl chloride has been detected in 21 out of 606 samples from New Jersey(5) and other USA samples(6). 7.6% of 105 USA cities were positive with pos samples ranging from 0.2 to 5.1 ppb, 3.25 ppb median(l). [(1) Coniglio WA et al; the occurrence of volatile organics in drinking water. EPA exposure assessment project (1980) (2) Burmaster DE; Environ 24: 6-13, 33-6 (1982) (3) Dyksen JE, Herr AF III; J Amer Water Work Assoc 1982, 394-403 (1982) (4) Sheldon LS, Hites RA; Environ Sci Technol 12:1188-94 (1978) (5) Page GW; Environ Sci Technol 15:1475-81 (1981) (6) Fishbein L; Sci Total Environ 11: 111-61 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** WATER CONCENTRATIONS On the basis of various model simulations -- it appears that vinyl chloride should not remain in the aquatic ecosystem under most natural conditions. The loss of vinyl chloride at constant temperature and pressure is a function of water turbulence and mixing efficiency. [Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Volume II. EPA-440/4-79-029b. Washington, D.C.: U.S. 49-4] **PEER REVIEWED** WATER CONCENTRATIONS BOR 006832 ... Experimental decrease of 16 mg/1 ... /is/ 96% in 2 hours when stirred rapidly at 22 deg c in an open beaker of distilled water. In contrast, quiescent water under the same conditions yielded a ... concn loss over 2 hours of only 25%. Assuming that all processes invloved are strictly first order, the volatilization loss data above yields half-lives of 25.8 minutes for the Btirred case and 290 minutes for the quiescent case. [Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Volume II. EPA-440/4-79-029b. Washington, D.C.: U.S. 49-5] **PEER REVIEWED** EFFLUENTS CONCENTRATIONS The only industry with appreciable waste water effluents of vinyl chloride is the organic chemicals mfg/plastic industry where mean levels are 750 ppb(l). Waste water from 12 PVC plants in 7 USA areas ranged from 0.05 to 20 ppm with typical levels being 2 to 3 ppm(2). Vinyl chloride has been detected in effluents from chemical and latex plants in Long Beach, California(4). It was not detected in effluents from major municipal waste water discharges in Southern California(3). Groundwater from hazardous waste sites, CERCLA Database, 178 sites, 8.7% pos(5). [(1) USEPA; Treatability Manual, p.I.12.12-1 to 1.12.12-4 (1981) USEPA-600/2-82-001a (1981) (2) USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Vinyl Chloride. USEPA-440/5-80-078 (1980) (3) Young DR; Annual Rep Southern California Coastal Water Res Proj p.103-12 (1978) (4) Fishbein L; Sci Total Environ 11: 111-61 (1979) (5) Plumb RH Jr; Ground Water Monit Rev 7: 94-100 (1987)] **PEER REVIEWED** SEDIMENT/SOIL CONCENTRATIONS After March 10, 1980 train derailment in Canada in which large quantities of vinyl chloride were spilled in the snow, soil samples reached levels as high as 500 ppm between one and two meters below the soil surface (1). [(1) Charlton J et al; p.245-67 in Hazard Assessment of chemicals Vol 2; Saxena J ed (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS RURAL: <5 parts/trillion detected in air sample from the rural northwest USA(1,4) <10 ppb at the Whiteface Mtn in New York(3). No vinyl chloride was detected in 7 air samples taken in the Grand Canyon, AZ, detection limit* 2.8 ppb(2) and <10 ppb at the Whiteface Mtn in New York(3). URBAN/SUBURBAN; NJ area, 36 samples, 42% pos, trace-3,132 ng/cu m(5). Baton Rouge, LA, area, 16 samples, 56% pos, trace-1,334 ng/cu m(5). ((1) Harsch DE et al; J Air Pollut Control Assoc 29: 975-6 (1979) (2) Pellizzari ED; Quantification of chlorinated hydrocarbons in previously collected air samples USEPA-450/3-78-112 (1978) (3) Lillian D et al; Environ Sci Technol 9: 1042-8 (1975) (4) Grimsrud EP, Rasmussen RA; Atmos Environ 9: 1014-7 (1975) (5) Pellizzari ED et al; Formulation of preliminary assessment of halogenated organic compounds in man and environmental media. USEPA-560/13-79-006 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS URBAN/SUBURBAN: Vinyl chloride has a low frequency of occurrence in studies done in New Jersey(l,3,5,6), with a concn range of a trace to <10 ppb avg(l,3-7). 2 of 8 sites (1 - Staten Island and 7 - New Jersey) were pos - 0.15 and 46 ppb(2); Baltimore, MD - 38.5 ppb avg(4). [(1) Bozzelli JW, Kebbehus BB; Analysis of Selected Volatile Substances in Ambient Air, Final Report Apr-Nov 1978. Newark, NJ: New Jersey Institute Tech 80 p. (1979) (2) Pellizzari ED; The Measurement of Carcinogenic Vapors in Ambient Atmospheres, p.288 USEPA-600/7-77-055 (1977) (3) Bozzelli JN et al; Analysis of Selected Toxic and Carcinogenic Substances in Ambient Air in New Jersey. New Jersey Dept Environ Protect (1980) (4) Lillian D et al; Environ Sci Technol 9: 1042-8 (1975) (5) Harkov R et al; J Air Pollut Control Assoc 33: 1177-83 (1983) (6) Harkov R et al; Toxic and Carcinogenic Air Pollutants in New Jersey - Volatile Organic Substances. Trenton, NJ: Office of Cancer and Toxic Substances Research (1981) (7) Lioy PY et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 33: 649-57 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS SOURCE DOMINATED AREAS: Houston, TX -Gulf Coast area (18 samples) BOR 006833 3.1-1250 ppb, max in Texas City(6); Niagara Falls, NY, upwind from plant - 0 ppb, downwind -28 ppb and 40 ppb measur d in a nearby residential area (3). Delaware City, DE highway intersection - 790 ppb avg(2) Houston, TX area which is the site of 40% of USA production capacity of PVC had a range of 3.1-1250 ppb(4,5) with 33.0 ppm being detected 0.5 km from the center of a vinyl chloride plant(5). Eight highly industrialized USA areas 0 to 0.513 ppb(l). Not detected in 23 samples from the Kin Buc disposal site in New Jersey(l). [(1) Pellizzari ED; Quantification of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Previously Collected Air Samples USEPA-450/3-78-112 (1978) (2) Lillian D et al; Environ Sci Technol 9; 1042-8 (1975) (3) Gay BW Jr, Noonan RC; Ambient Air Measurements of Vinyl Chloride in the Niagara Falls Area; Environmental Monitoring Series. 19 p. USEPA-650/4-75-020 (1975) (4) McMurray JR, Tarr J; IES 24 Ann Mtg Fort Worth, Tx 18-20 Apr 78 p 149-53 (1978) (5) Fishbein L; Sci Total Environ 11s 111-61 (1979) (6) Gordon SJ, Meeks SA; AICHE Symp Ser 73: 84-94 (1977)] **PEER REVIEWED** ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS SOURCE DOMINATED: Ambient air near 2 vinyl chloride (VC) plants in Long Beach, CA -0.1-3.4 ppm(l). New auto interiors, <0.05% pos, 0.4 to 1.2 ppm(l), however, <10 ppb was measured in another study involving 16 new or used cars and 4 new or old mobile homes(l). After Mar 10, 1980 train derailment in Canada in which quantities of VC were spilled during a blizzard, levels in excess of 200 ppm were found at ground levels near some freight cars but levels outside of the spill area were <0.02 ppm the detection limit(2). Ambient air near waste site, 2-7.3 ppb, 1 background site, 2-3 ppb(3); air in homes in neighborhood surrounding the landfill, 108 samples from 19 homes, 4 ppb avg, 7 ppb max; 420 samples from 50 different homes, 4 ppb avg, 9.3 ppb max(3). [(1) IARC; Monograph, Some Monomers, Plastics and Synthetic Elastomers, and Arolein 19: 380-3 (1979) (2) Charleton J et al; p. 245-67 in Hazard Assessment of Chemicals Vol 2; Saxena J ed (1983) (3) Stephens RD et al; pp. 265-87 in: Pollutants in a Multimedia Environment. Cohen Y Ed. Plenum Press: New York (1986)] **PEER REVIEWED** FOOD SURVEY VALUES 20 mg/kg were detected in alcoholic beverages which were packaged in products containing vinyl chloride(l,3). Alcoholic beverages - 0.025 to 1.60 ppm. 0.44 ppm avg, edible oils - 0.3 to 3.29 ppm, 2.16 ppm avg, vinegars 0 (red wine) to 8.40 ppm (apple cider), detected but not quantified in butter and margarine when these products were packaged in PVC eonainers(2,3). [(1) IARC; Monograph Some Anti-Thyroid and Related Substances, Nitrofurans and Industrial Chemicals 7: 291-318 (1974) (2) USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Vinyl Chloride, p 6-7 (1980) EPA-440/5-80-078 (3) Fishbein L; Sci Total Environ 11: 111-61 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** PROBABLE ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE Inhalation is the major route of exposure for nearby residents and workers(l). Exposure is also possible by ingestion of contaminated foods, drinking water and absorption through skin from cosmetics(l). [(1) USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Vinyl Chloride. p.C-2 USEPA-440/5-80-078 (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED** PROBABLE EXPOSURES Potential risk groups include workers in VC production or use facilities and nearby residents, people coming in contact with recently manufactured PVC in enclosed quarters (eg, new cars), consumers of food products packaged in PVC and drinking water from PVC pipes(1). The total worldwide work force in VC and PVC industries exceeds 70,000(1). NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 18,368 workers are exposed to vinyl chloride in the U5A(2). NIOSH (NOHS Survey 1972-1974) has statistically estimated that 239,375 workers are exposed to vinly chloride in the USA(3). The NOES Survey has not been completed (data as of 5/10/88 included) in that exposure to vinyl chloride in trade name products will still to be included. The large difference between the estimates in the NOES and NOHS surveys probably reflects a reduction in exposure to VC rather than the fact that the trade nam BOR 006834 exposure data from the NOES survey has not been completely processed{SRC). Avg exposure of a random person living within a 5 mi radius of a plant - 17 ppb{4). The estimated number of persons at risk is 4.6 million{4). [(1) Fishbein L; Sci Total Environ 11: 111-61 (1979) (3) Council on Environmental Quality; Contamination of groundwater by organic chemicals. 84 p. (1981) (2) NIOSH; The National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1988) (3) NIOSH; The National Occupational Hazard Survey (NOHS) (1974) (4) USEPA; Ambient Hater Quality Criteria for Vinyl Chloride p.C-52 USEPA-440/5-80-078 (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED** BODY BURDENS A STRONG CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN VINYL CHLORIDE (VC) CONCN AT WORKING PLACES AND THE INCR EXCRETION OF THIODIGLYCOLIC ACID OF 18 EXPOSED WORKERS. THE VALUE OBTAINED WERE IN THE RANGE OF 0.14-7.00 PPM. THE EXCRETION OF THIODIGYLCOLIC ACID, MEASURED BY GC-MS ANALYSIS, AMOUNTED TO 0.3-4.0 MG/L. (MUELLER G ET AL; INT ARCH OCCUP ENVIRON HEALTH 41 (3): 199 (1978)] **PEER REVIEWED** SOIL ADSORPTION/MOBILITY Based on a reported water solubility of 2,700 ppm(l), a Koc of 56 was estimated(2,SRC). According to estimated Koc values, vinyl chloride will be expected to be highly mobile in soil(3) and therefore it may leach to the groundwater(SRC). ((1) Riddick JA et al; Organic Solvents: Physical Properties and Methods of Purification. Techniques of Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-Interscience pp.1325 (1986) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chem Property Estimation Methods Environ McGraw-Hill NY p 4-9 (1982) (3) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** VOLATILIZATION FROM WATER/SOIL Using a reported Henry's Law constant of 0.0560 atm/cu m-mole(4), a half-life of 0.805 hr was calculated for evaporation from a river 1 m deep with a current of 3 m/sec and with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec(l,SRC). Based on a high reported vapor pressure of 2,660 mm Hg at 25 deg C(3), volatilization from soil would be rapid(SRC); half-liv s of 0.2 and 0.5 days were reported for volatilization from soil at 1 and 10 cm incorporation, respectively(2). [(1) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of chemical property estimation methods. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill p. 15-25 (1982) (2) Jury WA et al; J Environ Qual 13: 573-9 (1984) (3) Riddick JA et al; Organic Solvents: Physical Properties and Methods of Purification. Techniques of Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-Interscience pp.1325 (1986) (4) Hine J, Mookerjee PK; J Org Chem 40: 292-8 (1975)] **PEER REVIEWED** IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH NIOSH has recommended that vinyl chloride be treated as a potential human carcinogen. [NIOSH. Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. 2nd Printing. DHHS (NIOSH) Publ. No. 85-114. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept, of Health and Human Services, NIOSH/Supt. , p. 236] **PEER REVIEWED** ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKES The ten day health advisory for vinyl chloride for a 10 kg child that consumes one liter of water/day is 2.6 mg/day or 0.26 mg/kg/day. [USEPA/ODW; Vinyl Chloride Health Advisory (Draft) p.7 (1985)] **PEER REVIEWED** OSHA STANDARDS 8 hr Time-Weighted avg: 1 ppm. No employee may be exposed to concentrations greater than 5 ppm averaged over any period not exceeding 15 min. No employee may be exposed to vinyl chloride by direct contact with liquid vinyl chloride. [29 CFR 1910.1017 (7/1/88)] **PEER REVIEWED** OSHA STANDARDS Meets criteria for OSHA medical records rule. [29 CFR 1910.20 (7/1/88)] **PEER REVIEWED** NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS Carcinogen; lowest reliably detectable concn; liver function testing required. [NIOSH/CDC. NIOSH Recommendations for Occupational Safety and Health Standards 1988, Aug. 1988. (Suppl. to Morbidity and Mortality Wkly. Vol. 37 NO. 5-7, Aug. V37(S-7) 28] **PEER REVIEWED** BOR 006835 THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 5 ppm, 13 mg/cu m (1980) (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices for 1989-1990. Cincinnati, OH: American , p. 42) **QC REVIEWED** THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES Al. Al Confirmed human carcinogen. (1980) [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices for 1989-1990. Cincinnati, OH: American , p. 42] **QC REVIEWED** OTHER OCCUPATIONAL PERMISSIBLE LEVELS MAC, USSR: 30 mg/cu m [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vola. Ifill. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. , p. 2256] **PEER REVIEWED** WATER STANDARDS Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act and is subject to effluent limitations. [40 CFR 401.15 (7/1/88)] **PEER REVIEWED** WATER STANDARDS The national revised primary drinking water maximum contaminant level for vinyl choride for community water systems is 0.002 mg/1. [40 CFR 141.61 (7/1/88)] **PEER REVIEWED** WATER STANDARDS Based on 2 liters of drinking water consumed and the consumption of 6.5 g of fish and shellfish, the corresponding risk levels of 1X10-5, 1X10-6, 1X10-7, the criteria to protect human health is derived at 0.2 ug/1, 2.0 ug/1, and 20 ug/1, respectively. Consumption of fish and shellfish only are: 52.5 ug/1, 525 ug/1, and 5,246 ug/1, respectively. [USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Vinyl Chloride p.C-61 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-078] **PEER REVIEWED** ATMOSPHERIC STANDARDS Emission standards for -- vinyl chloride ... and compliance to the following topic areas are considered: (1) Relief valve discharge; (2) Fugitive emission sources; (3) Leakage from pump, compressor, and agitator seals; (4) Manual venting of gases; (5) Samples; (6) Leak detection and elimination; and (7) In process wastewater. [40 CFR 61.65 (7/1/88)] **PEER REVIEWED** ATMOSPHERIC STANDARDS Vinyl chloride formulation and purification: The eonen of vinyl chloride in exhaust gases discharged to the atmosphere from any equipment used in vinyl chloride formation and/or purification is not to exceed 10 ppm, except as provided in 40 CFR 61.65(a). [40 CFR 61.63 (7/1/88)] **PEER REVIEWED** ATMOSPHERIC STANDARDS This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Vinyl chloride is produced, as an intermediate or final product, by process units covered under this subpart. [40 CFR 60.489 (7/1/89)] **PEER REVIEWED** ATMOSPHERIC STANDARDS Vinyl chloride has been designated as a hazardous air pollutant under section 112 of the Clean Air Act. [40 CFR 61.01 (7/1/88)] **PEER REVIEWED** CERCLA REPORTABLE QUANTITIES Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1 lb or 0.454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area BOR 006836 (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). [54 FR 33419 (8/14/89)] **PEER REVIEWED** FDA REQUIREMENTS FDA banned the use of vinyl chloride as an aerosol propellant ... FDA eliminated the use of vinyl chloride in drug products and has alerted food manufacturers to the need for monitoring packaging materials that may contain it. [DHHS/NTP; Fourth Annual Report On Carcinogens p.200 (1985) NTP 85-002] **PEER REVIEWED** FDA REQUIREMENTS Vinyl chloride is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. [21 CFR 175.105 (4/1/88)] **PEER REVIEWED** FDA REQUIREMENTS Acrylonitrile copolymers and resins listed in this section, containing less than 30 percent acrylonitrile and complying with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section, may be safely used as follows: Acrylonitrile/butadiene copolymer blended with vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate (optional at level up to 5 percent by weight of the vinyl chloride resin) resin- for use only in contact with oleomargarine. /Acrylonitrile/butadiene copolymer blended with vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate/ [21 CFR 181.32 (4/1/88)] **PEER REVIEWED** FDA REQUIREMENTS Vinyl Chloride is an indirect food additive polymer for use as a basic component of single and repeated use food contact surfaces. Semirigid ad rigid acrylic and modified acrylic plastics may be safely used as articles intended for use in contact with food in accordance with prescribed conditions. The acrylic and modified acrylic polymers or plastic described in this section also may be safely used as components of articles intended for use in contact with food. At least 50 weight-percent of the polymer content of the acrylic and modified acrylic materials used as finished articles or as components of articles shall consist of polymer units derived from copolymers produced by copolymerizing one or more of the monomers (listed in paragraph (a)(i)) with vinyl chloride. [21 CFR 177.1010 (4/1/88)] **PEER REVIEWED** FDA REQUIREMENTS Vinyl chloride is an indirect food additive polymer for use as a basic component of single and repeated use food contact surfaces. Cellophane may be safely used for packaging food in accordance with prescribed conditions. Optional substances used in the base sheet and coating may include vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride copolymer resins, vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-maleic acid copolymer resins, and vinylidence chloride copolymerized with vinyl chloride. [21 CFR 177.1200 (4/1/88)] **PEER REVIEWED** FDA REQUIREMENTS Vinyl chloride is an indirect food additive polymer for use as a basic component of single and repeated use food contact surfaces. Closur s with sealing gaskets may be safely used on containers intended for use in producing, manufacturing, packing, processing, preparing, treating, packaging, transporting, or holding food in accordance wit prescribed conditions. Substances that may be employed in the manufacture of closure-sealing gaskets include vinyl chloride-vinyl stearate copolymers. [21 CFR 177.1210 (4/1/88)] **PEER REVIEWED** FDA REQUIREMENTS Vinyl chloride is an indirect food additive polymer for use as a basic component of single and repeated use food contact surfaces. The vinyl chloride-ethylene copolymers indentified in paragraph (a) of this section may be safely used as components of articles intended for contact with food under conditions of use D, E, F, or G described in Table 2 of Section 176.170 (c) of this chapter, subject to the provisions of this section. [21 CFR 177.1950 (4/1/88)] **PEER REVIEWED** FDA REQUIREMENTS Vinyl chloride is an indirect food additive polymer for use as a basic BOR 006837 component of single and repeated use food contact surfaces. The vinyl chloride-hexene-1 copolymers identified in paragraph (a) of this section may be safely used as articles/or as components of articles intended for use in contact with food, under conditions of use D, E, F, or G described in Table 2 of Section 176.170 (c) of this chapter, subject to the provisions of this section. [21 CFR 177.1960 (4/1/88)] **PEER REVIEWED** FDA REQUIREMENTS Vinyl chloride is an indirect food additive polymer for use as a basic component of single and repeated use food contact surfaces. The vinyl chloride-lauryl vinyl ether copolymers indentified in paragraph (a) of this section may be used as a article or as a component of an articl intended for use in contact with food subject to the provisions of this section. [21 CFR 177.1970 (4/1/88)] **FEER REVIEWED** FDA REQUIREMENTS Vinyl chloride is an indirect food additive polymer for use as a basic component of single and repeated use food contact surfaces. The vinyl chloride-propylene copolymers identified in paragraph (a) of this section may be safely used as components of articles intended for contact with food, subject to the provisions of this section. [21 CFR 177.1980 (4/1/88)] **PEER REVIEWED** FDA REQUIREMENTS Vinyl chloride polymers is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. /Vinyl chloride polymers/ [21 CFR 175.105 (4/1/88)] **PEER REVIEWED** RCRA REQUIREMENTS As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when vinyl chloride, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5). [40 CFR 261.33 (7/1/88)] **PEER REVIEWED** FIFRA REQUIREMENTS Cancelled or suspended, all pesticide products containing this compound, whether an active or inert ingredient, for uses in the home, food handling establishments, hospitals or in enclosed areas. [Environmental Protection Agency/OPTS. Suspended, Cancelled and Restricted Pesticides. 3rd Revision. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Protection Agency, January 1985. , p. 28] **UNREVIEWED** SAMPLING PROCEDURES Essential characteristics, advantages, and problems associated with personal monitors for selected air pollutants are discussed and compared with fixed station monitoring. Studies on monitoring of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, respirable particulates, vinyl chloride, formaldehyde, pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls, polynuclear aromatics, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and radon are reviewed. [Wallace LA, Ott WR; J Air Pollut Control Assoc 32 (6)t 601-10 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** SAMPLING PROCEDURES NIOSH 1007: Analyte: Vinyl chloride; Matrix: air; Sampler: Solid sorbent tube (2 tandem tubes, each with 150 mg activated coconut charcoal); Flow rate: 0.05 1/min; Vol; min: 0.7 1, max: 5 1; Stability: 10 days @ 25 deg C [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH V2 1007-1] **PEER REVIEWED** ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS A GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR DETERMINING VINYL CHLORIDE IN FOODSTUFFS AND IN VINYL CHLORIDE POLYMERS AND COPOLYMERS INTENDED TO COME INTO CONTACT WITH FOOD. COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITITES, OFF J EUR COMMUNITIES NUMBER C16 8 (1977). [IARC. Monographs on the B0R 006838 Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-1985. (Multivolume work). V19 383 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS NIOSH 1007: Analyte: Vinyl chloride; Matrix: air; Technique: Gas chromatography, FID; Desorption: 1 ml carbon disulfide, 30 min; Range: 0.002 to 0.2 mg/sample; Est LOD: 0.00004 mg/sample; Precision: not determined; Interferences: none [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH V2 1007-1] * *UNREVIEWED * * ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS EPA Method 8010: Halogenated Volatile Organics. For the analysis of solid waBte, a representative sample (solid or liquid) is collected in a standard 40 ml glass screw-cap VOA vial equipped with a Teflon-fac d silicone septum. Sample agitation, as well as contamination of the sample with air, must be avoided. Two vials are filled per sample location, then placed in separate plastic bags for shipment and storage. Samples may be analyzed by direct injection or purge-and-trap using gas chromatography, with detection achieved with a halogen-specific detector. A temperature program is used in the gas chromatograph to separate the organic compounds. Column 1 is an 8 ft by 0.1 in ID stainless steel or glass column packed with 1% SP-1000 on Carbopack-B 60/80 mesh or equivalent. Column 2 is a 6 ft by 0.1 in ID stainless steel or glass column packed with chemically bonded n-octan on Forasil-C 100/120 mesh (Durapak) or equivalent. Under the prescribed conditions, vinyl chloride has a detection limit of 0.18 ug/1, an average recovery range of four measurements of 8.2-29.9 ug/1, and a limit for the standard deviation of 5.7 ug/1. [USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)] **PEER REVIEWED** ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS EPA Method 8240: Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for Volatile Organics Method 8240 can be used to quantify most volatile organic commpounds that have boiling points below 200 C (vapor pressure is approximately equal to mm Hg 6 25 deg C) and that are insoluble or slightly soluble in water, including the title compound. Volatile water-soluble compounds can be included in this analytical technique, however, for the more soluble compounds, quantitation limits are approximately ten times higher because of poor purging efficiency. The method is also limited to compounds that elute as sharp peaks from a GC column packed with graphitized carbon lightly coated with a carbowax (6 ft by 0.1 in ID glass, packed with 1% SP-1000 on Carbopack-B (60/80 mesh) or equivalent). This gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method is based on a purge-and-trap procedure. The practical quantitation limit (PQL) for Method 8240 for an individual compound is approximately 5 ug/kg (wet weight) for wastes and 5 ug/1 for ground water. PQLs will be proportionately higher for sample extracts and samples that require dilution or reduced sample size to avoid saturation of the detector. [USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)] **PEER REVIEWED** ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS EPA Method 601: Purgeable Halocarbons: Grab samples of water in municipal and industrial discharges are analyzed by purge and trap gas chromatography with electrolytic conductivity detection. Using this procedure, vinyl chloride has a method detection limit of 0.18 ug/1 and an overall precision of 0.27 times the average recovery 0.40, over a working range of 8.0 to 500 ug/1. [40 CFR 136 (7/1/87)] **PEER REVIEWED** ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS EPA Method 624: Purgeables: Grab samples of water in industrial and municipal discharges must be collected in glass containers and extracted with methylene chloride. Analysis is performed by a purge and trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method. Using this procedure, vinyl chloride has an overall precision of 0.65 ug/1 times the average BOR 006839 recovery. [40 CFR 136 (7/1/87)] **PEER REVIEWED** ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS EPA Method 1624: Volatile Organic Compounds By GC/MS: Grab samples in municipal and industrial discharges are collected. If residual chlorine is present, add sodium thiosulfate. Extraction is performed by a purge and trap apparatus. An isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the determination of volatile organic compounds in municipal and industrial discharges is described. Unlabeled vinyl chloride has a minimum level of 10 ug/1 and a mean retention time of 304 sec. This method has an initial precision of 27.9 ug/1, an accuracy of >0-58.5 ug/1, and a labeled compound recovery of ns (no Specification) - 452%. [40 CFR 136 (7/1/87)) **PEER REVIEWED** CLINICAL LABORATORY METHODS The possibilities of thioether or mercapturic acid assay for detection of human exposure to electrophilic agents or their precursors wer reviewed. Thioether assay was based on the ability of many alkylating or covalently binding compounds (a class of chemicals that included the genotoxie compounds) to react with glutathione. Often glutathione conjugates formed in this reaction were excreted in urine as (pre)mercapturic acids or other thioethers. Thioethers can be determined spectrophotometric&lly after alkaline hydrolysis of urine extracts. In practice the most important value of the assay was its signal function. Whenever a significant increase in the excretion of thioethers was observed, it was likely to be the result of exposure to 1 or more suspect compounds. When unknown electrophiles or a mixture of such compounds were involved, no quantitative conclusions were drawn with regard to internal exposure. When thioether values were found, ranging within the limits of the normal distribution, it could not be concluded that no or negligible exposures occurred. [Van Doom R et al; Ann OCCUp Hyg 24 (1): 77-92 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** SPECIAL REPORTS USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Vinyl Chloride (1980) EPA 440/5-80-078. SPECIAL REPORTS USEPA, Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft): Vinyl Chloride (1983). SPECIAL REPORTS Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Vinyl Chloride (Draft) (1981). SPECIAL REPORTS A REVIEW CONTAINING OVER 100 REFERENCES OF SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR VINYL CHLORIDE IN WORKPLACE ATMOSPHERE, AMBIENT AIR, WATER, FOOD, CIGARETTE SMOKE, AND POLYVINYL CHLORIDE. EGAN H ET AL, EDS, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENS SELECTED METHODS OF ANALYSIS VOL 2, VINYL CHLORIDE (IARC SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS NUMBER 22) LYON (1979). SPECIAL REPORTS USEPA; Report on the Activities and Findings of the Vinyl chloride Task Force (1974) EPA 560/4-74-001. SPECIAL REPORTS Kluwe WM; The nephrotoxicity of low molecular weight halogenated alkane solvents, pesticides and chemical intermediates; Hook JB, ed Target Organ Toxicology Series: Toxicology of the Kidney p.179-226 (1981). SPECIAL REPORTS Pers T, Pisarzewska E; Methods for the removal of vinyl chloride from waste gases during its synthesis and processing; Chemik 34 (11-12): 241-3 (1981). SPECIAL REPORTS Machet de la Martini'ere N; Hepatic fibrosis and development of angiosarcoma following exposure to vinyl chloride; Universit'e de Paris V, Facult'e de m'edecine Necker-Enfants-Malades, Paris, France, 163 p. (1982). This medical thesiB attempts to determine whether there is a sequential link between hepatic fibrosis and angiosarcoma. ... SPECIAL REPORTS Pond SM; West J Med 137 (6): 506-14 (1982). Effects of /workplace BOR 006840 chemicals/ on the liver. SPECIAL REPORTS Makarov IA; Gig Tr Prof Zabol 0 (11): 40-2 (1982). Effect of vinyl chloride on connective tissue /is discussed/. SPECIAL REPORTS Malhotra VP, Saroop UK; Toxicity and Vinyl Chloride. Pop Plast 29 (2): 17-20 (1984). The occupational hazard and toxicity exposure of vinyl chloride are reviewed ... /including the occupational/ health hazard from vinyl chloride exposure and toxicity of vinyl chloride monomer. SPECIAL REPORTS Duverger M et al; Metabolic Activation and Mutagenicity of 4 Vinyl Monomers (Vinyl chloride, Styrene, Acrylonitrile, Butadiene). Toxicol Eur Res 3 (3): 131-40 (1981). A review with 130 refs on the metabolic activation and mutagenicity of vinyl chloride, styrene, acrylonitrile, and butadiene. SPECIAL REPORTS Jedrychowski R, Chmielnicka J; Med Pr 36 (1): 31-41 (1985). Evaluation of the toxicity of vinyl chloride based on metabolism /is discussed/ ... /including/ review /of/ absorption, distribution, occupational exposure. SPECIAL REPORTS Wogan GN, Gorelick NJ; chemical and Biochemical Dosimetry of Exposure to Genotoxic Chemicals. Environ Health Perspect 62: 5-18 (1985). SPECIAL REPORTS Sharma RP; Immunol Consid Toxicol 1: 79-88 (1981). A review with 17 refs on the immunol responses to vinyl chloride and other industrial chemicals. SPECIAL REPORTS Suzuki T, Himeno S; Saishin Igaku 37 (12): 2355-61 (1982). A review with 47 refs on dominant lethal mutations from vinyl chloride. SPECIAL REPORTS Suzumura M; Rinsho Kensa 28 (11): 1437-40 (1984). A review with 5 refs on the toxicity of vinyl chloride. SPECIAL REPORTS Tamburro CH; Relationship of Vinyl monomers and Liver Cancers: Angiosarcoma and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Semin Liver Die 4 (2): 158-69 (1984). SPECIAL REPORTS Kilbey BJ; Environ Sci Res 24 (Comp Chem Mutagen): 857-81 (1981). A review with 75 refs on the comparative mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 and vinyl chloride. SPECIAL REPORTS Nauman CH, Grant WF; Environ Sci Res 24 (Comp Chem Mutagen); 329-38 (1981). A review with 27 refs on the mutagenicity of ethyl methanesulfonate, mitomycin c, and vinyl chloride in the Tradeecantia test systems. SPECIAL REPORTS DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Vinyl Chloride (8/89). SPECIAL REPORTS USEPA; Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Chloroethene (1985) ECAO-CIN-P155. SPECIAL REPORTS USEPA; Drinking water Criteria Document for Vinyl Chloride (1986) PB86-118320. SPECIAL REPORTS USEPA; Subst Risk Notice, 8EHQ-0680-0345 (1980). SPECIAL REPORTS DHHS/NTP; Fifth Annual Report on Carcinogens (Summary) (1989) NTP 89-239 PRIOR HISTORY OF ACCIDENTS After a train derailment in Canada on Mar 10, 1980, in a blizzard in which 2 of 12 boxcarB were found to be leaking and large quantities of vinyl chloride were spilled in the snow, a max of 10 ppm was found in groundwater at the center of the spill site. Levels dropped below the BOR 006841 detection limit of 0.02 ppm 10 weeks after the spill. [Charlton J et al; p.245-67 in Hazard Assessment of Chemicals vol 2; Saxena J ed (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** BOR 006842