Document 8V8gZqL8yER7rMB7q81nXEoB5

PFAS Study in Refinery & Fuel Distribution Equipment September 2023 Accenture Reproduction permitted with due Concawe acknowledgement Agenda 01 Executive Summary 02 Scope and Methodology 03 PFAS Use in Refineries & Fuel Distribution Industrial Equipment 04 PFAS Waste & Emission Management 05 PFAS Alternatives 06 Impacts of PFAS Restriction 07 Conclusion Concawe 01 Executive Summary > Concawe Ce-..Cincawe Executive Summary (1/4) Concawe Sources: OECD PFAS are a large group of substances, both polymeric and non-polymeric, containing carbonfluorine bonds (C-F) which are considered the strongest in organic chemistry, resisting heavily to degradation. OECD lists around 5000* PFAS which are scientifically referenced by their chemical structure category name (e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene), but better known by industrials by their abbreviations (e.g., PTFE) or brand name (e.g., Teflon). As the refining sector does not produce PFAS, the majority of these substances are found in solid form (mainly fluoropolymers), contained in industrial equipment, representing a small portion (~5%) of the total diverse portfolio of PFAS and with low risk of exposure during operation. PFAS show a unique combination of resistance to the extremely high temperatures, pressure and corrosive environments needed in refineries, as well as resistance to combustion and leakage required in fuel distribution, which are critical to ensure the safety of operations This report aims to provide an overview of the use of PFAS in the industrial equipment of refineries and fuel distribution today, potential alternatives to PFAS, current waste & emission management plans and the impact of a restriction of PFAS use in the refining and fuel distribution in Europe, based on an industry survey covering 52 refineries and around 11,900 fuel distribution sites in Europe, as well as advanced analytics methods such as text mining & patent analysis. 4 Executive Summary (2/4) Concawe Today, even major refineries do not have a complete inventory of PFAS within their equipment and have difficulties to obtain this data for the following reasons: (i) limited information from suppliers on equipment materials, (ii) presence of legacy equipment predating the awareness about PFAS components (e.g., equipment dating up to 50 years), and (iii) primary focus on performance of equipment rather than composition. The industry survey and advanced analytics methods have shown that, although the set of PFAS used in the refining industry is limited to around 50 molecules, their use is vital and widespread across all core equipment for most companies. The main PFAS used in refineries are fluoropolymers, but other liquid and gaseous molecules are also present. PFAS are used as plastics and elastomers, lubricants and coatings, which are present in plant safety equipment, compressors and agitators, but also in indispensable and ever-present equipment across plants such as gaskets and sealings, pumps, valves and accessories, making the use of PFAS vital and widespread across all core equipment for most companies. PFAS are mostly used in refining equipment due to their (i) chemical resistance to a very corrosive environment, (ii) thermal resistance, with wide operating temperature range and nonflammability, (iii) strong mechanical properties, such as resistance to pressure and high tensile strength. Use of PFAS in fuel distribution equipment is mostly driven by resistance to corrosion and combustion, reduced risk of leakage and enhanced safety performance. 5 Executive Summary (3/4) Concawe Although waste and emission management plans dedicated to PFAS-containing equipment today are limited, most refineries in our study are developing some type of management plans for PFAS (health & safety, environment & emission or waste management plans), mostly related to wastewater management. Refineries and equipment suppliers have started investigating alternatives to PFAS materials providing similar properties (e.g., thermal and mechanical resistance). However, there is a lack of potential replacements capable of ensuring required levels of operational efficiency and safety. Technical alternatives to PFAS exist for limited materials and use cases, in the form of replacement of fluoropolymers by other polymers, specialty metals, other materials (e.g., glass, ceramics, ...) or of non-fluorinated gases for refrigerants. In particular, the industry has identified some potential substitutes for the following PFAS equipment applicable only for specific use cases: Joints: metallic (nickel), graphite, organic/mineral fibers Piping: thermoplastics, Hastelloy, glass lining, nickel, titanium Valves: polyethylene, Hastelloy, EPDM, Vespel Refrigerant gas: ammonia, CO2, propane/isobutane/butane Coating: PPV, epoxy, polyester, melamine 6 Executive Summary (4/4) Concawe However, alternatives often do not match all the properties of PFAS and have other drawbacks: Safety of the future installations yet to be demonstrated Long alternative development process Production tools and supply chain adaptation to cope with sharply increased volumes Possible same persistence characteristic of alternative materials Some identified alternatives containing traces of PFAS (voluntarily or involuntarily) Many challenges have been identified with a ban of PFAS in industrial equipment: No known alternatives to date for some equipment and unfavorable performance of alternatives identified Substantial impact on direct costs (maintenance) and impact on utilization (more frequent failure/maintenance activities) High complexity to transform plants linked to the use of PFAS Potential impact across the energy value chain in Europe, putting at risk supply and access to fuels due to simultaneous closing of multiple refineries and fuel distribution sites 7 02 Scope and Methodology > Concawe Ce-..Cincawe Report Scope & Methodology Accenture assessed the use, alternatives and impacts of a ban of PFAS in the industrial equipment used in refining and fuel distribution sector in Europe Report based on interviews, questionnaire and Accenture analysis Scope of the Study Industrial Equipment used in: Refining sector: Petroleum refinery Manufacture of refined petroleum products Fuel Distribution towards: Vehicles gas stations Airline installations Others Geography European Economic Area (EEA) Switzerland United Kingdom Content PFAS inventory Analysis of alternatives Waste & emission management Expected impact of a potential ban on PFAS Methodology +30 interviews conducted with Concawe members, professional associations & refinery equipment suppliers (joints/gaskets, piping, valves, refrigerant gas, painting/coating, electronics) Survey with 20 respondents from companies representing 52 refineries and around 11,900 fuel distribution sites from the diverse European refining industry landscape (petroleum refinery and manufacture of refined petroleum products) Accenture text mining and patent analysis to identify brands corresponding to PFAS group substances, typical equipment containing PFAS, alternatives and their properties, etc. Concawe 9 Overview of PFAS PFAS are a large group of substances, both polymeric and non-polymeric, containing the strongest Carbon-Fluorine bond Key elements C -F One of the strongest chemical bonds in organic chemistry resisting heavily degradation ~5,000 substances ~5000 PFAS substances in use (estimated), with various chain lengths (nonpolymeric/polymeric) Raw materials Derivatives of fluorinated compounds: F2 HF ClF2C-C-F2Cl CH3CF2Cl CHClF2 PFAS product tree (simplified) Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Polymers Nonpolymers Precursor Transformation Pathway Key Potential Precursor Transformation to Terminal PFAS PFCAs PFSAs Concawe Sources: 1FEI, OECD, Accenture research Fluoropolymers Side-chain fluorinated polymers Perfluoroalkyl Substances Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Perfluoroalkane Sulphonamides (FASAs) Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) Fluorotelomer Substances Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Acids Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonic Acids (PFSAs) Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acids (PFCASs) Perfluroalkane Sulfonamido Substances Perfluoroalkyl Ether Sulfonic Acids (PFESAs) Perfluoroalkyl Ether Carboxylic Acids (PFECAs) 10 PFAS Distribution by Category & State As refineries do not directly manufacture PFAS, these chemicals are mainly found in solid form in industrial equipment, primarily as fluoropolymers PFAS distribution by main category Intermediaries 4 683 267 1 833 314 365 625 21 512 746 Fluoropolymers Fluorotelomer-related compounds Other PFAA precursors and related compounds - perfluoroalkyl ones Per- and polyfluoroalkyl ether-based compounds Perfluoroalkane sulfonyl compounds Perfluoroalkyl phosphate compounds Perfluoroalkyl carbonyl compounds Other PFAA precursors or related compounds - semifluorinated PFAS distribution by state 3 000 2 612 2 000 1 000 0 333 Solid state Liquid state 1 738 Gaseous state Solid PFAS mainly fluoropolymers represent a small portion of the total substances (~5%) More than 90% of the PFAS are used in gaseous or liquid state Concawe Sources: Analysis based on OECD Database, under the following hypotheses: Chain length <5 = Gaseous state ; >20 = Solid state ; 5< & <20 = Liquid state 11 Data Sources We have combined multiple sources of data to obtain a holistic view of the use of PFAS in industrial equipment in refineries and fuel distribution Approach Objectives Refineries Questionnaire Conduct inventory of PFAS use in refining industrial equipment Identify existing management plans and substitution strategies Understand operational, social and environmental impact of potential PFAS ban Suppliers, Associations Interviews Increase understanding of PFAS use in current industrial equipment Identify potential alternatives for PFAS applications Specialized Journals Patents Advanced Analytics Define the trends of PFAS use in the global industry Identify PFAS molecules across brand names and equipment Understand alternatives for PFAS and their properties Concawe 12 Scope of the Study Our analysis covered a scope of industrial equipment from crude offloading to refining activities and fuel distribution of refined products OUT OF SCOPE PIPELINE TRANSPORT IN SCOPE TRANSPORT FFuueellDDiissttrriibbuuttiioonn VEHICLES GAS STATION UPSTREAM CRUDE OIL OFFLOADING INSTALLATION STORAGE REFINERY STORAGE AIRLINE INSTALLATIONS MARINE BUNKERING STATION LOCOMOTIVE SERVICES Concawe 13 Overview of Survey Respondents 20 companies responded to the survey, totaling 52 plants and approximately 60% of Europe's refineries Number of companies with refineries present in each country Survey Coverage 6 3333 222222 11111 20 companies present in 16 countries 52 refineries (approximately 58% of all refineries present in Europe) Approximately 387 Mt/a in capacity Around 11,900 fuel distribution sites covering vehicle gas and aviation stations Germany France Netherlands Spain United Kingdom Belgium Denmark Finland Greece Italy Norway Austria Luxembourg Portugal Romania Sweden Concawe Sources: Industry survey, Concawe map of refinery sites in Europe 14 Overview of Survey Respondents The industry survey covers around 14 B in turnover across 7 sectors of economic activities Distribution of respondents by turnover for sites covered1 55% 5% Between 10 million and 100 million 10% Between 100 million and 500 million 15% Between 500 million and 1 billion More than 1 billion 15% I do not know Share of companies Over 50% of companies have more than 1B of yearly revenue for sites covered Economic activities performed by respondents2 19 90% of total respondents are active in economic activity C19.2 - Manufacture of refined petroleum products 4 2 2 1 1 1 C19 - C20 - G46 - G47 - Retail Manufacture Manufacture Wholesale trade, except of coke and of chemicals trade, except of motor refined and chemical of motor vehicles and petroleum products vehicles and motorcycles products motorcycles E38 - Waste H52 collection, Warehousing treatment and support and disposal activities for activities; transportation materials recovery D35 Electricity, gas, steam and air Number of companies Manufacture of refined petroleum products is the main economic activity of respondents Concawe Sources: Accenture analysis of questionnaire; 12022 turnover in Europe for sites mentioned by each company, 2Based on NACE code declaration by respondents 15 Advanced Analytics Methodology Advanced analytical methods including a thorough literature analysis supplemented data from the questionnaire Main Data Sources Business/Industry journals articles Factiva data set, from which 967 059 articles were collected and screened from various sources going from Chemicals & Chemistry, Gulf Oil and Gas, Coatings World, Specialty Chemicals, Journal of Engineering, etc. Lexis-Nexis data set, from which 429 051 articles were collected and screened from several sources including Oil and Gas Press, World Oil, Energy & Fuels, Fuels Market News, Fuel oil News, Tank Storage Magazine, etc. Literature Review Methodology Analysis of articles from 01/01/2021 to 10/05/2023 Each article was screened with keywords list of PFAS names (178 names) and chemical equipment names (3264 names) Only articles that contained both PFAS names and chemical equipment names were considered for further analysis As a result, 2153 articles from Lexis-Nexis and 5514 articles from Factiva were selected and analyzed by GPT-3* to verify PFAS names, chemical equipment, and to also identify usage and application of PFAS Concawe *Generative AI language predictive model 16 Advanced Analytics Methodology We have also analyzed equipment data, identifying industrial products tagged as chemical equipment and mentioning PFAS names (1/2) In total 62 427 equipment products were identified: 11 235 are tagged as chemical equipment 2 571 mentioned PFAS names Category, subcategory Count of equip. classes Detection - Measurement 33 Flow, pressure and level measurement 20 Temperature and humidity measurement 13 Environment - Health - Safety 38 Air treatment and noise management 21 Personal protective equipment 6 Waste treatment 2 Water treatment 9 Hydraulics - Pneumatics 98 Compressors 11 Filters and separators 21 Hydraulic and pneumatic actuators 2 Pipes, tubes and fittings 22 Pumps 16 Valves 26 345 classes of equipment have been analyzed PFAS type PFA, PTFE, VDF, FFKM, FM200, PFC, ETFE, R134 a, ECTFE, R407 c, R1234 yf, FEP, FKM FKM, PTFE, FFKM, PFC, FEP, PFA, PVDF, ETFE, FTO ECTFE, ETFE, FFKM, FKM, FTI, PFA, PFC, PTFE, PVDF, PVF, SFA PTFE, FFKM, PFC FTO, PTFE ECTFE, FFKM, FTI, PFA, PFC, PTFE, PVDF, SFA, VDF R134 a, PTFE, FFKM, FKM, R407 c ECTFE, ETFE, FEP, FFKM, FKM, PFA, PTFE, PVDF, SFA, VDF FKM, PTFE, PVDF, PTFE, FFKM R134 a, R407 c, PTFE, FEP, PFA, PVDF, FFKM, ETFE, PVF, ECTFE, FKM, PFC ECTFE, ETFE, FEP, FFKM, FKM, FTI, PFA, PTFE, PVDF, SFA, VDF ECTFE, ETFE, FEP, FFKM, FKM, PFA, PFC, PTFE, PVDF, PVF, VDF Concawe Sources: Accenture text mining, Equipment data collected from directindustry.com 17 Advanced Analytics Methodology We have also analyzed equipment data, identifying industrial products tagged as chemical equipment and mentioning PFAS names (2/2) In total 62 427 equipment products were identified: 11 235 are tagged as chemical equipment 2 571 mentioned PFAS names Category, subcategory Industrial machines and equipment Furnaces and heat treatment Heat exchangers and refrigeration Mixing and dosing Materials - Tools - Components Lubricants Semi-finished products Packing - Health - Logistics Conveying Handling and lifting Packing and Packaging Storage Power Transmission - Mechanical Components Actuators and positionning systems Bearing and linear guides Mechanical Transmission Motors and Motor Control Production Machines Forming machines Total Number of Equip. Classes Count of equip. classes 49 9 20 20 25 10 15 49 13 11 17 8 43 9 8 23 3 10 10 345 345 classes of equipment have been analyzed PFAS type PVDF, PFA, PTFE, R134 a, R407a, FFKM PTFE, FEP, PVDF, PFA, FFKM, ECTFE, R134 a, R407 a, c, R1234 yf, R452 a ECTFE, ETFE, FEP, FFKM, FKM, FTO, PFA, PFC, PTFE, PVDF FFKM, FKM, PTFE, PFPE, PVDF, VDF ETFE, FEP, FFKM, FKM, PFA, PTFE, PVDF, R1234 yf, R134 a FKM, PTFE, FDF PTFE, FFKM, PFC PTFE, FKM, FFKM, PVDF, PCTFE, FEP, PTFE, FKM, ECTFE, FFKM, FEP, ETFE, PFA, PVDF, PTFE, FFKM, PVDF, R134 a, R407 c PTFE, FFKM, SFA, FKM FFKM, PTFE, PFA, PVDF, PVC R134 a, R407 c, PTFE, FEP, PFA, PVDF, FFKM, ETFE, PVF, FKM, PTFE, FEP PTFE, PFC Concawe Sources: Accenture text mining, Equipment data collected from directindustry.com 18 Use of PFAS by Equipment NON EXHAUSTIVE Based on this analysis, we have identified the main PFAS present in refinery equipment and the reasons for their use Refinery Equipment Filters Tanks Fuel cells Seals & O-Rings Membranes Cooling Towers Heat Exchangers Piping Coating Pumps Diaphragm Pumps Refrigerant gas Valves PFAS Name PTFE, PVDF, PFOA, ETFE, PFOS ETFE, PVDF,PTFE PVDF FFKM PTFE PVDF PTFE,FEP,PVDF PTFE PTFE ETFE PTFE R410 PTFE Use PFAS are used in electret filters to improve oil mist resistance and collection efficiency by lowering the surface tension of the fibrous material and increasing oil repellency PFAS are used as anti-corrosion protection at high temperatures PVDF is composited into electrolyte material to improve electrochemical performance and enhance mechanical strength for a lowtemperature solid oxide fuel cell FFKM provides exceptional high temperature and high-pressure performance to equipment parts like O-Rings and seals. FFKM can also be used to increase the mean time between failure (MTBF) of a screw spindle pump in a petrochemical plant PTFE is used in TPV membrane module. PTFE is used as a backbone to suppress the swelling of Nafion component in composite membranes for high temperature PEM fuel cell application PVDF is used to reduce microbiological activity in cooling tower systems. It helps with sunlight resistance and is used in the construction of sodium hypochlorite feed systems to inhibit the growth of algae and bacterial species in cooling towers PTFE, FEP and PVDF materials can be included in the oleophilic surface of the heat exchanger PTFE is used to form hydrophobic pigs in a method of minimizing mixing of aqueous-based materials in pipes PTFE coating for antifouling purposes in gas-absorption desulfurization ETFE is used for a wide range of corrosives and solvents PTFE is used in metering diaphragm pumps because of its chemical resistance R410 offers high thermal conductivity and high stability PTFE stem sealing system (V-Pack) is mentioned as a new advanced sealing system for valve stems that removes the need for an elastomer O-ring, making the valve suitable for use with a wide range of chemicals Concawe Source: Accenture text mining 19 Equipment Scope This resulted in a list of equipment which were assessed by each company through the survey Level 1 Process Units Safety And Protection Power & Utilities Other Products Fuel Distribution Level 2 Compressor, Turbine, fan Devices for process control, instrum. Cooling towers Distillation tower Heat exchangers Evaporators Agitators Motors and coupling Reactors Pumps, vacuum pumps Valves and accessories Steam ejector Fired heater Gaskets and sealing Devices For Process Analysis Refrigeration system Transportation Pipeline, Refinery Piping Membranes PPE Plant safety Conveyors Wastewater treatment Storage tanks Vessels Absorption tower Gas purification unit Grease Lubricant Power supply Cable & wiring Catalyst Refrigerant Processing/Auxiliary aids linked to equipment Fuel dispenser Nozzle Tanks Filters Hoses Level 3 Gloves, lab coat, face mask, tape, sleeve,.. Firefighting foam, ... Refinery Units Crude Oil Distillation Unit (CDU) Vacuum Distillation Unit (VDU) Catalytic Reformer Unit Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) Alkylation Unit Isomerization Unit Hydrotreating Unit (HDS/HDT) Desulfurization Unit Hydrocracking Unit Visbreaker Unit Concawe Sources: Accenture research and analysis 20 Patent Analysis Methodology We coupled the text mining and questionnaire work with an analysis of patent filings to better understand innovation related to PFAS in Refining and Fuel Distribution Methodology Based on 208K total patent filings from 2010-2021 Excluded the following segments out of scope for Refinery & Fuel Distribution: Agro Aircraft Antennas Automotive Batteries Biotech Building & Construction Cement CG&S Chem - Natural Organics Chem - Natural Polymers Chem - Natural Resins, Waxes Chem - Agrochemicals Chem - Crystal Growth Cycles Data Processing Food & Beverages Glass Health Image Data Processing, Image recognition Information storage Light amplification Marine & Transport Mechanical Shaping/Tools Metal & alloys Micro & Nanotech Wood & Paper Chem - Detergents Chem - Explosives Chem - Healthcare Chem - Inorganics Chem - Organic Dyes Chem -Combinatorial Tech Cosmetics & Toiletries Optics & Photo Plastic working Rail & Transport Space Vehicles Textile & Leather Tires Weapons Selected 148K patents for further text analysis Number of Patent Filings by Segment Chem - Organics Chem - Organic Polymers Chem - Paints&Coatings Physics & Chem Processes Chem - Adhesives Analytics: Measure Semiconductor Devices Basic Electric Element & Circuits Layered Products Chem - Catalysts Engines & Engineering Chem - Water Treatment Chem - Catalytics Processes Coating Metallics Electric Communication Tech Electrolysis Chem - Lubricant Storage&Packaging&Handling Energy Additive Manufacturing Electrography&Magnetography Data Processing Machines/Automates/Systems Analytics: Data Control & Regulation ICT/loT Computer Systems Total 14,066 11,256 10,809 10,622 8,295 7,550 7,521 6,333 5,030 3,658 3,373 2,870 2,820 1,772 1,327 873 818 795 533 489 143 93 94 44 148,166 24,709 42,423 39,453 Concawe Source: Accenture analysis and research based on DerwentInnovationTM(Clarivate,2023) 21 Decrease in Innovation in PFAS Use Patents related to the use of PFAS in Refineries and Fuel Distribution show a strong decrease since 2019, especially in Europe Annual patent filings (All mentions of PFAS vs. mentions to PFAS use) Growth of filings of PFAS Use 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 CAGR +11.5% CAGR -2.2% PFAS USE 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Filing Year Europe -27.5% Others United States Japan South Korea -13.6% -9.6% -16.9% -14.1% -3.8% -11.9% -1.7% -3.3% China 10.7% 3.6% 5.6% PFAS mentioned in Use section of Abstract All Patents mentioning PFAS CAGR 5y 2016-2021 CAGR 2y 2019-2021 Concawe Sources: Accenture Research based on DerwentInnovationTM(Clarivate,2023), Analysis based on set 148K patents relevant to chemical equipment filled between 2010 and 2021 22 PFAS Use in Refineries & Fuel 03 Distribution Industrial Equipment Concawe Oil & Gas Value Chain Refineries are part of an integrated value chain, transforming the inputs from oil and gas exploration into finished products Out of scope In Scope Upstream Extracts main feedstock for fuel production Moves and stores feedstocks towards refineries Midstream Refines/processes crude oil and gas into finished products Transports and stores refinery outputs Downstream Distributes finished products for sale and use Natural Gas Production Transportation Transportation Markets & Products Refining Oil Production Storage Storage Markets & Products Concawe Source: American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers 24 Refinery Operation Refineries produce gasoline, kerosene, heavy fuels, LPG and other fuels and products... Crude Oil Feedstocks Vacuum Gas Oil Atmospheric residue Other Feedstocks Biofuels, etc. Utilities Energy, Chemicals, Steam, etc. LPG Gasoline Kerosene Middle Distillates Heavy Fuels Bitumen, Lube Oils Concawe Source: Concawe Crude oil refining and refinery operation guide Propane, Propylene, Butane UNL95, RON 98, Naphtha Petro Jet fuel Diesel, Heating Oils High and Low Sulphur Marine Fuels Road Pavement 25 Fuel Distribution ...Which are then distributed towards consumers to be used in vehicles, aviation, etc. Bunkering of seagoing vessels Refinery Tank storage logistics Off-road vehicles (e.g. agriculture/construction) Truck service Retail stations stations Aviation fuelling Bunkering Concawe Sources: UPEI, Accenture analysis Bunkering of inland vessels Tank storage logisticsdistribution Biofuels production and distribution End-consumer business 26 Main Activities in Scope The refining & fuel distribution activities can be divided into 5 main categories... Categories Separation Transformation Purification Blending Fuel Distribution Description Piping crude oil through hot furnaces to separate petroleum components according to their boiling points Breakdown of heavy hydrocarbon molecules and modification of molecules' chemical nature to improve their properties Removal or significant reduction of corrosive and polluting molecules to produce the cleanest, highest quality fuel Combination of outputs from previous steps to match specific fuel specifications and environmental standards Transportation of refined petroleum products to end consumers Temperature requirements Pressure requirements High (350C to 400C) Low High (Up to over 500C) High (Up to 200 bar) Concawe Sources: Concawe Crude oil refining and refinery operation guide, Desktop research High (300C to 400C) High (150 to 200 bar) Medium (Up to 300C) Low Low Low 27 Main Equipment in Scope ...For which a series of specialized equipment are used Process Unit Equipment Agitators Fans Conveyors Cooling Towers Couplings (Motors) Pumps Distillation Towers Heat Exchangers Evaporators Fired Heaters Gaskets & Sealings Steam injectors Instruments Reactors Refrigeration Systems Piping Valves Concawe Sources: Accenture research and analysis, Illustration sources in appendix NON EXHAUSTIVE Fuel Distribution Fuel Dispensers Safety and Protection PPE Power and Utilities Power Supply Other Products Grease Catalysts Hoses Firefighting Foams Cables & Wiring Lubricants Refrigerants 28 Fuel Distribution Channels The distribution of fuels and products varies by application and type of product (1/2) Gas station Airline installation Main fuels Gasoline Diesel Kerosene Methane LPG Mixture of propane and butane Concawe Sources: Accenture analysis, US DOE AFDC, Desktop research Main fuels Gasoline Diesel Kerosene 29 Fuel Distribution Channels The distribution of fuels and products varies by application and type of product (2/2) Marine bunkering station Locomotive services Main fuels Marine diesel oil Marine gas oil Heavy fuel oil Concawe Sources: Accenture analysis, Sustainable World Ports, Desktop research Main fuels Gasoline Diesel Kerosene Methane LPG 30 Fuel Distribution Equipment Equipment used in fuel Distribution is typically the same across channels General Equipment Fuel Dispenser Components Fuel dispenser Splash guard Fuel tank Firefighting Foams Piping Hoses Nozzle Filters Compressors Pump unit Concawe Sources: Accenture research and analysis, Illustration sources in appendix Gasket, seals NON EXHAUSTIVE 31 Challenges in PFAS Inventory Identifying PFAS in refining plants is a challenge for many players in the refining and fuel distribution segments Challenges in data acquisition Widespread presence of various PFAS in many equipment Primary focus on functional specification, compliance & safety Engineering and maintenance responsibilities often lie within external parties Suppliers have limited awareness of the existence of PFAS in products especially if they are distributors of equipment and not original manufacturers Legacy equipment predating the awareness for PFAS components (e.g., equipment dating up to 50 years) Use of assembled and packaged equipment with limited information of each internal component PFAS are used in a wide range of applications present in multiple equipment such as: Pumps (Coating and Gaskets) Valves (Body, Washers and Gaskets) Gaskets and Sealing Pipes Equipment and material selection prioritize functional specification such as temperature, pressure and chemical compatibility requirements over PFAS presence Regulatory teams primarily concentrate on assessing the compliance and safety of raw materials and additives used in final products Concawe Source: Accenture analysis of survey and Interviews of Refining players and suppliers 32 PFAS within Equipment In complex equipment, PFAS can be found in multiple components for which companies have less visibility of their composition Predominant PFAS-containing components Seals (Gaskets, O-rings) Piping Coating Valves Cables & Wiring Example of PFAS in components Valve Hose Body and ball (PTFE, PVDF) Seats (PTFE, PFA) FKM Elastomer seals (FPM, FFPM, FEP) Nozzle Concawe Sources: Accenture analysis of survey and interviews of Refining players and suppliers, Elaflex, Desktop research, Illustration sources in appendix Seals & O-rings: fluorocarbon and nitrite 33 Main PFAS Types Companies have identified 10 main types of PFAS in plants, representing ~50 PFAS molecules Identified PFAS substances* Solid State Liquid State Gaseous State Fluoropolymers PFAS compounds FKM (Viton, Tecnoflon, Dyneon,...) PFSA** FFKM (Kalrez, Tecnoflon,...) PFCA** PTFE (Teflon, Gylon) FEP PFA PVDF (Kynar, Hylar, Solef) ETFE PCTFE ECTFE Lubricants/Greases PFAE PFPE PFPAE PTFE (Interflon, Oraflon, Nevastane HD2T) PCTFE (Voltalef) Firefighting foams C6 Foams (SFPM***) PFBA PFOA PFOS PFNA PFBS FK-5-1-12 PFHA FTS HCFC HCFC-123* HFC/HFO - Blends R-448A R-449A R-452A R-513A HFC- Blends HFC HFC-134a HFC-143a HFC-227ea HFC-365mfc HFO HFO-1233zd HFO-1234yf HFO-1336mzz R-401A* R-404A R-407 R-410A R-417A R-422D R-427A R-507 *PFAS lists is potentially not exhaustive, the brand names identified are presented in italic font, **PFSA and PFCA are not fluoropolymers, ***Film-forming alcohol-resistant fluor, Concawe synthetic emulsifier Sources: Accenture analysis of survey and interviews of Refining players and suppliers, text mining 34 Overview of PFAS by Refinery Equipment For most equipment, around 50% of companies don't know if PFAS are used Process Units Equipment Valves and accessories Gasket and sealing Pumps Compressors Agitators Devices for process control Refrigeration system Devices for process analysis Fans Heat exchangers Instruments Motors and couplings Turbines Wastewater treatment Piping Fired heaters Conveyors Cooling tower Storage tanks Transportation Pipeline Yes Don't know Possible presence 56% 44% 100% 55% 35% 90% 50% 45% 95% 45% 55% 100% 42% 53% 95% 42% 47% 89% 42% 58% 100% 37% 53% 89% 37% 53% 89% 37% 58% 95% 37% 58% 95% 37% 58% 95% 37% 53% 89% 37% 47% 84% 35% 50% 85% 33% 56% 89% 32% 53% 84% 32% 47% 79% 32% 63% 95% 32% 53% 84% No # of respondants 0% 18 10% 20 5% 20 0% 20 5% 19 11% 19 0% 19 11% 19 11% 19 5% 19 5% 19 5% 19 11% 19 16% 19 15% 20 11% 18 16% 19 21% 19 5% 19 16% 19 Equipment Yes Don't know Possible presence Vessels 32% 58% 89% Distillation Tower 26% 58% 84% Reactors 26% 63% 89% Process Units Vacuum pumps Membranes Absorption tower 26% 53% 79% 22% 67% 89% 21% 58% 79% Steam ejector 21% 68% 89% Gas purification unit 11% 74% 84% Evaporators 0% 74% 74% Safety And Plant Safety Equipment 65% 30% 95% Protection PPE 47% 42% 89% Power & Cable & Wiring Equipment 37% 53% 89% Utilities Power Supply Equipment 26% 68% 95% Refrigerant 37% 53% 89% Grease 21% 58% 79% Other process unit equipment 17% 50% 67% Other Products Lubricant 16% 68% 84% Other equipment 16% 74% 89% Processing/auxiliary aids 11% 68% 79% Catalyst 0% 63% 63% No # of respondants 11% 19 16% 19 11% 19 21% 19 11% 18 21% 19 11% 19 16% 19 26% 19 5% 20 11% 19 11% 19 5% 19 11% 19 21% 19 33% 18 16% 19 11% 19 21% 19 37% 19 4 equipment have over 50% of companies confirming PFAS presence* when for most equipment approx. 50% of companies don't know if PFAS are used Concawe *Company having responded "Yes" Source: Accenture analysis of questionnaire 35 PFAS Found in Refinery Equipment In the survey, companies have identified types of PFAS for each equipment (1/3) Equipment Fluoropolymers (incl. fluoroelastomers) Process Unit Absorption Cooling Devices for Devices for Distilation tower Agitatiors Compressors Conveyors tower process process tower Evaporators Fans analysis control 3 9 9 5 5 5 7 5 6 F-Gases (HFCs, HFOs, ...) 1 Fluorotelomer-based 1 1 1 compounds Perfluoropolyethers 1 1 1 Side-chain fluorinated 1 1 1 polymers Perfluoroalkyl acids 0 Poly-fluorinated n-alkanes 0 and alkenes (excl. F-Gases) Perfluoroalkane sulfonyl 1 fluorides Polyfluoroalkane sulfonamido derivatives Perfluoroalkane sulfonamides Perfluoroalkyl iodides Perfluoroalkyl aldehydes Others (other category, brand/commercial name) I do not know 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 7 6 Fired heaters 6 Gas purification unit Gasket and sealing Heat exchangers Instruments 1 13 8 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 7 4 5 5 Concawe Source: Accenture analysis of questionnaire 36 PFAS Found in Refinery Equipment In the survey, companies have identified types of PFAS for each equipment (2/3) Equipment Fluoropolymers (incl. fluoroelastomers) F-Gases (HFCs, HFOs, ...) Fluorotelomer-based compounds Perfluoropolyethers Side-chain fluorinated polymers Perfluoroalkyl acids Poly-fluorinated n-alkanes and alkenes (excl. F-Gases) Perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluorides Polyfluoroalkane sulfonamido derivatives Perfluoroalkane sulfonamides Perfluoroalkyl iodides Perfluoroalkyl aldehydes Others (other category, brand/commercial name) I do not know Membranes Motors and couplings 3 7 1 1 1 1 5 5 Piping 9 6 Pumps 12 1 1 1 Reactors Refrigeration system 6 5 5 Process Unit Steam ejector Storage tanks Transp. Pipeline 3 4 6 Turbines 7 1 1 1 Vacuum pumps 2 Valves and accessories 9 1 1 4 5 6 7 8 5 6 5 5 Vessels 6 5 Wastewater treatment 5 5 Concawe Source: Accenture analysis of questionnaire 37 PFAS Found in Refinery Equipment In the survey, companies have identified types of PFAS for each equipment (3/3) Equipment Fluoropolymers (incl. fluoroelastomers) F-Gases (HFCs, HFOs, ...) Fluorotelomer-based compounds Perfluoropolyethers Side-chain fluorinated polymers Perfluoroalkyl acids Poly-fluorinated n-alkanes and alkenes (excl. F-Gases) Perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluorides Polyfluoroalkane sulfonamido derivatives Perfluoroalkane sulfonamides Perfluoroalkyl iodides Perfluoroalkyl aldehydes Others (other category, brand/commercial name) I do not know Safety & Protection Personal and Protective Equipment Plant Safety Equipment 6 5 2 4 4 1 1 1 9 4 Power & Utilities Cable & Wiring Equipment Power Supply Equipment 4 2 8 10 Catalyst 3 Grease 1 1 Lubricant 2 Other Products Other equipment Other process unit equipment Processing/ auxiliary aids 3 3 1 1 1 1 5 5 6 4 5 Refrigerant 1 7 1 4 Concawe Source: Accenture analysis of questionnaire 38 NON EXHAUSTIVE PFAS Found in Fuel Distribution Equipment The main PFAS typically found in fuel distribution equipment are also fluoropolymers Equipment Hose Fluoropolymers PTFE, PFA, FEP, FTS, FKM Safety equipment Fluoropolymers PTFE, PFHA, FTS Firefighting foams FM200 Pump Fluoropolymers FEP, ETFE, PTFE, PFA, PVDF Fuelling nozzles Fluoropolymers FKM (Viton) Fuel tank Fluoropolymers PTFE Seals Fluoropolymers PTFE Concawe Sources: Questionnaire and interviews of fuel distribution companies, Rubberfab, Polymersystems, Bulk distributor, Gilbarco, Elaflex, Desktop research 39 PFAS Properties Overall, PFAS are chosen for their unique combination of resistance to multiple factors required in refineries Distribution of companies by number of sought properties in PFAS Most companies seek a combination of at least 4 properties related to PFAS Distribution of PFAS properties selected by companies Approx. 80% of companies choose PFAS for their chemical, thermal and mechanical strength properties* More than 4 properties 4 properties 70% 20% 4 3 properties 0% 0 2 properties 0% 0 1 property 5% 1 No property 5% 1 14 Chemical resistance Temperature resistance 90% 85% Mechanical strength 75% Non-flammability 70% Electrical resistance (dielectric constant) 65% Water/moisture resistance 50% Low coefficient of friction 50% Low surface tension 35% Repellency properties 35% UV-resistance 30% Other 20% Low vapor pressure (vacuum applications) 15% Share of respondents Share of respondents Concawe *The percentage was obtained by computing the ratio of the number of companies expressing interest in property X to the numbe r of companies having responded to the survey Source: Accenture analysis of questionnaire 40 Refinery & Fuel Distribution Requirements Fluoropolymers in particular show multiple resistance properties which make them the most used type of PFAS Refinery Requirements Chemical Properties High resistance to corrosion: Resistance to aggressive products (pH<1) such as nitric acid and chloride acid Chemical inertia: Material that degrades little over time, little product contamination (i.e., no impurities) Resistance to permeation and capacity to prevent migration of gases, liquids, and chemicals through material (e.g., leakage) Thermal Properties Wide operating temperature range: As example, PTFE has a permissible temperature range of [-20 to +260] C and can withstand high temperatures without degradation Mechanical Properties Resistance to pressure: Some refining processes require high pressure High tensile strength: Can withstand mechanical stress and deformation Low friction coefficient: Non-stick and lubricants properties Fuel Distribution Requirements High resistance to corrosion: Resistance to fuels with high percentage of aromatics, npentane etc. High resistance to combustion: Nonflammability and resistance to burning when exposed to a flame or ignition source High resistance to ageing and drying to avoid change in hardness, elongation at break and mass reduction from original values Flexibility for various requirements: In many cases, exact resistance requirements are not clearly defined (i.e., not all corrosive elements are known) and suppliers opt to use PFAS knowing of their resistance to a wide range of chemicals and conditions Concawe Sources: 1Burkert's Chemical Resistance Chart, Accenture analysis of questionnaire and interviews of refining companies and suppliers, Desktop research, Accenture analysis 41 Properties required by equipment Each equipment requires PFAS for a combination of specific properties based on its functions (1/3) - Focus on gaskets/sealings Type of gaskets/sealings Common functions Static gaskets/sealings Static sealing: Sealing between two parts with no (or very low) relative movement Dynamic gaskets/sealings Dynamic sealing: Sealing between two parts with relative rotational and, or translational movement Types of PFAS present e.g., PTFE, PVDF, PFA, FFKM, FKM, PCTFE, FEP, ECTFE Desired properties Mechanical resistance: tensile strength and limited swelling Chemical resistance: resistant to chemical attacks Mechanical resistance: high pressure (0 to 750 bar), low fatigue, high tensile strength Thermal resistance: very low and high temperatures (-50 to +300 C) Used when the application goes beyond the limits of traditional lip seals Concawe Sources: Eriks, Interviews of refining companies and suppliers 42 Properties required by equipment Each equipment requires PFAS for a combination of specific properties based on its functions (2/3) - Focus on piping Type of piping Common functions Internal coating Solid piping Transport of corrosive fluids under high temperatures Transport of highly acid fluids Types of PFAS present e.g., PTFE, PVDF, PFA, FFKM, FKM, PCTFE, ECTFE Desired properties Chemical resistance: corrosion resistance Thermal resistance: operating temperatures from -50C to +260C Chemical resistance: highly resistant to chemicals, rot-proof and mildew-proof Thermal resistance: operating temperatures from -50C to +150C Other properties: insensitive to ultraviolet rays, highly waterproof, non-flammable (UL V0)* *UL V0 is used to classify the flammability of plastics base on their ignition and combustion characteristic Concawe Sources: Mersen, Tecalemit, Interviews of refining companies and suppliers 43 Properties required by equipment Each equipment requires PFAS for a combination of specific properties based on its functions (3/3) - Focus on valves Type of valves Valves with some PFAS components Common functions Control flow of highly acid fluids under extreme temperatures Types of PFAS present e.g., PTFE (sleeve) Desired properties Chemical resistance: chemical resistant lining Thermal resistance: -20C < T < 210C Mechanical resistance: vacuum-proof lining PFAS-only valves Control flow of highly acid fluids under extreme temperatures and high purity standards e.g., PVDF (body), FKM (gaskets), PTFE (membrane) Chemical resistance: resistant to acid liquids Thermal resistance: -30C < T < 120C Concawe Sources: Az-Armaturen, Sectoriel, interviews of refining companies and suppliers 44 04 PFAS Waste & Emission Management > Concawe Ce-..Cincawe PFAS Release Risk in Operation Phase Accidental release of PFAS during factory operation phase varies by the state of PFAS PFAS State PFAS Solid Fluoropolymers: Fluoroelastomers Fluoroplastics Liquid Lubricant Grease Foams Gaseous Refrigerant gas PFAS in contact with product Release risk 1. Environmental factors - Degradation over time: a. Heat b. Erosion c. Chemical reaction or mechanical stress X 1. Accidental spills or leaks during storage, transportation or handling 2. Evaporation due to over-heating X 1. Leaks Comments Release of microplastics Leaching Lubricant/grease mainly in contact with refining equipment if released accidently during the process Firefighting foam can be released in the environment Degradation of gas in environment Concawe Sources: World Health Organization, Interviews of refining companies and suppliers, Desktop research, Accenture analysis 46 Exposure Risk During Operation Risk of exposure to PFAS released during operation is low due to the containment of PFAS within equipment and the use of mitigation measures such as PPE and HSE management plans PFAS State Exposure to workers in refinery Exposure to the general public Exposure to the environment Solid Liquid Gaseous PFAS are confined within the equipment, there is a low exposure risk for workers Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), such as coveralls, gloves and masks, is employed to safeguard the well-being of workers Health, Safety, and Environmental (HSE) measures guided by regional regulations substantially reduce the risk of exposure No risk of PFAS exposure to the public if No exposure to fluoropolymers in end-products (e.g., fuel) are contaminated wastewater as they are insoluble in water with PFAS, as they are securely contained Potential exposure to microparticles and transported using dedicated equipment resulting from the degradation of (e.g., storage tanks, transportation facilities) fluoropolymers No exposure Risk of exposure to lubricant/grease mainly in contact with refining equipment if released accidently Firefighting foam can be released in the environment No exposure Health, Safety, and Environmental (HSE) measures guided by regional regulations substantially reduce the risk of exposure Concawe Sources: World Health Organization, Interviews of refining companies and suppliers, Desktop research, Accenture analysis 47 PFAS Disposal Phase Some measures are in place for end-of-life management of gases and liquids, fostered by local legislation PFAS State Disposal method in refineries Solid Liquid 1. Ordinary Industrial Waste (OIW) i. Metallic: Metal-specific waste bucket ii. Common: Ordinary waste bucket 2. Hazardous Industrial Waste (HIW) i. Equipment-Specific/PFAS-Specific 1. Stored in special drums Gaseous 1. Gas capture with specific treatment End of Life Incineration Recycling Specific treatment Local legislation in place Comments X Potential release of particles into the atmosphere if incinerated below recommended temperatures For lubricants/grease: Incineration Recycling: regeneration to obtain a new lubricant Mandatory maintenance Periodic recycling Organized recovery Regulation for the recycling of lubricants Potential release of particles into the atmosphere if incinerated below recommended temperatures EU F-gas regulation in place Gas treatment is subcontracted to specific companies Concawe Sources: World Health Organization, Interviews of refining companies and suppliers, Desktop research, Accenture analysis 48 Current PFAS Management Plans More than half the companies in our study are developing environmental/emission management plans, mostly related to wastewater Environment/Emission Management Plan In development No 55% 45% Sources: 1see footnote No company has a dedicated PFAS emission management plan in place today More than half the companies are working towards launching dedicated PFAS emission control: Majority of plans are around wastewater management Plans are typically driven by local or national regulations Limited PFAS categories are concerned, such as refrigerant and firefighting foams Example of Driving Regulations European regulation on persistent organic pollutants (POPs): Defines measure of around 20 PFAS types in waste When detected above limits, companies are required to dispose waste according to specific conditions Ministerial Order2 to measure PFAS in wastewater in France: Companies have 3 months to submit list of PFAS likely to be or to have been released Mandates 3 consecutive monthly analysis on all aqueous discharge points likely to present significant PFAS presence (e.g., industrial effluents, etc.) Defines measure of concentration of 20 types of PFAS, fluoride levels (by Aqueous Organofluoride) and other substances Recommendations3 for nationwide assessment of contamination and disposal of PFAS-contaminated water and soil Defines measure of concentration of 13 types of PFAS Measure and technique of fluoride levels for aqueous & solid samples and quantification of unknown PFAS Concawe Sources: 1Accenture analysis of questionnaire and Interviews of refining companies, 2Ministerial decree of 20 June 2023 of French Ministry of Ecological Transition, 3German 49 BMUV Federal Ministry's Guidelines for PFAS assessment, Desktop research Focus on Wastewater Plans Refineries are developing wastewater management plans, but plans do not cover fluoropolymers Typical wastewater management actions PFAS typically measured Routine Measurements Typically, monthly Samples collected from different areas (upstream & downstream) Use of Toxic Products Triggered by the use of products with PFAS compounds (e.g., firefighting foams) Suspected Release Requires specific tests done by specialized companies Reception of Samples Storing of samples in analytical parks to prepare them for chemical, physical and thermal analysis Analysis of Samples Liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a mass (MS) or mass-mass (MS-MS) detector Legend Conducted by Refineries Reception of Response If PFAS are identified, refineries will define action plans to identify and mitigate PFAS source Conducted by Certified organization or laboratory PFBA PFDA PFHpS PFBS PFHpA PFHxA More measured PFAS PFHxS PFNA PFOA PFOS PFPeA PFDoDA ; PFDoA PFDS PFHxDA PFNS PFODA PFOSA PFPeS PFTrDA PFTrDS PFUnDA ; PFUnA 4:2 FTS 6 : 2 FTOH ; FHET 6:2 FTS 6:2 FTSA (H4PFOS) 8 : 2 FTOH ; FOET 8:2 FTS C6O4 DONA ; ADONA FHxSA FTUCA HFPO-DA (Gen X) PFBSA PFDoDS PFDoS PFTA PFTeA ; PFTeDA PFUdS PFUnDS PFBS PFBA PFDA PFHpA Less measured PFAS Wastewater management measurements typically do not include fluoropolymers (the most used PFAS in industrial equipment) or their microparticles Concawe SFoeduercreasl:MAicnciestnrtyu'sreGaunidaelylisnisesoffoqruPeFsAtioSnansaseirsesmanedntI,nItnetrevriveiwews os fwrietfhinrienfginceormiesp,aAnciecse,nMtuirneisatnerailaylsdisecree of 20 June 2023 of French Ministry of Ecological Transition, German BMUV 50 Proven PFAS Treatment Methods There are some proven treatment methods for PFAS today, although incineration is the most usually adopted Treatment category Separation Capture Destruction Technology High-Pressure Membranes Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Anion Exchange Resin (AER) Incineration/Thermal oxidation* Type of waste Liquid Liquid Liquid Slurries and solid Description High-pressure membranes, such as reverse osmosis and nanofiltration, effectively remove PFAS by using pressure to force water through semipermeable membranes, selectively filtering out PFAS and other contaminants High temperature technology ( >700 C) GAC is a highly efficient adsorption technology that captures PFAS from water by attracting them to the surface of tiny carbon particles GAC has limitations but is widely used (~85% of capture installations). After use, GAC media can be reactivated and reused High temperature technology ( >700 C) AER is a treatment technology that effectively removes PFAS from water by using resin beads that exchange negatively charged PFAS ions with chloride ions in the resin, thereby capturing and removing PFAS contaminants from the water High temperature technology ( >700 C) Thermal oxidation or incineration is a high-temperature treatment process that breaks down PFAS contaminants into non-hazardous byproducts through combustion, rendering them harmless and suitable for safe disposal The further application of thermal technologies will depend on the ongoing evaluation of the fate of PFAS residual waste in solids and gas phases *most widely used treatment method, today Concawe Sources: Addressing PFAS contamination (Suez, 2021), CDM Smith, EPA, Barr 51 Emerging PFAS Treatment Technologies However, momentum for the development of innovative technologies for PFAS treatment is growing in the industry Treatment category Separation Capture Technology Flotation Novel Adsorbents/ Precipitants Plasma, Catalytic Electrochemical Oxidation and Sonolysis Type of waste Liquid Liquid Liquid Description Microbubble technology (ozone or air) works to concentrate PFAS in a froth. Flotation is best suited for very high initial PFAS concentrations These technologies involve the use of innovative materials and methods to effectively remove PFAS contaminants. Some examples of novel adsorbents and precipitants for PFAS removal include clay-, cellulose- or starch-based options. Some may have an affinity for small chain PFAS. Further testing is required Plasma destruction utilizes high-energy plasma to break down contaminants, electrochemical oxidation (EO) relies on electrical currents for degradation, and sonolysis employs ultrasonic waves to promote the breakdown of pollutants These developing technologies hold potential for on-site destruction Destruction Pyrolysis and Gazification Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) Hydrothermal alkaline treatment (Halt) Slurries and solid Slurries and solid Liquid Technologies that restrict the inflow of oxygen during high-temperature treatment are primarily suited for managing wastewater biosolids. These technologies are typically combined with thermal oxidation to control off-gas emissions More research is needed to assess the effectiveness of PFAS destruction in the gaseous phase Technology that subjects PFAS-containing materials to supercritical water conditions (high temperature and pressure), which results in the complete oxidation of PFAS compounds into non-hazardous byproducts Technology that subjects contaminated materials to high temperatures and pressures in the presence of alkaline substances, effectively breaking down and neutralizing pollutants Concawe Sources: Addressing PFAS contamination (Suez, 2021), CDM Smith, EPA, Barr 52 Innovation in PFAS Removal Patent filings related to removal of PFAS have shown double digit growth in refinery relevant segments for the past decade Annual patent filings (all mentions to PFAS vs. Removal) Growth of PFAS removal focused patent filings Patents filings in PFAS removal since 2018 have shown a CAGR of +18%, while general PFAS filings have been stagnated Europe has been a driver of this growth CAGR +11% CAGR +18% 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 PFAS removal patent filings 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Patent filing year All patents mentioning PFAS Europe Others 38.0% 29.1% 24.6% United States 24.6% 27.1% China 18.6% 14.4% Japan 8.4% -29.3% South Korea -19.7% -42.3% CAGR 5y 2016-2021 CAGR 2y 2019-2021 73.2% PFAS Removal refers to patents including "PFAS" near / adjacent to keywords such as remove, recycle, replace, free of, destruct, destroy, substituting, alternative Concawe Sources: Accenture Research based on DerwentInnovationTM(Clarivate,2023) 53 PFAS Removal - Wastewater Treatment Water Treatment is a core focus of patents related to PFAS removal Potential Newcomer Growing Core Innovation in water treatment included removing PFAS by... ... heating concentrated stream in the presence of calcium oxide to produce calcium fluoride ... sorbing to colloidal gas aphrons ... using metal organic framework (MOF) material with improved adsorption efficiency and adsorption regeneration rate of more than 90% ... adsorbing of PFOS by modified hydrated iron oxide ... using silicon-based mesoporous material ass the adsorbing material Outdated Segment Crumbling Core ... mixing water with hydroxy radical quencher and irradiating mixture with UV light ... electrochemical filtration system that comprises filter body and carbon nanofiber membrane PFAS Removal refers to patents including "PFAS" near / adjacent to keywords such as remove, recycle, replace, free of, destruct, destroy, substituting, alternative Concawe Sources: Accenture Research based on DerwentInnovationTM(Clarivate,2023) 54 Key Challenges for PFAS Management Plans However, the further adoption of PFAS management plans in refineries faces the following challenges Current state Unclear requirements due to legislative variety Dependence on external capabilities Other Drawbacks Companies' plans are compliant to national and regional regulation Half the companies in our scope are working towards developing their wastewater management plans No dedicated PFAS management plan in place for polymers today Companies cannot invest in a technology and establish a process without confirmation that it will correspond to requirements of license to operate Variety in legislation - including existing local rules and wider regulatory requirements - with potential varying requirements, create a heavier burden for companies to comply Refineries rely on specialized laboratories to conduct detailed PFAS analysis but there are only a few able to measure concentration of PFAS in water/soil Companies also rely on waste contractors to collect and select the most applicable technique to manage PFAS waste Limited options for disposal in end-of-life management including few incineration laboratories available High GHG emissions from high temperature elimination techniques Limited footprint in refineries for installation of additional processes Expenses would increase as PFAS dismantling in equipment at end of life is complex and costly Difficulty to fulfill the diversity of customer requests regarding PFAS presence in products Concawe Sources: Accenture analysis of survey and interviews of Refining players 55 05 PFAS Alternatives > Concawe Ce-..Cincawe Drivers for the Use of PFAS PFAS are chosen mostly due to their higher performance Distribution of factors driving companies to choose PFAS over non-PFAS alternatives Most companies choose PFAS for their performance capabilities 84% 37% 37% 37% 32% 21% 16% Performance (incl. lifetime of equipment) Health, safety & environment Regulations and standards Other Costs Less spare parts management Fewer options reduce mistakes when replacing parts Sources: Accenture analysis of questionnaire. The provided percentage for factor X was calculated by counting the number of companies that indicated "yes" to the X factor Concawe among the given options for their equipment (companies could select more than one option). Then, this count was divided by th e total number of companies that responded to the question. This provided the percentage of companies that are influenced by the factor X in their preference for PFAS equipment. 57 Potential Alternatives to PFAS Some materials have been identified as potential technical alternatives to PFAS based on usecases requirements Focus on identified PFAS alternatives by categories In refineries, most PFAS exist in solid state Solid State Materials in Refinery Equipment Liquid State Gaseous State Polymers Plastics PVC PEEK PPS PSU Elastomers NBR EPDM Metals Other Materials Stainless Steel Glass Nickel Alloys Ceramics Hastelloy Graphite Exotic material (Tantalum, Zirconium, Titanium) Lubricants /Grease Foams Powder Hydrocarbons Graphite Detergents Molybdenum Siloxanes Proteins Refrigerant Ammonia CO2 Hydrocarbons (e.g., Propane/Isobutane/Butane) Concawe Sources: Accenture analysis of survey and interviews of Refining players, Desktop research 58 Alternatives for Temperature Resistance Certain metals and plastics can withstand high temperatures like PFAS substances Permissible temperature of materials Fluoropolymers Metals Plastics PTFE/FEP FFKM ETFE FKM PVDF Hastelloy Stainless Steel* PEEK PPS EPDM PP NBR PVC -185 C -260 C -20 C -50 C -10 C -20 C -20 C -40 C -40 C -30 C 0 C -10 C 0 C Alternatives 150 C 150 C 100 C 260 C 260 C 250 C 200 C 130 C 100 C 90 C 60 C 400 C Concawe *Stainless Steel 316Ti Sources: Burkert, Haynes International, Polyfluor 1 000 C Temperature [C] 59 Alternatives for Chemical Resistance However, when temperature is combined with chemical resistance, potential alternatives are less performant than PFAS Overview of Chemical Resistance of materials at 20C and 60C Category Substances Strong Acids Strong Bases Oxidizing Agents Sulphuric Acid (conc. 98%) Hydrochloric Acid (conc. 30%) Nitric Acid (conc. 65%) Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) (conc. 50%) Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) (conc. 60%) Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) (conc. 6%) Hydrogen peroxide (conc. 20%) Halogen Compounds Aromatic Hydrocarbo ns Sodium fluoride (conc. 4%) Sodium chlorite (conc. 5%) Bromine (technically pure) Benzene Toluene Esters Acetic Methyl Ester (conc.100%) Ketone Aldehydes Aliphatic Alcohols Dissobutyl Ketone (conc. TR) Propylene Aldehydes/Butenal/Crotonaldehyde Methanol (conc. TR) Ethanol (conc. TR) Temp. [C ] 20 60 20 60 20 60 20 60 20 60 20 60 20 60 20 60 20 60 20 20 20 60 20 60 20 60 20 20 60 20 60 PTFE/FEP + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Fluoropolymers PVDF ETFE FFKM + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + 0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + FKM + + 0 0 0 0 - - - + + + 0 + + + + 0 + 0 0 + - + 0 0 + 0 Metals SUS* Hastelloy PP + + 0 0 + 0 - + + - 0 + + + - 0 0 - + + + 0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + 0 + + - 0 + - + - + + - + + 0 + + 0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + Alternatives Plastics PPS PVC NBR 0 0 - - - + + - + - - + - - 0 - + + 0 + - + + - + + - + + 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 0 - + + + + + 0 + - + + 0 - + - + 0 - + - - + - + - + - + - - + - + - + + + 0 + 0 - + + + + PEEK 0 0 0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + EPDM 0 0 + 0 + + + + + + + + + + + - 0 - + + + + 0 + + Legend + Compatible 0 Lciommitpeadtibility - Ncoomt patible Information not provided Concawe *Stainless Steel 3 16Ti Sources:.Flux Pompes de transfert's Compatibility list, Chemline Chemical Resistance guide, The Plastic Shop's Chemical resistance data of engineering plastics, Burkert 60 Thermoplastics & Elastomers Although some materials have been identified as potential alternatives, they often do not match all the required properties of PFAS substances (1/2) Thermal resistance [C] Symbol PTFE Fluoropolymer PFA PVDF PEEK Alternatives PPS PSU PEI Table 1: List of selected heat-resistant plastics Material name Polytetrafluoroe-thylene Perfluoroalkoxy polymer Polyvinylidene fluoride Polyetherketone Polyphenylene sulfide Polysulfone Polyetherimide Max. working T. [C] 260 150 150 250 240 150 170 In terms of working temperatures alone, some alternative plastics can be found for certain PFAS Heat Resistance* 325 FFKM 300 275 Fluoroelastomers 250 VQM FVQM FKM, TFE-P 225 AEM 200 175 EPDM CSM ACM HNBR CPE ECO 150 CR NBR 125 IIR 100 SNBRR 75 Not required 140 120 100 80 60 40 30 20 10 50 Oil Resistance, [%] Volume Swell in ASTM No. 3 Oil, 70 hours exposure Figure 1: Elastomer family plastics rated against heat and oil resistance3 The ASTM swelling test for elastomers show that in the domain of high temperature (>200C), fluoroelastomers are the most suitable materials *Maximum time at which vulcanizates can be aged for 70 hours with changes in tensile strength 30%, elongation -50% and hardness 15points Sources: 1Design and Manufacturing of Micro-Turbomachinery Components with Application of Heat Resistant Plastics (Polish Academy of Science), 2GL Sciences, 3Choosing the Concawe right elastomer for the right application (Stahl W, World Pumps, 2006, 481, 2006 Oct, pp 30-33) 61 Metals & Glass Although some materials have been identified as potential alternatives, they often do not match all the required properties of PFAS substances (2/2) Comparing the properties of metals and glass with fluoropolymers Metals and glass offer lower levels of resistance in terms of chemical resistance and formability as fluoropolymers when compared Potential alternatives to fluoropolymers Thermal resistance Mechanical resistance Chemical resistance Formability Metals (eg. Rare Metals, Alloys, SST) Equivalent or better Equivalent or better Worse or equivalent (e.g., Ta) Worse or equivalent (shape creation) Glass Equivalent Worse Worse Worse Metals and glass rated against corrosion resistance and thermal conductivity* Thermal conductivity high low low Stainless steel Ni alloys , Ti , Zr SiC Ta Graphite Glass PTFE Corrosion resistance high Graphite, SiC (Silicium Carbide) and Tantalum can offer alternatives to PTFE in terms of chemical resistance The brittleness of SiC makes it not ideal for equipment as reactors, agitators or columns Concawe Sources: *SGL carbon, Desktop research, Accenture analysis 62 Potential Substitutes by Equipment The industry has identified some potential substitutes for the following PFAS equipment for certain use cases (1/2) PFAS and alternatives identified in gaskets and piping equipment* Equipment Gaskets Illustration PFAS PCTFE, PTFE PTFE Alternative Metallic (e.g., nickel) gaskets Graphite or Mica (silicate) gaskets EPDM, NBR** Alternatives' limits Not suitable for excessive tightening torque Possible contamination issues Lower Chemical resistance (less safety in chemical plants, higher emissions) Piping PTFE, PFA, PVDF Organic, mineral fibre gaskets TPM (Thermoplastics materials) (HD-PE, PP, U-PVC, C-PVC), SVR FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic) Hastelloy Glass lining Enamelled Steel, Nickel, Titanium Sealing level reduced by x(100-1000), shorter life span Lower upper temperature limit and lower chemical resistance Lower upper temperature limit and lower chemical resistance Material heavy weight can induce changes in structural design of supports and civil construction Mechanical fragility Mounting constraints, lower resistance to chemical reaction *The list of PFAS and alternatives identified is not exhaustive. **EPDM and NBR have insufficient chemical resistance for chlorine, sulfuric acid and nitric acid. In addition, NBR has Concawe insufficient chemical resistance for ammonia Sources: Unique Polymers (PTFE Sheet Division), SGL Carbon, Debrunner Acifer, Interviews of refining companies and suppliers, Desktop research, Accenture analysis 63 Potential Substitutes by Equipment The industry has identified some potential substitutes for the following PFAS equipment for certain use cases (2/2) PFAS and alternatives identified in valves, refrigerant gas and coating Equipment Valves Bodies (large components) Illustration PFAS PCTFE PTFE Alternative Vespel Enamelled steel valves, Hastelloy, Noble metal grade Alternatives' limits No specific limits identified except high cost Higher friction coefficient and lower sealing capacities, low availability Valves - Washers** (intermediate components) PTFE Polyethylene Lower upper temperature limit Valves - Gaskets FKM, PTFE EPDM Lower chemical resistance, not suitable for all application Refrigerant Refrigerant Ammonia Higher risks due to toxicity, impact on refrigerant auxiliary system design and on energy consumption CO2 Much higher-pressure requirements for cooling, impact on refrigerant auxiliary system design and on energy consumption, narrower applicable temperature range, mainly applied in commercial refrigeration Hydrocarbons (e.g., Propane/Isobutane/Butane) Highly flammable gas, impact on refrigerant auxiliary system design and on energy consumption, high GHG impact, mainly applied in commercial refrigeration, temperature of use must not go beyond certain levels*** Coating PTFE, PVDF PPV, Epoxy, Polyester, Melamine Lower UV durability, corrosion resistance (e.g., for seaside applications) and resistance regarding high temperatures *The list of PFAS and alternatives identified is not exhaustive. **Parts ensuring friction and sliding. ***The temperature difference between desired cooling temperature and Concawe outside temperature should not be too great, this is due to the specific properties of propane as a refrigerant. Sources: Ferguson Industrial, Alundong, BuyBestAc, Interviews of chemical refining and suppliers, Desktop research, Accenture analysis 64 Substitution Strategies Found in Refineries Within the survey, companies indicate having substitution strategies for 3 types of equipment, mostly driven by expected changes in regulation Main Drivers for Substitution Strategy Development* Equipment with Substitution Strategies** Expecting changes in legislation ESG roadmap 16 companies 8 companies Firefighting Foams Refrigerant 25% 10% 2 companies 5 companies Economical reasons 5 companies Gasket & Sealing 5% 1 companies Being ahead of competitors 1 companies All other equipment: 0 companies No company with substitution strategy Brand positioning on consumer health Other 1 companies 1 companies Examples of expected legislative changes at EU level: Ongoing review of F-gas regulation proposal, awaiting Parliament's position in 1st reading ECHA's SEAC published opinion on PFAS reduction in firefighting foams. Now in preparation for publication and proposal to be sent by ECHA to Commission Agitators Compressors Turbines Fans Conveyors Devices for process control Devices for process analysis Instruments Distillation Tower Absorption towers Evaporators Fired heaters Gas purification unit Heat exchangers Motors and couplings Reactors Refrigeration system Refinery Piping Transportation Pipeline Pumps Steam ejector Vacuum pumps Valves and accessories Vessels Storage tanks Wastewater treatment PPE Power and utilities equipment Grease Lubricant Catalyst Processing/auxiliary aids Concawe *Number of drivers chosen among the list of 6 proposed: companies could pick multiple drivers, **Number of companies that declared having substitution strategies for equipment among the 45-equipment list. Sources: Accenture analysis of questionnaire, Legislative Observatory of the European Parliament 65 Drawbacks of PFAS Alternatives Aside the material performance, alternative materials have other drawbacks that would make substitution challenging Safety of the future installations As they are not widespread use material, need to demonstrate performance in the long term of existing alternatives. Some known reduced performances: sealing, emission International well established design standards for PFAS-based equipment in the industry will have to be updated, such as: - ISO - API - ASTM Alternatives development Long process of developing substitutes potentially lasting many years, requiring: - R&D - Testing - Approval from certifying bodies and clients Long guarantee of new products required by clients (typically around 10 years) Properties of alternative materials To satisfy the desired properties for equipment the alternative materials to PFAS will also be persistent materials, which will could bring similar challenges to PFAS long life Production asset and supply chain adaptation Production asset debottlenecking: - New sites to be built from scratch for some materials and equipment (e.g., high nickel alloy or ceramic piping used in niche applications) - Important brownfield modifications on existing installations (e.g., gaskets) Challenges in procuring potential alternative material (e.g., tantalum) PFAS presence in alternative materials/equipment PFAS potentially used to improve performance of alternatives: - Some alternatives coated with thin layer of PFAS - PFAS surfactants used in the production of non-PFAS polymers identified as theoretical substitutes to PFAS polymers Concawe Sources: Interviews of Refining companies and suppliers, Accenture analysis 66 06 Impacts of PFAS restriction > Concawe Ce-..Cincawe Impacts by Dimension Refineries indicate higher impacts of the PFAS ban to be on maintenance, followed by production, health and safety Maintenance 50% 25% 15% 5% 5% Production 30% 30% 20% 5% 15% Health & Safety 15% 40% 20% 15% 10% Waste Management 5% 25% 50% 10% 10% Emission/Environment 0 45% Management 25% Level of impact* Very High High 15% Medium *The percentage was obtained by computing the ratio of the number of companies expressing interest in Level of impact X to the total number of respondents Concawe Sources: Accenture analysis of questionnaire 15% Low Very Low 68 Impacts to Existing and Future Plants A potential PFAS ban will impact both existing and future plans for refineries, based on existence of alternatives, their economic feasibility and potential derogations PFAS Ban Existing Plants New Investments No alternative for core equipment Potential alternatives identified No alternative for core equipment Business case Business case (ROCE) Mothballing R&D to identify alternative technologies Potential Closure Plant transformation Engineering for plant reconstruction Procurement of alternative materials and ramp up of new supply chains Temporary plant closure Plant transformation Client qualifications1 Investment in alternative location Potential alternatives identified Business case, feasibility Investment in alternative location Engineering Procurement Construction 1Where relevant Concawe Sources: Interviews of refinery companies, Accenture analysis 69 Impacts on the Value Chain A ban on PFAS today would impact all the energy value chain, risking supply and access to fuels in Europe Crude offloading Refinery Fuel Distribution Risk of interruption of supply of crude oil to refineries Reduction of reliability, availability and safety for each equipment Less performant equipment due to unmatching properties Risk of interruption of fuels and refined products supply in EU Increase in maintenance cycles resulting in higher costs Site closures leading to reduction of current production volume Loss of jobs or reduced job stability Safety risk for personnel and equipment Increase in CAPEX and OPEX affecting price of end-products Hindered development of sustainable fuels Higher risk of leakages and GHG emissions Risk of supply interruption for fuel products up to end consumer Higher risk of end-user health & safety incidents (e.g., leakages) Unavailability of repair parts Concawe Source: Accenture analysis of questionnaire 70 07 Conclusion > Concawe Ce-..Cincawe Key Conclusions The results of the industry survey, interviews, advanced analytics and patent analysis lead to the following conclusions for the use of PFAS in Refineries and Fuel Distribution As refineries do not manufacture PFAS, their use is mostly in solid form contained in industrial equipment, with low risk of exposure to the environment during operations also due to HSE measures in place There is a growing effort in the industry to develop environmental management plans for PFAS, especially related to managing emissions of PFAS in wastewater Despite challenges in collecting information on the use of PFAS, we have conducted an inventory of PFAS in Refining and Fuel Distribution Equipment There is a lack of alternatives to PFAS for most industrial equipment today. For the uses identified, potential substitutes lack combined properties needed for critical safety requirements (e.g., hydrocarbon leakage avoidance) PFAS (mostly fluoropolymers) have been detected in a large share of refineries' equipment, especially in everpresent components such as joints, valves, pumps, etc. A PFAS ban in refinery and Fuel Distribution equipment would have severe impacts across the energy value chain, putting at risk fuel supply in Europe Concawe Sources: Interviews of refining companies and suppliers, Industry survey. Desktop research, Accenture analysis 72 08 Appendix Reference box for additional comments Concawe Potential Operational Impact for Refineries With few alternatives available, it is difficult to precisely quantify full operational impact of transforming refineries, however some clear elements are foreseen as problematic Site closure Maintenance Supply interruption Safety & liability Uptime reduction of plant due to repeated closures, including shut down for substitution of core equipment and more frequent maintenance actions Lack of availability in the supply industry not structured for such a required volume over a short period of time Required timing to validate the feasibility at industrial scale would take several years Existing plants maintenance costs increased x 2 to 3 The downtimes would be almost tripled due to the reduction of reliability, availability and safety Necessity to revise maintenance programs, invest in staff training, or even redesign infrastructure Lack of availability of maintenance resources for such a large change Concawe Source: Accenture analysis of questionnaire Supply interruption for fuel products up to end consumer (vehicles, cars, trucks, airplane, rail, ships, vessels, military etc.) when repair in legacy assets is not feasible (no spare-part manufacturer, spare part not approved by the authorities, etc.) Risk for product safety and liability by missing standards Increased risk of accident frequency, making refineries less safe for workers and for the public in the surrounding neighborhood 74 Potential Economic Impact for Refineries Economically, what is foreseen is increased expenses and revenue loss due to higher costs in products as well as increased maintenance cycles and equipment replacement CAPEX OPEX Revenues End of business Increased capital investments required for future acquisitions, equipment replacements, and potential infrastructural redesigns to accommodate PFAS-free alternatives resulting in high increase in CAPEX For new plants, higher CAPEX and increased running cost could deter new investments in Europe Increased maintenance cost due to replacement of PFAS equipment and to differences in lifetime or efficiency parameters of alternatives Reducing the turnaround time would result in additional costs, (up to 100 M for one refinery) Ripple effect on costs related to equipment lifespans, energy consumption, and even waste management Increase in disposal costs Concawe Source: Accenture analysis of questionnaire Increases in expenditures and costs automatically result in drop of margin and revenue End of business due to unbearable costs for some companies, including sales loss and all extra costs for exchange, disposal and production 75 Potential Social & Environmental Impact for Refineries Restricting the use of PFAS would affect job stability and safety of operations while bringing drawbacks in volume of emissions and waste generated Waste Jobs Safety Environment Increase in waste volumes and more frequent turnarounds with specialized companies due to shorter operating times Increased costs for containment and disposal Redesign emission treatments of plants, including specialized treatment methods to avoid environmental contamination Updates in waste management contracts for plants and warehouses Jobs at risk if companies get out of business due to permanent plants shutdown Due to higher expenses, job stability at risk as companies might have to balance new extra costs and revenue loss However, potential creation of new jobs related to maintenance, replacement, and contracts with specialized contractors Concawe Source: Accenture analysis of questionnaire Potential increase of emissions due to a higher chance of leaks resulting from alternatives not being as effective in preventing loss of primary containment Similarly, increased risk for human health by leakage of fuels to soil and ground water Increase in maintenance activities means increased exposure time for maintenance workers and a higher injury probability Climate risk linked to increasing GHG-emissions Failure to block urban-air pollution reduction Risk for renewable fuels' volume reduction according to Renewable Energy Directive RED Risk of wrong disposal of PFAScontaining equipment due to lack of availability of infrastructure to recover PFAS contained in products 76 Potential Impact on other EU Laws for Refineries A comprehensive ban on PFAS would limit the use of technologies essential to reach goals set by existing and upcoming EU environmental legislation FOR OIL COMPANIES Renewables Emissions FOR OTHER COMPANIES Environment Risk of not meeting RED-quota in the energy transition for bio-based and other sustainable fuels Risk of delaying/stopping the development of renewable liquid fuels that use the same equipment in companies' sites as for fossil fuels Penalties for the end consumer and reduced budget for buying clean ZEV zero emission vehicle according CO2-fleet regulations Risk for banning fuel cell technology (membrane) and electromobility (wires at retail charging) Risk for electricity transport from off-shore wind energy Risk for solar technology electrical insulation Concawe Source: Accenture analysis of questionnaire 77 Sources Illustration of equipment Process Unit's Equipment Agitator: https://www.flexachem.com/mixing-technology/agitator/ Fans: https://us.firenews.video/culture-and-trends/axial-fans-application-features-and-characteristics/ Cooling Tower: https://www.tighe-zeman.com/cooling-towers/cooling-tower-marley-anna-laberge/ Conveyor: https://www.albg.eu/en/know-how/conveyor-belt-systems.html Pumps: https://fasenergo.com/catalogue/pump-and-compressor-equipment/_systems/modular-process-system-of-the-pumpcounting-unit , https://www.iwakipumps.jp/en/products/rotary/gm_v/ Instruments: https://www.dolangskills.com/product/dlgk-373-process-control-training-system Distillation Tower: https://dacworldwide.com/product/distillation-column-model-training/ Evaporators: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/chemical-evaporator-machine-2225079288.html Fired Heaters: https://heatmatrixgroup.com/company/customer-reference/refinery-cdu-fired-heater/ Steam injector: https://www.spiraxsarco.com/global/en-GB/products/boiler-controls-and-systems/steam-injectors Heat Exchanger: http://www.cheresources.com/content/articles/heat-transfer/u-in-heat-exchangers Couplings (Motors): https://www.zeushydratech.com/product/dc-nd108b-omt-drive-coupling-motor-half-11kw-42mm-12mmkey/ Refrigeration System : https://www.coolingpost.com/features/ammonia-refrigeration-hunts-down-r22/ https://bolz-edel.com/en/chemical-vessel/ Gaskets & Sealings: https://denora.com/applications/chlor-alkali-processes/Membrane-Technologies.html Valves: https://www.fergusonindustrial.com/product/metal-seated-ball-valves/ Piping: Tube en PP pour l'industrie M104613 - Debrunner Acifer (d-a.ch) Safety and Protection PPE: https://www.absorbentsonline.com/spill-containment-blog/comparing-the-differentlevels-of-protection-for-personal-protective-equipment-ppe/ Firefighting Foam: https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/what-to-do-with-vast-stockpiles-ofpfas-laden-firefighting-foam/4016364.article Concawe Fuel Distribution Fuel tank: https://www.rapidgestrans.fr/cuve/ Fuel dispensers: https://www.censtarfueldispenser.com/electronic-fuel-dispenser/auto-fuel-dispenser.html, https://www.tatsuno-europe.com/_en/fuel-dispensers-ocean-euro.html Bunkering barges: https://fincantierimarinegroup.com/product_cat/lng-bunker-barge/ Filters: https://hustler.lawnmowers.parts/604323-FILTER-VAPOR-SYSTEM-hustler-original-part/ Nozzle: https://img.fruugo.com/product/9/00/768292009_max.jpg Hoses: https://irprubber.com/products/industrial-hose/petroleum-hose/gas-pump-hose/?pcid=789, https://hosecoupling-world.com/hoses-in-the-chemical-and-petrochemical-processes/ Splash guard: https://www.amazon.com/Apache-99000244-Nozzle-Splash-Guard/dp/B00GN4ZWCI Pump unit: https://www.manutan.fr/fstrz/r/s/www.manutan.fr/img/S/GRP/ST/AIG22133583.jpg?frz-v=90 Vapor recovery System: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_recovery Power and Utilities Power Supply: https://shop.omegascientific.com.au/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=1722 Cables & Wires: https://www.tpcwire.com/ Other Products Grease: https://lubricant-world.com/en/chemical-structure-of-greases-in-a-nutshell/ Lubricants: https://www.bruker.com/fr/applications/industrial/chemistry/lubricants.html Catalysts: https://medium.com/solvaygroup/catalysts-what-they-are-how-they-work-and-why-we-use-theme4ca13295bc2 Refrigerant: https://www.britannica.com/science/Freon 78 List of Abbreviations & Acronyms (1/4) ACM AEM AER AI AOF ASTM CAGR CAPEX CDU CO2 CPE C-PVC Polyacrylate Rubber Acrylic Elastomer Anion exchange resin Artifical Intelligence Adsorbable organic fluorine American Society for Testing and Materials Compound annual growth rate Capital expenditures Crude oil Distillation unit Carbon dioxide Chlorinated Polyethylene Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride Concawe CR CSM DC ECO ECTFE EOF EPDM ETFE EU FCCU FEP FFKM Polychloroprene Rubber Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Direct current Epichlorohydrin Rubber Etylene Chlorotrifluorethylene Extractable organic bound fluorine Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Etylene Tetrafluroroetylene European Union Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Perfluoroelastomer FK-5-112 FKM Fire Supressant Fluid Fluoroelastomer FM200 HFC-227 ea FTI Fluorotelomer-based technology FTO Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide FTS fluorotelomer sulfonate FVQM Fluorosilicone Rubber GAC Granular activated carbon GHG Green house gas Halt Hydrothermal alkaline treatment HCFC-123* 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane HD-PE High-performance polyethylene 79 List of Abbreviations & Acronyms (2/4) HDS/HDT Hydrotreating Unit HSSE HFC Hydrofluorocarbons ICT HFC-134a 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane IIR HFC-143a 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane IoT HFO Hydrofluorolefins HFO- 1233 zd HFO1234yf HFO1336mzz 1-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene, cisCF3CH=CHCF3 HIW Hazardous Industrial Waste LPG MOF MS-MS Mt/a NBR HNBR HPLC HSE Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber High-performance liquid chromatography Health, safety, environment Ni NR OECD Concawe Health, Safety, Security and Environment Information and communication technology Isobutylene Isoprene Rubber internet of things Liquified petroleum gas OPEX PCTFE PEEK PEI PFA Metal organic framework PFAE mass-mass PFAS Metric ton per annum PFBA Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Nickel PFBS PFC Natural Rubber Organisation for economic co-operation and development PFCA PFNA Operating expenses or expenditure Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polyether Ether Ketone Polyetherimide Perfluoroalkyl Perfluoroalkyl Ether Per- and polyfluorinated substances Perfluorobutanoic Acid Perfluorobutanesulfonic Acid Perfluorinated Compound Perfluorocarboxylic Acid Perfluorononanoic Acid 80 List of Abbreviations & Acronyms (3/4) PFOA Perfluorooctanoic Acid PFOS Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid PFPAE PFPE Perfluoropolyakylether Perfluoropolyether PFSA Perfluorosulfonic Acid pH POPs PP PPE Potential of hydrogen Persistent organic polluants (POPs) Polypropylene Personal Protective Equipment PPS Polyphenylene Sulfide PPV polyphenylene vinylene PSU Polysulfone Concawe PTFE PVC PVDF R&D R-401A R-404A R-407 R-410A R-417A R-422D R-427A R-448A Polytetrafluoroethylene Polyvinyl Chloride Polyvinylidene Fluoride R-449A R-452A R-507 Blend of HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFO-1234yf Blend of HFC-32, and HFC-125, and HFO1234yf Blend of HFC-125 and HFC-143a Research & Development R-513A Blend of HCFC-22, HFC-125, and HCFC124 Blend of HFC-125, HFC-143a, and HFC134a R-gas ROCE Blends of HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFC-134a SBR Blend of HFO-1234yf and HFC-134a Refrigerant gas Return on Capital employed Styrene Butadiene Rubber Blend of HFC-32, and HFC-125 SCWO Supercritical water oxidation Blend of HFC-125, and HFC-134a Blend of HFC-125, HFC-134a, and isobutane Blend of HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a and HFC-143a Blend of HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234yf, and HFO-1234 SFA SFPM SiC SST Semi-Fluorinated Alkane Synthetic Film-forming Multi-purpose Multi-foaming Silicon carbide Stainless Steel 81 List of Abbreviations & Acronyms (4/4) SVR SVR Ta TFE Ti TOP U-PVC UV VDF VDU VQM Zr Stratified Glass Resin Stratified Glass Resin Tantalum Tetrafluoroetheylene Titanium Total oxiduble precursor Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride Utltra-violet Vinylidene Fluoride Vacuum Distillation Unit Vinyl Methyl Silicone Zirconium Concawe 82 @ncawe Environmental Science for European Fuel Manufacturing