Document 7RnDvRdyqgLN5oezjnLywvdDo

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1948 Oct DOC#: NSC071 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Excerpts - NSC - 35th National Safety Congress Vol 1 & 2 - Membership Lists, Articles PiuE COPY ..QCI4 1948.... I V ." '/a;. ' : 35TH NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESSI VOLUME ! A nnual M eeting, B anquet W om en's Activities, . Index to all Volumes an d Exhibitors PLEASE. RETURN TO LIBRARY NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 20. N o r t h w a c k e r d r i v e CHICAGO, ILL. N A T I O N A L S A F E T Y C 0 U N C I L , I N C. f; 20 N O . W A C K E R D R I V E C H I C A G O 6, I L L . 35th National Safety Congress Transactions Tide VdL A nnual M eeting, B anquet, W om en's Activities. Index to all Volumes and Exhibitors.................... ...... . . . . 1 A m erican Society of Safety Engineers and Subject Sessions. 2 Aircraft M anufacturing S ectio n ............................ .......... ........3 Air Transport Section............ ...................................................... 4 Automotive an d M achine Shop Section....................... 5 C em ent an d Q uarry Section.................................... ................. ... 6 C hem ical S e c tio n ........ ................. 7 Coal M ining Section............................ .............. ...... .. 8 Com m ercial V ehicle S e c tio n ................... ............ .. 9 Construction Section .......... 10 Food Section ................ ....... ....... ........................................ .11 Industrial N ursing Section................ .............. ............ .. 12 M arine S e c tio n .............................. - ............... ............ ............ 13 M eat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section.......... 14 M etals Section ....... 15 M ining S e c tio n ................ ................. ........ . . . . . . . . . . . 16 P aper a n d Pulp Section.................. ........ ........ ........... ...........17 Petroleum S e c tio n ................................................... 18 Power Press S ection.. .19 Public Utilities S ectio n ............ ............... ......... .......... ........ .20 R ailroad S e c tio n ...................................... --21 Rubber Section ............ ......................... ......................... ................22 Textile. Sec tion . i . -S ech on- ..................... .23 Traffic S e c tio n ........ T ra rrsr- . . . .24 W ood Products Section............ r, t t Tyrvi peivt^js* Farm Safety .......................................... .................... --.......... 26 Home Safety ........................................................ 27 School an d C ollege S e ssio n s................. ........... ...28 Psychology You C an U se (Early M orning Sessions)............ .29 PRICES OF EXTRA COPIES OF INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES VOLUME SIZ E TO MEMBERS . . / to $ coptes to to 99 coptes too to 999 copies Less than *4 pages--$ Jto ea. *4 to 48 pages-- .*5 " $ .>5 ea. -to 5 .5 a. JtO 49 to 96 pages- .35 *' . -jo " S over 96 pages-- .50 " -45 " 45 1000 or more $ .1$ ca. . .to .50 45 Complete set of Transactions (*9 volumes)--$5.00 NON-MEMBEF. prices are double member prie National Safety Council, Inc. OFFICERS Chairman, Hoard of Directors: Ct.r.o F. Craig, Vice-President. Amer ican Telephone and Telegraph Company. New Yprfc. N. V, President: N ed H . Dearborn. President, National Safely Council. Chi cago. lilt Vice-President for farms: Guv L. Noble, Managing Director, National Committee on.Boys and Girls Club Work. Chicago, 111. Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer: O . G ressen, V ice-President and Comptroller, Commonwealth Edison Company, Chicago. 111. Vice-President for Homes: Dr. D. B. Armstrong, Second Vice-President, Meirojjolitan Life Insurance Company. New York, N. V. Vice-President for Industry. G eorge A. J acoby. Director of Personnel Services, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Mich. Vice-President for Local Safety Organizations: Kenneth B__ Golma.n, Seattle, Wash. Vice-President for Membership: E. \V. Kemiton, Assistant Vice-Presi dent, United States Steel Corporation of Delaware, Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-President for Public Information: W. Earl Hall, Managing Edi tor. Mason Citv Globc-Gaicttc, Mason City, la. Vibe-President for Schools and Colleges: Dr. H. T. Heald, President. Illinois Institute of Technology. Chicago, 111. Vice-President for Traffic and Transportation: Leslie J . Sorenson, City Traffic Engineer, City of Chicago, Chicago, 111. Vice-President for 1Von.en's Activities: Mrs. L. K. N icholson, National Safety Chairman. National Congress of Parents and Teachers, Salt Lake City, Utah Secretary: R . L. Forney, General Secretary. National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. Assistant Treasurer: B. B. McCulloch, President, Bureau of Safety, Inc., Chicago, 111. Assistant Treasurer: H. H. Gref.nwald. Director. Accounting Division. National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. (Note: The lists here printed of .Officers, Trustees and Board of Directors include those ejected at the 1947 National Safety Congress and in the case of the Trustees. certain members previously elected for a two or three year term.) I'-'Sg ^ . - . N a i t o c d _ _____ Safety Council, Inc. TRUSTEES Chairman of the Trustees: W illiam A. Irvin, Member, Executive Com mittee, United States Steel Corp., New. York, N. Y. Vice-Chairman of the Trustees: Robert C. Stanley, President. Inter national Nickel Company of Canada, Ltd., New York, N. Y. Secretary of the Trustees: N ed Hi Dearborn, President, National Safety Council, Chicago, III. Treasurer of. the Trustees: T homas W. Lamont, Chairman of the Board, J. P. Morgan and Company, New York. N...Y. < M em bers Winthrop W. Aldrich, Chairman, Board of Directors, T he Chase National Bank, New York, N. Y. Melvin H. Barer, President, National Gypsum Company, Buffalo, N. Y. Lawrence D. Bell, President, Bell Aircraft Corporation, Buffalo, N. Y. James B. Black, President. Pacific Gas and Electric Company. San Francisco, Calif. S. Bruce Black, President, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston, Mass. Mcrcan B. Brainakd, President, Aetna Life Insurance Company, H art ford. Conn. Cason J. Callaway, Ham ilton, Ca. John W. Carpenter, President, Texas Power and Light Company, Dallas, Tex. T homas I. Gasmen, Chairman, Railway Labor Executives* Association. Washington, D. C. W illiam G. Chandler, Prsident. Scripos-Howard Supply Company, New York, N. Y. Kenneth B. Colman, S a ttle , Wash. Howard Coonley, Chairman of the Executive Committee, American Standards Association, New York, N. Y. C m F. Crajc, Vice-President, American Telephone k Telegraph Co,, New York, N. Y. (Ex-Officio) Frederick C. Crawford, President, Thompson Products, Inc, Cleve land, Ohio Walter J. Cmsincs, Chairman of the Board, Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company, Chicago, I1L N ed H. Dearborn, President. National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. (Ex-Officio) Richard R. Deupree, President. Procter and Gamble Company, Cm rinnati, Ohio Benjamin F. Fairless, President, United States Steel Corporation, Pitts burgh, Pa. \ National Francis J. Gavin, President, Great Non hern Railway Company, Sr.. Paul, Minn. Walter S. Gifford, President, American Telephone and Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y. William Creek, President, American Federation of Labor, Washing ton, D. C. E. Roland Harriman, Brown Brothers Harriman and Company, New . York, N. Y. William A. Irvin, Member. Executive Committee, United States Steel Corporation, New York, N., Y. William M. Jeffers, Vice Chairman of the Board, Union Pacific Rail road Company, North Hollywood, Calif. Horace P. Liversdge, President, Philadelphia Electric Company, Phil adelphia, Pa. Gustave Meteman, President, New York Central System, New' York Central Building. New York, N. Y. T homas A. Morgan, Chairman, T he Sperry Corporation. New Y'ork, N. Y. ' Philip Murray, President. Congress of Industrial Organizations, Wash ington. D, C. Benjamin O'Shea, Member, Board of Directors, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp.. New York, N. Y. T homas I. Parkinson, President, Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, New York. K, Y. W. S. S. Roocers, Chairman, The Texas Company, New York. N. Y\ William A. Simpson, President, William Simpson Construction Com pany, Los Angeles, Calif. H erbert E. Smith, President. International Nickel Company of Canada Ltd., New York, N. Y. John Sttlwell, Vice-President, Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc., New York, N Y. Juan T . T rippe, President, Pan-American Airways System,. New Y'ork, N. Y. Harry C. Wiess, President, Humble Oil and Refining Company, Hous ton, Tex. Charixs E. W ilson, President, General Electric Company, New Y'ork, N. Y. C. E. Wilson, President, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Mich. Charles Deere Wiman, President, Deere and Company, Moline, 111. Robert W. Woodruff, Chairman, Executive Committee, The CocaCola 'Company, Atlanta, Georgia  | -sv' 'fit J';.:' V... . i!U' National .......... ..;..._.... Safety Council, Inc. BOARD OF DIRECTORS Chairman of the Board of Directors: Cixo F. Craig, Vice-President. American Telephone and Telegraph Company, New York. N. Y. Vice-Chairman of the Board of Directors: Guv L. N oble, Managing Director, National Committee on Boys and Girls Club Work. Chicago, til. M em bers Dr. D. B. Armstrong. Second Vice-President, ance Company, .Nor York, N. Y. JMetropolitan Life Insur Carroll W. Asiiby, President. K&I Terminal Railroad, Louisville. Ky. J. I. ByNash, Consulting Engineer, Chicago, 111. W allace N. Barker, Executive Vice-President, Pullman Standard Car Manufacturing Co.. Chicago, 111. . L. J. B enson, Assistant to the President. Chicago, Milwaukee. St. Paul, and Pacific Railroad Company, Chicago. 111. C. W. Berqlist, Western Springs, 111. L. A. Blanchard, -Assistant to the General Chairman, Federal Interdepartfncntal Safety Council, Washington, D. C. Harry H . Brai.verb, Executive Manager, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. T homas E. Bra m ff, President, Braniff Airways, Incorporated, Dallas. Tex. i T heo Brown, Director. Deere and Company, Moline, 111. W. F. Brown Safety Director. Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc., New York./s. Y. Mrs. J. F. B u m Beat, President. General Federation of Women's Clubs. Washington. D. C. J ames B. C arey, Secretarv-Trcasurcr, Congress of industrial Organic, tions, Washington, D. C. R ay Carr, Advertising Counsel, Portland. Ore. ' W. G raham Cole. Assistant Secretary. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York, N. Y. Kenneth B. Coi.man, Seattle. Wash. M. C. Conjck, Executive Partner. Main and Company, Pittsburgh. Pa. D r. B. L. Co r beit. Manager Milwaukee Safeiv Commission, Milwaukee. Wis. C lko F. Craig, Vice-President, American Telephone i Telegraph Co., Ness- Yprk, N. Y. A. J. R . Clrtis, Assistant Secretary Safety Director. Portland Cement Association, Chicago, 111. N ed H . D earborn, President, National Safety Council, Chicago, III,. , C linton W. Dreyer, Manager, East Bay Chapter, National Safety Council, Oakland, Calif. W allace J. Falvev, Vice-President, Massachusetts Bonding and In surance Company. New York, N. Y. N< Sc . 11. National Safety Council, Inc. R. H. F erguson, Manager of Safely, Republic Steel Corporation, Cleve land. O. Rjrk Fox, Editor, Successful Farming Meredith Publications. Des M oines, la . Roy Si. Godwin. Director of Safety, Philadelphia Electric Company. Philadelphia, Pa. O. Gressens, Vice-President and Comptroller, Commonwealth Edison Company. Chicago, III. K'. Earl Hall, Managing Editor, Mason Citv Globe Gazette, Mason City. Ia. Julies' H. H arvev, Manager, Accident Prevention Dept., Association of Casualty and Surety Companies, New York, N. Dr. T. Lyle Hatlett, Sfcdical Director, East Pittsburgh, Pa. Dr. H. T. Heald. President. Illinois Institute'of Technology, Chicago. III. James W. Hooson. Assistant Western Counsel, Northern Pacific Rail way Company, Seattle, Wash. R eyburn H offm an, Manager. The Safety Council of Greater St. Louis, St. Louis. Mo. Mrs. HtRAM C. Hovc.kton, Second Vice-President, General Federation, of Women's Clubs. Red Oak. Ia. Dr. Herold C. Hunt, General Superintendent of Schools, Chicago, 111. George A. Jacoby, D ireaor of Personnel Services, General Motors Corporation, Detroit. Mich. Frank. L. Jones, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U. S., New York, N. Y. W, Dean Keefer. Second Vice-President, Lumbermens Mutual Casual ty Company. Chicago, 111. E. W. Kempton, Assistant Vice-President, United States Steel Corpora tion of Delaware. Pittsburgh. Pa. Carte* Kendall, Assistant Chief Safety Engineer, Bethlehem Steel Company. Inc., Bethlehem, Pa. Walter G. Kinc, Safety Director, American Optical Company, New York. N. Y. J. O. Leslie, Director of Safety, Gilbert Associates. Ind^Reading, Pa. Harold F. Lillje Manager, Lansing Safety Council, Lansing, J^fich. John E. Lose, Superintendent of Safety, The Delaware and Hudson Railroad Corporation, Albany', N. Y. George H. Lowe, Lowe and Huggins, Ogden, Utah A. E. Lyon, Executive Secretary, Railway Labor Executives' Associa tion, Washington, D. C. T homas H. MacDonald, Commissioner. Public Roads Administration, Washington, D. C. Paul A. McG hee, Dean of The School of General Education, New York University, New York, N. Y. 9 ` r ,, . i f National Safety Council Inc. I. W. M illard, President, Industrial Cloves Company, Danville, 111. Erle S. M iner, Engineer, American Telephone and Telegraph Com pany, New York, X. Y. ' H arold L. M iner, Manager. Safety & Fire Prevention Division, E. 1. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. Wilmington, Del. J. Howard Mvers, Director of Safety and Fire Prevention, T he Atlantic Refining Company, Philadelphia, Pa. M rs. L. K. N icholson, National Safety Chairman. National Congress of Parents and Teachers, Salt Lake City, Utah Guv L. N oble, Managing Director, National Committee on Boys and Girls Club Work. Chicago, 111. H enry' E. N orth, Vice-President, Metropolitan Life Insurance Com pany, San Francisco, Calif. C. E. Pettibone, Vice-President and Manager. Engineering Depart ment, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Boston, Mass. R. J. Reiceluth, Treasurer, New Haven Trap Rock Company. New Haven, Conn. H erbert F. R ein hard. Consulting Engineer, Union Carbide 8: Carbon Corporation, New York, N. Y. T heodore S. R eeplier, President, The Advertising Council, Inc Wash ington. D. C. J. L. R idincer, Safety Director, Inland Steel Company, Indiana Harbor Works, East Chicago, Ind. A. V. R ohweder, Superintendent of Safety 1- Welfare, Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway Co,, Duluth. Minn. Fred M. R osseland, Executive Vice-President, New Jersey State Safety Council, Inc, Newark, N. J. J udce L ee E. Seeel, Appellate Court, Cleveland, Ohio D e WrrT Sm ith, Vice Chairman in Charge of Domestic Services. The American National Red Cross, Washington, D. C. R. T . Solessten, Vice-President, Elliott Service Company, Mount Vernon, N. Y. L eslie J. Sorenson, City Traffic Engineer, City of Chicago, Chicago, 111. R. C. Stratton, Supervising Chemical Engineer, Travelers Insurance Companies, Hartford, Conn. Paul F. Stricjler, Executive Vice-President, Greater New York Safety Council. New York, N. Y. C. E. W oouever, Director of Personnel, A. O. Smith Corporation, Milwaukee, Wis. Dr. W illiam P. Yant, Director of Research tc Development, Mine Safety Appliances Company Research Laboratory, Pittsburgh. Pa. J. W. Younc, Safety Director, International Harvester Company, Chi cago, 111. 10 Automotive and Machine Shop Section Executive Com mittee 1947-1948 General Chairman--J. E. MOORE. Director of Safely, Corporate Service lncorportcd, Detroit, Mich. Vice-Chairman--L. B. LOOMIS. Safety Engineer. Fisher Body--Ternstedt Division, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Mich. C. A. DeMONGE. Safety Director, Kdscy-Hayes Wheel Company, Detroit, Mich. Secretary--D. L. McCULLY, Safety Supervisor, Wcstinghousc Air Brake Company, Wilmcrding, Pa. Program Committee Chairman: GEO. F. NUERNBERGER. Safety Engineer, A. B. Dick Company, Cnicago, 111, R. D. HARVEY, Safety Engineer, The Murray Corporation of America, Detroit, Michigan C. O. ENOCHS, Safety Director. Chevrolet Flint Division of General Motors Corporation, Flint. Michigan . F. H. HUMPHRIES, Manager Safety and Claims Division, American Car and Foundry Company, New York, N. Y. Engineeadng Committee Chairman: F. W. FISEE, Safety Director. The Brewer Titchner Corporation, Cortland, New ; York BARNEY J. POVOLNY, Safety Director, Detroit Diesel Engine Division, General Motors i Corporation. Detroit, Michigan WM. SMITH, Director of Safety, Ford Motor Company of Dearborn, Michigan M ombmahlp Committee Chairman: PAUL J. BLACK, Safety Supervisor, Westingbouse Electric! Corporation, Lima, Ohio ARTHUR E. EWING, Lairbe Electric Steel Company, Latrobe, Pa. FRED G. YELTON, Safety Director, Ddco Rcmy Division, General Motors Corporation, Anderson, Indiana N ew s Latter Committeo Chairman: PAUL F. BUNGER, Safety Director. Frigidainc Division, General Motors Cor poration, Dayton, Ohio LOUIS A. GALANTUCCl, Safety Engineer, General Electric Company, Bloomfield, N. J. G. W. YEMM, Safety Director. Otis Elevator Company, Harrison, N. J. Hecdth Committee Chairman: A. L. BROOKS, M.D., Medical Division, Fisher Body Division, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan C. F. ENGEL, M.D., Assistant Medical Director, Westingbouse Electric Corporation, East Pittsburgh, Pa. FRANK 'A. PATTY. Director of Industrial Hygiene, General Motors Corporation, De tro it, M ichigan 35th National Safety Congress', "1P47* Publicity Committse Chairman: O. C. BOILEAU, Supervisor of Safety, Health and Retirement, R-C-A. Victor Cor poration of America, Camden, N. J. GERALD C. SQUIER, Assistant Director of Personnel, Bulldog Electric Products, Detroit, Michigan EDWARD C. HOLTZMAN, Director of Safety and Medical Departments, Wagner Electric Corporation. St. Louis, Missouri Statistical Committee Chairman: H. J. JENNINGS, Safety Engineer, General Electric Company, West Lynn, Massa chusetts W. E. BROUTs'. JR., Safety Director, The City Auto Stamping Company, Toledo, Ohio LOYLE DAVIS, Director of Personnel and Industrial Relations. Mueller Company, De catur, Illinois OfMbe-Job Committee Chairman: M. F. BIANCARDI, Safety Engineer, Health and Safety Department. Industrial Relations, Div., Allis Chalmers Company, Milwaukee, Wis. ROBERT C. BENSON, Director of Penonnel and Safety, Lansing Stamping Company. I^msing, Michigan E. CLARK WOODWARD. Director of Safety, A-O Smith Corporation, Milwaukee, Wis consin Poster Committee Chairman: CARL PETERSON, Safety Supervisor. Plymouth Motors Division of Chrysler Corporation, Detroit, Michigan CARLTON R. REID, Safety Engineer, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Com pany, Springfield, Massachusetts HAROLD M. ERICKSON. Director of Safety, Nash Motors, Kenosha, Wis. Members-at-ljirge--*J. W. YOUNG, International Harvester Co.. Chicago, 111.; *G. F. LEH MAN, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich.; *W. A. BECHILL, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich.; J. C. BOWER, tost Mifflin Ave., Pittsburgh. Pa.; *M. A. CLARK. 5537 Devonshire Road, Crosse Pointe, Mich.; *H. B. DUFFUS, Westinghouse Electric Corp., East Pittsburgh, Pa.; HOYT L. FRACHER. Detroit Steel Products Co.. Detroit, Mich.; *G. A. KUECHENMEISTER, Dominion Forge & Stamping Go., Walkerville, Ont., Canada; *M. J. MC CARTHY, Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich.; ROBERT A. SHAW, Detroit Diesel Engine Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich.; LT. COMDR. PAUL S. STRECKER: *R. F. THALNER, Buick Motor Div.. General Motors Corp.. Flint, Mich.; V. 1. TROTTER: *C. E. WOOL1EVER, A. O. Smith Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. Stag .Representative--ARTHUR S. KELLY, National Safety Council, Chicago. III. Indicates Past General Chairman Automotive and Machine Shop Section ' 7 ' MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION . October 6, 1947 , Presiding: Dx. A. L. Brooks, Medical Director, Fisher Body Division, General Motors Cor poration R ecognition a n d C ontrol of Fum e an d Dust Exposure By V. I. CASTROP Research Laboratories Division, G eneral Motors Corporation Illness which can be attributed to the oc cupation may occur in the automotive and allied industries. While occupational disease cases are much fewer in number than those resulting from accidental injurs', there still', remains the need for vigilance in maintaining a healthful working environment. The re- s]>onsibility for employee health is delegated by management to the medical director with the safety director charged with matters per taining to safety. For the smooth functioning of either department it is necessary that these individuals work in close harmony with each other. A safety engineer who is capable of recog nizing conditions which may be detrimental to the health of the employee is an excellent teammate for the doctor in any employee health maintenance program. The safety en gineer need not be capable of actually sam pling air in the environment oi designing a ventilation system for the control of toxic materials. He should, however, have knowl edge of the materials which have been proved harmful, should be fairly well informed oi how these materials may be used safely, have some understanding of Imic control measures which are normally recommended vthen such materials are used. The intention is not to present a highly technical discussion of fume and dust ex posures or detailed information, regarding ventilation systems, as such matters are of interest to the professional industrial hygien ists and of comparatively little value to safety engineers. This discussion will be limited to live more basic principles of industrial hy giene as they relate to fume and dust ex posures, to indicate what control measures arc available or used to protect, the em ployee's health, and, to call to your attention operations and materials which are commonly used in the automotive and allied industries, at the same, time "indicating the generally accepted opinion as,to their effect on health. Many conditions arc corrected or Improved because of reasons other than their effect upon the health of the employees. Better products, better employee relationship, rduc tion in maintenance of equipment may be cited as justification for management's de cisions for such correction or improvement. Generally sjvcakirtg there are two means of entrance of toxic compounds into the human body under industrial conditions, namely, by ingestion or via the respiratory tract through the inhalation of fumes, dusts, mists or gases. Ingestion is of importance if toxic materials which have a systemic effect are used and adequate washing facilities are not provided, or, where the employees are slovenly in their personal habits, inhalation is coasidered the most important portal of entry of fumes or dusts and the particle size, therefore, be comes significant in evaluating an exposure. The particles Which cause the physiological changes arc those which arc small enough to remain suspended in the air and not those which immediately fall to the floor. Flying panicles, which are of concern to a safety man and for which he advocates the use of goggles, are not of hygienic significance since they are riot of respirable size. To judge the seriousness of an exposure by the quantity of detritus adjacent to an operation is often misleading. This is especially true where mechanical ventilation has been provided which will remove the fine material but is inadequate to trap or convey the larger particles. In evaluating an exposure it is necessary to consider the toxicity of the material, the duration of the exposure, the average concen tration of the contaminant with special atten tion being paid to those operations which produce high concentrations at some phase of an operating cycle, and the measures which have been provided to control the exposure. 8 35th National Safety Conoress, 1947 Medical records of the individuals subjected to the exposure may be of value if the exami nations arc thorough and frequent and not of a cursory type. .It must be remembered that occupational diseases are slow in develop ment and in some instances lasting in ctiect.* Slow changes may not be detected and the mere fact; that cases have not occurred b no definite assurance that exposures to known toxic materials may be ignored. The determination of the. concentration of the toxic material in the air b important in evaluating the exposure. Tests of tins type are not only indicative of the degree of con tamination but in some instances which op eration is the major offender. The apparatus used in collecting the con taminant and the method used in estimating the amount present in the atmosphere vary with the type of material. Tests of this type are specialized in nature and are beset with many pitfalls which can lead to very errone ous results and conclusions if done by other than experienced personnel. In a discussion pertaining to toxic ma terials it is generally necessary to quote per missible concentrations or as it b sometimes expressed --maximum allowable concentra tions--permissible limits, or threshold limits. These terms are used extensively by industrial hygienists to indicate concentrations of a substance in the air which are considered compatible with good health. The limit usu ally applies to exposures of eight hours dura tion for a prolonged period. The limits arc, for the most part, advisory standards or bench marks which are prac tical to meet. In general, tbese limits are de rived from three types of evidence all of which have value and limitations. 1. Animals have been exposed at different concentrations and the effects noted. 2. A few experiments have been made on human subjects for short periods of time. 3. Safe limits have been arrived at by measuring the concentrations of sub stance in Lhe workroom air and corre lating this information with results of medical examinations of workmen. There b no magic connected with tbese limits and the mere fact that they are ex ceeded does not necessarily mean that some one will definitely become ill, but there b a good probability that someone will suffer ill effects if the limit is greatly exceeded for a considerable period. There remains much to be learned regarding the toxicity of many substances used in industry, and it is hoped that with more research and study that the answers will be found. So much for the general picture. Now la 's take a look at some specific operations. Welding--Welding processes most common ly used can be divided into .three types, arc, gas, and rcsbtance. The safay'measures per taining to clothing, goggles, and helmets are of common knowledge and therefore, shall not be considered in this discussion. _ . ' Arc welding when performed on uncoated steel docs not produce a condition which b considered harmful to the welder provided it b accomplished in a comparatively large open area. The fumes which result from welding consist essentially of the oxides of iron and oxides of metab which may comprise the steel or coating of the welding rod. Some in vestigators have found characteristic! mark ings on chest x-rays of men who have welded under severe conditions for long periods of time. These markings ; are : presum ably'due to the deposition of iron fumes! within the lungs, but it has not been demonstrated that such fumes have caused physical impairment. A frequently suggested Limit for welding fume b 15 milligrams of iron oxide per cubic meter of air. Concentrations of thus magnitude existing in the workroom wouldy materially reduce visibility and thereby become a nui sance or an unsafe condition requiring cor rection. Welding within confined areas such as tanks, inside machinery or equipment, or in small rooms presents a condition which can be of concern. The concentration of fume b materially higher under these cotxiilions as there is little opportunity for dilution by natural air currents normally present in a large shop. Nitrogen oxides formed by the electric arc when inhaled in su ffid a u q u an tities causa fluids to form in the lung--edema -w ith the resultant failure of the respiratory system. While welding in large; ojvenlareas these toxic gases are normally not present in sufficient, quantities to cause harmful -effects. However, when welding b done in confined areas, the nitrogen oxides may readh a con centration which will be harmful. , , , Cas welding generally b not productive pf harmful fumes. There are, however, in brak ing two potentially harmful exposures. While boric add or borata generally are used in r-tf ! -- -Automotive- and- M achine^Shof'Section---- "" 9 brazing fluxes, some metals require fluxes containing significant quantities of fluoride compounds and fumes from these fluxes, have been known to produce significant nasal irri tation. Fluorides in general are looked upon with suspicion since they may produce harm ful effects upon the bone structure. A limit of 2.5 mg. per cybic meter has been suggested for fluorides; bur no standard has l>een agreed upon. Most industrial hygienists at tempt to keep them as low as practicable in order to be absolutely certain that bone dam age does not occur among the workers. Silver solder is one of the more common alloys used in brazing. Solders of this type vary in composition and may in some in stances contain cadmium which if volatilized in sufficient quantities!is" considered to be harmful. At present the suggested limit for cadmium fume in air is 1 milligram per to cubic meters of air. Resistance, spot, or butt welding of plain steel is of no concern from the physiological wandpoint. T h e fumes arising from such operations generally are caused by the vola tilized oil which has come upon the metal stock during previous operations or which has been placed upon the metal as a rust preventive. -/ The preceding disam ion of welding opera tions" has been based upon the assumption that the metis being welded are of plain steel. The performance of welding operations, either arc, gas, or resistance, upon metals which have been coated w ith such toxic ma terials as lead, cadmium, or mercury may cause harmful exposures. The heat of the flame or of the arc causes volatilization of these metals. Welding or cutting of teme plate or other metals containing significant quantities of lead can result in the volatiliza tion of lead fume, which if inhaled for a sufficient"period of tinte, may result in lead absorption and ultimate poisoning. T he cut ting or welding of surfaces which have been coated with paint containing lead has caused lead ^poisoning in the past and will continue to do so unless adequately controlled. Welding of cadmium plated material was attributed as the .cause of illness and even death to a number of individuals during the recent war activity. The reported cases in dicated that death occurred in a compara tively short time after the exposure. Welding of galvanized metal causes the volatilization of the zinc coating. Temporary discomfort associated with metal fume fever may result from such an exposure. Where warranted the control of welding ; fumes is generally:accomplished by providing a mechanical ventilation system. The type of ventilation used is dependent upon the na ture of the welding. When the object to be welded is positioned in a fixture or jig it is possible to obtain effective control of the fumes, by the use of a grill side hood, or flexible duct near the "source of fume. If the parts arc large and it is necessary to weld more titan a foot from a fixed point it is difficult to obtain good control of the fume with reasonable air volumes through sys tem using flexible ducts. Since the effective range of most flexible ducts is approximately! 8 inches from the duet opening, it is neces: sary for the welder to move the duct when ever the arc is outside this range. The prac- f tical result is that most ducts are' normally | not moved and the ventilation systemdoes not remove the fumes when liberated.;Ac< . cording to reports this type of system has been effectively used in shipyards, for the control of welding fumes in confined areas. In view of this experience it should there- f fore be a satisfactory means of control for welding fumes in tanks: However, excellent. supervision and education is necessary to make such systems effective.. ' , Where the room volume per welder is large, the natural ventilation within the plant, is usually sufficient to prevent the accumula tion of excessive concentration of fumes from plain steel welding. Circulating fans directed from the side help to dilute the fume which may be concentrated in the breathing zone of the welder. Another means of. control.is the use of per sonal respiratory equipment. Air line respira tors and fume respirators have been developed which will proride adequate protection. Some- manufacturers of this type of equipmcnt .have< on the market welders' helmets with facilities for providing fresh air to the wearer. The use of this type of equipment has been limited. Since the welder ,is already burdened w ith helmet, goggles, and protective clothing, he probably will not be nxeptivc to a respirator. It is usually sufficient; in 1 most welding "for the employee to wear sin ordinary helmet and to arrange the position of the work so as to prevent the concentrated fume front flowing under the helmet. , . Lhy Grinding--The dust resulting from the t > ' w *1 -**j t ' ^ * ' * 'i MV%` ftV); p 7,V 10 35th National Safety Congress, 1947 grinding of nontoxic metals which arc free of Afacfiining-Stnoke from oily parts is the sand is generally considered a nuisance and prevailing source of air contamination at is not harmful per sc. Despite this fact some machining opetations. Illness has not been Jm] && state laws require griding operation' to be ventilated. This requirement has probably been a hold over from the days when sand stone wheels were prevalent and also to pre vent the creation of a nuisance condition. attributed to this type of exposure. As is the case with most fumes and dusts of the nui sance variety little is known as to what .ef fect such materials have on already existing physical abnormalities. Grinding wheels in use in industry have ar Machining operations on steel produce Jk te 'g . 8%,.'S . . fKe^-"w' lSrf:' tificial abrasives such as aluminum oxide or silicon carbide. Emery, which is a natural product composed of essentially aluminum and the magnetic oxide of iron, may also be large chips or turnings; consequently, `dust is not a problem. Operations involving-the machining of high lead alloys have been studied, and significant quantities of air used. A permissible limit of 50 million, par borne lead have not been demonstrated. ticles per cubic foot of air for aluminum Graphite which becomes airborne during oxide and silicon carbide was recently ac the machining of cast iron is not considered cepted by the members of the American Con to be physiologically significant, and there ference of Governmental Industrial Hygien fore is classified as a nuisance dust. Frequent ists. Such a limit is liberal and concentrations ly management considers it advisable to pro of such magnitude arc normally not en vide ventilation for the machines'which are. countered. . ' productive of the most dust, as graphite on When lead, silica, or some similar toxic the clothing and person and surrounding material comes in contact with the grinding machinery is conducive to many complaints. wheel the exposure to the abrasive matter Ventilation systems for the machining, drill may be ignored and the exposure evaluated ing, and so forth, of cast iron should in on the basis of the toxic material. If this clude hoods located as near the cutters or latter material Is controlled the nuisance will drills as is practicable.-Many of these hoods also be eliminated. arc in use on production machinery and are Ventilation systems for grinding wheels doing an excellent jo b . of dust control. have been fairly well standardized and gen Abrasive Cleaning--Since silica is recog erally are satisfactory to prevent a nuisance. nized :ls the most harmful of mineral dusts, Hoods should enclose the wheel as completely an adequate ventilation system is rtormally as is practicable. Air volumes should be pro provided at the time of installation of com vided which are sufficient to cause an inward mercially built sand blast equipment. Con flow into the hood when using the smallest tinuous usage and lack of maintenance result wheel. This is especially true where toxic in a breakdown of adequate control. Visible materials are involved. escape of dust is the ho t evidence that this ss$H % 1 Jg ff- Its .;'.. Wet Grinding--Baffles, hoods, and guards has occurred and it is advisable to correct are generally located near wet grinding such a condition without undue delay. wheels.to prevent dispersion of the liquid Employees who are stationed in blast rooms c: si used as a coolant. These devices .arc usually are dependent upon personal respiratory r sufficient to control the dust if it is nontoxic equipment. It is of utmost importante that i! in nature. If the dust liberated is toxic, me such devices are of a type which will provide at chanical exhaust ventilation may be required. the necessary protection. Devices of this type u. Buffing and polishing--The buffing com are of the supplied-air variety, and it is neces at pound applied to wheels used ' for buffing sary that the air provided be free of harmful ; in and polishing vary in ooni|x>sition. Waxes contaminants. The air compressors should be . ii and various types of abrasive are the major located in an area free of contamination U components. These materials plus lint and otherwise the contaminantWill be transmitted ; he fibers from the wheel arc the essential in to the helmet and the breathing zone of the ' th gredients of the airborne dust. The toxicity worker. W; is dependent upon the type of abrasive. Normally, ventilation within the room is wi p S i? '. ' Generally ventilation is provided so as to provided so as to improve visibility and to a: fe f - improve housekeeping and reduce the num help prevent the escape of dust to the sur It)' w M & i hbaezrarodf tcoohmepallatihn.ts. and not because of the rtioounndoifngsiliacraeadsusntottotoa rseadfeucleevtehl.e concentra VCCl . i- s. --i: :v v -v4!4 W M p Automotive and Machine Shot* Section , 11 Tumblast or rotating table type- of sand Practically all industrial plants J v e .o p o r? v ^ ^ ^ f|^ blast units should be provided with sufficient lions which, involve .the use of leading base .J{ ventilation to prevent the escape of silica bearing metal or solder. B abbitt; bearing dust. Leakage due to excessive Wear should metal containing approximately 75 per cent , be remedied. lead has been encountered. T h e _compos!- " Small sand blast cabinets, where the opera tion of solder metal tor controls the blast nozzles from outside the ' pendent upon the purpose cabinet, frequently have faulty seals around used, with ordinary soft the doors or the rublzer gauntlets arc loose comparatively high percentage : or tom. The dust which escapes from the Assuming - that the babbitt cabinet through those openings i> in close use is one containing a significant amount of , - proximity to the breathing zone of the em - lead, the question thetv arises as to* ` ployee and in many instances exceeds the per or not the employees working with tJ .. missible limit for silica. This leakage should terial will become ill. The answer to such a - be corrected and the men should not l>c re question could be' given by a -'.qualified-' quired io use respirators. dustrial hygienist after he had seer *v`-------- --- -*aSui If the articles being blasted are free ot lion and considered such-factors silica or other toxic material, the dust result perature to which the metal ing from grit or shot-blasting is classified in the nuisance category. It follows that the maintenance of ventilating systems for grit method of removing (3tcess'Ider,''the"length,`J|fc 5; ^ ; i ^ of exposure, and the efieciiveness-of.the;con^^i;%,^n^!S[^ trol measures provided. - blasting, although desirable, is not always so necessary as for sand blasting. It is a well-known fect:-that;Tead:icattsesf|^S;;:i;ii||^| illness if absorbed in excessive amounts, and ^ ~r \ ' The use of steel grit or shot in blasting therefore operations wherein lead is used - rooms produce excessively high concentra have received considerablef attention -and ' - tions of lust within the enclosure. It is there study. Out of this experience certain prac- - fore, necessary to protect the worker within tices arc known to produce excessive exposure , - the room. The remarks included in the sec whereas other practices; have been proved not ; 't tion devested to sand blasting rooms arc there to be harmful. It is generally conceded lthat ^ rjtSK; fore, pertinent when considering rooms in excessive'concentrations do '.'not')resultj-from ' ,'\m which steel grit of shot are used as the abra operations w-here solder is applied`by, nveans , 'jjP P sive. . ' of an electric soldering iron. This is probably - '* Vapor blasting, a variation of sand blasting, due to the small amounts of solder used and is 6f comparatively recent development. This procedure involves the use of fine silica ami water under pressure. The silica used in vapor the comparatively low heat of th e m e ta l. - "-;, When an iron is used which is heated ;in a small gas fired furnace, the exposure-may be , wit* blast, units varies in size and may even be at of greater consequence. Solder which Teraju'ns . $ $ lE P small as 1250 mesh (approximately, >0 mi crons). It ts generally believed that airborne silica particles below 5 microns are most sig nificant in causing silicosis. It then follows th a t1operations involving the use of silica abrasive whose initial particle size approaches that order of magnitude are more hazardous, and require cominqal vigilance in maintain ing good control. -It is, therefore, essential that the vapor blast cabinets be maintained so that leakage of mist does hot occur. Good housekeeping is also essential as spillage of the sand and water sludge upon the floor , will create a source for dust dissemination on the Iron ''`coming- into contact! withi^ the,. if. flame or heat is vulnerable for volatilization. , Small amounts of solder drop from the iron onto the hot floor of the furnace where it is" readily volatilized or oxidized. T he oxidized material may become airborne due to dis- turbanc created by the flame or by remov- ing or placing the soldering'iron in the fur nace. Frequently industrial hygienists recom mend that ventilation be provided for heating units of this type thereby' removing lead ; fumes and dust from the environment. 'This is particularly true in small rooms or where many units are in use. . ., , - &*'L *}! m when the water evaporates. Likewise, con The atmospheric contamination occasioned tainers of the dried sludge should not be al by the use of either gas or electrically heated- lowed to stand in the factory where they pots containing solder is dependent on a a n be influenced by air currents of high number ot factors. With higher temperatures velocity. more volatilization will! occur and the greater 12 5th National Safety Congress, 1947 .will be (he exposure;. With Jjiejugher tem perature the metal is more readily oxidized to produce a dross consisting of a high >crccntage of lead oxide. The dross may provide a protective coating to reduce the volatilization of the lead; however, disturbance of this coat ing will create an exposure. As a safeguard against excessive umtamination, pots contain ing solder or babbitt are usually ventilated. Wherever possible it is advisable to enclose the pot as completely as possible and provide sufficient air volume to overcome the thermal effects of the molten metal. Attempts have been made to use natural draft ventilation systems to control these fumes and in those instances where the duns were not of suffi cient diameter the system was inadequate A preferable method is the u<c of mechanical' systems. The removal of. excess solder with power driven tools, such as grinding wheels, discs, or wire wheels, creates airborne dust which may contaminate large areas of the factory' if the operation is extensive. Diligent use of abrasive cloth will also result in excessive concentrations of lead dust. Filing, however, is not productive of small particles and is preferred over the use of sower driven tools. If filing is not practicable or feasible it will be necessarv in provide some type of mechanical ventilation system lor the solder re moval operations involving the use of (sower tools. Since the vcrmissiblc limit generallv acceptcd for lead is 1.5 milligrams per 10 cubic meters of air {355 cubic feet) it will be necessary to have an effective system to pro vide adequate control. F.nginccrs experienced in designing ventilation systems to control toxic materials should be consulted, other wise a costly system might l>e erected and later discovered la !>c entirely ineffective. Fre quently solder removal operations require the use of portable tools on large objects and a local exhaust system would not be effective, as is the case in the fabrication of automobile bodies. General contamination of the factory with lead dust has been eliminated by enclos ing the entire operation in a large booth and exhausting a sufficient quantity of air from the enclosure to insure a constant inward (low of air from the factory into the booth. Under these circumstances no practical amount of air, could be removed from the booth to reduce the lead concentration to a safe level, and therefore it is necessary that the men working therein be provided with adequate personal protective devices. Meat Treating--High temperatures are a frequenTsouroeof'comp!ainf Trom"nnp!6yecs'' in heat treat departments but such condi tions and their control are not within the subject matter undcT discussion. Fumes disseminated from cyanide jxhs arc often associated with cyanides used as fumi gants or as the lethal agent in death cham bers and supervision as well as the employee becomes apprehensive. Fumes from such a source are irritating and because of this property should be adequately ventilated. The irritant nature of the fume is caused by alkali formed upon decomposition of the cyanide. Molten lead is sometimes used as a harden ing medium for metals. Frequently charcoal or some similar materia! is placed on the surface of the metal to conserve heat and prevent oxidation. A covering of this type reduces the volatilization of lead while the bath is quiescent, but has no effect while the, bath is in use- Adequate ventilation should' therefore be provided for baths of this type. .As complete an enclosure as Is practical for the operation being performed is advisable with air quantities dependent upon the open areas in the hood. To prevent contamination resulting from volatilization of lead accumu lating in the combustion chambers the prod nets of combustion from gas fired lead pots should be vented to the outdoors and not . be allowed to dissipate into the workroom. iron Foundries--The principal ingredient of foundry dusts are silica, sea coal, days, and parting compounds. The predominant ma terial will be dependent upon which phase of the foundry operation is being studied and what operation is being performed. The control of dust is the major problem, whereas fume is of secondary importance. A discussion of all the aspects of the in dustrial hygiene problems in such plants would require a separate treatise. For the present discussion it should be sufficient to state that all obvious sources of dust dis persion should be reduced to a minimum by adequate localized exhaust systems. In a mechanized foundry such places would be sand conditioning and mixing equipment, tumbling mills, shakeouts, core removal and knockout stations, transfer points of . dry sand, abrasive blasting operations, 'and all grinding operations performed on castings containing appreciable quantities of sand. i. 1 c r c a n *( * i d j l* c d rC Automotive and Machine Shop Section 13 Maintenance of ventilation equipment is Experience has shown that frequently proa major item in foundries because of the,,_tcctivedevices.have.l)etm-iss,ied~which*.<ionot"- abrasive action of the dust. It is imperative provide adequate protection. Upon inquiry that a good program be maintained so as to information was generally offered that the ; keep the equipment functioning at maximum safety engineer was not too well informed as efficiency. to What should have been provided. Because of the heat associated with large The U. S. Bureau of Mines at their experi scale foundry activities it is a common sight mental ntation in Pittsburgh tests equipment to see pedestal fans or air oooiing ducts di of this type and studies the protection of rected in such a manner as to create cross fered tO' the wearer. It! the device is satisfac drafts which interfere with the efficient re tory in perform nee. they issue an approval moval of the dust dispersion. Better discre "number to the manufacturer which appears tion in the placement of these fans or ducts on the device as well as the container in will go far in reducing dust concentrations ' which it is received from the manufacturers. in the areas where they are used. The approval granted by the Bureau also After the obvious has been corrected, it is stipulates that type of materials for which advisable that a survey of the foundry be it is approved. made by an industrial hygienist so that an accurate evaluation of the exposure may be obtained. it has become general practice in the fidd of industrial hygiene to recommend the use of only those respirators which have been ap Respiratory Protective Devices --As has proved by the Bureau. Safety engineers, been stated, the atmospheric concentration should likewise insist that such devices be of dust and fume and other materials may procured and acquaint themselves with the be reduced to a safe level by adequate ex type of protection afforded by each device haust ventilation. In some cases it is possible and thereby provide adequate control for the to correct the condition by substituting a individual wearing thp equipment. Some en-: less toxic material. If these measures are not gineers prefer to stock only that type of res practical retpiratory protective devices may pirator which Will protect against the more be used. They may also prove valuable in harmful dusts or fumes, since a respirator of giving protection during art emergency or to this type will also give adequate protection provide protection for intermittent exposures for materials of lower toxicity. T he advan or to supplement other methods of control. tage of such a procedure has merit as it re- They should, however, not be considered as .duces the types of devices needed in stock the desirable means of controlling a health and likewise insures the correct device for hazard. the more serious exposures. M etal C leaning By THOMAS MOONEY Med-Fac Industrial Hygiene Laboratories The complete finishing of metals by elec troplating may include: i. Qcaning by abrasives. . Polishing the base metals. 5. Cleaning with solvents. 4. Cleaning with alkaline solutions. 5. Cleaning with adds often referred to as "Pickling." . Metal deposition or electroplating. 7. Buffing the deposits. 8. Lacquering the finished product. In abrasive deaning, sand or steel shot is used under pressure. The potential health hazards in this type of cleaning are exposure to dust of a high free silica (SiO^ content caused by the sand and also to metallic dusts where metals capable: of producing toxic dusts are cleaned by shot and sand blasting. Steel shot blasting is a much less severe health hazard than sand blasting; consequently, steel shot abrasive cleaning methods should be used wherever possible. ^V'Kj.V' The maximum allowable concentrations (MJl.C.) for free silica are five million parti- V-**!Mv^;('"jfa*..'S "fIi'i:'1i'<'' ^ i 'Vt >*t *n ,"' >*?i"' ** **'r,,,' "Hr>- V5,'1 +V, 4 'Vv~W>lHg|tW.S 3 5 TH / ..>'>' . ,' y ^ \ '. ':> :v ; 7 . .' ' x' i ; .. r ;' \ . ' , %\ ? / 't. : . v.'i W ' . v'\'.V n.,;;-:.;' .'.. SAFETY CONGRESS r ' */ 5 S I"i i rr'i VOLUME XX PUBLIC UTILITIES SECTION : fm ' '-''r# ' 5 `i'iv.-: >VW-ri2rpiL il N A T I O N A L SA F E T Y CO U N C I L, 20 N O . W A C K E R D R I V E - C H I C A G O G, 'Wir?'SVl^j ' X ` Vv ' . 'SiP-'r-'i,;vW 2 2 ;s ! S fI \. rcvMf tS . v|Ma s| W V ' If.-.-v4il 35th National Safety Congress Transactions -.'; o'YY ' : Title A nnual M eeting. Banquet. W omen'* Activities. Index to all Volumes and Exhibitors. Y . . . . . __ __. . . "..... .1 : A m erican Society of Safety Engineers an d Subject S essions. 2 Aircraft M anufacturing Se c t i on. . . . . . . . . . . ' . . ...3 Air Transport Secfion.. . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 4 Automotive an d M achine Shop Section___ ...5 Cement and Q uarry S ection.. . . Chem ical Section . . . . . . . ........ ... S ...7 C oal M ining S ectio n ............... ............ Com m ercial V ehicle S ectio n ........................... ... 8 ...9 Construction Section . . .......... ...10 Food .Section . ...11 Industrial N ursing S e c tio n ......... ........ ...12 M arine Section . . . .................. . ..13 M eat Packing, Tanning and L eather Industries S ectio n .. . . . . 14 M etals Section s,................ ..................... ...........; . . . : . . . . . . . . . IS M ining Section Y . . . ........ ........................ ...........16 P aper a n d Pulp S e c tio n ... ............................................ .. 17 Petroleum Section . . . . .....................................18 Power Press Section.. . . . . . . . . . . . .Y .. Y Public Utilities Section .. . . . . .................................................... ,20 R ailroad Section " '-'"21 R ubber Section . .................. . . . . . . ............ Textile S e c t i o n . . . . . . . . . ___ . . ........................... ] ..............123 Traffic Section .Y. YtY ; .'V.. Y .:KY.YYv.Y,Y?f24. W ood Products Section........ .............. ' ____ . . . 1Y . 125 Farm Safety .. .. Y . ........ ............. .... ............ .-26 Home Safety ................ . .............................................. ...-- . . :27. School cmd C ollege Sessions . ...... .......... ............ ..: 128 Psychology You C an Use (Early.M orning S essio n s).. . . .29 PRICES OF EXTRA COPIES OF INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES VOLUME SIZE TO MEMBERS , 1 ' / to ^copies jo to t& co p iei 100 to 999 copies :io o o ar more Less than *4 pages--$ a | .5 ea. M | .15 ea.` ` $ I 15 ea. ' *4 to 48 pages-- Jts " Jto " ~jto " , Jto " 49 w 96 page- -55 -3 " -S " -3*> " over 96 pages- .50 " .45 " -45 ~ -45 " Complete set of Transactions (xg volumes)--$500 NON-MEMBER prices are double member prices. V V, Kr* I i I1* . > * f i B u * 6. - ' 1i V - -- lic iiIft ** v tw b i v & m m u m ^ i ?E sw cu liii ^^ i& `ir o W '` n t !i. .'< ? * .& ,A*.i:..0 j a *s *.M. . *. . * J ^ ? $ s General Chairman--J. B. PGRCHER, Division Coordinator of Pcnonndi, Ohio Edison C o.,' ; Akron, Ohio ; - ^ ^ r . r v '/ '.tv;:';' A V ^ r r .1 "V '----- ` , .. . . . . . , ... ,<- . ,*.t\ , Vice-Chairmen--E.y L. /FITZGERALD, "Division -Coordinator, of Personnel Relations.. .., ,.!,,.fcil&.!f5 fessa :..."v*xEs-d,&i,*s.o.n.C...o. , Spr^i.n'Jg,fi.e(l,di^.'VO!>h.:.-i-'o-"'.^ . \ i-. y.' "";viy!;.,:vy^ ! , `u . `I5 f' ;.!.-.. Secretary--L. P. HOFFMAN, Safety Director, Florida Power fcLight Co,M iam v Florida >" '' T 'ifa'W 1 " j Engineering Committee--E, S. HANNAFORD, ` (Chairman) Supervisor of :Employment.. & Training, Long Lines Plant Dept, American Telephone ic Telegraph Co, New York,, New ;Yorfc;*W. JL SMITH. Safety -Engineer, Public Service Electric. & Gus Co, .Newark, . e T.,. .. <4=)$1<*^.V New 'Jersey: C. A.- COUTTS, Safety Engineer, Bureau of Safety, Chicago, Illinois.,,,,,,4. . . . . , ,, . _____ ......... * **.*,w y +**?**#**&*.t* * *>.&< A ' / - v ..... .i A i . * , J > * v v V '^ . 5$ S M v i Data Sht, Sub-Commttee-Z. M., CHASE,' (Chairman)'Safety Director, Otniral Vermont* r V'S Public'Serrine Corp, Rutland, Vermont;-W. E.RUSHLOW, Engineer, .Rural Elettrifica- . tion Adimnistmtion, \V*shingum, D. C ^ ;:,.,:;.,*-;::;,.'^.i'`."v,iij:';,:.:;..^~7.,..: ' ' _' .'.T O , Isfif.V.j' New, York^N."' V.;iJJP. McCANN.'SafetyJhUnagti^NeW/Eni^iKi 'Power Servio^C|^ ton. Mas.; J. E."STOTT,"General Supervisor, of Safety"8: Training, Georgia Power Co, ; Atlanta, G*. r- `' J v - v * \j - v / l>-'' Poster.and Safety Kinks. Committee--E. R. LEHMAN, i (Chairman) "Safety Director.'lntcRtaie. ;i sPower Co.; Dubuque, Iowa;'F. T ,, ELLENBERG, Safety Engineerif;Antic,Ot)f'Electric Cq,^5 Atlantic'City. N." J.; H. A. PTOLEMY, Safety' Supervisor, Public Service"Co. of Northern,!*; Illinois, Chicago, Dl. .................. * ............................................ *? * . s'f.....t ....*.....r.'', .,`V f ^ Publicity Committee--K. P. DOUGLAS, ^ ^ -1 y (Chairman) Safety Director, Detroit .Edison Co.. ^ f^iTr3a ^Detroit, Mich.; E. L. FITZGERALD, Division Coordinator of .Personnel Relatiom, ;Ohiq!S;^;i^|i t ;, Edison Co, Springfidd, Ohio , <, - / " j 1- ' / ` - * ` ' . '.V ;i f ,1,i j . A.., . . . . .,.. .. - 51 ...... ' Vs,'i,5ivV/vel ,+il I i iS i! jm&fmsii Acrili pi ..8.^,,.^:,.,.-.... ......... ! yi - , ^ # 15' i i . m -- 11 *lT - safety program is just as ,,important jo'effi* <- be re fin ed Jdghfdown" the line to every em dcncy in the plant: as any odicr major .ac tivity. Accidents arc pure waste of men;' ma terials arid moneyl Tbe primary *objectives of the safety program are to eliminate these ployec.i|Of,, course management must -have capable; men!ffor'carrying.1'outVthe; acoddetii prevention! details! butjrif!tbe rjob-js' to^be well-done,.it 1must' meetl with ^committees, needless wastes, and, therefore, safety, is an must know personally what "the'main objec important- part of management's business. " :tiva arei a ^ must actc^y la d idl employees The three E's--Engineering, Education, En in the campaign against aradems.1./~ /'r; forcement--are' the basis of all sound traffic ,.. ; Acddcnt prcvcntion U,good`t a plans. I think the)' apply equally to an e, ` methods of work a w ,r o i> c y ;fw the'com- sound, successful safety work. < pany. - It is good enough/',bitriness*-iotfthe Engineering--it is management's first and management to give i f fuU^and:aerioJc)s at primary responsibility to make - the ' condi- tention. -You all/ know,"thW accidents-!cost , spected and checked to be sure that they are kept in first-class working condition." Only when it has done this can management ask the: workers to take an active p art/and- the most necessary part, in any safety program. Every new job must be engineered from the standpoint of the safety of the workroen who will carry it out. When management does its full part i f is easy to gef the other employ* down the line to understand the importance of safety and. to accept and follow the second E--Education. We are learning that Education is a never- ended job. Man la u ra quickly and forgets quickly, until 'education iandiypractice have fom ed safe working tubits!,They .form habits of the right kind/and, therefore, they build character and make better men. ` ' Enforcement means sound, firm discipline. It means careful,unbiased investigation by competent committees of every accident, pub lication of the findings, the preventive meas ures against a recurrence, and the proper dis ciplinary measures if the accident was 'the result of carclessncss or negligence. "- . Any : safety program must "be soundly or ganised with a competent safety director and safety engineer. Therem ust be some definite 1 goals set. While records may be a, nuisance they are necessary to record success;and fail ure. But the safety director and engineer::: must spend most of their time in direct con tact w ith :the supervisory'; staff and foreman where the work is being done. They must , make known to the men how; keen the man. agcmcntV interest , is! in the accident-preven. tion `work.; Employees a re 'very sensitive to what they think is the attitude of the presi dent's office. If safety is considered of great importance there this attitude will certainly fill : v a c a n ^ m u s e d l^ W f i ^ ^ .! a slowing up and :loas';xk;efficiency;untn' thc new man lean his jobT`!nvere;i; always .'the possibility that the new man win makr a serious mistake on unfamiliar w ork.W ben the injured man returns!,to, the' job, !after recovering from h b a c o d e n t, h e b -stillla r from.1his peak of-Veffidency! as a worker and does not read) that- peak;again-!lor! a- long time. These are what we might call indirect expenses, but they are just as real as direct P6^161*! '** - i<< . Looking at it cofo-bloodedly, simply! from a profit rand /Joss'4standpoint,',.mariagement owes just as great.an obligation to the .stock holders to initiate, direct and uimulate Jet y ; work; as to direct ;thcproducriopproccv.o, Safety is just as ^ch^tlM^Tiesponsibility o( good management as gqod^operating ^prac tices or good .sales methods--andfl !may say it.pays just as good dividends.; We go to.great lengths to conserve our companies'; physical , assets; why not more attention to conserving You are probably - thinking s ijghthnow. "Well, that sounds a ll` right butHl'i>,,too -general. Hare you.any proof 'that'-a! safets -program will conserve manpotrer,vWill.ireducc labor turnover,`.will improre^effipencr?^ - The Georgia ` Power;? Company;inow*. em ploys nearly 6,000 p<rople;-serying *onM;5bx)oo square mites-ofterritory^ai^!;3jo,ooo;\cus tomers. It has had an W ire and steadily iro1proving safety organimiontfor to yean1now, andits-recordstippliesample-and. affirmative : Definite plans with a safery director/were actively inaugurated just about ao yean'ago. Many changes hare been made since and the -u!*, ji * i,,'< f iitl'-,. *>1 ( / / 'V"1"j^V iP m6/tc tUtiiities'Secfior m dircaor and engineer, has .been an important factor in achieving results. ; - The thorough investigation of every serious ' acrident by an independent, committee and the publication iof its nding*hiri;Hkewisc':: tjeen a most imjxjrtant factor.-Thcn the con: tinned j education in safe practices and the annual nicty coiuest bctweaii ihc six divi- ; sions of the company ha ve helped make every . unglc( cm ployceaw arcof the importance of thtt'woii. A trophy prescnird at a,dinner to which oery,employee in the vinning division worked, has developed ' a splendid friendly rivalry and a great reduction'in accidents. ' As A ' ` record.' . ....... , had read. frequently,;a i 5thevarious safety'1meetings^?f I have already mentioned the importance -- v ? ' of independent,-thorough nvettiginion of very lost-time accident.1The thorough dis- ; ctosion ;by^localfegr^pt^Jtbei^pom^<5P^r#',!* and ihc cofidusionsi'and rccommcndaiibns ' ' CCfc:0 making tbe.work rafcnTflA'f v `'`'w'" *,!*%,,* S 'v j m Greater? use'o tru b b er; goocbrfor^coycring1"' ^ v up hoc l i n e i a p y j ^ s i ^ p i t s t a l i ^ j i , ^ ...^ " X following ia series of contact fatal accidents,' `V'*?1 ma peC ..................... per/1oo employees, with 3 T h e Augusta Division, with 414 employees working 3,5634)00 man-hours,completed i the years iH3 to 1546 inclusive without a single ,disabling injury. {? ''V 'I { , `X ", t,l| 'Pole, top resuscita lion was adopted in, 1939" ,and has saved the lives of lhreeiof; outline,-y^ . m1 en.<*' folvl*ow..ifi-ng.-.ftc, om a,a V i*tlT ene...*nsrt*u.ed lines? `A! A Divisional contest was establkbed in .1941^ f The/; Macon Division."with 598 employees and based on the frequency^ ami severity of X, working1 1,507,000 man-hours, completed the , ^disabUtig'injuries. Since -194a no division hak'^ vearf 1546 without a disabling injury. ( won i tire1 contest- without1 a perfect record.) t* In-.iiHaiand' 1945 the company completed ^Augusta1, Division' has had -a. perfcrtrrpbord^ th e`year without a single fatal accident. (The A for he pa*four years.'itnd-aIsb this:year toy phone call at 11:30 A.M." January 1, 1943.) , date." During the six years of the contest- *These result* are concrete proof tliat in- (Wi-'!M6);ih e divisions had a total, of 78. iclligetit continued effort will get results. - disabling injuries) (6 fatal) as compared with' rii ',W e ^ v ^ .l rn ii-m u c h n " 7W s o m e ;' previous sbe y-rai*.. , . 'W ^ of>the. factor* which -contributedarc "as f-ol----'- -vF...orJycaraiet.np,hasis'has-bee. n,i'place..d..iu.p..o...n..^^' fows.-VV' J r,, 4 - i * - *he proper training, and instru aion of cm- 4) /"* ' ' 1 'V ' f ' i' , nloveen f ' ' k ? ' r- u Saiety begirn wilha'ilvorough prc-einpiov- t j- ' > mem raedicaliexaminatiioit of all new cm- fD unng the past two years more than 300 ; ploycesi I aided by,an annual examina- thf fTM > ,, 1 oLatl employees over do years of-age. ^ ^ '* .^1 J j / "Croup vafety^Weetings i are'' held '*regu ` ' Practically all of, our *up>crvi.viiy j>crsonncl i lliarrlit). -' rfnorr ^disvcHussnioi ^n norf.'jOoUb. hazards, acrident . .luianvet tcuoiml i ypilceitceud "1t1hICe 1lCe1u1--lhlUotulIr , JIUoUb IRCeCliatiliOonSs'i. iil-lpf."';jSi causes, etc, and individual employees down Training ptogram. , \\ the, line frequently head these meetings or lead the discussion, rather than, the fore- * m ao'or superintendent. ^>7/, \ *-`.Thenr.'two 'or, three operating praaicc meetings'arc'held during .tlie year in each ;-`A nother. contri bu tijjg faetor-i11 the^rcsut o |g f ^ obtained is the Croup Accident and Health^;! Disability Insurance^ wtiich ^was' ina'uguralecl(i{'|s(}^ in *19117. i t covered at-that time, onlyfihourly ..paid -employas, foy' s ic k n ^ and. non-caipa| division,attended by.supervisors and forc- tional accidents! with,a j-daylwafting penpd'p-.^ ;mesiUo'discuss operating and acrident pre vention problems' and haw,- proven very. h d p f u i r v j ; ^ ^ / 'V The majority of the operating employees and *ljencfiU:.wcro|Jimitctistoijt[hroeAmon ` dlaW U ty..,,.^, D aring,,Lhe first 'fixef yeart j panicipsuionjl dropped very Jow.and ot* shot idtj-highr.AVe^ 4 4 * / <v,i*{ 1j i $$ r f^iVt SS \ft 0h T mm 10 <; revised the pbt" gh th .day. uP/ to ' o m t a j a ^ ^ u d e d a i< V of non-occupaonalacddenu:andextcndcd'.- ployec*.1-Thb is provided^.fassepanue^pte the oemag^/U>;^.,anploym^with^:g(aded'nura^The^cmnisu^J^dkeU^wtpIth^paiC? schedule `of,: lxcfiis averaging;abkt sixty ^s,. eightTyears his^beroswro c^ l^^^ron^the-. per cent of eamings, on an exprience basts, previous eight years of. r.a periyearjpersMKiu The participation rapidly came up to 85 per , employes, or 31 per cnU Tl^tpraniuin nue cent of the employees., , ' > is.The same loday ^ sfiftctnfeyearsiag jand By igss we were able'to waive themonthly` ;betow<>ietNitkiraSa&dd^ Jed^ ^ P^nuum fox i r o m ^ ^ . 4 v e d . ^ rtra p a u o n m, creased by 1937 to about ninety-eight per of the employe;,and premium m became more frequent. In 1939 we extended to the employee, without a change in pre mium, hospital coverage, and in 1940 we ex tended surgery coverage.' The; two exten sions paid for themselves by corrective sur gery and correct treatment,, in reducing time lost from disability.. In 194* the dimbility benefit period was extended from six months, to twelve months, and surgery allowance was increased from $50.00 10 $75.00 with no "change in premium. The record shows that the company is increasing the benefits paid for occupational - citdltJJUnio in ^ W o f < U e ` cn ^ p ^ e ,, ' a s h a r e b e ^ with a total ; 1947 - ,^6_308-e_m__pl,oy. eiecsv'.ha_ve',teaem-; totalling $*00,9,,97* from these Unions. The ability, to get-a`loan in time of need at;a%reasonable??.me ?^o(^in- tcrest is of great value to-an7employee,arid the relief from menul .anxiety may prevent a bad accident. ' 41 ; " * > A,? *t !1 pn^C T rit^acpdcnts|iu>dM * * : . nvoves eternal rig * i^ ;h ^ ip tp a ic train . itig and attention :to^a multitude,:of detaib, but looking back over *0 years",o f it with Georgia Power Company" il .cantiuihfully say that it not ooly brings a lot of satisiac accidents and increasing hospital allowance lion, but that it paya real dividends. , 7 , V 4 i?i f ` Vv P sychological and Human Relations' Aspects of Accident Pteywaiion By WALTER A. CUTTER, PhJX C enter for S afety Education, New York U niversity Structurally, accident prevention in the in this view, is as intimate a part of produc public utility industry, is quite simple. .Al tion as any other element in production,:for though it is a demonstrably vital" and valu all that it seeks b to get jobs, all }obs, dcmc able activity, there is little excuse for need-:, . the way the jobs should be done. As -human lessly complicating it. The essentials are these, actions arestatistically the* greater. pari of insofar as human actions are concerned: the accident problems,-awc rev giving snort !?, There are jobs to be done1, linemen, elec- and roore auention to the study and control w" tridans, substation employees, etc of human beharior. The resultrof hununbe- When jobs arc done right there are no havior compose tbe fidd of;humanlrelatiotu. aeddents. . Majorreasons:for; unsafe actions,are these. When jobs are not done right there are (We are purposely;.omitting*the factors .; aeddents. found in an unsafe working environment, The mission of accident prevention, there so as to concentrate on the.human aspects.) fore, is to find the reasons why jobs are Unfitness (for any. reason) for the work not done right, remove or modify the to be done. causes, and thus cause the jobs to be done Poor supervision. right, which also means safely. Faulty attitudes of workers. It's as simple as that! Aeddent prevention, Spedal susceptibility, over and above the V .^lC, , ' vjr