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B&R-121 "History of Southland's development," Southland Paper Mills, 1949. PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT HISTORY OF In about 1936 when newsprint production was on the decline in the U. S. Mills and on the in crease in the Canadian mills consideration was be ing v:iven bv industrial leaders and publishers in the South to the feasibility of manufacturing newsorint from Southern pine. Such a mill, successfully aperated, would provide new use for an abundant aw material and further augment the supply ot tewsprint for American newspapers which are, oy ar, the greatest consumers of newsprint in the enire world. The late Francis Garvan, who was head >f the Chemical Foundation, was instrumental in aroviding support tor experimental work carried >ur over a long period of time by Dr. Charles derty. Director of the Savannah" Laboratories, here it was demonstrated that it was feasible to take newsprint from Southern pine. In January. 1937 a committee was formed to oordinate all errorts. decide on financial strueare and make other necessary preliminary investiations. The company was incorporated in I93S nd construction began January Id, 1939. In Jan. 940 the first newsprint made commercially from outhern pine was produced at this mill. The first nit consisted of one fourdrinier paper machine ad facilities tor making groundwood pulp and ectric power. In 1942 the scarcity of chemical -i!p made it necessary tor the company to begin ie construction ot a pulp mill in addition to the rst established unit. This pulp mill was corn ered in 1944, and thus created a completely inrgrated or self-contained mill. In 1946, having mquered many of the earlier obstacles and beg faced with a world-wide scarcity of newsprint, e company embarked on another construction ogram. This development consisted of another iper machine and the necessary increase in the oundwood manufacturing facilities and enlargeent of its electric power generating system. This welopment was completed in 1948 and more than moled its original newsprint productive capay. 'nancing the first newsprint mill in the South, financing many other untried, enterprises, was set with numerous difficulties, but the integrity ---------- -'lifsdiWAiT.zccLLSenosiin i THE CENTER TOR AMERICAN HISTORY HE UNIYE&STTY OP TEXAS AT AUSTOf' and fortitude of the company officials were th motivating forces that induced individuals ar.c publishers to contribute their dollars in excess c the required private capital. This was an importar. contributory factor to the successful culminaticr ot negotiations with the R.F.C. tor the major por non of the total capital needed to construct thi new industry. The first unit at the Southland Paper Mills wa: a pioneering undertaking, confronted with man; formidable problems, ail or which were whippec by the perseverance of an indomitable staff. The original idea of a newsprint mill was conceived by a few industrial leaders but the ultimate execution of the project was made possible by the combined efforts of many hands, many hearts, and manv minds. HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT In about 1936 when newsprint production was on the decline in the U. S. Mills and on the in crease in the Canadian mills consideration was be ing given bv industrial leaders and publishers in the South to the feasibility of manufacturing news print from Southern pine. Such a mill, successfully operated, would provide new use for an abundant raw material and further augment the supply of newsprint for American newspapers which are, by far, the greatest consumers of newsprint in the en tire world. The late Francis Garvan, who was head of the Chemical Foundation, was instrumental in providing support for experimental word carried out over a long period of time by Dr. Charles Herty. Director of the Savannah Laboratories, where it was demonstrated that it was feasible to make newsprint from Southern pine. In January, 1937 a committee was formed to coordinate all efforts, decide on financial struc ture and make other necessary preliminary investi gations. The company was incorporated in 1938 and construction began januarv 1?. 1939. In Jan. 1940 the first newsprint made commercially from Southern pine was produced at this mill. The first unit consisted of one fourdrinier paper machine and facilities for making groundwood pulp and electric power. In 1942 the scarcity of chemical pulp made it necessary for the company to begin the construction of a pulp mill in addition to the first established unit. This pulp milk was com pleted in 1944, and thus created a completely intergrated or self-contained mill. In 1946, having conquered many of the earlier obstacles and be ing faced with a world-wide scarcity of newsprint, the company embarked on another construction program. This development consisted of another paper machine and the necessary increase in the groundwood manufacturing facilities and enlarge ment of its electric power generating system. This development was completed in 1948 and more than doubled its original newsprint productive capa city. Financing the first newsprint mill in the South, like financing many other untried enterprises, was beset with numerous difficulties, but the integrity -------------------------------- uWT.tj PRO?.; ^ 1 'Ul '/.'."U `M--------------------- TU5 CENTER TOR Al/dudCA.' I KISIORY and fortitude of the company officials were the motivating forces that induced individuals and publishers to contribute their dollars in excess of the required private capital. This was an important contributory factor to the successful culmination of negotiations with the R.F.C. for the major por tion of the total capital needed to construct this new industry. The first unit at the Southland Paper Mills was a pioneering undertaking, confronted with many formidable problems, all of which were whipped by the perseverance of an indomitable staff. The original idea of a newsprint mill was conceived by a few industrial leaders but the ultimate execution of the project was made possible by the combined etforts of many hands, many hearts, and many minds. A IR V 1F.W O F M I I . L Two different types of paper products are manufactured here at Southland Paper Mills. Newsprinc is made tnairdy from pulp manuracturod by grinding a whole pine log against a revolving stone. This tvpe of pulp is known as "Groundwood. The other product is Kraft Board", which is made from puip manuractured by cooking chipped pine wood in a targe pressure vessel in me presence of steam and a caustic soda solution. Pi HE woos WOODYARD AND BARKING DRUM Pine wood is received by rail and truck in the form of 4-fc. sticks and logs in multiples or 4-rt. which are slashed into 4-fc. lengths. The wood goes into two revolving barking drum: where the bark is scraped orf by the action of logs cumbling one on the other. As the debarked sticks leave the barking drum they fail on a moving rubber belt where the besc of the 4-fr. lengths are sorted our and sene by convevor to the groundwood mill. The balance of the wood moves by separate conveyor ro a large vertical chipper wherein rotacing knives reduce the logs to small chips approximately the sice of a postage stamp. GRINDERS The course of the logs into the manufacture of newsprinc will now be followed. Revolving grinder stones driven in pairs by 4,000 H. P. electric motors reduce the wood to pulp by the action of hydraulic pressure t'eec which force the wood against the scone. As much heat is generated, a water shower is employed inside the grinder casing to cool the stone and force che ground pulp from the machine into a trough underneath. More water washes the ground puip over a series of coarse screens where the unground slivers are removed. SCREENS AND THICKNERS From this point the thin puip siurry is pumped through rotating screens which further remove small dirt specks and tine slivers. As the pulp slurry must be very chin to accom plish this, it is rethickened after screening on large rotarv vacuum filters which drain che excess water away and ailow storage for reasonably large amouncs of chickened pulp in. -c Jhg relatively small tile chescs located underneath the thickner. STOCK PREPARATION The groundwood pulp next moves to the stock prepara tion department where it is further processed to be blended wich bleached krafe chemical pulp to the extent of approxi mately HQ^'o groundwood and 20',G bleached pulp. Other ingrediencs such as a small amount of bluing are added at this point. The mixed pulp from which che newsprinc is manufactured is now ready for the final process. The rt cloth : to a v i jdrains into a ; and n a vacuti che ej. the wc i water from this p rolls ' into * where heated expelli a larg a cale is red:tmpar cal to At: is crai. proce; cuscoc at che ished WE from r to smr and t which FOURDRINIERS The fourdrimer machine where the pulp is actually form ed into a sheet of paper consiscs essentially of an endless wire cloth some ly-fc wide supported by appropriate rollers and driven by an electric motor which moves the wire clo th at a speed of approximately 1300 lineal feet per minute. dig; Scet reduci , a.equiv; A ^VisToat FLOW DIAGRAM OF MILL OPERATIONS m TV a iz i I 3 A 2 *.: s "j : fl u \ NS rh `cs siRS M INI FACTijftE OF I CJOKING LiOLCR | stock FRE? J SJ.no N ______ rOURORlSiEfl iPAPEA MAChi^EsP SPENT UQUCP RECOVERY NEWS PRINT i l digesters WASHING 4 SCREENING 9LEACH PLANT STOCK PREPARATION CYLINDER MACHINE KRAFT BOARD -li: * ire ne.iUOo mm navin. A UteU water :oves. me water -,i mrough the wire leaving me .*ood fibers mesneu i homogeneous mac. riot-boxes wim perrorareL tops re L vim per:jnted shells aro so connected to large am pe;np> chat me suction further aids in removing excessive water from the m.a: or risers. Sv tne rime ut sheet leaves the enalvss wire ciocn. :he amount or r mixed with each ton o: drv ticer has coen reduce-a . -a.0150 gallons in the headbox :o 960 gallons. At rom: the -vet Aeet passes through two sets or presser v.-iere additional moisture is pressea tram the sheet women te:ts. The sneer men enters me arver section e .: passes aicernatoiv over me unoer hodow steam- ru. cvnnuers w-nere me remaining moisture is final.v .lea. J'-isC before me rmisned paper :s wound up into .arue ree:. it passes mrcuggnr. a .erics o1 r steel roils called : t.cnder stack At this pom: :he m;c ness or the paper reduced ov about naif, at which time i smooth finish is :tvc Tt-.d :o the paper This operation :s practically identi- :... u T.e smoothing or textiles with an ordinary hand iron. A:ter a .arge -mougn reel is wound up. the moving sheet :j transferred to mother core without interruption or the process, wnereunon tne rimsr.ed reel is rewound to the customers spec:: ::.u:on> and sue into the proper wtdms u me '.ime time After wrapping and weighing, the tin- sr.ca reel .s read-.' ror shipment to the various newspapers. WE ILL NOW rodow the manufacture of krart pu!p rrom the pome where a portion, of the logs has been reduced `a .mu., chips These mips are scored in a large verricai :an< ma tea ry a vibrator onto a long ruooer conveyor beic. winch m turn loaas the maps into the digesters. DIGESTERS Steel pressure vesseis called "Digesters' arc used to the wood chins to oulp. Each one holds chips equivalent to abouc 16 cor*dds of wood. After the digester is .uauec a cooking :u]uor consisting or a solution of caustic soda and sodium sulphide i poured in over the chips. After ;r t - me top oc mis vessel is oo.tea .n p;ace .ive steam is admit ted into the bottom and the entire charge cooked for ap proximate:'.- two hours. This cooking process dissolves the cementing materials present in the wood which hold the in dividual wood fibers together. This cementing material consists Tiostiv or ::gnm. 'while me wood firors are essenriailv pure cellulose. L'pon completion or the cooking a v.uvc in the bottom of the digester is opened, whereupon me internal pressure expels the whole mass through a pipe '.me mto an outside storage tank. WASHING AND SCREENING The cooked pulp :s pumped from the storage tank onto a series of rotary vacuum washers on which the puip ia screened out on tne wire cloth racing and the -.pent liquor drains through to be collected in storage tanks There are three such washers one after the other, each one of which, washes the puip progressively cleaner. The washed stock trom tne last washer drocs into a tile storage chest, is di luted to a thin slurry of water and passed through rotary screens which screen ou: the smail slivers and uncooked chips. From this point the washed and screened stock is sou: two wavs, par: going to the Stock Preparation Depart ment tor future deliver*/ to the Cylinder Machine, and the ocher par: to the Bleacr. Plant where the puip is bleached white. kVo will now follow the pulp through the Bleach Plane first. BLEACH PLANT Tne unbleached krart puip passes through a paddle-type meter and drops into a pump in the basement floor at which point it is mixed with chionne gas to scar: the initial clench. The pump forces the chlorinated puip uo through a tile tower to allow retention time for the reaction. The puip leaving this cower is pumped to a rubber covered washer where some of the coloring compounds are washed out. Tne pulp leaving this washer is mixed with caustic soda and is pumped up through a retention tower similar to the first operation. A second washer removes more of ' the color compounds. The final bleach is affected by mixing this vyashed-ptiiEv with sodium hv drochlortte ;Chlorox) and* 'd'iTvu-.i'ji Ma *j admittor apIves the the in material e essen* dicing a ireupon a pipe onto rdp is : liquor tere are : which d stock :5 is di- rotary icooked stock is Departmd the leached Bleach i'etype !oor at ? initial ough a The covered washed caustic similar ! Of rtiring *) and dumping it in the top of a large cower. The final bleached pulp is wirhdr.v.s n rrbm the bottom of. this tower and washed once more. In some cases where a very white bleach is required, an additional bleach with more sodium hydro* cniorite is mace Trie rinai c.cacn.ed pu;p is split to the fourdr:n:ers tor newsprint and to the Cylinder Machine when Blcmhed Krat: boards arc :r..':v-:;ic:i;rcd there. STOCK PREPARATION Returning to the unmeachei pulp after it has been washed and screenca. is-further processed by beating and refining and ny the addition or rosm size and alum for water resistance m the Siock Preparation Department. It is then sera to the Cylinder Macmne tor conversion into the final product. CYLINDER MACHINE The Cvhnder Machine consists essentially or a wire cloth in the form or a cvlinder rotating in a vat which contains a very thin pulp slurry suspension. The water drains through the wire cloth leaving a mat of fibers which is picked off the cylinder by a woolen feit. The machine con sists of five such cylinders one after another, and thus the finished sheet is really composed of five different layers all compacted together. These five lavers may consist of all one type of pulp, such as bleached or unbleached, or may consist of a layer or bleached on top and bottom with un bleached in the middle. In this manner many combinations of composite km ft boards may be made. The wet sheer, after traveling through a press where some water is removed, passes over and under steam-heated dryers to remove the balance or the water. Upon leaving the drvers. the sheet passes through steel rolls called "Calender Stacks.*' By the application of a starch solution on one or more of these steel rolls, and by the pressing action of these roils, a high glossy finish is imparted to the board. From this point the board is either wound on large reels and rewound into rolls, or cut directly or: the machine into sheets of various sizes. SPENT LIQUOR RECOVERY Returning to the W ash Room, wc follow tne course of the spent liquor which ls washed from the puip. In order to re-use me soda present m this liquor, it is sent to a recovery svstem where it is concentrated in steam-heated evaporators to about 50Le solids content. This concentrated liquor is sprayed into a furnace where i: supports its own combustion and burns. The molten soda collects at the furnace bottom and drains out into a tank where it is dissolved in water and pumped to the liquor making plant. Steam is generated from the waste heat resulting from burn ing the spent liquor. MANUFACTURE OF COOKING LIQUOR The reclaimed liquor from the recovery system consists essentially of sodium carbonate or soda ash. In order to convert it into caustic soda for use in the digescers, quick lime is added at this point in suitable mixers and reaction tanks, aiter which it is clarified. The lime sludge which precipitates at this point is reciaimed for use by burning in a rotary kiln. Tins burning converts the sludge back into quick lime for reuse in the liquor making process. The clarified cooking liquor is stored in tanks and withdrawn to the digesters as needed. :CTTA'3 !N THU Ur 11 i ui- , I Ul Good forestry practice, reforestation and forest re prevention are carried out by Southland to conrve Texas' timber resources. Company foresters ivise private owners in selective cutting and carrv educational programs teaching good forestry ctices. In many cases, company foresters- will tuallv mark timber tracts of individual owners for lective cutting. A great deal of company effort is devoted to fire evention. In addition to cooperating with the exas Forest Service, and the U. S. Forest Service general fire prevention work. Southland and its cdities are used whenever possible for educational d instructional work aiming toward fire preventi. In addition, the "Fire Fighting Jeep", equipd with a built-in plow and a two-way radio com- rnication, is kept in constant use by Southland scouting incipient fires. Fire lanes are plowed and maintained wherever the need arises. Southland's biggest efforts toward conservation lie in its reforestation program. Approximately a million and a half pine seedlings per year are pur chased by the mill for replanting. Some of these seedlings are used to replant and improve the com pany holdings, but a good portion is distributed free of charge to private individuals for their own use. Seedlings have been distributed to almost all of the service groups such as the 4-H Clubs, Veteran groups. Future Farmers of America, and to other groups through the County Agents. It is of interest to note that much of the pulpwood that Southland uses consists of timber that might otherwise be wasted such as thinnings from overcrowded stands, tops, crooked sticks, etc., that are not suitable for saw timber. Protect Prevent Forest PRESENTED TO YOU WITH THE COMPLIMENTS OF SOUTHLAND PAPER MILLS, Inc. Lufkin, Texas -y r M I nu;cEN:' ,ya\; TJaI Ui'UYiLw* l V L."*--a/ J\ I AU.J 1