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CURRICULUM VITAE
#06
THOMAS F. MANCUSO, M.D M.P.H. Research Professor of Occupational Health
Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh
DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH
February 19, 1912; Brooklyn, New York
COLLEGIATE PREPARATION
Columbia University, New York Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
MEDICAL SCHOOL
Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 1933-1937
POSTGRADUATE STUDY
University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health 1952-1953
POSTGRADUATE EXPERIENCE
Internships and Residencies, Kings County Hospital, New York
Industrial Hygiene Physician, (U.S. Public Health Service) Division of Industrial Hygiene, Michigan State Department of Health, Lansing, Michigan
Director, Division of Industrial Hygiene (U.S. Public Health Service) Oregon State Board of Health
Chief, Division of Industrial Hygiene, Ohio Department of Health
UNIVERSITY AFFILIATIONS
Research Professor of Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health
B.S. in Med.
M.D.
M.P.H.
1937-1942 1942-1943 1943-1945 1945-1962
1962 to date
Mancuso - 2
OFFICES HELD IN PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION
Fellow, American Public Health Association
Consultant to Surgeon General on 3 Month Special Assignment on Design of Research Relative to Biological Effects of Air Pollution
Medical Research Advisory Committee, Air Pollution Medical Program, U.S. Public Health Service
Diplomate, American Board of Preventive Medicine, Specialty of Occupational Medicine, Founders Group
Vice President, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
Committee on Occupational Health, American Public Health Association
Chairman of Committee on Labeling of Toxic Substances (ACGIH)
National Chairman, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
Fellow, American College of Preventive Medicine Council on Research of the American College of Preventive Medicine
Chairman of Committee, Epidemiology of Occupational Diseases (ACGIH)
Clinical Toxicology Committee of Industrial Medical Association
Executive Committee, Public Health Cancer Association of America
Environmental Health Studies Section, National Advisory Council of National Institutes of Health
Chairman, Committee on Industrial Case Studies on Occupational Diseases (ACGIH)
Certification Board of Directors of the American Board of Industrial Hygiene
Vice, President, American College of Preventive Medicine
Consultant to American Medical Association, Council on Occupational Health Occupational Cancer
1955
1955
1955-1960
1956 1957 1957-1958 1957-1958 1958
1959-1960 1959-1960 1959-1961 1960-1961
1960-1961 1960-1962 1960-1966 1961-1962
/
1961-1962
Mancuso - 3
OFFICES HELD IN PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION (continued)
Environmental Sciences and Engineering Study Section, Division of Research Grants, National Institutes of Health
Committee on Asbestos & Cancer, International Union Against Cancer
Beryllium Review Committee, National Academy of Sciences
Standards Review, NIOSH
/
1961-1963
1965-1971
1972 1972
RESEARCH
Recipient of a number of research grants from the National Cancer Institute and the Division of Biology and Medicine of the Atomic Energy Commission.
ITEMS OF RELATED INTEREST
A major research project for the AEC is underway, to determine the long-term biological effects, if any, of low-level radiation. This is concerned with the development of environmental exposures, from the first days of the Manhattan Project to the present time.
National Career Development Award from the National Cancer Institute, USPHS, for the research on long-term biological effects of the microchemical environment and studies in environmental cancer - 1962 to 1972.
National Award of Merit by the American Conference of Govern mental Industrial Hygienists, "for his substantial contri butions to the methodology of investigation of incidence of chronic occupational disease and for his outstanding administration of governmental industrial hygiene agencies". April 26, 1960.
Directed several hundred investigations and studies of individual plants, occupational diseases, and suspected health hazards from 1945 to 1962 in Ohio, involving practically all types of industries and problems. Some of these investigations have resulted in publications by various members of the staff, e.g. Urone, Bourne, Fosdick, Anders, Schafer, Richardson, Benning, Yee.
Position:
Dr. Thomas F. Mancuso
Chief of the Division of Industrial Hygiene for the State of Ohio, 1945-1962.
Outline of Responsibilities and Activities
Plan and direct the activities and services of the Division of Industrial Hygiene on a state-wide basis and integrate work of the Division with other departments of State government, local government and the public for the 12,000 manufacturing industries in the State in which 2 million persons are exposed to various combinations of dusts, fumes, vapors, mists, gases, etc. These activities of the Division relate to occupational disease prevention, control, and research; atmospheric pollution studies and research, and radiation.
A. General Administrative Duties:
1. Supervise the staff of the Division of Industrial Hygiene: medical, engineering, and chemical units; advise personnel as to plan of study in evaluation of health hazards; determine the general work assignments of engineering and chemical units and specific direction of medical unit; co-ordination with other divisions within the Department of Health; prepare industry and division reports, budgets, development of policy for
v division; assist in development of policy for Department; supervise expenditures, purchases; inter view personnel, etc.
B. Plan and direct program of occupational disease control throughout the state due to toxic dusts, fumes, vapors, mists, gases, etc.
1. Administer regulations of Public Health Council for the prevention and control of occupational diseases and industrial public health hazards.
B. (Cont'd)
2. Analysis of occupational disease reports received from physicians and industries and the direction of investigation and field studies for their control, medical, engineering, and chemical.
3. Field investigations of industries throughout the state of occupational disease problems by individual plant visits, study of operations and chemicals, and determination of medical measures for control of the problems.
4. Analysis of medical recordsin industry, of illnesses and disease by plant department breakdown, process, chemicals and employee distribution in the evaluation of an industrial health problem.
5. Plan and determination of recommendations to industry in the development of medical programs for employee health; the provision of outlines of medical records, design of first aid and medical facilities; employment policies on disease conditions and physical examinations.
6. Conference with Industrial Commission and Department of Industrial Relations toward co-ordination of efforts for the solution of problems of occupational disease control and the provision of technical assistance.
C. Plan and conduct industrial health research with emphasis on epidemiological studies of occupational diseases: of populations exposed to specific chemicals or groups of chemicals; of individuals with a specific disease to deter mine the relation to previous employment; the determination of deceased death patterns of groups employed in specific industries; direction of combined medical, engineering, and chemical research efforts in studying new chemicals or processes; development of new techniques for the medical evaluation of industrial health hazards.
D. Provide technical consultation to and have conference with federal agencies; U.S. Public Health Serivce in occupational health, radiological health, atmospheric pollution; with other state agencies: Department of Industrial Relations, Industrial Commission, Department of Agriculture* or other official and unofficial groups on general and specific problems of industrial health as they relate to state, district, county or metropolitan area of Ohio.
1. Provide technical consultation to physicians serving industry, representatives of labor such as unions, management, safety directors, industrial nurses, personnel directors, and others on broad and specific problems of industrial health.
E. Plan and develop a program relative to information on toxic dusts, fumes, vapors, mists, and gases for the recognition of occupational diseases due to toxic dusts, fumes, vapors, mists, and gases on a state-wide basis.
1. Plan conferences, give talks, lectures and reports on industrial health and specific occupational diseases to universities, labor organizations, management, private organizations; plan and develop industrial health institutes for industrial nurses, representatives of labor and management, physicians and medical societies for the improvement of knowledge about occupational diseases and the relation of industrial health to community health; plan and present industrial health technical data to health commissioners; development of educational materials on toxic substances.
Provide technical consultation to and have conference with federal agencies; U.S. Public Health Serivce in occupational health, radiological health, atmospheric pollution; with other state agencies: Department of Industrial Relations, Industrial Commission, Department of Agriculture, or other official and unofficial groups on general and specific problems of industrial health as they relate to state, district* county or metropolitan area of Ohio.
1. Provide technical consultation to physicians serving industry, representatives of labor such as unions, management, safety directors, industrial nurses, personnel directors, and others on broad and specific problems of industrial health.
Plan and develop a program relative to information on toxic dusts, fumes, vapors, mists, and gases for the recognition of occupational diseases due to toxic dusts, fumes, vapors, mists, and gases on a state-wide basis.
1. Plan conferences, give talks, lectures and reports on industrial health and specific occupational diseases to universities, labor organizations, management, private organizations; plan and develop industrial health institutes for industrial nurses, representatives of labor and management, physicians and medical societies for the improvement of knowledge about occupational diseases and the relation of industrial health to community health; plan and present industrial health technical data to health commissioners; development of educational materials on toxic substances.
Plan and administer the atmospheric pollution program or the Department: to advise, consult and co-operate with agencies of state, federal governments and other political subdivisions in furtherance of atmospheric pollution prevention and abatement. Conduct research on the causes and health effects of air pollution; direct the combined medical, engineering and chemical program relating to air pollution; and assist local communities in studies to be conducted in their area.
Plan and develop a program for the detection and control of radiation hazards throughout the state as they relate to the use of ionizing radiation in industry, professional offices, and in communities such as nuclear reactors. This includes education of the industrial population as well as the professions concerning the health hazards and control measures necessary in regard to radiation are necessary.
Legislative Responsibilities: prepare legislation; prepare reviews of national and comparable data concerning legislative requirements relating to occupational health, air pollution, radiation, and labelling of chemicals in household products.
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MEDICAL --------------------------1
CHEMICAL
MANCUSO, T .F
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PUBLICATIONS
1. Mancuso, T.F., Dermatitis due to the formaldehyde resins. Industrial Medicine, June, 1943.
2. Mancuso, T.F., Industrial Hygiene in Ohio. Ohio Nurses Review, October, 1947.
3. Mancuso, T.F., Occupational Cancer Survey in Ohio. Proceedings of Public Health Cancer Association in America, pp. 56-70, October, 1949.
4. Mancuso, T.F. & Hueper, W.C., Occupational cancer and other health hazards in a chromate plant. I. Lung cancers in chromate workers. Industrial Medicine and Surgery, 20:8, 1951.
5. Mancuso, T.F., Occupational cancer and other health hazards in a chromate plant. II. Clinical and toxicologic aspects. Industrial Medicine and Surgery, 20:9, 1951.
6. Urone, P.F. & Mancuso, T.F., A spectrophotometric and chemical study of chromium in human blood. Industrial Medicine and Surgery, 20:10, 1951.
7. Hueper, W.F. & Mancuso, T.F., Studies of occupational cancer-- role of state health departments. Public Health Report, 67:7, 1952.
8. Mancuso, T.F., Occupational diseases. Ohio State Medical Journal, 50:11, 1954.
9. Mancuso, T.F., MacFarlane, E.M., & Porterfield, J.D., Distribution of cancer mortality in Ohio. American Journal of Public Health, 45:1, 1955.
10. Mancuso, T.F., Industrial poisoning: carbon disulfide. Ohio State Medical Journal, January, 1955.
11. Mancuso, T.F., Industrial poisoning: carbon tetrachloride. Ohio State Medical Journal, February, 1955.
12. Mancuso, T.F., Industrial poisoning: manganese. Ohio State Medical Journal, March, 1955.
13.
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14.
Mancuso, T.F., Industrial poisoning: mercury and its compounds. Ohio State Medical Journal, April, 1955.
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Mancuso, T.F., Industrial poisoning: methyl alcohol. Ohio State Medical Journal, May, 1955.
Mancuso - 5
PUBLICATIONS (continued)
15. Mancuso, T.F., Industrial poisoning: hydrogen sulfide. Ohio State Medical Journal, June, 1955.
16. Mancuso, T.F., Industrial poisoning: phenol and related compounds. Ohio State Medical Journal, July, 1955.
17. Mancuso, T.F., Industrial poisoning: zinc and its compounds. Ohio State Medical Journal, August, 1955.
18. Mancuso, T.F., Industrial poisoning: antimony and its compounds. Ohio State Medical Journal, September, 1955.
19. Mancuso, T.F., Industrial poisoning: cadium and its compounds. Ohio State Medical Journal, October, 1955.
20.
Mancuso, T.F., Industrial poisoning: Chlorine and hydrochloric acid. Ohio State Medical Journal, November, 1955.
21. Mancuso, T.F., Industrial poisoning; cyanides. Ohio State Medical Journal, December, 1955.
22.
Mancuso, T.F. & Coulter, E.J., Epidemiology of tumors of the brain and central nervous system. The 85th American Public Health Association Meeting, Cleveland, Ohio, November 11-15, 1957.
23. Mancuso, T.F. & Coulter, E.J., Cancer mortality among native white, foreign-born white, and non-white male residents of Ohio. Journal of National Cancer Institute, 20:79, 1958.
24. Mancuso, T.F., Medical aspects of occupational diseases -- workmen's compensation. Ohio State Law Journal, 19 (4):612,
1958.
25.
Mancuso, T.F. & Coulter, E.J., Methods of studying the relation of employment and long-term illness--cohort analysis. American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health, 49:1525, 1959.
26. Mancuso, T.F., Air pollution and cancer. Proceedings of National Conference on Air Pollution, 1958. Public Health Service Publication No. 648i 1959.
27.
Mancuso, T.F-Where is the manpower to come from. National Health Forum on Industrial Health. Industrial Medicine and
Surgery, 29:3, 1960.
28. Mancuso, T.F., The relationship of occupational environment to chronic diseases. National Health Forum on Industrial Health. Industrial Medicine and Surgery, 29:4, 1960.
Mancuso - 6
PUBLICATIONS (continued)
29. Mancuso, T.F., Medical aspects of air pollution. International Conference, Vienna. Science Information Bureau, Inc., New York City, New York, October, 1960.
30. McKee, J.E., Faith, W.L., Heukelekian, H., Mancuso, T.F., Mrak, E.M., & Sawyer, C.N., 100 Problems in Environmental Health - A Collection of Promising Research Problems. Jones Composition Co., & Kirby Lithograph Co., Washington, D.C., 1961.
31. Mancuso, T.F. & Coulter, E.J., Epidemiological considerations of beryllium exposures. Beryllium Symposium, Kettering Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, January, 1961.
32. Mancuso, T.F., Immediate and long-term effects of chemical irritants on man. (Chapter IX) The Air We Breathe, Charles C. Thomas & Company, Springfield, Illinois, 1961.
33. Mancuso, T.F., Tumors of central nervous system--industrial considerations. Moscow, Russia. Acta Union Internationale Contre le Cancer XLX, (8):3, 1963.
34. Mancuso, T.F. & Coulter, E.J., Methodology in industrial health studies--the cohort approach, with special reference to an asbestos company. Archives of Environmental Health, 6:210, 1963.
35. Mancuso, T.F. & Coulter, E.J., Methodology in industrial health studies--the demographic approach. Archives of Environmental Health, 6:515, 1963.
36. Mancuso, T.F., Cancer in industry. Panel Proceedings, International Association of Accident Boards and Commissions, 1964.
37. Mancuso, T.F. & El-Attar, A.A., Occupational cancer-- problems and methods. Presented before the American Industrial Hygiene Association, May, 1965.
38. Mancuso, T.F., Sanders, B.S. & Brodsky, A., Feasibility study of the correlation of lifetime health and mortality experience of AEC and AEC contractor employees with occupational radiation exposure. Progress Report No. 1, NYO-3394-2, May, 1965.
39. Mancuso, T.F., Discussion of Cancer Effects of Asbestos. ^ '* Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 132,
Article 1, pp. 589-502, December 3l, 1965.
40. Ciocco, A., Mancuso, T.F. & Thompson, J., Four years of mortality experience of a segment of the U.S. working population. American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health, 55(4), 1965.
Mancuso - 7
PUBLICATIONS (continued)
41.
Mancuso, T.F., Sanders, B.S. & Brodsky, A., Feasibility study of the correlation of lifetime health and mortality experience of AEC and AEC contractor employees with occupational radiation exposure. Progress Report No. 2, NYO-3394-5, May, 1966.
42.
Mancuso, T.F., & El-Attar, A.A., Dynamic changes in industrial cohort studies. Industrial Medicine and Surgery, 35:1059, 1966.
43. Mancuso, T.F. 6 El-Attar, A.A., Evaluation of cohort studies of industrial populations. Presented before the Fifteenth International Congress on Occupational Health, Vienna, September, 1966.
44. Mancuso, T.F., Sanders, B.S. & Brodsky, A., Feasibility study of the correlation of lifetime health and mortality experience of AEC and AEC contractor employees with occupational radiation exposure. Progress Report No. 3, NYO-3394-6, May, 1967.
45.
Mancuso, T.F. & El-Attar, A.A., Cohort studies of workers exposed to betanaphthylamine and benzidine. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 9(6):277, 1967.
46. Mancuso, T.F. & El-Attar, A.A., Mortality pattern in a cohort of asbestos workers--a study based on employment experience. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 9(4):147, 1967.
47. Mancuso, T.F. & El-Attar, A.A., Carcinogenic risk and duration of employment among asbestos workers. Union International Against Cancer, 2nd International Conference on Asbestos, Dresden, Germany. Proceedings, 161-166, 22-25 April, 1968.
48.
Mancuso, T.F., Sanders, B.S. & Brodsky, A., Feasibility study of the correlation of lifetime health and mortality experience of AEC and AEC contractor employees with occupational radiation exposure. Progress Report No. 4, NYO-3394-9, May, 1968.
49.
Mancuso, T.F., Forces and trends which developed the present state of the art of industrial hygiene. Published in the Proceedings of the American Conference of Governmental Hygienists, May, 1968.
50.
Mancuso, T.F., Ciocco, A. & El-Attar, A.A., An epidemiological approach to the rubber industry--a study based on departmental experience. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 10(5):213, 1968.
51. Mancuso, T.F. & El-Attar, A.A., Epidemiological study of the beryllium industry--cohort methodology and mortality studies. Journal of Occupational Health, 11(8):422, 1968.
52. Mancuso, T.F. & Mordell, J.S., Proposed initial studies of
the relationship of community air pollution to health. Environmental Research, 2(2):102, 1969.
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PUBLICATIONS (continued)
53. Mancuso, T.F., Sanders, B.S. & Brodsky, A., Feasibility study of the correlation of lifetime health and mortality experience of AEC and AEC contractor employees with occupational radiation exposure. Progress Report No. 5, NYO-3394-11, July, 1969.
54. Mancuso, T.F., Relation of duration of employment and prior respiratory illness to respiratory cancer among beryllium workers. Environmental Research, 3(3):251, 1970.
55. Mancuso, T.F., Sanders, B.S. & Brodsky, A., Study of the lifetime health and mortality experience of employees of AEC contractors. Progress Report No. 6, NYO-3394-12, July, 1970.
56.
Mancuso, T.F. & Brennan, M.J., Epidemiologican considerations
of cancer in the gallbladder, bile ducts and salivary glands
in the rubber industry. Journal of Occuoational Medicine,
12(9):333, 1970.
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57. Mancuso, T.F., Sanders, B.S. & Brodsky, A., Study of the lifetime health and mortality experience of employees of AEC contractors. Progress Report No. 7, NYO-3394-13, July, 1971.
58. Mancuso, T.F., Sanders, B.S. & Brodsky, A., Study of the lifetime health and mortality experience of employees of AEC contractors. Part I. Methodology and some preliminary findings limited to mortality for Hanford employees. Published in the Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Health Physics Society Topical Symposium, Volume III, November, 1971.
59.
Mancuso, T.F. & Locke, B.Z., Carbon disulphide as a cause of suicide, epidemiological study of viscose rayon workers. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 14(8):595, 1972.
60. Mancuso, T.F., Sanders, B.S. & Brodsky, A. Study of the lifetime health and mortality experience of employees of AEC contractors. Progress Report No. 8, COO-3428-2, July, 1972.
61. Norwood, W.D., Rising, F.L., Kirklin, C.W., Brodsky, A., Sanders, B.S., & Mancuso, T.F., Cumulative dose from diagnostic irradiation. The American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy and Nuclear Medicine. CXV(3):644, 1972.
62.
y
63.
Mancuso, T.F., Coulter, E.J. & Macdonald E.J., Migration and cancer mortality experience--a study of native and southern born non.-white Ohio residents. .Symposium on Trace Substances in Environmental Health, VI, 1973.
Mancuso, T.F. & Sanders, B.S., Study of the lifetime health and mortality experience of employees of AEC contractors. Progress Report No. 9, COO-3428-3, July, 1973.
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Mancuso - 9
PUBLICATIONS (continued)
64. Mancuso, T.F. & Stearling, T.D., Relation of place of birth and migration in cancer mortality in the U.S.~a study of Ohio residents (1959-1967). Journal of Chronic Diseases, 27, 459-474, 1974.
65. Mancuso, T.F. and Sanders, B.S., Study of the lifetime health and mortality.experience of employees of AEC contractors. Progress Report No. 10, COO-3428-3, July, 1974.
66. Stoeckle, J.D. and Mancuso, T.F., Beryllium Disease. Science, 183, 449, 1974.
67.
Mancuso, T.F. and Sterling, T.D. Lung cancer among black
and white migrants in the U.S.: Etiological Considerations.
Journal of the National Medical Association, 67:106-111,
102, 1975.
:
68. Mancuso, T.F. and Redmond, C.K., Heart disease mortality among black migrants: a study of Ohio residents (1960-1967). American Heart Journal, St. Louis, Vol. 90, No. 3, pp. 380-388 September, 1975.
69. Mancuso, T.F., Epidemiological investigation of occupational cancers in the rubber, industry. Reprinted from The New Multinational Health Hazards, ed. by Charles Levinson, Secretary General, ICF, pp. 80-136, 1975.
70. Mancuso, T.F., Neoplastic Effects. Comments for opening of discussion. Reprinted from Annals of the New York Acad emy of Sciences, Vol. 246, pp. 251-257, January 31, 1975.
71. Mancuso, T.F., Workers' Compensation: Medical Aspects. Conference on Occupational Diseases, University of Chicago, February, 1976.
72. Mancuso, T.F. Help For the Working Wounded, 221 pages, 1976.
73. Mancuso, T.F., Consideration of chromium as an industrial carcinogen. Proceedings of International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Toronto, Canada, October 27-31, 1975, pp. 343-356.
74. Mancuso, T.F., Discussion on "neoplastic effects conference on vinyl chloride". The New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 246, pp. 251-257, January 31, 1975.
75. y'
Mancuso, T.F., Problems and perspective in epidemiological study of occupational health hazards in the rubber industry. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, March 1-3, 1976.
76. Mancuso, T.F., Prevention and control of occupational exposures: an overview. New York, New York, April 26 to May 1, 1976.
Mancuso - 10
PUBLICATIONS (continued)
77. Mancuso, T.F., Epidemiological aspects of ergonomics. Atlanta, Georgia, May 21, 1976.
78.
Mancuso, T.F., Control of toxic substances in the workplace Congressional Hearings, Washington, D.C., May 11, 12 and 18, 1976.
79.
Mancuso, T.F., Discussion of Part II: Chemical Carcino genesis (II). Reprinted from Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 271, pp. 481-488, May 28, 1976.
80. Mancuso, T.F., Stewart, A.M., AND Kneale, G.W., Radiation exposures of Hanford workers dying from cancer and other causes. Health Physics, Vol. 33, Nov. 1977, pp. 369-385.
81.
Kneale, G.W., Stewart, A.M., and Mancuso, T.F., Re-analysis of data relating to the Hanford study of the cancer risks of radiation workers (1978). Late Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Vol. 1, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1978, pp. 387-412.
82. Mancuso, T.F., Occupational cancer and medical causalty. 65th Annual Conventioa Internationa] Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissioners, September 10, 1979, New York.
83. Mancuso, T.F., Cancer in the Workplace - An Overview. U.S. Department of Labor Seminar, Chicago, 111., September 14, 1979.
84. Stewart, A., Kneale, G., and Mancuso, T., The Hanford Data--A Reply to Recent Criticisms, Ambio, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1980.
85. Kneale, G.W., Mancuso, T.F., and Stewart, A.M. "Hanford radiation study III: a cohort study of the cancer risks from radiation to workers at Hanford (1944-77 deaths) by the method of regression models in life-tables." British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol. 38, 1981, pp. 156-166.
86. Mancuso, T.F., Mesothelioma Among Machinists in Railroad and
Other Industries. Am. Jour. Ind. Med., Vol. 4, No. 4, 1983, pages 501-513.