Document 6byQ64GgV7bx7MBo7ywva27em

I k. __ _ unrrttr STUDY OF A PROPOSED OSHA REGULATION ON OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES TO AIRBORNE ASBESTOS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY PHASE I: DATA BASE DEVELOPMENT A Subsidiary of The Prepared for 1835 K Street, N. Washington, D.C. 2 America Prepared by Equitable Environmental H 333 Crossways Park l Woodbury. New York November I97g of the United States UCC 022624 A 18309 CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION A. Statementof Purpose B. Summary 11 METHODOLOGY A. Study Design B. Sources III DISCUSSION OF DATA A. Results B. Subtasks IV REFERENCES a31 1 1 1 4 4 5 29 29 40 142 ii UCC 022625 fc 1 8 3 1 C I. INTRODUCTION A. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The data-base information in this report has been produced by Equitable Environmental Health, Inc. (EEH) to meet the requirements of the Asbestos Information Association/North America (AIA/NA), which would allow it to formulate a response to the U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) construction industry asbestos standard. These requirements are concerned with the generation of information from which technical feasibility and economic impacts can be determined. This document is Phase 1 of a three-phase study and is primarily a compendium of available data, which will be evaluated and used in analysis during Phases 2 and 3. Phase 2 will be concerned with producing a report on the technical feasibility of engineering control strategies, and Phase 3 will be concerned with an inflationary economic impact statement. In addressing this project, information was compiled identifying the characteristics of the asbestos manufacturing industry, the construction industry, and the relationship between these two industries. Data were obtained from three general sources: published, correspondence and tele phone surveys, and construction site observations. B. SUMMARY Initially, a comprehensive bibliographic search was carried out to identify the sources of information germane to this project. . It was deter mined that government publications would be the prime source of the most detailed and authoritative data. A significant percentage of the report A18311 UCC 022626 r 2 was derived from the U.S. Bureau of the Census quinquennial census of manu facturers and construction industries. Unfortunately, these censuses were last taken in 1972. More current publications from other government organ izations were also consulted (e.g., Bureau of Mines, Bureau of Domestic Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics). Using these sources, it was possible to update the 1972 data in certain cases, particularly in regard to the characteristics of the construction industry. However, in these cases, the degree of detail is considerably less than the comprehensive 1972 census. Manufacturing data for 1975 were obtained solely from the EEH survey effort as they were not available elsewhere. A number of other key data elements sought in this study were not available through published sources, and, therefore, survey questionnaires were sent to numerous organizations that might be in possession of the information required. The organizations contacted are classified into the following groups: asbestos manufacturers, manufacturing trade associations, con struction trade associations, trade unions, and regulatory agencies (federal, state, and local). Asbestos product sales figures for 1975, obtained from the in-house survey of asbestos manufacturers, amounted to approximately $400,000,000. At best, this value is a rough estimate since several manufacturers declined to participate in the survey and data from several others were withheld for reasons of confidentiality. In the survey of manufacturers, 73 were contacted and 20 provided sales data. In addition, information was given concerning alternate products, two manufacturers provided information on fiber counts, and almost all were able to identify the trade groups con suming their products. A 1 83 1 2 UCC 022627 I 3 The correspondence surveys from the other organizations provided varying responses on a number of subjects related to this effort. For example, the result of contacting construction trade unions was relatively nonproductive. Nine were contacted, and only one responded with useful information. This information concerned union member longevity in the trade. Twenty construction trade associations were contacted; seven responded with useful information, identifying asbestos-containing products and alternate products. Ten manufacturing trade associations were contacted, and seven responded. The information available from these sources, however, did not add materially to that obtained directly from the manufacturers. Over 100 regulatory agencies (federal, state, and local) were con tacted concerning fiber count information. Of the 50 replies obtained, only nine provided useful data. OSHA provided a considerable amount of information on fiber counts by standard industrial classification from its in-house computer files. However, the information is not in a usable form and requires follow-up for quantification of fiber counts. Data from other sources proved more valuable in terms of identifying ranges of air borne asbestos concentrations encountered in construction. These data were used as the basis for recommendations for the Phase 2 sampling pro gram. UCC 022628 A 183 1 3 4 II. METHODOLOGY A. STUDY DESIGN In preparing a data base that would allow formulation of a response to an asbestos standard for the construction industry, it was necessary to characterize and summarize the asbestos manufacturing and the construc tion industries. In addition, the interrelationships of these two indus tries had to be known. These requirements were divided into five subtasks, with each sub task further subdivided into specific questions. The subtasks are as follows: 1. characterization and summarization of the manufacturing industry 2. characterization and summarization of the construction industry 3. construction industry's consumption of asbestos products 4. installation and application of asbestos construction products 5. worker exposure to asbestos products (i.e., fiber counts). This information was obtained from published sources, correspondence and telephone surveys, and construction site observations. The procedural details are discussed in Section II-B-1. Essentially, a comprehensive literature search was carried out to identify media sources that would answer the questions under the subtasks as completely and as currently as possible. It was anticipated that particular elements in the study would not be available through published sources, and, therefore, questionnaires were sent to various organizations that might have such data. Question naires were sent to asbestos manufacturers, manufacturing associations, A 18314 UCC 022629 5 trade associations, unions, and government (i.e., federal, state, and local) agencies. Procedural details and copies of the respective question naires are provided in Section II-B-2. Construction site observations were necessary to provide documentation of actual working situations involving fabrication/assembly and installa tion of asbestos products. The details of this segment of the program are provided in Section II-B-3. It should be noted that the transportation of asbestos and the use of asbestos-containing materials in the maritime industry were excluded from this study because these areas will be the subject of future regulations. B. SOURCES 1. Published Data Two major sources of published information to be identified were government documents and commercial or private publications. Appropriate sources of information from the government were identified through: 1. Statistical Services of the United States Government, 1975 (U.S. Office of Management and Budget 1975), which is an excel lent guide and reference book on statistical data published by the federal government 2. The American Statistical Index, a monthly indexing and abstracting service produced by a private organization. The Congressional Information Service, Washington, D.C., which is the most authorita tive index of statistical information on and/or by the U.S. government k183 b UCC 022630 6 3. The Council of Planning Librarians' (CPL) Exchange Bibliography on construction, housing, and real estate statistics, dated March 1976. In addition, the Monthly Catalogue of the U.S. Government Printing Office was also searched for information that could support this study. In identifying sources from the commercial base, the CPL Exchange Bibliography was consulted since it is not limited to government sources and includes all sources providing information relevant to the subject. To identify information from the commercial periodical litera ture, computerized literature searches were carried out through Lockheed's Information System, DIALOG, and the National Library of Medicine's TOXLINE system. Data bases searched in DIALOG included Compendex, which covers all the significant engineering periodicals; the National Technical Infor mation Service, which covers report information from a multitude of sources including government-generated reports, e.g.. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (MIOSH), OSHA, the Environmental Pro tection Agency, etc.; and the Predicasts data bases, which cover business and economic periodical literature, corporate annual reports, government documents, and information generated by Predicasts intelligence. In addition, extensive searching was carried out in the classified catalogues of the University of California at Berkeley libraries and special libraries of the San Francisco Bay area. 2. Correspondence and Telephone Survey To supplement and update the information derived from published sources, numerous private and public organizations were contacted. In A 183 t6 UCC 022631 k. 7 each case, the intent was to obtain current and as yet unpublished infor mation that would serve to supplement or verify data reported in the literature. Contacts were made with organizations in five basic categories: asbestos manufacturers, manufacturing trade associations, construction trade associations, trade unions, and regulatory agencies (federal, state, and local). Individual organizations within each category were selected to provide input from a broad cross-section of sources knowledgeable in the production, distribution, use, and control of asbestos-containing construction materials. Lists of these contacts were developed from a variety of sources. In the case of manufacturers, these consisted of the current AIA/NA membership roster, attendance rosters from recent AIA/NA conferences, and listings under SIC 3292 in Thomas* Register, Dun & Brad- street, and Standard & Poors. Trade associations and trade unions of probable relevance to the asbestos products were identified in the 1976 edition of National Trade & Professional Associations of the United States and Canada and Labor Unions. Letters of request for fiber count informa tion were also sent to OSHA, NIOSH, and appropriate health and safety agencies in each of the 50 states, Guam, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and several local jurisdictions. Surveys were conducted using a combination of telephone calls and written communication beginning in September with follow-up continuing through November 15. Except for the regulatory agencies that were asked only to provide fiber counts, most organizations received a cover letter that explained the purpose of the survey, and one of four questionnaires designed specifically for the study (Tables 5 through 8). A 'l 8 3 1 7 UCC 022632 r 8 Tables 1 through 4, respectively, contain the names of the asbestos manufacturing associations, trade associations, trade unions, and public agencies that were contacted. A list of the manufacturers contacted is not included because EEH assured them that their participation in the study would be treated in confidence. 3. Construction Site Visits/Observations Visits to construction/demolition and renovation sites were undertaken to provide information in a number of areas, including typical operational procedures and practices for field installations and removals of asbestoscontaining materials; man-hours spent in field operations; the numbers of workers involved in operations with asbestos-containing materials relative to the total number of workers on the site; a qualitative description of the level and frequency of construction worker asbestos exposure; and Identification of alternative materials. Site visits were arranged through various organizations including manufacturers, construction contractors, and trade associations. Quali fied personnel conducted the visits and, as an aid to providing uniformity of information, completed the site survey report shown as Table 9. In all, 22 sites were visited from October 27 to November 20, 1976. The data obtained during these visits are presented and discussed in Section III. Additional site visits have been scheduled, the results of which will be reported in a supplement to this report, when available. UCC 022633 A 1 83 1 8 Table 1 Survey Contacts, Manufacturers Associations American Board Products Association American Concrete Institute Construction Industry Manufacturers Association National Insulation Manufacturers Association Asbestos Textile Institute Producers Council, Inc. Sprayed Mineral Fiber Manufacturers Association, Inc. Asbestos Cement Pipe Producers Association Fluid Sealings Association National Paint and Coatings Association UCC 022634 A i83 1 9 10 Table 2 Survey Contacts, Trade Associations American Building Contractors Association American Institute of Building Design American Institute of Constructors Associated Builders and Contractors, Inc. Associated General Contractors of America Associated Specialty Contractors, Inc. The Construction Specifications Institute International Association of Wall and Ceiling Contractors Mason Contractors Association of America Mechanical Contractors Association of America National Association of Home Builders of the United States National Electrical Contractors Association, Inc. National Insulation Contractors Association National Roofing Contractors Association National Utility Contractors Association, Inc. Painting and Decorating Contractors of America Western Insulation Contractors Association Gypsum Drywall Contractors International Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association, Inc. Council of Construction Employers jV 1 8 3 2 C UCC 022635 11 Table 3 Survey Contacts, Trade Unions Associated Trades and Crafts National Union International Brotherhood of Painters and Allied Trades Laborer's International Union of North America Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association of the United States and Canada Sheet Metal Workers International Association United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America United Cement, Lime and Gypsum Workers International Union United Slate, Tile and Composition Roofers, Damp and Waterproof Workers Association United Steelworkers of America UCC 022636 A 18 32 t 12 Table 4 Survey Contacts, Public and Regulatory Agencies Air Pollution and Noise Control Inspection Department Minneapolis, Minnesota Occupational Health Division Community Health Services County of Los Angeles Department of Health Services Los Angeles, California 90018 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health U.S. Post Office Building Occupational Health Section Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Environmental Health Division Orange County Health Department Division of Environmental Health Santa Ana, California 92702 Contra Costa County Health Department Martinez, California 94553 Bureau of Environmental Health Services Division of Occupational Health Arkansas State Department of Health Alabama State Department of Labor Little Rock, Arkansas 72201 Montgomery, A1abama 36104 Division of Pollution Control Occupational Health Services Tri-County District Health Service Decatur, Alabama 35601 Occupational Health Program El Paso City County Health Department El Paso, Texas 79901 Bureau of Preventable Diseases Alabama Department of Public Health State Office Building Montgomery, Alabama 36104 Occupational Safety and Health Department of Labor Juneau, Alaska 99811 Occupational Health Sanitarian Fresno County Public Health Department Fresno, California 93702 Air Pollution Control Section Environmental Health Division City of Dallas Public Health Dept. Dallas Texas, 75220 Occupational Safety and Health Division Department of Labor Capitol Hill Building Little Rock, Arkansas 72201 Division of Occupational Safety and Health Industrial Commission Phoenix, Arizona 85005 Division of Occupational Safety Texas State Department of Health Austin, Texas 78756 Riverside County Department of Public Health Riverside, California 92502 I 8322 UCC 022637 13 Table 4 (Cont.) Bureau of Environmental Health Services Tennessee Department of Public Health Nashville, Tennessee 37219 Radiological and Occupational Health Section Bureau of Preventable Diseases Florida Division of Health Jacksonville, Florida 32201 Occupational Health Bureau Department of Health and Environmental Sciences Helena, Montana 59601 Division of Labor & Industry Occupational Safety and Health Program Baltimore, Maryland 21202 San Bernardino County Health Department San Bernardino, California 92401 Department of Labor & Industry St. Paul, Minnesota 55101 Division of Environmental Health Section of Industrial Hygiene Minnesota Department of Health Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440 Division of Occupational Health Santa Clara County Health Dept. Santa Clara, California 95128 Division of Occupational Safety and Health Mississippi State Board of Health Jackson, Mississippi 39205 Department of Health and Engineering Control Vernon, California 90058 Division of Labor Department of Commerce Caldwell Building Tallahasse, Florida 32301 District of Columbia Government Community Health & Hospitals Adm. Occupational & Employee Health Services Washington, D.C. 20009 Oivision of Industrial Hygiene & Noise Control Bureau of Institutional Hygiene & Radiological Health Department of Environmental Services Washington, D.C. 20002 Division of Occupational and Radiological Health Colorado Department of Health Denver, Colorado 80220 Division of Industrial Affairs Department of Labor Wilmington, Delaware Occupational Health Section Connecticut Department of Labor Environmental Health Service Denver Department of Health & * i q no 'X Hospitals ^ t Oo4J UCC 022638 14 Table 4 (Cont.) Environmental Health Section Office of Consumer Protection Dade County Department of Public Health Miami, Florida 33125 Industrial Hygiene Division Compliance Division Technical Assistance Division Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002 Section of Occupational Health Wisconsin Division of Health Madison, Wisconsin 53701 Division of Safety Occupational Health Section Department of Labor and Industries Olympia, Washington 98501 Occupational Safety and Health Division Virgin Islands Department of Labor U.S. Virgin Islands 00840 Bureau of Industrial Hygiene Department of Health Richmond, Virginia 23219 Division of Construction Safety Department of Labor and Industry Richmond, Virginia 23219 Division of Occupational Safety Vermont Department of Labor and Industries Montpelier, Vermont 05602 Division of Occupational Health Vermont Department of Health Barre, Vermont 05641 Occupational Safety and Health Division Utah Industrial Commission Salt Lake City, Utah 84113 Bureau of Radiation & Occupational Health Utah Division of Health Salt Lake City, Utah 84113 Division of Occupational Health and Radiation Control Houston City Health Department Houston, Texas 77205 Occupational Health Program Division of Environmental Sanitation Fort Worth City Health Department Fort Worth, Texas 76107 Division of Industrial Safety Department of Labor Topeka, Kansas 66620 Occupational Safety & Health Adm, Bureau of Labor State House Des Moines, Iowa 50319 Division of Industrial Hygiene Indiana State Board of Health Indianapolis, Indiana 46206 Bureau of Building & Factory Inspection Indiana Division of Labor Indiana State Office Building Indianapolis, Indiana 46204 Chicago Board of Health Chicago Civic Center Chicago, Illinois 60602 A 1 8324 UCC 022639 15 Table 4 (Cont.) Industrial Hygiene and Air Pollution Control Fulton County Health Department Atlanta, Georgia 30303 Division of Safety Inspection and Education Illinois Department of Labor Chicago, Illinois 60601 Occupational Health Unit Georgia Department of Human Resources Atlanta, Georgia 30334 Occupational Health Unit Section of Categorical Programs Bureau of Environmental Services New Orleans, Louisiana 70160 State Department of Labor Atlanta, Georgia 30334 Department of Labor Boise, Idaho 83702 Radiological and Occupational Health Section Division of Technical Services Pinellas County Health Department St. Petersburg, Florida 33733 Division of Occupational Safety and Health Department of Labor and Industrial Relations Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Hillsboro County Health Department Tampa, Florida 33601 State Hygienic Laboratory University of Iowa Medical Laboratory Building Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Kansas Department of Health and Environment Division of Environment Topeka, Kansas 66620 Department of Labor and Industrial Relations Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Division of Health Engineering Department of Health and Welfare State House Augusta, Maine 04330 Department of Labor Government of Guam 96910 Oivision of Occupational Safety and Health Kentucky Department of Labor Capitol Plaza Frankfort, Kentucky 40601 Occupational and Radiological Health Services Environmental Health Services Oklahoma State Department of Health Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73105 Mechlenburg County Health Dept. Division of Environmental Health Charlotte, North Carolina 28203 ji 18 32b UCC 022640 16 Table 4 (Cont.) Division of Occupational Health Ohio Department of Health Columbus, Ohio 43212 Bureau of Industrial Hygiene Baltimore City Health Department Baltimore, Maryland 21202 Industrial Hygiene & Engineering Division of Safety and Hygiene Industrial Commission of Ohio Columbus, Ohio 43216 Illinois Industrial Commissioner Chicago, Illinois 60601 Bureau of Industrial Health Division of Occupational Health State Board of Health Columbia, South Carolina 29201 Division of Occupational Safety and Health Department of Labor Columbia, South Carolina 29211 Division of Labor Standards Occupational Safety and Health Administration Department of Labor and Industrial Relations Jefferson City, Missouri 65101 Division of Occupational Safety and Health Department of Industrial Relations Columbus, Ohio 43216 Occupational Safety and Health Program Tennessee Department of Labor Cordell Hull Building Nashville, Tennessee 37219 Division of Occupational Hygiene Massachusetts Department of Labor and Industries Boston, Massachusetts 02116 South Dakota Department of Health State Capitol Pierre, South Dakota 57501 Division of Occupational Health Michigan Department of Public Health Lansing, Michigan 48914 Division of Occupational Health Rhode Island Department of Health Providence, Rhode Island 02908 Bureau of Work Accident Prevention Industrial Hygiene Section Department of Labor San Juan, Puerto Rico 00917 Coiranunity Sanitation Section St. Louis Division of Health St. Louis, Missouri 63103 Environmental Health Services Philadelphia Department of Public Health Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19146 St. Louis County Department of Public Health Clayton, Missouri 63103 UCC 022641 18326 17 Table 4 (Cont.) Division of Occupational Safety and Health Erie County Health Department Erie, Pennsylvania 16507 Bureau of Occupational Health Department of Health and Welfare Concord, New Hampshire 03301 Industrial Hygiene Section Bureau of Occupational Health Pennsylvania Department of Environ mental Resources Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120 Department of Labor Lincoln, Nebraska 68509 Division of Health Services Department of Human Resources Raleigh, North Carolina 27602 Division of Occupational Safety and Health North Carolina Department of Labor Raleigh, North Carolina 27611 Division of Occupational Health Oregon State 8oard of Health Portland, Oregon 97201 Department of Labor and Industry John Fitch Plaza Trenton, New Jersey 08625 Occupational and Radiological Section Division of Environmental Services Oklahoma City-County Health Department Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73105 Industrial Hygiene, Health Physics and Toxic Chemicals Albuquerque Department of Environ mental Health Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103 Department of Occupational Safety and Health Nevada Industrial Commission Carson City, Nevada 89701 Division of Occupational Safety and Health Bureau of Occupational Health New York State Department of Labor New York, New York 10047 State of New Hampshire Department of Labor (Occupational Safety) Concord, New Hampshire 03301 Occupational and Radiation Protection Division Environmental Improvement Agency Health and Social Services Department Santa Fe, New Mexico 87503 Division of Environmental Engineering North Dakota Department of Health State of California State Capitol Dept, of Public Health Bismarck, North Dakota 58505 Berkeley, California 947(W Alameda County Health Care Services Agency Health Department Oakland, California 94602 ^ ^ g 3 2 7 UCC 022642 18 Table 5 Manufacturers of Asbestos-containing Construction Materials 1. What asbestos-containing construction products does your company manufacture? 2. For each of these products, what quantity was produced in 1975? For each product, what was the sales value to your organization? 3. How many employees are involved in the manufacture of each product? 4. Who is the ultimate user of each product (i.e., for what purpose is the item manufactured, what trade utilizes the product, and on what type of structure)? 5. How is each product distributed--through wholesalers, direct to contractors, etc.? Typically, how many intermediaries does each product go through before reaching the construction site? Do distributors modify the product in any way? 6. What competing products, if any, exist that can be used for the purpose for which the asbestos product was designed? 7. Have any fiber counts been conducted during field installation or application of these products? If so, which products were tested and what counts were obtained? UCC 022643 A 18328 19 Table 6 Association of Manufacturers of Asbestos-containing Construction Materials 1. How many companies that are members of your association produce asbestos-containing products used in construction? 2. What asbestos-containing construction products are manufactured by the members of your association? 3. For each of these products, what was the quantity and sales value of material produced in 1975 (or in the most recent year for which this information has been tabulated)? 4. How many employees are involved in the manufacture of each product? UCC 022644 A 1832 9 Table 6 (Cont.) 20 5. Who is the ultimate user of each product (i.e., for what purpose is the item manufactured, what trade utilizes the product, and on what type of structure)? 6. How is each product distributed--through wholesalers, direct to contractors, etc.? Typically, how many intermediaries does each product go through before reaching the construction site? Do distributors modify the product in any way? 7. What competing products, if any, exist that can be used for the purpose for which the asbestos product was designed? 8. Have any fiber counts been conducted during field installation or application of these products? If so, which products were tested and what counts were obtained? A i833C UCC 022645 Table 7 Questions for Construction Trade Associations 21 1. Check those sectors of the construction industry represented by this trade association. SIC Code Trade Group 1623 Water, sewer, pipe line, communication and power line construction 1711 Plumbing, heating (except electric), and air conditioning 1721 Painting, paper hanging, and decorating 1731 Electrical work 1742 Plastering, drywall, acoustical, and insulation work 1752 Floor laying and other floorwork, not elsewhere classified 1761 Roofing and sheet metal work 1771 Concrete work 1799 Special trade contractors, not elsewhere classified 2. What asbestos products are used by workers in each of these trade groups? (List products by trade group in which they are utilized.) 3. How many workers are employed within each trade group? How many workers (what percent of the total number of workers) utilize asbestos products? UCC 022646 A 18331 22 Table 7 (Cont.) 4. How many contractors, by trade group, are members of this association? What is the size (in number of employees and annual dollar volume of construction work) of these contractors? 5. Within each trade group, when either an asbestos product or an alternate non-asbestos product can be utilized for a particular application, what percentage of the work utilizes the asbestos product and what percentage utilizes the alternate product? What major factors affect the choice of the material used? 6. Have any fiber counts been conducted during installation of asbestos products? If so, what product was tested and what counts were obtained? UCC 022647 & 18332. 23 Table 7 (Cont.) 7. What asbestos products and what quantity of these products are typically used in the construction of (a) residences; (b) industrial, institutional, and conmerical structures; (c) non-building segments of the construction phase? Product Residential Typical Quantity Used Nonresident!a1 Industrial Other Nonand Warehouses residential Non-building 8. To what extent are asbestos-containing products used in their particular application, i.e., what portion of the market do they command? (Example: 20 percent of built-up roofing.) UCC 022648 A '(8 3 3 3 24 Table 8 Questions for Construction Trade Unions 1. What trade group is represented by this union? SIC Code Trade Group 1623 Water, sewer, pipe line, coranunication and power line construction 1711 Plumbing, heating {except electric), and air conditioning 1721 Painting, paper hanging, and decorating 1742 Plastering, drywall, acoustical, and insulation work 1752 Floor laying and other floorwork, not elsewhere classified 1761 Roofing and sheet metal work 1771 Concrete work 1799 Special trade contractors, not elsewhere classified Other (specify) 2. What asbestos products are utilized by workers in this trade group? 3. How many workers are employed in this trade group, and what seasonal variations occur, if any, in the number of workers employed? UCC 022649 k18334 25 Table 8 (Cont.) 4. How many workers in this trade group (what percent of the total) utilize asbestos products? How often are asbestos products utilized, l.e., how many workers utilize asbestos products regularly (50 percent), frequently (10-50 percent), occasionally (10 percent)? 5. How many workers are directly exposed; how many workers are indirectly exposed to asbestos? 6. Of all workers who enter the trade, what percentage remain in the trade Less than 5 years 5 to 10 years 11 to 15 years More than 15 years UCC 022650 j\'iB33b C ontractor/Subcontractor Date/TIme Surveyor SIC C la s s ific a tio n Size o f C o n tra c to r______________________________________________ 4. Site Location: Residential/Commercial/ a* c ocn *5 C CcDl o mto "aO to cfuoOr "cO to *a&. "O uC0l 0t1. Oi o to CL. T3 Co ccr a to cn 01 Vt 111 <0 a >, 0) Cl o i/> ai >v-- o; >iO a ESI Or- >>-- CLUJ o a. e Er-- LU 0 oQ.UJ E Or- Ui9iO *3- '-- S- cn i i a> l O O ]> r-- #-- LO O UT3 wwww 01 4-> to c o "O 1 o -- Q. E LU S- X) E z 0J V) o c l/> <0 ia> 4-> nj a> c r> C ft5 4-> C o o 1 u> o 4-> (/) Ol -Q < ---` 4-> ____. f- > >> -- -or- Sl E to -M U 3 T3 O t- CL. UCC 022651 26 * & 1 8336 knownI f Indicate Importer or manufacturer. r-->. r-- d u a> x CL # r* o U 01 a> a. Oo M CO c o a 3 4-> o <o L- u C3 o _J 4> a; (O 4-* u <o >- X o u aa.. c * <c/> o C\J 0C)T rO O. O -*S->- wor OQ. 0> *> f* *o c o u s. a/ X -M *3 0> 3 c T- U 4-> c oj o f- * m cr iC c -r- "O s. c XI <Q to VI * -- Ol r-- c (0 *pi 4-> OJ -M -o 3 3 L> f-U* C O' 1- c X in fOJ S3 "O tV cu u o -- u CL r-- CU -9 s>_ J"" 3 UO 4Q-> CO V3 Soo T4-T 3 o l/l s- t/i OO C O "co ms- -- a0.J E --CM --3 >>, tC-T"aD; <<ay -IXX >> 0&w/ i- ^ "S ^ aj .Q E 3 u 0J -c CL sO oSg-UXJ z --U aa.> LU -q c V 4-> "O II II II (O 01 JZX O t/1 -r- O "O CL --C* X LJ -o*-*>> f- "O 4a-> fEr-o +-> c/> in s_ V. wa> au; 0) 3 S- u3 c; H- wl (/> O O -a a. oc X o 7oc-- 4-i o. r- UJ a; cU l/> L> l> UJ u o 3 uO OJ Q. 0a> oo -O L *r< T3 O L. a. lO r** UCC 022652 27 6 18 3 3 7 S ite Survey Report (Page 3) f--1 c 3 O o tA OJ S- -3o 01 u o ia. OJ -co 3 a> 3 (J C a> jO 40 o Q_ Q. to PH i_j (/) rO 4-> o> c c c o (4S0) o. 1. OJ i- o OJ O Szw a* u 4- U fO i. a* CL 3 C <o r-- 40 rW 0J 4-> 40 2: Ol > -T-- 4-* 40 c V 0 4-> </) yn-- S0? 3o X> -C U) T3 0 A0 v 40 E r-- o Ol o 0) t. ac OJ eft CTV +> cU o 3 x: X> u0 &. a. OJ </> -Q 0 fO +-> r-- </> -r" a> <o x > VI <13 < a> r'~ 4-> "T"* fw uu 40 3 <4- -0 O W -o a. 0J >o% cn 0 4-> a. t/J E 0J (U X VI n a> u c <4- -r O 4-> V V) to 0) t- 3 o. 40 4-> i- o c <0 > CT> "O ^c" <c JC 4- o u 0J > p U 3 o 3 <u 4-* 2 o a. i. o. Oi 0 UCC 022653 /\ 1 8338 29 III. DISCUSSION OF DATA A. RESULTS 1. Published Data The published literature contained a thorough documentation of the types of asbestos products manufactured, their quantities, and dollar volume, and the number of workers employed in their manufacture, as well as a good characterization of the construction industry in terms of num ber of workers, seasonal work variations, special trade groups, contractor size, business volume, and construction activity in general. The liter ature search was thus fairly straightforward, requiring only that the necessary values be obtained from the pertinent table or graph. The 1972 Census of Manufacturers, Industry Series (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1974a-b, 1975a-b) was the primary source of information con cerning the manufacture of asbestos and asbestos-containing products. Some supplemental material was retrieved from publications such as the Annual Survey of Manufacturers (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1975c), the Minerals Yearbook (U.S. Bureau of Mines 1973), and Mineral Facts and Problems (U.S. Bureau of Mines 1975). Information on the construction industry was also obtained from census data (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1975d-n). Additional construction information was found in the Statistical Series presented monthly in Construction Review (U.S. Bureau of Domestic Comnerce 1976) and in the latest issues of the Survey of Current Business (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis 1976). A 18339 UCC 022654 30 The major disadvantage of utilizing this published data arises from the time lag between data collection and publication. This is particularly true for data on the manufacturing industries, for which detailed data are available only as recently as 1972. Results gathered from EEH's in-house survey of asbestos manufacturers, associations, and unions somewhat allevi ated this problem by providing information for 1975 and, in some cases, the first half of 1976. Asbestos fiber counts pertaining to the construction industry were obtained from trade journals (Nicholson 1971, Rhodes and Ingalls 1976a), scientific and technical journals (Harries 1968, 1971a-b; Rohl et al. 1975), and other technical publications (Cross et al. 1971; Rhodes and Ingalls 1975, 1976b). There was a relative paucity of published literature concerning the remaining issues covered in this search. The Minerals Yearbook (U.S. Bureau of Mines 1973) presented some data on the percentage of asbestos products that are consumed by the construction industry. The 1976 Dodge Manual for Building Construction Pricing and Scheduling (McGraw-Hill 1976) and Building Construction Cost Data 1976 (Godfrey 1976) gave a rough indication of which special trade group may install a particular asbestos product and the approximate man-hours required for field installations. A few articles presented information on products that compete with or can be substituted for asbestos products (Williams 1971, 1973; Industrial Minerals 1975). EEH's site visits and surveys of asbestos manufacturers, associations, and trade unions supplied more thorough information on these subjects. UCC 022655 A 1 834C 31 associations, and trade unions supplied more thorough information on these subjects. No substantially useful information was obtained from the published literature concerning procedures for installation of asbestos products, the percentage of the market a particular product commands, the extent to which asbestos materials have been replaced due to OSHA regulations, the number of workers directly exposed to asbestos products, or the degree and frequency of worker exposure in the construction industry. Again, information on these subjects was sought through site visits and corre spondence surveys. 2. Correspondence and Telephone Survey a. Manufacturers A total of 73 companies associated with asbestos materials were con tacted during the survey of manufacturers. Results of the survey have been divided into four categories: questionnaire completed, no construc tion products, refusal to participate, and no response. The results are tabulated below: Response Questionnaire completed No construction products Refusal to participate No response Total Number of Manufacturers 20 39 5 9 73 A 18341 UCC 022656 32 Information obtained from the 20 companies that completed the question naire is summarized in Table 14 and was also used to develop much of the data presented in Section II1-8. Of the seven basic subjects covered by the questionnaire, answers were generally responsive and complete in all areas with the exception of fiber counts. Only two manufacturers had such data available from the actual installation or application of their materials at construction sites. Precise production and sales figures are regarded as privileged information by most companies and were usually made available only with the assurance that this information would be treated confidentially and used only to develop industry-wide data. Even with assurances, five manufacturers refused to participate in the study, and no response was received from several other companies. Most manufacturers had no difficulty in identifying the trade groups that utilize their products, even when the products v:ere not used exclu sively by the construction trades. There was one difficulty, however, which was caused by the propensity of some manufacturers to separate repair and maintenance work from the construction fndustry. This was particularly evident in the case of companies that manufacture gaskets and fluid sealings. As a result, scant information was obtained on these products than might otherwise be possible with continued probing for clarification. These companies are included in the total of the 39 companies identified as producing "no construction products." A follow up survey of these manufacturers is planned to further refine informa tion on these asbestos products. A "i 8 3 4 2 UCC 022657 33 Of the 39 companies that report no participation in the direct manu facture of asbestos building materials, 37 were active in some other phase of the asbestos industry. This group included mines, importers, distributors of raw asbestos fibers, fabricators, and the manufacturers of friction materials, filters, and asbestos/plastics. The two remaining companies had discontinued the use of asbestos in their manufactured products. b. Manufacturing Trade Associations Responses were received from 7 of the 10 manufacturing trade asso ciations that were contacted. The information available from these sources, however, does not add materially to that available directly from the manufacturers. Beyond confirmation from several associations that their members do or do not produce asbestos-containing construction products, no industry-wide data were available from them. The seven responses can be grouped into three categories: 1. Two associations were unable to respond to any part of the questionnaire. 2. Three associations verified that none of their members manu factured asbestos-containing construction materials. 3. Two associations confirmed that some of their members produce asbestos-containing construction materials, but the information they could provide was limited to the names of these specific companies. UCC 022658 ft ! 8 3 ^ 3 34 c. Construction Trade Associations Construction trade associations are almost equally divided between those that have data relating to asbestos usage by their members and those that do not. The amount and type of detail available from the former group vary considerably, however, and are primarily dependent upon the functions each association performs for its membership and its cor responding internal need for information. Insulation contractors' associations, for example, have been active for several years in the administration of health surveillance programs for insulation workers. Their knowledge of practices and trends within that industry is extensive and current. To varying degrees, other trade associations have had less need to develop information on product usage and worker exposures, and this fact was reflected in the responses they submitted. In total, 20 construction trade associations were contacted with the following results: 1. Four associations did not respond to EEH inquiries despite repeated follow-up contacts. 2. One association declined to participate in the study. 3. Eight associations indicated a willingness to cooperate, but simply had no data relevant to the study. 4. The remaining seven associations responded to the questionnaire. The information they provided was particularly useful in identi fying asbestos-containing construction products and alternate products used by the various trades, numbers of contractors, ftl8344 UCC 022659 35 numbers of employees, and, to a lesser degree, dollar volume of sales. All of the information obtained from these associations has been combined with corresponding data from other sources for presentation in Section III-8. d. Construction Trade Unions The effort to obtain information from construction trade unions was largely nonproductive. Of the nine international unions contacted, only one responded with specific answers to the EEH questionnaire.* Even in this case, the answers were not based upon verifiable data, but instead represented the best estimate of the union's director of safety. With this one exception, the responses from the unions fell into three categories: 1. One union refused to participate in an industry-sponsored study, apparently in the belief that the interests of its membership * Construction Trade: Carpenters: 1. SIC codes 1742, 1752, 1761, 1771. 2. Asbestos products utilized: siding, wallboard, spackling compounds, roofing materials, vinyl-asbestos floor tile, acoustical materials. 3. Union membership is 800,000. Of this number, 600,000 are in con struction work. A carpenter can expect to work approximately 9 months a year. The most significant decline in available work is during the winter. 4 and 5. Although precise information is not available, the union believes that all carpenters are at times exposed directly or indirectly to asbestos. 6. It is also believed that most carpenters who achieve journeyman status remain in the trade until retirement. Those who change to another occupation usually do so during the first 5 years. UCC 022660 h1 834b 36 would be best served by assuming an "adversary" relationship vis-a-vis industry on questions of worker health. 2. Five unions had simply not developed for their own internal pur poses the types of data that were requested. While these unions indicated a willingness to cooperate, they had little or no rele vant information. One respondent suggested that the survey was in a sense premature, as construction trade unions are only beginning to accumulate information of this kind. Another union official, who is currently serving on the Construction Safety Advisory Committee to the Secretary of Labor--a committee that is considering problems related to asbestos usage in the construc tion industry--made the same point. 3. The two remaining unions neither provided information nor refused to do so. Although they were contacted repeatedly, a definite response was never received. e. Regulatory Agencies Requests for asbestos fiber counts of construction operations were made to 103 regulatory agencies. These included OSHA, NIOSH, and appro priate health and safety agencies in the 50 states, Guam, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and several counties. A total list of agencies contacted is shown in Table 4. Replies were received from 50 of these agencies with the following results. 1. Thirty-eight agencies had not made any construction site surveys that included asbestos fiber counts. This was usually because A 18 346 UCC 022661 37 their programs were just starting or their field staffs were small and still responding primarily to formal complaints. 2. Ten agencies were able to provide fiber counts. Of these, the most potentially useful data came from OSHA in the form of a computer printout of all asbestos fiber counts (approximately 1,000) collected by that agency between June 1972 and July 1976. Included in these data were 51 construction site fiber counts, of which approximately 90 percent were below the current state standard. However, the printout does not give detailed informatior on the specific operations that were surveyed. This information can only be obtained from a follow-up survey of each area OSHA office indicated. The data provided by the other nine agencies were not in any predictable format and often included manufacturing as well as construction operations. Much of it is useful, however, and is included in Table 38. 3. The two remaining agencies submitted information, but it could not be included in the tabulated results because insufficient details were provided. 3. Site Visits/Observations A summary of the asbestos-containing materials and operations observed during site visits appears in Table 10. The number of sites at which work practices were observed, numbers of workers performing opera tions and peripherally exposed, and qualitative estimates of exposure are also tabulated. The table contains additional information relating to the observed operations. Typical operational procedures and practices A 18347 UCC 022662 C VTJ(T- CTi JC * c o ** O ^CS >1Ht50 <9 O *0 13 ^ r> flO ulCASd C*0 Oh 'O JS 0 ^O k --' -J su o CO * l. u a a4ii c '--a --A. <9 --O *> "Uo3 0at T> 4w 0CL p c3 e 0 o40i.c* 4> W4O#f I. fO 01 > c <9 *9 ~~ Cji 1c V. & C U O 00 -- C --O i CTa C -9 C 0> U 3 k O - aO-> aQt. ao Oo. W o T7 U1 g O O "O mr- i-- Oci# >* 41 %- *o ok 0 t to 4C) V-C 4 Q.^ X -- w JZ 40 C 4- -- 3o^r <M <nr k*- O' 0 O rO Oin TJ oo o <o- ooo (A k .oe w > k *o- *o k c 41 *e 1 J 4 M 3 s >i 9 C 13 0# VW tf - att V* .ke k- aj * 4-1 k am* 4- (/i T? Oui --O 14 H. *00# k o C* of m c >09J ~C k > r-- ro oo k Ikff 0 k 9 41 JZ O3 * ca > k 41 s4-*^uro O0 ae oO 01 o 0 k 41 a w1 i <0 0# o e Ol# ^art gc <U U VI C SI I Oa t oo S3 1 2 2 13 * O aX g lA <9 eOsik-*9Uo* w** c 3Ic4 rTJ0*k-*#5FwX3a*kuQe0-eBCJ* oc r-* in <9 C Low to high Low a-200 sg. ft./b a y , 8-h r day 500 pounds/day 0 38 Low to high 2 Summary o f S ite V is it Observations High 1 Z Addition of fibers Removal p rio r to d e m o litio n 1 1 fria b le asbestos Insulation D rillin g fluids <3 fc o- 5** *4 J0a3r1t c 14 Oh C XT 1# 10 0i-4 0# a. oV **&" 10 < A 18348 4# *O*04 041* VI 0# J0a31rt JaZrt *S UCC 022663 - k0. w* (J* w0--9 -CT- .CCV rt cOOc 4 4c# 4C#L CL c Q. 9 *- C *-- o a 39 and alternative materials were dealt with during the site visits; however, this information has been incorporated in Section III-B. In general, the exposures resulting from the observed routine instalation and application of asbestos-containing materials are considered to be low. Some of the operations required for use of these materials did produce visible dust, which, depending on conditions, was considered to result in moderate to high exposures. Similarly, the removal of certain materials, specifically, tear-off of built-up roofing and friable asbestos (demolition), is considered a potential source of moderate to high exposure, respectively. The significance of those operations and activities considered to result in moderate to high exposures is directly related to the peak fiber concentration, the duration and frequency of repetition of the operations producing elevated concentrations, and the ambient concentrations during the balance of the workday. Additional factors warranting consideration are the portion of the year workers are involved in activities producing airborne asbestos, and work practices, control techniques, and the use of respiratory protection to reduce exposures. Further discussion of expected worker exposures is found in Section 1II-B. Quantitative fiber count data obtained from the published literature, government agencies, and other sources are presented in Section III-B and, in conjunction with site observations, provide a more definitive data base. In addition, evalua tion of this data base provides objectives for Phase 2 of this program in terms of product/operational modes for which sampling and fiber count should be obtained. UCC 022664 A 18343 40 B. SUBTASKS 1. Manufacturing of Construction/Asbestos Products In identifying types of manufactured products that contain asbestos (Table 11), this study relied upon the 1972 Census of Manufacturers (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1974a-b, 1975a-b), the Standard Industrial Classifi cation (SIC) Manual (1972), EEH's in-house survey of manufacturers (1976b), and published articles on the history and uses of asbestos (Brodeur 1968). Table 11 presents those groups of manufactured goods that include asbestoscontaining products. Although the bulk of asbestos products are covered by SIC group 3292 (asbestos products), there are several other groups of manufactured goods that include asbestos-containing products (e.g., paper, building paper, paints, adhesives and sealants, asphalt coatings, plastics, gaskets, etc.). Not all products within these groups contain asbestos (i.e., SIC group 2891 is listed in Table 11 because some adhesives and sealants contain asbestos fibers). Table 12 lists in greater detail those asbestos products utilized by the construction industry. This information was gathered from EEH's in-house survey of asbestos manufacturers (1976b). Numbers in paren theses following a product or group of products refer to the SIC group or numbers in which that produce will be found. Table 13 is a tabulation of several characteristics of the asbestos product manufacturing industry. For each product listed, the number of establishments producing this product, the number of employees, and more specifically, the number of production workers involved in its manufacture, UCC 022665 Ai835C 41 SIC 2621 2661 26611 26612 2851 2891 2951 2952 3079 3292 32922 32924 32925 32926 32927 32927 11 32927 21 32927 31 32927 35 32927 37 32927 41 32927 51 32927 73 32927 75 32927 81 32927 85 32927 98 3293 32932 32933 Table 11 Asbestos and Asbestos-containing Products (by SIC) Used in Construction and Non-Construction Industries Product Paper, except building paper Building paper and board Insulating board Construction paper Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied products Adhesives and sealants Paving mixtures and blocks Asphalt felts and coatings Miscellaneous plastics products Asbestos products Asbestos friction materials Asbestos cement shingles and clapboard Asphalt floor tile Vinyl asbestos floor tile Textiles, insulation, other asbestos and asbestos-containing products Yarn, cord, thread Cloth Other asbestos textiles Pipe insulation Other insulation Asbestos cement flat sheets and wall board Asbestos cement corrugated sheets Asbestos cement pipe, conduit, ducts Asbestos cement pressure pipe Asbestos felts--roofing Asbestos felts--other Other asbestos and asbestos cement products Gaskets, packing and sealing devices Gaskets and gasketing Packing and sealing devices Note: With the exception of SIC group 3292 products (asbestos products), not all products of a group contain asbestos (e.g., not all gaskets contain asbestos). All SIC groups listed here were identified as including one or more products that do contain asbestos. UCC 022666 A 18351 42 Table 12 Asbestos Products Used in the Construction Industry Asbestos-cement pipe pressure pipe {32927 75) water sewer pipe, conduit, ducts (32927 73) electrical sewer telephone transmission water well casing Asbestos-cement sheets (32927 41 and 32927 51 and 32927 98) acoustic ceiling panels corrugated sheets custom molded wall panels extruded panels flat sheets insulated sandwich panels laminated panels millboard prefabricated housing components prefabricated sheets roof decking roof tiles roofing siding structural sheets window sills Asbestos-cement shingles and clapboard (32924) siding shingles roofing shingles clapboard Asbestos-containing compounds caulking putties drilling fluid additives emulsions fireproof coatings foundation coatings joint compounds mastics Asbestos-containing compounds (Cont.) paints plastic cements restaurants roof adhesives roof cements roof coatings sealing compounds spackles weather coatings Asbestos felts roofing felts (32927 81) base felts base sheets cap sheets flashing sheets other felts (32927 85) flooring substrate pipeline felts Asbestos insulation pipe insulation (32927 35) other insulation (32927 37) Asbestos paper Asbestos textiles cloth (32927 21) rope (32927 31) tape (32927 31) Asphalt floor tile (32925 11) Miscellaneous asbestos products expansion joints gasket sheets (32932) Vinyl-asbestos floor tile (32926) A 18352 UCC 022667 43 Source: U.S. Bureau o f the Census. 1974a. Census o f Manufactures 1972. cellaneous non-metal 1ic mineral products. * Primary product class of establishment. - - Does not apply, x Not available. Employment and Production fo r 1972 In the Manufacture o f Asbestos Products Abrasive asbestos and mis O 8 o oo k 41 9 ? o o rp>-" <9 8* s oo o ooo oo GO oo o0r> CM O01l soo o o oo o oo o ooo 8to Koo oo oo Noo (oo0 c(7o1 cn wr>- N o <M CM ooo oo CM oo o o o o m CM Industry Series. sf44>->i|T4u3J; c *a e3 Ok O'CL Ji 4 ooo S 8 o olO op- ko o K CO O3 Oe-aLc aOU. W Lo 3 r~ 47 +* o o>1 ho- arj ft E ooo o o, o* JS> *V>I z - vt e * CO CM ool/> ^ s4- j0-J r-- c o TO o o w VI 41 -vov4-7>li --oOa0 JO u *VI V* oo +J VI VI w ad EO vt <9 47 X) Uc Oo k 41 3 U *-- .D 3 VI 1^ oO *7 VI u 19 -M toVI VI c V> id e OX w -- U x: k k VI 9 <st 3 3 c w 47 47 47 47 C o VI C u to o js *> Q. XI . 9 w VI vi -V-- k >* u CL. < a Iu 3 -o C o o 47 * CL 47 a. cl a. 47 k *7 3 C VI 47 VI g 47 U a. 1 VI * O VI 47 4-1 VI KJ V3 49 VI C o ok o "a ^V <i*9l 4m o 4- VI 47 A cUl u> -I C(7M1 CoMr CM voj 3*CM CM CTI CM CM OQ CrM* r->. cm pg 91 91 CM CM <n <n oCM> CM UCC 022668 A 18353 44 OO g g oo ooo oo ooo oo so oo oo i &' #<--9 IO ^fM --O' N CM o o oo o cr\ o o o o go o o oCM> ooo oo o g' >9 4- 9 a**- u3' c 9o a. H3 (9ft --**-> o- 59oh oz -- se O <d I -c kMJ 1=8 9 Z s o g --^ o v> 9 t Id Id UV 9u f3 C- 9 oa u id CL 3 !-- V* Ol e o u*l 5$ Wu V V in -C Q uCO93UM7I9c9V<oI lA o v> -*M ` VI c 4# j3 * in ici n> 4- o L. 3 99 -C p wC o o. TJ <J ec tO 9 E v 9 4i < id *- o *X*l *idj Of 3<4VIIo93dd*I 33do 9C9 i/l 3 9V U +M -C uO 01 3 9 9 *- u 01 <o cn Id id 91 e VI C 9 fc. *- w V 4-* .X o Ol IX MM E to 0) .X id m O9 o 33 VI to e9 cn e >a VI VI VI id n Ol o O O -> Ol CL MM M-> w 9 c >, id <d i/i 3 09 09 Ol 9OuQ. MM _Q .O 33 J<mO9ViiDdVdI .uMiXi9tdd>oi Mi9dM Liad3 iff L> 9 Mtf id a o* id O L> d Ol 9C 33 -- V) w <0 01 1 -X C VI o *o C 91 L. 9 9C 9 g M* tA C m 9 X M>-*1 " Id 9 9 > 9 9 Ol C p-- 'U 9 Id ao4i9ioddc> Ocl OSleI Id cn c -X U ns a. l. a .e u <TS 41 u *M ns in a >o u 9 A V T3 3^33 C<0 Ol c M- Jt _x * u id * a. c Id 9- * se C Id o r-- ->-- 9 Id M- c 9 -- 0 o id o *-- T- 93 w 9 id id >o CC < 9 9 id im id 3 Id C o> - o 9 id e *o 01 --9 9C o4J < X g g; cm oi camt CM CM oo Cm Cm o o> CM CM cr CM CO Ol PM fl g CM tfl CM CM CM nomi c<t *O' PMM OCmWcm on CoO\ wCO CM CM CM O' O' ccmoccom O' 0> cnm ocm O' O' com crom ft i 8 3 5 4 UCC 022669 45 the quantity produced, and the dollar value of that production are presented. All information in this table is taken from the 1972 Census of Manufacturers (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1974a}. A major limitation of these census data is the inability to separate construction from nonconstruction products. For example, asbestos textiles, insulation, and other asbestos and asbestos-cement products {SIC 32927) are grouped together. Separate figures for number of establishments, employees, and production workers are not given for each product included in this grouping. Few textiles find their way into the construction indus try, whereas most insulation and asbestos-cement products are consumed by the construction industry. In addition, SIC group 3292, while including most asbestos products, excludes some asbestos-containing products (such as asbestos-containing compounds) that are widely used in the construction industry. Hence, these data, as presented in the Census of Manufacturers (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1974a), do not completely describe that portion of the asbestos product manufacturing industry whose goods are ultimately destined for use in the construction industry. An in-house survey of manufacturers (EEH 1976b) of those asbestos products utilized by the construction industry was therefore conducted to supply this information in the degree of specificity needed. In addition, this survey supplied more recent information than that available in the census data. A total of 20 manufacturers participated by providing information on employment and production of asbestos products utilized in the construction industry for the year 1975. Results of this survey are presented in Table 14. A 1 835b UCC 022670 Production and Employment fo r 1975 in the Manufacture o f Asbestos Construction Products asbestos construction product. >1-0 *- o X3 T> *0 O 3 S. O'a. O Oo ion X r> r^. ro V) o 01 oo u <0 X p 00 c3r p-- 4/1 in 40 S<o- o uo 0J "3D --3 OS- OC |Q Q. *r-- eg OVO }* o o 00 (Vi cvj t-- as o on o> o* in 3 o oo tO CO X (VI f-- in as x X VI o a> a> & >s CD O XI E Q. 3E Z UJ n cn in CVJ 40 e X OS O XE S- 40 0J tX r- E3 X40 us Ui CO CVJ O in in o ^3" CO m mo *3* 2 in co VO ^ CM CVJ CO o ID a\ O * <T> o3 OT3 a> "O OJ 3 U 1u to c o *-- 4->'-- UI x4) <o < us OJ 31 c X 4/1 X 41 E a> u i 4/1 o X 4/1 0J XI iO <c us T3 e 3 o us CL 4-1 E r-- o 0J u vi 10 vo oO X V) X40 4) OS X jQ in US < CL U 4-> O 41 QJ p-- C #-- 4-1 o p- u -r- V) X 3XX t- ft} 0> W o X VI ^3 -4X0 o 40 Its O OI X u *F-- P 40 (/ 40 40 o o OJ 4J 4J +J a -- us <n 3 f<V Oi r- X X Xux 4/1 4/1 as * (Q p- X r-- 5- > <X> cX *p-- 4-7 >o UCC 022671 <a X o 46 I/I co <OoI o 41 cX . o 430 tCO CP -C US X p OJ 40 L. o X OJ cs US 3 X o o C L. 3 CL Ol W c 4) r s. C a> to X Cl XE O -o * o 40 c as a> -f- E O c fO 40 4J CL > E 40 O to o> CJ c as r- E L. /O 3 0J 3 -- 3 -a o p- L> <0 > X r- C fO -o "O P* 40 -- 4S US S- L- S-. O 3 as x a> L. 3 40 X X a; U i. X to 3 O X o> 3 f- C Xo <o T- X E OIX o fO 3 40 *r g T? (O to e a O 3 i- -o r- in Q. as u Wf- C f *P" to o T3 3 -t- o* x as "O as O X - 3 ox x ~o > ox X * ro C 40 X ---' c cn o O 40 O r-- u x as u xo X >> 0> T3 "O 40 lit X -- o UJ *- - as s- x X to x as to P-- X X a; fO -- X X 4/ 3 O -p- 3 40 u O' i- 3: z to L. Il8la6 47 The major groups of construction products manufactured include pipes, sheets, shingles, compounds, felts, and floor tiles. The table indicates the number of participating companies that produced some amount of the product during 1975. For most products listed, the total quantity pro duced by all manufacturers could not be determined. Table 15 shows the relative distribution of asbestos products into other (consumer) industries. Figures given in thousands of short tons represent the amount of raw fiber contained in the various products. Note that the construction industry consumes 100 percent of asbestos pipe, sheets, floor tile, and roofing papers, as well as 80 percent of asbestos insulation and 70 percent of asbestos coatings and compounds. A total of 77 percent of asbestos fibers as contained in asbestos products are consumed by the construction industry. Total United States consumption of asbestos during the past decade is tabulated in Table 16 by group of product (figures are given in thou sand short tons of asbestos fiber consumed). The quantity of asbestos consumed in 1975 declined substantially from the level during 1974 and was lower during 1975 than during any other year from 1965 to 1975. Figure 1 indicates the routes by which asbestos products reach the construction industry. This information was derived from the manufacturers of each product (EEH 1976b). Most asbestos products reach construction sites both by direct delivery from the manufacturer to the contractor and through an intermediary distributor or wholesaler. When the manufactured good is sent to a secondary manufacturer, the route from the secondary manufacturer to the construction site again involves either direct delivery or delivery through a distributor or wholesaler. It can also be seen that UCC 022672 A 18357 C -- 41 O H- 4-> WOO tO CO *-- 41 *- N ^ 03 (3r- O CO co UCC 022673 D is trib u tio n o f Asbestos Products by Consuming Industry Source: U.S. Bureau o f Mines. 1973. M inerals yearbook. V o l. 1, page 174, Table 7. a. Q uantities and percent o f asbestos fib e r consumed as various products. CN4 CO CM O *M r-- A i 8358 48 1,0m rs ^Lf> N. mcj (\i oo o> itno to vcooil m o VO ncsMooincn^tno^ so PK l/> (Nl fN oo T CJ VO CM c>f <7v i-- CM * oo cn Pv rc-olOvOorOs.NaVs*OfsCDMvCoNcoJcf~o**-5Nr SO p- Ch (Sir- *-- CO l/) c o +J TT c *T3 <A 3 JoO VO a; .foO o. Irt c CoO V) o 4-> o> JwOo <: (/> 3 04 pos- <OMUSO--OPSNflsO^CSlCVVOjrV-Or-ClfVl CSJ r--* r- Os O CO rv ro-s^^VrNOiCovOnfcOM^c^sUjfn-iO-urs- os to Os o os CO (O r- csi CM LO in Ps Pv co m rv ^ in cm cm p-i-- ^r co OS OS vo vaOsO^psOs.Spi---^uLnncs^jfc^Nvi^o-fv--oi^o(j CO cn | P^ CO VO OS ^OlOm(C\4O<NpliNSiCnMUSClMOr^-^PlOS CM P-- I-- (v s rv OS^Tr-- USf-- CMC\J^r^"lO so N fO N ^ UKSI CM f- r ^ CM Os P's VO CMCOOCMVO^^COSOCM lO VO O U) co rs in (si csi r- r-- to o OS CM f-- r-- CO ir> VO OOil-^OfNSfN-UinSVC^SVICOVJlfO^i--OlSO to OS OS CM r- r* rs, -r- -C 4-> CL iA tA Q. vs lA tA & 3 tA 3 3CO3 c tA c X> T> Ol 3*0 0) Os 4-> o o OE^C E U S- 01 o u OI o 3 <x Q- O S- Q. u C C "O o A 18359 I O. oO to V) CD tA C tA 4- (A o C O Oi O o OS 4-4 a- as 4L> r- 4-> C 4- c AJ *-- to <A ** +-> tA U U Ol o OI AS -O O-OO*** JQ o ws cl x -cr M UCC 022674 l/V r-- tA O - tA AS c io ai 44 O < u.<au. < a. *-- Q_ F-- O h- Source: U.S. Bureau o f Mines. 1975. Mineral Facts and Problems. Asbestos, a. Personal communication from Robert A. C lifto n , Bureau o f Mines. 49 ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE ctr ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS ASBESTOS COMPOUNDS mfg wlsr I ctr dst I dr ctr ASBESTOS FELTS 50 ASBESTOS TEXTILES mfg MISCELLANEOUS ASBESTOS PRODUCTS ASBESTOS CEMENT SHINGLES mfg dst ctr ASBESTOS PAPER VINYL ASBESTOS FLOOR TILE ASBESTOS INSULATION Key mfg * manufacturer wlsr * wholesalers dst > distributor ctr contractor 2 mfg- secondary manufacturing s indicates further fabrication or manipulation (e.g.. cutting) of products A 1836C mfg ctr Figure 1. Flow of asbestos products into the construction industry (EEH 1976b). UCC 022675 51 once a product leaves the manufacturer, further fabrication or manipulation of the asbestos product does not take place until it reaches the construc tion site. 2. Construction Industry Characteristics Trade groups that utilize asbestos products in the construction indus try were first identified according to their SIC code (SIC Manual 1972). The list was prepared from a preliminary investigation of construction products that contain asbestos and a common-sense interpretation of the probable user. This list has been verified and amended by the EEH survey of manufacturers (1976b) and its survey of trade unions (1976d), which are presented in Table 17. One group (SIC 1633) exposed to an asbestos product during the construction of bridges was identified by a manufac turers' product in a response received too late to allow incorporating the data into the study. However, low production figures indicate that utilization of the product by the trade group is inconsequential. Construction workers account for approximately four-fifths of con struction employment (the remaining fifth are office and supervisory per sonnel) with 50 percent of the workers employed by special trade contractors (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 1970). The average number of all employees and construction workers in each SIC group has been tabulated (Table 17) from the 1972 Census of Construction Industries (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1975n). The number of employees and workers for 1975 are reported by month in Construction Review (U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce 1976), based on benchmark figures first published in September 1975. The revision figures from Construction Review for 1972 have been listed for comparison A i 836 1 UCC 022676 I. 3 > 0 1 O' k. i-- >i > O I- t; o o o o o o o oo O o oo o LO o o> 0d9 Qao 4 r c-- *-- oo oot <n u) M *- g O' <30 sO U0 o OgK CM r^. O' e o 4A o o u> u u o r*. U O' TJ w --- u3 0kf M0 O k 4>0 <Co o> c oc -- U *- oc o i. 4- >1 * r-- O k- a >C -- s UJW GO O' r> <T CO !/> oo oo o o l o CM CM oo oo \T1 O' CO 40 CO CM CO O' * U1 *r CM g { . SJ r- c *-- -a - --*CM c Cn. v 41 40 k. C o 9J< L 4k00 2WO >iO g* c o ii-- .-- >> Ok ts*< <-- O' v GO O' o <o O' o CM CO m r-- O*T' O' o M7 < r*H i <o <C--O Cr>M O S/1 SO *T CM O' CM CM LO O O CO 2 CO CO Q0 ^ r sO vO to U" ^ m U) <n GO CM O CM N* e-- * CO <-- O' CM O GO CO r*. VO cm CO O' O' CO CM CO O' CM A 1836 o ' >i s2z 01 -C > a u X 40 40 u c 3 c so O 40 a L C 40 t U CL *- 3 40 L U M 30 k 40 C o k 0U V Oc *1 0 Os v a > +* c < 0 V 49 %3 U k 00 0 k -- 40 40 40 k. a W 0 U C Xc Q -- a-- c o o-r c 4-* -" -pU*M3 ** c ---c Uuo k L> O'*-- C a**0 O T3 c --a <a 4-* k o <0 o c CT C a a O' c *0 C7* cc a u o 2 u V. 40 Ui 5 * o * cm 40 u 40 4" 0 VI a i c O' 44 C 4 o 0 ** O'-- S- c 4-* -- X-40 V. k. C 40 1a/* Op- 0 C vn a -- 4- Xa U 5 c .* ou * o -- c <* ^ 2 w PHB gk. k **- 44> *w TO C <0 O' O' O'JC cce s W k >t 0 ^ 44 4>r* 4i c k. 40 aao o uuoc 0 0^ (JUIk w O c2 O' c L. V* u oc oo au * TO 0 k w- O K-- *J V U0 0 k W F" eu o (J u V o JS i~ I 40 pM--l --' 00 uo c a v> O~fcOll N NS--O UCC 022677 CM ^r-s. r^. PMTspMr-^> rCM^MT Sourco: U.S. Bureau o f the Census. 1975n. 1972 Census o f Construction Industries. Industry Series, U.S. Summary. Source: U.S. Bureau o f Domestic Comnerce, S ta tis tic a l Series^ 1976a. (Construction Review, Vol. 22, No. 3. 1 Not given. 52 53 to the 1975 data. Employment data for all special trade contractors are not given except in the 1972 Census of Construction Industries. Seasonal variation is a commonly noted characteristic of construction employment. Workers will typically have three or four periods of unemploy ment per year. The effect of this variable work force is estimated to be responsible for two-thirds of unemployment insurance claims in contract construction (Gordon et al. 1973). Seasonal variation of construction workers employed in the United States for the selected SIC codes listed in Table 17 is illustrated in Figures 2 through 8 for the period of January 1970 through June 1976. The data presented, however, are limited by the aggregation of four-digit SIC code classifications into the three-digit code classifications. Figure 2 includes highway and street construction workers (SIC code 1611); bridge, tunnel, and elevated highway construction workers (SIC code 1622); and heavy construction workers not elsewhere classified (SIC code 1629) in the averages for employment for water, sewer, and utility line construction workers. Water, sewer, and utility line construction workers account for 50 percent of the data, with heavy construction workers not elsewhere classified accounting for 43 percent (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1975d). Figure 3 gives the monthly variation for all special trade contractors, which is the only indicator of seasonal employment for the 1970 to 1976 period for construction workers in carpentry, floor work, and concrete work. A I 8363 Plastering, drywall, acoustical, and insulation workers represented in Figure 7 account for only 33 percent of the data presented, with stone- UCC 022678 54 Num ber o l Construction Workers JJJ 1970 J Xi 1971 J XI 1972 J XI J ' 1973 ' XI 1974 J XI 1975 J XI 1976 UCC 022679 Figure 2. Number of construction workers in the United States by water, sewer, utility fine, and other heavy construction contractors (SIC code 161) by month, 1970-1976 (U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce 1976a,lit. 55 Number o l Construction Workers j jj 1970 j jj 1971 JJ 1972 J JJ 1973 JJ 1974 J JJ 1975 J JJ 1976 A 18 3 6b Figure 3. Number of construction workers employed in the United States by ail special trade contractors (SIC code 17) by month, 1970-1976 (U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce 1976a,b). UCC 022680 410.000 - Number o f Construction Workers 0l J JJ 1970 J JJ 1971 J JJ J JJ 1972 1973 JJ 1974 JJ J "11 8 JJ Figure 4. Number of construction workers in the United States by plumbing, heating, and air conditioning contractors (SIC code 171) by month, 1970-1976 (U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce 1976a,b). UCC 022681 57 Number of Construction W orker! o L j jj J JJ 1970 1971 J JJ 1972 JJ 1973 JJ J JJ J JJ 197* 1975 1976 A 1 8367 Figure 5. Number of construction workers employed in the United States by painting, paperhanging, and decorating contractors (SIC code 172) by month, 19701976 (U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce 1976a,b). UCC 022682 58 Number ot C onitrucilon W orkart 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 A 18368 Figure 6. Number of construction workers employed in the United States by electrical work contractors (SIC code 173) by month, 1970-1976 (U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce 1976a,b). UCC 022683 59 Number of Construction Workers o L---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- jjj jjjjjj jjj jjj jjj jjj 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 A i 8369 Figure 7. Number of construction workers employed in the United States by masonry, plastering, stone, and tile work contractors (SIC code 174) by month, 1970-1976 (U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce 1976a,b). UCC 022684 Number at C ontraction W orkeri JJJ 1970 J JJ 1971 JJJ 1972 JU 1973 J JJ 1974 J X) 1975 J XI 1976 & \837C Figure 8. Number of construction workers employed in the United States by roofing and sheet metal work contractors (SIC code 176) by month, 1970-1976 (U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce 1976a,b). UCC 022685 61 setting and other stone workers (SIC code 1741) accounting for 57 percent and terrazzo, tile, marble, and mosaic workers (SIC code 1743) making up the remaining 10 percent (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1975h). The seasonal variations--presented in Figure 4 for plumbing, heating, and air conditioning; Figure 5 for painting, paperhanging, and decorating; Figure 6 for electrical workers; and Figure 8 for roofing and sheet metal workers--are not affected by the aggregation to a three-digit classifica tion. Although less current, the seasonal variations derived from the 1972 Census of Construction Industries have been included because they give seasonal variations for March, May, August, and November for each trade group listed in Table 17. These monthly variations are presented in Figures 9 through 18. Characterization of the construction industry by the type of con struction is presented in three tables. Table 18 identifies new construc tion put in place from 1972 through May 1976. Yearly totals are given for private construction and public construction in millions of dollars for 1972 through 1975. Monthly dollar figures for 1976 are given for both private and public construction. The number of new housing units started and completed are compiled from three sources into Table 19; figures are presented yearly for 1972 through 1976 and monthly for 1976. The 1976 figures are only available for number of housing units started. A l 8 37 1 The percentage of work completed in 1972 for residential, commercial/ industrial, and nonbuilding construction by each SIC trade group in Table 17 is indicated in Table 20, which was extracted from tables in the 1972 Census of Construction Industry, Industry Series (1975d-m). UCC 022686 62 UCC 022687 Figure 9. Number o f construction workers employed by water, sewer, and u tility line contractors (SIC cotie 1623) by selected months, 1972 (U.S. Bureau o f the Census 1976d). Figure 10. Number of construction workers employed by plumbing, heating, and air conditioning contractors (SIC code 1711) by selected months, 1972 (U.S. Bureau o f the Census 1976c). UCC 022688 1837 3 Figure 11. Number o f construction workers employed by painting, paperhanging, and decorating contractors (SIC code 1721) by selected m onths, 1972 (U.S. Bureau o f the Census 1976f). +l O O S Op* s S CM CM CM CM i----- 1------.----- Figure 12. Number o f construction workers employed by electrical w ork contractors (SIC code 17311 by selected months, 1972 (U.S. Bureau o f the Census 1976g). 63 UCC 022689 A 18374 18 8r* . o" 8O o 8 --h ---i -- Figure 13. Number o f construction workers employed by plastering, dryw all, acoustical, and insulation w ork contractors (SIC code 1742) by selected months, 1972 (U.S. Bureau o f the Census 1976h). 64 w 2 E * a> O Z s<s H----- ------ I---- \ Figure 14. Number o f construction workers employed by carpentering contractors (SIC code 1751) by selected months, 1972 (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1976i). UCC 022690 18 37b Figure 15. Number o f construction workers employed by flo o r laying and other flo o r w ork contractors, not elsewhere classified (SIC code 1752) by selected months (U.S. Bureau o f the Census 1976j). Figure 16. Number o f construction workers employed by ro o fin g and sheet metal w o rk contractors (SIC code 1761) by selected m onths (U.S. Bureau o f the Census 19761). 65 i E UCC 022691 A18376 Figure 17. Number o f construction workers employed by concrete work contractors (SIC code 1771) by selected months, 1972 (U.S. Bureau o f the Census 1975k). -t-- oo 8 o o' CM o Figure 18. Number o f construction workers employed by special trade contractors, not elsewhere classifjed (SIC code 1779) by selected months, 1972 (U.S. Bureau o f the Census 1976m). 66 o 67 Table 18 NA PI ro in to 3 rs n o GO o u <0U n o p> cs (A a. (SI ro ro uo 4) * 4- -- (OVI cm** NOl . otCoO ru**s>A 5 n m rs rs to-i 4<Jo ^ <S4CM1o CO <C7O1 u*> CC0OO0 tA rOst rsm U) rs cino at to 32222 2 2 <2; z <z CO CO to to *T <z> <zc u3 Ok, <9 a o al cm rosi uU3 4- oCO <0 in O 0 3to VO u ^r * at 10g co IO * Cm uoc ' r-- * <9 to ro C\J Ps V- rs, rr 0 V w O cm OI CO (A 3 to rs rs. *a c m' ~1 *9 GO CO 0 'ey 00 LA VO CM O r* CM rs CM OI CM to CM oi oi CO to a> jr 0 *r PCSO CO to rs IS* O o at O* t rs in CO in 0m CO oi cn eo 0Ol at at <k CO to CO rs Oo\ CM CO VD in in m vn in in CO Cs ro in r"* to ro mCO Oi O 0 O * r-* CM CM CM 22 z2 at co CM Oi rs m fs mIA eo CO <0 CM 3 O rs rs w x ** ro CO _ GO m m >w t* CO CM co VO 0 O* C rs s co m in cn CM rs ro 0O *> * <* O ro CO rs O r- Oi 0 av cn r-- in ro pM pi r" CO vn co m 4-> 0 o> TT rs * O lA in O H CM ro ro ro r" CO rs CO ro 0 a\ CO CM mkvO rs CO rs * CM CM CM rO ro GO CM CM in to cs> rs rs O rs CO O m ^r rs CO <0 co ai co co ro rs vD tT ai GO in co CM ** VO VO rs CO fM CO rs * co ro in CO CO o> m CM ro Pi co <71 O OI 01 CO O a-- r-- *. g M c A u t. >, <ciA!t CM rs <0 rs rs m fs VO rs 9 41 T> Ll_ z a* O X O* o> <71 OI OI 3-* *- a i/i 0 0c rV--) 4aJ lA 4J <A IA 41 c C0 0 t/l 3 CO IA 4J c 4> S. k. 41 U to 3 O *- C.I O *r^ 4- >1 t V > 4-> u 3 l/> <n <Koo.\ *KOo*l vi 41 t* g MW 5 <j--s co u gw -r- CM e +* cm O (A sS* O S 41 g Of* UiQ > 41 00 c 330 <d *9 41 41 -M t. 4. ij 33 3 O CG L 4>* |A mm c *0 s =0 0 lA 4> O k. 3 2O <n UCC 022692 A 1 8377 68 us CM n 01 ^^B CO VO r-- US o en 4i o 00 OS m us CM CM o CO 00 00 mB US r-- pa c z CO O OS 0> -C OS o er CM CM ro m J^>* o <o Cl r-* co *T o r-* VO fs* 2OS co OS i +J *0 c e of <9 E Q C7 O vn r** os C -- r** O VO UO c *- a s* > CO OS o OS m o 3 01 o3 4J vt 3: o u O' 3c s. ae -o VI r* ^ c ra o3 o eo fc. in c*> so u 4J V) nus O so SO r- OS 3 .o *co a Ol r~~ 9 +J oo m os OS o OS OS CM if.O*_ r-B F*" CM r" (A r-- <8 *00r oos US oCM ** fs. CM r^. * O o CM 00 o n n PO o CM CM os < ZT VO OS CSI < r*. co co 2 aSO r~* o* OS oCM CO C-N o t--* Os cs o OS o co US *T m * SO OS CM CM CM CM C| CM ro*ss. n O os us fo* OS VO r** OS *<s39 u0sJ u i. s Q. < 5* UCC 022693 A 18378 69 1976. Survey o f Current Business. 1976a. S ta tis tic a l Series. Construction Review 22(3). ------------------------------ Housing S tarts. Construction Reports June. Table 1. New Housing Units Started and Completed, 1972-1976 Sources: U.S. Bureau o f Economic Analysis. U.S. Bureau o f Domestic Commerce. Table B-4. U.S. Bureau o f the Census. 1976. NA = Not available. '->->- - CCT "0 0> U 0) *" c </> --2 3 J1O3 o ZOZT r- r-. CM On r--* r-s. LO r-- o VO Q_ 0> a w) EO -r- Oc t/> ZJ > O' -U o 11 +-> T? QJ C -r-- co r-- co co r <-- LO CM c fQ C t/J C*s. on on ZD */> -q, > f" 3! C t- 2 o 3 O Z on r_ o* CM VO* r-- CM r--* cr 1/1 D. on 3 3O O :r 2 0) Z p* CM CM* to ra 4-J oonn CO CO o 00 o o h* On * o CM r***. co <z < z < z c z <c Z <c z c z c z << zz < z <c <zt zc zc z=c > "O O 01 i- C an C *r-- on On CM eo On o +a->> --23 J3O o o X Q. CM CM r" r-- o*-- fO (/) 4-> 4-) c on 3 4-> *p- >> on c o o; -o C ZD 4- a> on-la/> rO > 2 on 3 C C T- O O VO VinO co* CO m o * * CO COA o vi--D ozns i3/i u Ou zc CM CM oo :r .c 4-> 5^ za> n LO m 40 CO CM o 1-- r^. CO mo LO CO rr---s-, CM CM r* r-*. CO o r-- o o z< *T Z in on vo o CO O CM C*. On CO On CO co co c in r-- ^ T-- an VO c0 , r%. CM On co r^. n on co tr> r-- r-- i- CM <n in VO *o - 1 r*. o r- On r-- on r--- ro-Nn r- r*. on p--* -C o -p-- QJ c -O > 40 C Z3 u. < '"D UCC 022694 A18373 70 Oo oo o o o o o CD oo o o oo oo oo Table 20 c la s s ifie d 19.5 co> o OtHAfI i/I -oM U fO 4-> oo Ta?> *D ac>j "taoi cn -o 4) *- at IA **- +-> 4-> o **a 41 CO CL OJ W > u CQ 0) 4J oc o 2E c o r* CT 4-> U 3 03 r-- 4-> *r-- LA 3 C CD o1 o o z: rO 4J O 1-- r" < 03 3 O p-- *i-- O 4-> 4-> c 5/ (A OJ 5 3 U S T5 O oj CD -- T3 <r--o +J a> e > : 4-> * CL r-- <o 0) >n O <L 4-> Of IO 3 c "O 0 |--4 +> 0 3 4-> U1 O O CL 3 O CO CD <0 *C3 *D (Q O f-- *-- MO 4-> a> <j 0 Q_ A 183BC 0 -- cn CO -- CT r-- CM co CO N f^. m01 CO CM CO CO cLOn o CO cn* 0 CM CCOO co *3- CM c O 4-> ID u r* 3 ec EO 0 *O -M CD -3 CD +-> f- C/1 O <D O a. f OJ Q. * 01 3 0> Of 3 <D 40 3 -a fO 0 CJ 0J +D a. 03 cj X 03 C7 cn *r- 4-> O o 03 4-> _ - T3 * Oi O U p* JD E-- 3 <0 CL OI c 4D A5 O U 0J T3 T> M CD e CD 3 <D Ql *5 Cl Cn c: 4D ` C m 3 a. _x O 3 (O CD -L> CD OJ UJ ro CM r-- CM ro co rv r** r-- r-- r- UCC 022695 03 0 CM co CSJ co cn O *? CTv cn O r-^ CO CM cn co OO 0 N* to cn lO cD CM cn cm co O cn CfsO. cn *C*O CO O CO * r"o CD 4D V) 3 O O 40 * r--* rt3 ^ 3 > O 3 ID *O cn*rC 4D **-- <3 1-- 0J 3 -M tA CO <0 al CM r^ O 3 O OO r-- 3 (O 0J 4-> - a> 4D O > "O (D C a> <T3 j= i/i D< 01 cn c "O O r-- *r-- 2 iO OJ ra 0J 4-> cn a> 0J CL O CD OO <Q CD n O Of O CD CM r-- r_ LO LO LO rx r^. -- m CCOO o> c0o 0J OJ -C 3 OJ </) r" 0J -M O ** t/1 O P CD o 4D O CD 0) "O fO 4- 40 *P-- u 0J Cl CO cn <n 71 Establishments of each SIC trade group are further categorized by the size of contractors in Tables 21 through 30. The various contractors are categorized by employee size and total construction receipts for the fol lowing characteristics: average number of all employees, total construc tion receipts, payments for materials components, and supplies. 3. Construction Industry's Consumption of Asbestos Products a. Trade Groups That Use Asbestos Products Table 31, the correlation of asbestos product utilization by trade groups (Standard Industrial Classification), was derived from information obtained in the survey and supplemented by consulting the Building Construc tion Cost Data (Godfrey 1976) and Dodge Manual for Building Construction Pricing and Scheduling (McGraw-Hill 1976). These reference works give information designating the trade group necessary for the installation and application of the various product entries. b. Number of Workers Who Utilize Asbestos Products The number of construction workers who utilize asbestos products was not available from published sources. EEH attempted to obtain the infor mation from the correspondence/telephone survey undertaken; however, the information was unavailable. From responses received during the survey, it is apparent that the question of construction worker expo sure has only recently been addressed by the concerned trade groups. Thus, the only alternative was to first identify the man-days necessary to install the asbestos products manufactured and then, based on the average number of days worked per year, to determine the number A 18381 UCC 022696 r14*O-*o- 4*ogcoLC-* UCtaoO)t CnaCoOMt C-CrtCC*oMOMMr*ft -c-o CtoD -'I A0cn 4O>o)i' O CM Sa at <CMn s aoatt o CM at o o okIn . o a CM o u4-* u M c Ot U Of CM at aCtoMt lotOo CM >i 3 OO 2O s 3 -- s at v a* > to a to CO *1838 4 Table 21 at coj m CM OE.*T >i O r-^ o -- u) 0to9 m- atat a> P-N CM fs* CM at o T S* o #-- -t o to to to aint #40o>>-)' 3 toCO <n I CO CO otf> m3 CM CM CM O CO lA at CO at CO o cunt ^ > to to at * O co o to in CO s 2 in to at o 00 bo ei u. u c & s 0> >% uw p* VI i/> a. k 4 6 va* 2 V. o o 01 u Cl CX O se Ui o o ex <a its t3o *i---- uo V -o -a ftJ 01 V* >* Ui o %. *o. *4 x> c *a c w OE Ui c o yo -X o ot31. O 4J -O vt e S o w v n o 4-* O w CC b wo &. z Ui ci a 01 a5 Z c <o 4* am 4wit Oc v3t ol a O ko e &.o <> *4----w-XC VESOEO Xw+* "ciOe > </> UCC 022697 to r* a CO CM tO U *4-/1 A TT VO * C u D UT c 0 o 72 V o IP-- 40 U 4- <0 Ok -- - c o u 8 S 9 9 9 O9 9 9 Sov 9 O9 O 09 O V9 co rt o N <*"> AO V0 CO O 9 O Ok O Ok o9 *o i Ok Ok in ok AO o s CM CO cm O Ok O Ok O O *Ok Om V9Ok CM T Ok CO 9 Ok Ok - O O- +* Ok ca o o I-- CM CM 41 O O Ok CO SOk Ok *o * 0^9 Ok in 9 O Ok SOk Ok kft+ACM kA An tn CM m9 CM VO kO g; 9 CO S N 9 a) 10 CO o CM Ok CM CO in 3 s CO s CO Ok O o 9 AlOO CO AO 9 o> <n co AO CM rt CM <n o 9 Ok Ok CM tn AO 9 9 TOTAL CONSTRUCTION RECEIPTS OF CONTRACTOR A 18383 vu U 41 4# W ^u 04 9k <o JO u 9 V. o o z 4-> u<o w c 4*-0 o o o 9 o 41 Z 41 Ok O *a a uE ai ui > -< C 40 O9 3 4Jp- L w wk 4F L 9 9 <0 C 4-> O O.*-- OJ TJ r-- u 4 VWO o UQFO 190 co 5*5 4-* Uow wk w C 9 40 a> o> r- 9 C r- r- Z2.-Z-8 <v a. ENU 9O ^O UCC 022698 oL. vO w OF CL UJ L E <Q O o4e0 ^9 4f>c>,5a- < A*J <UF s. o L. 4 73 C O u o w** o ^ o CO NOk o> o Sa sj <_y% vw o% * >or !H <O7kk Q41> 3| Ul Q <M If vO #** V0 VO VO 9k 9k CM r** N CO VO OO N eo r-* #-- CM CO CM CO CM to n rt vO CM Ok b 0) U) M CO lA r^. r^ II -- IT w^ N K Ok otoi o> ^ CM CM VS) a e4 L. 5 Ok oOkil'O e VO O VO VS) o 9 o 00 e CM Cl 00 LU 9k 44;/ s 'H VS) CO CO V (W 9 CO VS) 41 o 9k >, or* IS) F 9k ^ SO CM vO 9k *n r<% 9k CM CM 00 Table 22 A 18 384 to o o o vr> TS o i-- "lj o CO u> 5 O VO 00 o u v. o w VI M 4-> * l cx 9 -w-- Of ** (9 9 9 v - *-- I* ui UL A Q. W 9 Ol fO -- a *o 9 f- **> v >* tf) r- V "9 "Oo W O **- Q, +* c o6 Ui &. r- 9O O <0 <frs o .9 i- oV> Vt V IA k a owo w ^ --* V *0s *- c c OM k* C v* U> 3 o F- . w MO3 C Cl O e 15 >vO ^ 9 l C> o UCC 022699 <9 V) u 9 /> 9 9U < L TJ JS? r^ 9k W r- O />*3*9 M C*9 **uo > 99 -C <J O F '"S m 4J =,'<3 74 wO4 Wk o N r>* cCOM 04 O 9V O 94 O Os SO-<o7> to Ok 9rot 4C0D Cm oid CM CM VO CM C<Mn o to 8 *0J O04S CM CO CO 04 O 4* CO s 8s 0tO4 s to 9 04 04 * O 4* 04 tO 04 CM < C uo to ttoo 0400 o S CM ttooo I s CQ iC*n9O* o 3 8 s 2TAe~ O 04 to 04 0944 04 tO CO o 0in^0404 w> co O 04 Sin- 4o* Oa94sS* CM -9 tso O CO as ou aa VzO 3 & i 838b 38 04 VI ts 4i T4411 ul vt WL4.* tVo Ju<tuCoo u 1*. zo vo-> *o* u4uueo- " O to CO o o CO 04 9994 CcOo CM < ZO 0t4j4j *--4Oo>mOJf. W>04 U6i < --we cvao U3UM -Ww--4iin-* oCo C-*L 4> --T--o3 <t*>- <8*>>4O- o- Oo "O -9C4aoCI tok_ v wV c W<4Vk*J*. a<i5.o o X mc VI *wMru<v4i <cU --Ct To? cOcxta3o wo- UCC 022700 4411 o>4 4*o UwOUui, u<o cO 3 *u4. VI 4J < 6 UV->iI t U| zo 99U4V>11 w> U*&4LC>> WO 75 an an o <n VO rnCQj vn Oi OO)I O>f *o moo --a51 9l V% OI 4> *O--r vn o> VO ovn of-*. 6s| 00 VO to A CO Oi 4> in CQ v oF~> CO 41 vO vn CVI * g rO O -- flO (4 v F o F* r- E Ui k o OI CO a VO o> <v in >o OI >i Oi -- eo N ia a. CM CcT E V) V OI QJ O' >1 t 5Ocm ^a- CMto CO VO 8 OI 4> T Oi-- ~|4 VO CO 00 n ru CO ro OII o>' U) 2u <O>O4A1I,I nVo N UO6ij CiVnMJ OCOI COCtOVoOM*'I H z 8 o> o CO or** m A 18386 4* Q. ai 4* a> w 1+* C$ ia ak r-- Q 41 Of 5*$o--1 Ui Ui 2i < uJk?o. *4t3J u<UokI4e-OJ F*O4L/>"1ii za 4o- UEi < zor. <O<k4>o4l eo o UkO3*e2>> o4 *o4*Wim3Oc4o=l 3 P-- *ua>* co To9 k U| irt o *- -o **- C C Cl <o trt C vl >0 3 OC ECl-OC l,<3r >j o o. Ui +4 OoI cc "24Lc. ba>> Ok4i 40 UCC 022701 rin*. oi o ^4/1 M i. i/i c o o OI i/I 4> F* OO > 4 jT *> O 0*0 4t 3C 1 M > =9401 76 Table 23 (Cont.) Over 30 percent o f the data was estimated. 4O o u4-* to -M C o (J o Ob N (M U) UO) O Ot O O* OA o oot S44 0o* 9k r- o OOoob CO O' m o <9n* O O Ob ovo> c<oo N XI m in o> mn OO OObb O 0>; O ^ O 44 Ob Oin Oobr 8 cm Onb O Ob O Ob O- o Ob Oin 44 OObb cm Cm oin Ob CM O Ob CM Ob O Ob O*0O4 cn CM in OcOb O ^O 44 Ob' r-- CM CM o o% O Ob O Ob icno <n QO m n O 4 O 44 Ob CM in o> uo (inO in iCnD CmM m O Ob in* 4o4 Ob cm as <" Ob CO o bO OQ I** CM SOb Ob O Ob o2f- -- CM S CM o CM O m a. oo PianOo b*mTO CCM0 Ui o r*> CM o CM 10 o L> <Z/t O A 1838 7 44 T3 V* V *" 44 U L tt> 01 44 -- u i0n1 k |4 W O 4V4 O Zk 44 4* c o ou *o c. e o < 'o SZ OJb5oi Z 0/ >v 01 o ow 19 Q. L04 UJ a.-- 4- o <y `O o - *> oc as.w X am o a. UCC 022702 H- ou u u k. O cX 0 4- * k. o Uk4 4UO4lJ Z 04 OMQX> 'O -O C7b >> W E *$ O *o tj * ww *a-- C01 Uvib^> 164 m 77 m* o O t. CO 2S i*> CO S CtoO lO CO M r> - o oi >Ot 41 <*> o 8M*3g UI (A 41 i >o,' co vO sm VO a 9k SJ ^ 41 CO CM vO O CM . A^ GO o^ ll <*) o9cni 4>1, oi/> a*- CO v VO 41(/i vO O s 41 ^ >k O41 vA o #-- O s cm a CM ON 41 > IO 32 41 41 9k > VO D -C i U S o v 3 s M >i >O su s ui 9> CM r*. svo VO Ok o s o CM lO 9k O CM 9* s 9k 9> CO 9k CO o GO 3 n VO f% 9k U a. n u VO k 41 VO > VO 14 5 8388 S49 41 4-* I ai - -- 4 /i a v, , s* *9 ^ 9 * 41 V/ C4. ui o 41 9 *oE CO o -a i- o ** c 4 |Q<4. X U c 9* o k i/i vi 4. O o O *- 9 c* O VI <- v 4cC1 iCvOi 9 aGt tc U3 9> *-*0 3 e a. o 4 k Wl m*0 2<~ < a. 1/1 UCC 022703 u o o e to => 78 u ou icno s ul co a> o' CM tO m u> i0oA4>acO>*' to rt to O' u> co O' 8 0)1 o O O' O O O' O ** O' o <cr OtoV CM to CM CO *T 8 O' <M rt to u> o o CM S Ot > O' > O' s'**CPtO' O' s o> CM O oo *o * O 4J OV 40 O' cm CO CtoM <n CM o Ot O' CM o o a/ 8SS -- CM CO to O* o MS O' a *o co to So O' to O' to r- O O' o to O' * O MOi <30 CO to O' to to O O' 8OI O' S o - CM to O CO U*> +J OV to o> cm v; 00 CM o o * to <*o CM O' to O' c* A 18389 oo So O T s *-- CM o </ o o o au CO to tn CO CO <o to f-* to O' O' O' ti> *o 4 3a ce o ac i? "O V) OO U'OX i. to 2L & L uo Of *-* c o <-> ^ --u , * <H 2 01 cx "O tj aO V v * wt ** <v */ t't "O v- -- 1) -k--- ^ X o i a^ vt *- i-- o C-- O CJ -Q U ca t- O S- b* Z M Ui v & W 5E O<9' Ox 9 i" V * C tn > 5U O 3 V- * ** O UJ &)/) o t> LU <( UJ o UCC 022704 79 (O oo n o CO o 41 0o>4 44>1 Stn aHl r*> O tn tO Cf o oO^>k uV>a>t to a M r Ok V r oi oSf--S1 21 VI eOnk a0>>; oi or "ll coar> CM UY o CO u MO C4 CM co <n Ok 0J IO r-- t oV >, O P- 00 o*0 v> Ok Va> -- > or Op- N CO r- co CM <n Ifl U> *-- s lA M> Ok td nr% CO lO (A Ok 5* CM CO Ok (J (A V V) 2*toCO +* N VI 3 1 <*> cn o CM lA co CM Table 25 r>. Ok VI -- o 'i 839c O M* U VI V vk S> 4 Ut VI a. 01 0> e W 01 aj vk P" VI > o t- V* Q. *~ * >kOf Ml o 01 Q. <0 w tw Of -- o 3 *- 3- u & Vk -- uj O O <o s. E co w O LLl O -O 0> 3 "O .e.a. o * i- *- Vc *T IO ^ uw uo o e "O o < 3 W Vk W vk Vk 4 u .*_> -r? o 4- T3 1o vk C tv- c c z C *> o> c Vo z V o Vk O3 vk C VI w O3 TO Ok 4) t_ o o Of /> "5 Ok O <TJ -- f L. -* c Q. O V E -C w ^ U fc. 7 V 41 w Of V w >s o ^ wo > O tnh- < fr- a. c *o 4>--UO 41 >a .c *- o O 3 -C0O1 CO u v> *o ON s oo *<7* *T O 4o* 09e9>>* O <7* 4A <yv 9> O CM o*o 4) 9* CM OO 99>1 O (7) OO* +o* 94TkCM o% CO OSO90%1I O% O- 91* m 9> OOO C99%1l * O > m + 0* CM -9 CM o CM ce o H O 91 3 a - O 91 O* O* 91- as o u o iOin m i-- a. o CM s7S 2 o* o 19l/> U) n i/> cn m o in in m g O in m as 91 00 o* N <o 04 o o\ r0V- s CO o 9* 91 U) 91 CM o 9> 00 u> <o CM 9lO CM Table 25 (Cont.) A 1 8391 u os -- in z o u 5? h* h- 00 wt o 4 *9 i o z * 1o -- r-- <c tft O9 Z 0J > at o 9>*n> a. kE a> lu > c *o c c2 o WO U -C k ^ w wH c^ a o.*? k> T* O uO u ^ aik w OC O 1a -- c O VI <0C 3 o JO k m -* vi O m -m W w *-- C <n re m 4* V %n *- c *- -- w k o *-- O c a< a o.'o mm e a E re O 3 *v.s; o <n o re Ck UCC 022706 5 * i. x ko ^ OS* -- L *-**= uV V a# v Ts?. 3g ?f>o Cc Mm 4>1 &6 y in 81 C| 4o*1 ICfM) o 04 in r--* ** a, r n <74 O- *k*,i oCll CM ^CMb <CMn CM o| 91 +V o^ o -"i w 1 1 rt A <74 C> Cl >o "I (t 11 in 04 in 04 <r 40 1 M t 49 C04l c4) sr >oi O 04 o n o C*O rs Or- rs in a hs iOo n CM rs. u 4/5 9k O 4kJ9 c oo 9 c V CM P*B k s> c o - o<wu o 4u o ul <4* ^Mp* 91 04 <n VO CMs* VnO in 1O Sn co rCsO f-- UEi 04 OOJf ov > o 40 CM CCMO m i0Bn--4 7k "o ^I VO CM 49 o1 p--O CM O. nVr*O* nin 04* b* CM CO m in c/> Si CmM S CrsO 04 0/ r- >* 1 bO- pOa- in VO* CM rs. VmO <o rBs* fs IA n no n rs rs CUM*) rs o 04 in vn n 04 CM PO >44Uk9 id zu M rs. <n <r> O) 04 m1 p--o CO rs n vo C0M4B B-- CM 04 n s oB rpt 8 I k* in OC o4tJ-- lit 01 ^ >4 1O o. o rb*--* O oCM in* rs*. <*> sr VO 5 sr in rs C0M4 n 39 2 u ik k o wo Ursil 4 49 M s 2 X Ui k k o> k uC c o9k -*-> uCo 4J 9SI o z 49 ** i 91 o. 41 >* o VSii 9t OS p-- f co Ui o *9 SI -- W) V4 a. u BB CL * 9 O f-- k n -- o Si T3 "O *SuI 9 E 19 Si 4J Qi 91 po>p4 lU b~ 4i 4*- *0 9 o ^B \> o Xo k *c e . k A i/t ok d +* -o O +* "O k o z S04i m C. c o o U o3 k p-- jC Si k s* Sci 9c C Ml W c Oo. o3 o JZ ** XUsr Ui *o w 0V4 9 Si Vi *oo Si c>a a c o >o <e w C < r- a. vn UCC 022707 m Is, BPS Irt U SI a g M # r~ 19 4i k (8 r* O 4- Sb w o 91 3 in rs r0-4* OS> -Vc u o 3 SkI m in * 82 L O > oM uHu *n CM o o\ 00 (A Ok u> o r *o o0in4oioo>n r> (A OOk* ON O CM o o CM O Ok OO- o Ook O-POt om oon CrsM. cm so 00 r n Ok O SOk Ok O Ok O * Om O Ookk cm 3 So* Ok CM O Ok 4) 8SS A O ^ CM CO CM cn CM VO CM O Ok SOk Ok O o VO in ao <*> o o m o> Ok VO CM CM cn 00 So* Ok O Ok in 4o4 ok cm o vO CO k> oce o o^ *-- CM m o o m vO m 00 cm o tn u UJ cc '8393 o 00 o CM CM Ok in oc u C* 23 5 O S TJ 4/ 41 2^ ow W L. w wk U 41 ^O 4) <0 CO w ^ -- e a. c41 >N o VI f C 3 v)ir- 3* a ^ ^ -o O w* ^ <o ai aiQ 4- L. O CO 3 C 0J Cl O U *A SC Ui 4** 4> 4411 1-2*013 4 Ok >t * O. ^ VJ V +* .C t} 4J o a o o>a o3 E V I * OJ v*- E Q o c w >kX V_> o--' c k > S Ui < w > < UCC 022708 83 o *- MU Mo w N to CD tA (A <A CM VA r- U (A o 0> ,0 O C >1 u o 31 Ui M Ok A Ok a* 01 > 0 0 *-- 0a vrt e IV VI <OTVt 4<U) *T > O* --o' vr> o ME M Ok a CM >t O O 1 M 0 Ok 4> Ok > Oml O r q E Ui n vo 4A Ok 4Q>> ^ , O O *-- CM Q. V ov qi To 2-Sj /> Ok vO ai rv *m O CM 40 VO O co O rt O CM 111 o* co VO CM m hs. O C7V Ok VO (O CM (A CJ OIk V>o u> a VO VO CM IA r Ok ro CM VO O) tO^ > o* a\ su CM o u rt CM r*. CM ** rvO 10 O o o Ok CO VO CO 3; Ok A 18394 & S'at iA O i; ai vi au -- a. E v T4--* 00// s- >- o c k % O ^5 IQ si rz uO X -0 o C9 u $ 1/1a> 2 3 O 3 T93 ko -fcJ D <A C V Ok -5 <9 k IA vk o -- ec vk vC 9 C Q. O v TLJ fOOk C> +J I/I UCC 022709 lA r* Ok 2>k O (A fc. a> (A o 1. (A * 01 VA e o 9 9 9 (O IA 84 O *-- 4-> 3 U 4o-* u hC o u M cm m rv rt o OS so ov ooOssi O O OS S4J cn o> cm O Os O OS O o os O W os O SO n O os O Os o * S4- O' Os to OS CO CM 10 Os Ot Os O O * os to OS CS1 ^ e o gu ot ho GO Os O r*. O O -o M1 a CM O +* OS Ot P o *r CM .O OS OS O OS *o O +* O' tn os to to so OS o 0oOSss P * SO 4-* O' CM ^ eg Q O O' OO OOss O O VTf I-- CM O S GO SO <0 <n * CM O <v CM so to * sO o CM o os to OS CM OS CfsM. S O CO so * SO CO 00 CO (M sO GO * SO OS OS S Os S n CM SO co o vs u O *o ocp p VS *4 L O Ol V A 1 839b < -- o M 4> - VI O OJ 2T p i I/I I/I s- E 0) UJ UCC 022710 f 41 aa E >1 9 a*. ot. vo . *--a/. wO L M Z S w a* ** a? p tj <0 o >, S. E o O Lr- T3 v t) a c v > e SO 85 k lA co o rt vs IA o nr CM a u *i <D co CO o Ok H- P C vs as co u M A 4) o g| 9 1 1 n as sa 40 n so nr f 1 so T** o V) in k o *v u u 4- c o <_> k o 3 *3 +> as X 4> a> a> -e CO V) N c 49 c o a P- c V o o a: k o m u k vs k as - u 2 U 49 4> V as V) 3 Q 6\J n OS 41 OS 49 OS >i 1o it ui N A s 41 os ds nr >i >o SOpI-- is JSt CO o -nr J9 sO CO GO XI as CM o so in OS 41 nr- ai CM > io s as vs 41 OS 49 as >s o "o3-- CM nr in r" CM o as s co * CM ro co r CO os CM co CM CM SO CM crv a- co CM f-- CM CD U) CO CM 4S os as *T >, *O o -- cm a U5J CM ITS nr vs 41 Os 49 -- >t >O -- ^t Ui CD CM rs CM vs CO 49 Os >, 1o U)f* a. & V) m n vs 40 41 SO 41 as s ^ >i 1 o -- *& u s L ^5 u u. o vs Ui o IS4 li (/) vs h- k Z 0i vs Vk >- Li o a O ku J % <e z i_ ow Ui c SUi a *o o 4/ w w u Ui 41 o z 49 < VS m u 'o C 1-- O rn s p* PM * CO nr s F" .* CO as r<w so CO CO CM PM ps. P*. rO as CM cn CM rt CM 00 SO o PM so Ok b a CM 00 so Pn. s CM SO OS o <* fn. CM so CM CO* nr CO CM as so * o CM CM vs li V> Cl 4 V* 49 4) SA >s U L 49 *0 ac -- a e co Ui O -O W U Si O 3 k vs *> *o o 1A C zc O SA Oi tj 3 as o <o r-> Z k 49 *iw >o c r- VS 4> P-- vs vs & L. r-- CL 3 -- Wlr^ LO s-g-0 <D L Xo Lmm o w -a vec 4i n> VS C SA i-> 6 3 C Q. O V E J= E O ni a. UCC 022711 r- Cm co VI M 4* 4i *- 4i <4 >* EO n- *3, vs E Ui Ui %. oo z u e& L 4 *-- y Lv 4i C T5 > 4i L VP nl 33 U a y sn > s o o uc o k O m 3M VS 41 ck 4 3 U at <w at SO Pu c as vs O V vs vs 3a vt c *o 49 U o> 49 m z c O O 49 3C fO 49 k g g 3o Ov ns VS i <a 3a 4 JO 86 OH r> 3CM GO 8 OOtf) POOOOK*t SOH OH O OH C4N Os Oo oo 3 3 f^. o<*> 8 O. OhH S' OH <o ro 8 g sO- 4O- o OH G I/I HO CHI g -ot OH eo u o*o\ OV r-- CHI 3 CO CM O OH tO OH O Oh O (HJ O OH -o * O ** Oh HO Oh 8GO 9h OH in--woOnH <M Hf OH rtot to to 8S O Oh 0-4Oi^r- -- cm o I-- a. so ctoO 3 CM o> CHI <H4 tO to CM to CM <* UH tO 83 9? -*- c 8 o V 41 TJ *> 2 "5oc 3 4J C 3 *1 O +*--* 01 4- Z 4io u 0 41 -- u o vs a ai w k. 0 M <0 C *- k VH O *1 k H- C V) C 41 41 ^ <c 4i a 6 0 3*-O V (/> k s u o zu o >H CT*~ o & ve o o.*-- Ml -- O 41 *0 F-- U w trt C IFF* 4c-1 Oa rano vEa o 41 Ul W(K O O >vU %n O UCC 022712 u o ui i4l/ 41 U i 4*0 3 CJH 4^ ^ O * 4> C VH > 4UI< Vt Employees (percent) 87 ps o ca VI k o w o k 4-> c o o jsc u o 2 OV <si o 0) 49 p- L .A u c 9- o o P* o VI u V VI k 49 4-* O <0 k (O u * 4- u 01 g -- 41 %n s ce 839 8 u u. o UJ PM s v H* Z >O -j UJ UJ < 3 UJ Z* C c J 4V -* o Ok p- > c o o CM fs rs Is > ' + 41 o o oo -*i U4 r'" VI Ol 41 IO o-- oa E iu <n VI Ol 49 o* a> ^> >o o*~ u) a CM E UJ Oi (A 49 *- 49 CM X * cy o >-- oa #-- E UJ Ps M 09 Ol 49 Ol >, io "1 CM CM (A 49 Ol 49 -O' >i Ol o -- cm a s Ul 5 v 41 Ol Q9 --X iO o-- -- Q. m CM CM CM VI 49 49 oi x 1a (A a t rs O *r VI 49 41 r X lo "I Ol *oo o Vft u VI u 4 V) +* k 19 O <9 49 Uo * 90 jC k u V c T} o 49 k> -*v O 09 o SE 09 VI o *9 o 9-- cp CO <M cn Ol cn S o V) V-- lA m CM wO 00 Ol kA m Ol CM CM Ol rs lO r Ol Ol 40 ao to Cl o CM ID m M> A CM o OI Ol a> 9k. lA Ol Ol m O Ol t-* CM CO cn CM CM CM o ps iA lA ^T cn Ol CO s Ol Ps * o> VO 00 Ol cn cn ON CO o CO LA m vO rs. CM Ol Ol CM CM Ps 40 m CO LA LA cn O Ps CM Ps V) fs m Ol * io CM <n IA LA o Ol o m a> fM A* CM ps CM VO Cl CM LA CM CM m cn O CM VI 4- VI a. % 49 VI > (J k pO*m 49 4 OC *-- UJ oc oo uo <3 k VI *9 TJ o vi C e O V* 49 U9 3 cn O kp -- -C +* 41 Ww >o 9-- VI 49 r-- VI VI CL k p- & <o <a 3- k v> o rt ip UX wO ok VI *- XV>I w CC 49 n vi e vi u o3 c o. o E E O -k X -9w s w o t UJ ok ko k X --' U9 *9 49 C ko Ol 49 P 19 <e k L 49 49 c > CX C'-- v> LA Ps Ol ^ k a. < * Ps, rs pTM o VI (A 49 k 49 (A X k 49 M 3 T3 C CM Ps Ol VI 49 VI kk J O VI 3 (9 *o <9 ck 49 e co o V9 49 (9 P 33 k3 w VI > c O i o w *" o o (A 3 VI VI 49 ck 41 3 O Ol k- JC Ol LA C PS Ol VI O u M VI 33 VI c 49 k> o > J <9 -* O w ap 49 3C n 49 4 k 38 CD O 4 LA 3 oa 3 88 U poto* u9v CM MO CD oin VO 9 9co rt 9in so O' 9 9 oOpOeOn' 9 0t 9 0 09 g~S O9 O9 O* O 9- O P* 9; O 9: 99 o CO CO 99 9 r- 9 9 m 9 9 040 so 9 9 9 <n o 9 *r 5T CM cr o u O9 O9 O9 O29 99 89 9 O9 O " 9 40 9 cm *r <5 9 to oc g * O 2u e9 O9 O9 O CM 9 CM CM CO M0 9 9 CM O CM O f^. 9 9 $9 o 9 9 Ml 9V 9 CO CM or CM <n MO CM 9 r-s. Vmm r** 9 9 r* * a 9 CM O9 9 r* 9 <n 9o CM rt 9 CM CM 9 9o CM CM CM CO s CM "18399 CM O n 9 99 9 on r> 9 CM H OC o 44 **- S~PU i0L4 oc - CM 44 ** r-- U 44 9L e o O 4044 >> 44 O 9-- *o O. U 04 U4 3 O M. 3 U' UCC 022714 413 in PfO* C< 3o X -e p W V* w o p w It- C VI 4 -> -- O C O. 0.-0 04 E O. E>*UO 3/> V *0 44 V. fc. WZ M LU 04 01 PO TO * 9 >* U O 4 p L- 14 *4 01 a C 0>E 4 Ui<U 89 AVERAGE EMPLOYMENT SIZE Of CONTRACTOR U .S . B u re a u o f th e C e n su s. 1975m . C ensus o f C o n s tru c tio n In d u s trie s . 1 9 7 2 . In d u s try S e rie s (S IC 1 7 9 9 ), 1975 D a ta c o m b in e d to a v o id d is c lo s in g fig u r e s o f 'in d iv id u a l c o n tra c to rs . o o <n 4> o ^ lrt N Ot CM to CM Uh <- Q M got CY 4P 0 >1 o' o --as' 0 9ati a>4)i s-I eg E hi M ce^rgt 44>>> s-2 i coi 4a>1> to A to in o *9 a00t CM l/l 9k CM o o eC*M. 01IP! VOCTY *4>o-1' cm a i 0to0 Ps. mr* 4> 04 4i V O r- '"g hi o o m 00 s sVI 41 41 tt9Ook OiniV >or 4491 * or sul Ok o CO r* CO in m 840C u 41 VI 4-> L. uO *9 Uu to 4Q JZ W oW e TJ o 41 - >v u u O 4> *0 QC r-- a. E co Ui O T3 W Ifr. Uo 3 *up -vot VI c c^ UO V9I -- JoZ 4V Ov v* a <A ^ Ok 4 3 *4 *- V1fL 0-0 0 W C*D <Q <9 X o t. VI ec WOO c ao E ow Siuv UCC 022715 41 wV VI >i Ui o 4. CL os Ui u o uo 01 c 'O oi 4> 4 h hU JQ u d 4) V C > Q. <sv 4 ; 340 If o F-B W 4U +> O L. 1- ** c o o g o o o o US o OS as o Os a O OS O Os US OS CM 4* VS o Os OS o OS o O OS +* O' o o 19 CM m O rx CM 4* o* CM * O * rx CM m CM rs CO > US CM o CM -O CM rx Cx CM Cx IO to *a ** CM O " CM OO<Js\ o *ov VO oo foxo Om O 7l OO OS O* O OS *- OS cm t ooo o0o*1 *o * O 4J O' q <r r-- CVi <n s CM CM O Os OS CM in O' o CO r O "2 CT os CM Oin os**s n CM CO CO in O' os vo 3 O Os r<- o O O' Os o v0 O OS VO 00 * * CM sr OS CM o o> O os <23 O' O * w 0 *-- CM r*x CM O r r os in 00 o VO O VO OS in o o >- oc 53 UO . ,2 is v*. O U Of V> L V c w J= 3 U O rF* c 73 o ^ O <4- Of o u *4 w V- o u 4J ui 4j oiV 4- in m O (V irt irt 4 O V* V- *-- vs ^ l in z vn 3h- F-- U a* o . L. OO ZV > C -- o o.-- *q m 4/ O m-- w __ M V V 3 C7t > 4 Lo Z *j <v e u ** o 4-* U C *-- vs V- E * u o*4a 41 -O --- u C Or 0 ai w c a. e o -* a> a. v- V UJ ) O s. ' Of o <Q O 3 iq > Ol VI c V* > 4 l.l 111 UCC 022716 Table 31 Trade Groups Utilizing Asbestos Products 92 | Vinyl asbestos flo o r t ile SIC 1623 1711 1721 1731 1741 1742 1751 1752 1761 1799 Trade Group Water, sewer, pipe line communication and power line construction Plumbing, heating (except electric) and air conditioning Painting, paper hanging, and decorating Electrical work Masonry, stone setting, other stone work Plastering, drywall, acoustical, and insu lation work Carpentering Floor laying and other floorwork Roofing and sheet metal work Special trade contractors, not elsewhere classified Sources: Godfrey 1976. McGraw-Hill 1975. EEH 1976b, d-e. A 1840? X xX X XX xxxxx X XX XXXXX X X XX UCC 022717 93 of men required. The number of man-days was determined by dividing the total quantity of asbestos product manufactured by the labor out put capacity per man-day, e.g., 10,000,000 tile squares produced per year divided by 500 squares per man-day would equal 50,000 man-days of labor required. Data on labor capacities were obtained from Building Construction Cost Data (Godfrey 1975). The only authoritative and com prehensive source identifying the total amount of asbestos products pro duced with the product division required is the 1972 Census of Manufac turers (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1974a). When units were provided in the census that corresponded to the units in Building Construction Cost Data (Godfrey 1973), it was a simple matter of division. Where units were not compatible or quantities were not given, it was necessary to take the dollar value of product shipments and divide it by the cost per unit to obtain the number of units. These unit costs obtained from Building Construction Cost Data (Godfrey 1973) were then compatible with labor output capacities from the same source, and the number of man-days could be determined. Once the number of man-days had been obtained, further calculations were required to estimate the average number of men needed. First, the average number of days worked for each class of worker was determined from Figures 2, 3, and 8. The worker classifica tions and percent of the total workers for each subclassification were determined as described in Section III-A-2. Thus, the workers install ing felts and asbestos cement sheets were each assumed to be 50 percent of the numbers shown in Figure 8; the pipe installers were 50 percent of the numbers shown Tn Figure 2; the tile installers were 10 percent of the numbers shown in Figure 3; and the shingle installers were 33 percent of A 18403 UCC 022718 94 the numbers shown in Figure 3. For each month of the year of interest, the appropriate number of workers employed was determined, then multiplied by the number of weekdays in that month, and the resulting product summed for each month of. the year. This annual total was then divided by the maximum number of workers employed during any month of the year of interest. The resulting value was the average number of days each workers within a subclassification was employed during the given year. To determine the number of workers, the man-day estimates were divided by the appropriate average number of days worked. The result was the number of workers, employed full-time, required for each product. The required data were available to equate this information for the following products: felts, pipe, tiles, shingles, and cement sheets. The calcula tions and results are presented in Table 32. The calculations of Table 32 can also be applied to the data obtained from the EH survey of asbestos manufacturers for 1975. Four products can be applied. The calculations and results are given in Table 33. One interesting feature of the estimated numbers of full-time workers required for installation of asbestos-containing materials is the relatively small value obtained. The most obvious area, to cite an example, is felts. In 1972, monthly employment among roofing workers ranged from approximately 42,000 to 55,000 assuming they comprise half of the roofing and sheet metal workers. Only 506 full-time roofers would have been required to install all the asbestos felt produced as roofing. It is much more likely that greater numbers of workers are involved in the installation of asbestos-containing materials, but only for a small portion of the year. The whole subject of worker number and time period A 1 8404 UCC 022719 95 Table 32 Calculated Man-Days Based on 1972 Census of Manufacturers Data Calculations FELTS (1972) Value of total manufactured Average value per square Number of squares Labor output capacity Man-days; workers PIPE (1972) Value of total manufactured Average value per linear foot Number of feet produced Labor output capacity Man-days; workers FLOOR TILES 1. Vinyl asbestos plain-backed tile Quantity of squares produced Labor output capacity Man-days 2. Vinyl asbestos adhesive-backed tile Yalue of total manufactured Average value per tile Number of units produced Labor output capacity Man-days 3. Asphalt floor tile Quantity of square feet produced Labor output Man-days Total man-days; workers SHINGLES Quantity of squares Labor output Man-days; workers Results $ 36,500,000 $ 5.20 7.019.000 59 squares per man 119.000 man-days; 506 workers $ 143,300,000 $ 3.61 39.700.000 274 feet per 3-man crew 145.000 (3) 435,000 man-days; 1,900 workers 1.164.600.000 square feet 540 square feet per man 2.157.000 man-days $ 48,000,000 $ 0.255 per square feet 188,000,000 square feet 540 square feet per man 349,000 man-days 88,200,000 540 square feet per man 163.000 man-days 2.157.000 349.000 163.000 2.669.000 man-days; 10,939 workers 1.300.000 4 squares 325.000 man-days; 1,332 workers A 1840b UCC 022720 96 Table 33 Calculated Man-Days Based on EEH Survey Data Calculations FELTS (1975) Value of total manufactured Average value per square foot Quantity of squares produced Labor output capacity Kan-days; workers PIPE (1975) Value of total manufactured Average value per foot Number of linear feet produced Labor output capacity Man-days; workers SHINGLES (1975) Quantity of squares produced Labor output capacity Man-days; workers CEMENT SHEETS (1975) Value of total manufactured Average value per square foot Number of square feet produced Labor output capacity Man-days; workers Results $152.000,000 $7.97 19.070.000 59 squares per man 329.000 man-days; 1,406 workers $160,000,000 $4.69 34.115.000 274 feet per 3-nan crew 124.000 (3) a 372,200 man-days; 1,577 workers 518,000 4 squares 129,500 man-days; 524 workers $28,440,000 $1.32 per square foot 21,545,000 682 square feet per 4-man crew 31,600 (4) * 126,400; 540 workers A 18406 ~ UCC 022721 9? spent working with asbestos-containing materials requires further inves tigation during Phase 2. c. Percentage of Market Held by Selected Asbestos Products From the 1972 Census of Manufacturers (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1975o), it is possible to determine the dollar value of wholesale ship ments of a broad range of manufactured products. This information can be useful in estimating the relative economic importance of these products in the marketplace. There are, however, two factors that limit the use of these data in developing comparative information on competing indus tries or products: (1) for some products, sales figures are not given, and (2) not all products are listed individually or in comparable cate gories. For four basic types of construction materials, it was possible to develop comparable data on a major asbestos product and several alternate products that compete directly with it. These are shown in Table 34. 4. Installation and Application The following sections deal primarily with installation and appli cations of asbestos-containing materials used in construction. Two sections deal specifically with alternative materials being used and with data relating to the dollar value of asbestos materials used in various structures. a. Asbestos Friction Materials Asbestos friction materials are used in the construction industry as A 18407 UCC 022722 98 SIC 3253 2426 30796 32926 32925 32721 32591 32592 26461 32927 73 75 29532 51 29523 55 32927 81 85 32751 2661 32927 41 32927 98 Table 34 Dollar Value of A Major Asbestos Product and Several Alternate Products Value Million Dollars Percent Ceramic wall and floor tile Hardwood dimensions and flooring Floor tile (construction plastic products) Vinyl-asbestos floor tile Asphalt floor tile (containing asbestos) 157.9 579,0 | 102.3 199.3 } 9.1 1,047.6 80.11 19.89 100.00 Concrete pipe Vitrified clay sewer pipe and fittings Drain tile (clay) Pressed and molded pulp goods, bituminous fiber pipe, sewer and drainage, conduit and fittings Asbestos cement products--pipe, conduits, ducts, and pressure pipes 565.3 134.7 9.5 22.6 143.3 875/4 83.63 16.37 Too.00 Asphalt-saturated felts for built-up roofing systems and for sheathing Tar-saturated felts for built-up roofing systems Asbestos felts--roofing, asphalt- and tarsaturated and other 78.2 ' 3.1 36.5 JTT8 69.02 30.98 Too.oo Calcined gypsum building materials, building plasters, and prefabricated building components Building papers and millboards Flat sheets and wall board (asbestos) Other asbestos and asbestos-cement products, including millboards and prefabricated housing 538.4 1 456.2) 20.7 23.7 1,039.0 95.73 4.27 100.00 UCC 022723 A 18408 99 clutch facings and brake linings on virtually all moving equipment. This includes trucks and other vehicles, conveyors, cranes, and elevators. A small quantity of asbestos fibers are released from friction mate rial during normal operation of construction machinery as the clutch facings and brake linings wear. Due to the extremely high temperatures involved in the operation of the friction materials, most of the asbestos fibers released from the materials-wearing surface have been thermally degraded. For example, most samples of material released from motorvehicle brakes contained less than 1 percent asbestos as compared with 50 percent in the original lining formulation. During normal usage, the abraded particles of the asbestos linings may be partially trapped in the housings of manual clutches and brake drums. During the servicing and overhauling of motor-vehicle brakes and manual clutches, the accumulated asbestos-containing dust is frequently dislodged from drums and housings by directing 9 compressed air jet against the deposits. This results in airborne asbestos emissions to the work space and consequent exposure of the mechanics working on the vehicles. Mechanics seldom, if ever, wear respirators for protection against asbestos. The siirple use of a vacuum cleaner to collect the lining deposits would remove a majority of the potential asbestos emissions. Used brake shoes are generally collected and shipped to companies that recycle them. The asbestos friction material, which is removed from the shoe, is disposed of as an industrial waste. b. Asbestos-Cement Siding Shingles, Clapboard, and Roofing Shingles Asbestos-cement shingles are made as individual shingles or in long UCC 022724 A 18409 100 rectangular strips, some of which are cut to look like several shingles. Either type may have a plain, striated, or wood-textured surface. All have predrilled holes for application. Asbestos-roofing shingles are similar to siding shingles. The major difference is that the roofing shingles are up to twice the thickness of siding shingles. This extra thickness affords the strength required to support the installers during installation of the roofing shingles. The composition of the asbestos cement used in shingle manufacture is approximately 80 percent Portland cement and 20 percent asbestos fibers. Asbestos shingles are shipped to the job site on pallets. Each pallet contains a number of bundles. The bundles are edge-wrapped in cardboard and banded. A bundle is one-third of a square, and a square contains sufficient material to cover 100 square feet of area. At the job site, as material is used, each bundle is unwrapped. The possibility of exposure to asbestos fibers during shipment and storage is minimal. The asbestos shingles are installed by a carpenter (SIC 1751). Most shingles are applied to the rows in their original size. At the end of a row and to fit around wall and roof openings, the shingles must be cut. Shingles are cut and shaped by use of a hand-operated shear. In cases where additional nailing holes are needed, they are formed by use of a hand-operated shingle punch. The use of the shingle punch and shear generates minimal dust. The abrasion of roofing shingle surfaces from the movements of installers over the roof surface may also release some asbestos dust. UCC 022725 A 184 1C 101 The productivity of a single carpenter in the installation of asbestos shingles is four to eight squares, or 400 to 800 square feet, per day. The amount installed is highly dependent on how much cutting and fitting are involved. Waste pieces of asbestos shingles are generally disposed of by placing them in the excavation along the building foundation. They are then buried during the backfilling operation. No special cleanup procedures are employed by workers installing asbestos shingles, and no protective equipment is used to prevent inhala tion of asbestos fibers. Alternative siding materials are wood, fiberboard, brick, stone, stucco, concrete, aluminum, and vinyl. Alternative roofing materials are tile, slate, and asphalt shingles and roofing materials. c. Vinyl Asbestos Floor Tile Vinyl asbestos floor tile consists of a vinyl wearing surface with an asbestos felt backing. It is manufactured in sheets and in individual tiles measuring 12 inches on a side. It is available with either plain or adhesive backing. Installation of vinyl asbestos tile involves some cutting or fitting the tiles or sheets along walls and around columns. The tile is generally cut by hand with a knife. Exposure to asbestos during installation is minimal. There may, however, be significant asbestos exposure during tear-up of old flooring by virtue of the work practices employed. In the past, the tile was ripped up, and any asbestos backing left adhering to the UCC 022726 M841 1 102 floor was sanded off. This operation created large amounts of dust con taining asbestos. Currently, there are two newer methods for removal of the old floor, both of which greatly reduce asbestos dust. The newer flooring is designed so that the wearing surface will delaminate from the backing felt at removal. The felt remaining on the floor is not sanded; instead, a new floor is laid on top of the old asbestos backing. Another method is to nail underlayment (i.e., masonite or plywood) over the old floor material, which is not removed. The new floor surface is then laid on the under layment. When removal of this newer surface is necessary, it is re moved with the underlayment. Then, new underlayment is installed. Additionally, the manufacturers of vinyl asbestos floor tile are trying to develop a suitable substitute for the asbestos backing material. It is not known what control procedures for cleanup and dust control, if any, are currently in use by the industry. Alternative materials include stone, ceramic tile, hardwood, and carpeting. d. Asbestos Textiles Asbestos textiles are used primarily as firehoses, fire blankets, welding pads, strain reliefs, and gasketing rope. The asbestos fibers are firmly woven into the materials binder. It is unlikely that any exposure to asbestos would occur from normal use of the products. The only likely field operation would be the cutting of lengths of asbestos rope for use in applications such as cadwelding and manhole gasketing. UCC 022727 M8412 103 e. Pipe Insulation and Other Asbestos Insulation, Including Block Insulation Asbestos insulation for the construction industry is no longer manu factured in the United States. A telephone survey of 12 members of the National Association of Insulation Contractors confirmed that none of the contacted contractors were using asbestos insulating materials. These materials are of concern, therefore, from the standpoint of demolition rather than installation. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Federal Register, October 14, 1975) has imposed regulations for the removal and disposal of friable asbestos materials from any building to be demolished, in order to pre vent emission of particulate asbestos to the outside atmosphere. The regulations stipulate removal of any friable asbestos from materials used to insulate or fireproof ducts, pipes, boilers, tanks, reactors, furnaces, turbines, or any structural units if the asbestos content exceeds 1 percent by weight. The operations involving the removal of friable asbestos materials from structures to be demolished generally consists of wetting, stripping, bagging and cleanup, and disposal. The materials to be removed are first wetted to prevent dust from becoming airborne during the subsequent strip ping operation. Water, which is most often used as the wetting agent, is either sprayed onto the materials by means of a pressure hose or can be poured on the surfaces. In some cases, it is difficult to adequately soak the materials to be removed. Insulation on pipes is often thick, and water sprayed or poured on the surfaces will not completely penetrate UCC 022728 8413 k 104 underlying layers of insulation. In other instances, the materials can be easily wetted. The thickness condition and type of asbestos material will influence the wetting operation. The stripping of asbestos materials consists of mechanically removing insulation or sprayed coatings from the surfaces of ducts, pipes, or equip ment. The wetted material is usually removed by means of hand scrapers, knives, or other implements convenient for the purpose. Sizes of material removed can range from dust to large chunks. In some cases where thorough wetting of the materials cannot be accomplished, considerable dust may become airborne. Control techniques such as a local exhaust or a water spray could be used to minimize dust but in actual cases, these measures may not be employed. Stripped material is generally allowed to fall to the floor and may be wetted if still dusty. After stripping is completed in an area, the resulting waste material is placed into containers. Large pieces are usually placed into containers by hand while smaller pieces are shoveled or swept up. Plastic bags have been used as containers for disposal purposes. If the waste material has not been thoroughly wetted, considerable dust may be generated by handling during this operation. Overloading of plastic bags with waste material has caused bags to tear when moved from the stripping site. Cleanup oper ations also include personal hygiene. In some cases, there may be no provisions for workers to change clothes and shower before they go to lunch or go home for the day. Asbestos materials deposited on work clothes or in the hair have the potential to become airborne after the worker leaves the demolition site. A I84 H UCC 022729 105 f. Asbestos-Cement Products Pipe, Conduit, and Ducts; Pressure Pipe Asbestos-cement piping is an extruded product. Pipe is supplied in various diameters and in standard lengths, depending on the manufacturer. Pipe lengths are machined at the ends to accept a bell coupling with rub ber Orrings for integrity. Most pipe is factory-be!led on one end. Belled pipe is supported on lumber between layers and checked and strapped during shipment. Unbelled pipe is generally nested. Shipment is by flatbed truck or flatcar by rail. Asbestos-cement pipe is seldom covered during transport. Asbestos cement is not shock-resistant, and, during unloading and handling, the smaller diameter pipes, with their thinner wall thickness, can be easily damaged, especially on the machined ends. Such damage may require field operations for salvage or repair of the undamaged portion. The standard crew laying an 8-inch gravity sewer pipe consisted of eight persons. These include a foreman, four laborers, two machine oper ators, and an oiler. Two persons work in the trench with the pipe, and two persons at ground level lower the pipe into the trench. Operations vary depending on pipe diameter. Basically, the machined end of each pipe length is lubricated, then levered into the previous bell. There is no exposure during routine installation practice. The productivity of this crew is from 200 to 700 linear feet per day, depending upon the depth of the trench and water-table depth. Most pipe is installed in the lengths delivered from the factory. The most common operation at the job site is the beveling of damaged UCC 022730 ft 184 1 b 106 pipe ends, which is performed by hand filing. Very little dust is gener ated, and no control procedures are followed. Occasionally, a length of pipe is cut on the job site for entry to a manhole. In such cases, small diameter pipe can be snap cut, causing minor dusting, or broken with a hammer or pry bar, causing potential asbestos exposure. No control mea sures are used for such nonmachine cuts. Pipe cutting by abrasive disk is also practiced. When pipe is to be cut and machined for unusual lengths or for salvage of damaged material, these operations are performed in the contractor's storage yard. Cutting is by a gasoline-powered saw with carbide-tipped blade or abrasive disk. Machining is performed with a portable, powered pipe lath. These operations generate a significant amount of asbestos-containing dust. The worker performing these operations may on occasion wear a respirator. Dust-control measures can be employed for these operations. There is no cleanup of the area. On a recent site visit, the cutting area was covered with asbestos cement chips and dust. No changing or cleanup rooms were provided for the workers in the yard. In addition, the exposure of the peripheral yard workers could be high during cutting and machining. Alternative materials are cast iron as a replacement for asbestoscement pressure pipe and vitrified clay or plastic pipe for asbestoscement gravity pipe. Asbestos-cement conduit and duct is similar to pipe except that it is much lighter and is not generally buried. Asbestos conduit is installed by a single electrician at the rate of 140 to 230 linear feet per day, depending on pipe diameter. Shipping practices, installation methods, and dust control and cleanup procedures have not been observed at this time. ft 1 8 U 6 UCC 022731 107 Flat Sheets and Wall board Asbestos-cement flat sheet and wall board are made as rectangular sheets, usually 4 by 8 feet. The thickness of the available panels varies from 0.125 to 1.25 inches. A wide variety of colors and surface textures are available. There are two types of asbestos-cement sheet that might be described as general-purpose material. Type F is a flexible board for exterior and interior use where high strength and density, smooth surface, flexibility, and low moisture absorption are needed. Type U is a utility board for exterior and interior use, with sufficient strength for general utility and construction purposes where flexibility, density, smoothness, and moisture absorption are not essential. Asbestos-cement sheets are shipped to the job site on pallets, with the sheets wrapped in plastic and banded. As material is needed, each pallet is unwrapped. The possibility of exposure to asbestos fibers during shipment and storage is negligible. The asbestos-cement sheets are installed by a crew of two sheet-metal workers {SIC 1761) and two building laborers (SIC 1761). Carpenters also install these materials. Installation is by means of counter-sunk screws or back-fastened self-tapping screws. The sheets are fastened directly to the framing or are held in place by clips attached to the framing. The operations necessary to fit the panels include cutting to size, using a carbide-tipped or abrasive-disk power saw, and drilling the mounting holes. In either case, a significant quantity of asbestos dust is generated. The productivity of an installation crew varies with the weight of UCC 022732 A 184 1 7 108 the material and the amount of fitting involved. The range of values is from 500 to 1,200 square feet of flat sheet installed per day. Control procedures include the use of vacuum- and wet-control-equipped tools and approved respirators by workers engaged in cutting and drilling. Waste material collected by the vacuum is mixed with water and cement and disposed of by burial. Waste pieces of the sheets are disposed of as ordinary construction wastes. No special cleanup procedures are observed by workers installing asbestos-cement sheets. Extruded asbestos cement sheet materials are also available in different sizes. Handling and fabrication techniques are nearly iden tical to those for flat sheet materials. Installation is somewhat different because of the greater weight of the individual sections. Also available are asbestos sheet materials that employ inorganic binders other than cement. Although these sheet materials are not technically asbestos-cement products and although they have different applications, the construction practices that produce most of the airborne asbestos are the same as those for asbestos-cement products. For this reason, these noncement products are included in this category. Alternative materials include wood, brick, stone, concrete, stucco, aluminum, and steel. Corrugated Sheets Corrugated asbestos is made of the same ingredients as other asbestoscement sheet products. By virtue of its corrugations, it can withstand UCC 022733 A 180 8 109 heavy service conditions. In addition, it can be lapped, thus making a weatherseal and eliminating many joint problems. Corrugated asbestos is available in two types, standard and light weight. The lightweight product is about half the weight of the standard product and consequently is less dense and lower strength. The cor rugated panels are 42 inches wide by 10 to 12 feet long. The corrugated asbestos-cement sheets are installed by a crew of two sheet-metal workers and two building laborers (SIC 1761). Installa tion is by nails, bolts, or studs through the ridge of the corrugations into the purlins or girts. The holes for nails and bolts must be predrilled and are sealed by neoprene workers. Side laps are one corrugation, and end laps are 6 inches. The operations involved in field preparation of the material include cutting to size by hand or power saw, drilling or punching holes, filing, and scoring and breaking for cuts parallel to the corrugations. The standard crew can install from 750 to 1,100 square feet per day of corrugated asbestos as roofing, depending on the material weight and the framing material. For siding, the installation rate varies from 600 to 945 square feet per day. Shipping practices, and dust-control and cleanup procedures have not been observed and therefore are not described here. They should, however, be similar to those for asbestos-cement flat sheets. Alternative materials include wood, brick, stone, stucco, concrete, aluminum, vinyl, steel, tile, and asphalt shingles. UCC 022734 A1 8 4 1 9 no g. Asbestos Felts: Asphalt or Tar-Saturated Roofing, and Others Asbestos roofing and finishing felts consist of asbestos fibers imbedded in an asphalt or bitumen matrix. These felts are used to con struct built-up roofing. A standard roofing crew consists of a roofing foreman, four roofers, and two helpers. The installation rate is about 2,400 square feet of five-ply asbestos felt on a flat roof per day. The installation procedure is to spread hot tar on the roof or pre vious layer of felt, and then to unroll the felt over the tar. Cuts are made by knife to fit the felt at edges and around obstructions. Generally, three layers of roofing felt and two layers of finishing felt, all with staggered seams, are used in a five-ply built-up roof. The top layer of asbestos felt is covered with hot tar, and gravel is spread on top for a wearing surface. Because the asbestos fibers are firmly embedded in the felt matrix, exposure during installation should be minimal. Tear-off of built-up roofing produces more dust than installation. Typically, the tear-off crev/ consists of a tear-off machine operator, one or more pickup men, a shovel man, tractor operator, and chute man. The roofing is cut through and lifted out in sections, which are dropped directly from the roof or down a chute. Although the operation produces dust, the asbestos fibers are contained in an asphalt or bitumen matrix, and, hence, are not expected to be released in significant quantity. No special cleanup or dust-control procedures are observed for installation or tear-off. Waste felt is disposed of in the same manner UCC 022735 A 1842C Ill as other construction wastes. Alternative materials are organic and plastic-filled felts. h. Asbestos Sprays, Coatings and Sealants Asbestos-containing spray coatings are used as a texture paint on the interiors of structures. Dry spray texture paint consists of 4 to 5 percent asbestos fiber. The dry spray texture paint is shipped to the job site in 31-pound bags. Spraying is accomplished by use of a small portable sprayer, or, on large jobs, by a truck-mounted unit. The typical installation crew consists of a spray operator and an assistant. The spray operator mixes the dry paint with water in the spray unit. The mixed paint is pumped through a hose to a 4-foot wand with a nozzle on the side of the tip. Compressed air to atomize the liquid is supplied to a second hose. During spraying, the operator walks slowly through each room with the nozzle pointed toward the ceiling and sweeping back and forth about 4 feet from the floor. The assistant moves the hoses and immediately removes any overspray from the walls with a scraper. This two-person crew can mix paint and texture-spray about 1,000 square feet of ceiling per hour. Using a portable unit, about 240 pounds of 5 percent asbestos paint are required. From a truck-mounted unit, 360 pounds of 2.5 percent asbestos texture paint can be mixed and applied to 1,300 square feet in 50 minutes. Cleanup consists of washing out the spray unit and disposing of excess paint. A 1 842 t UCC 022736 112 1. Wallboard-Tapirig Compounds Wallboard-taping compounds are plaster-like materials used to cement joint reinforcing tapes to wallboard, repair holes and imperfections in wallboard surfaces, and to provide a smooth, continuous surface. These compounds sometimes contain asbestos fibers. A single worker is involved in the taping operation even on larger jobs. The dry compound delivered as a powder in 10- to 25-pound bags is added to water in a 5-gallon drum. Additional water is added, and the mixture is stirred to an even consistency. Unless care is exercised in emptying the bags of compound during wet-out, the worker could be exposed to a significant level of asbestos dust. Extensive use is being made of premixed compound, which eliminates the potential exposure during wetout of dry powder. This compound, along with the paper joint tape, is applied to the joints by use of a gun of bazooka. While the compound is still wet, excess material is removed with a taping knife. When the joint compound has dried, a finish coat of a compound is applied for a smooth surface. The finish coat may contain asbestos or be asbestos-free. Sanding of the finish coat and subsequent cleanup of dust by sweeping are, along with wet-out, the primary operations resulting in exposure when asbestos-containing compounds are used. The use of premixed compounds prevents exposure during wet-out. Similarly, nonasbestos compounds used for the finishing coat eliminate sanding and sweeping as asbestos-genera ting operations. From an interior design standpoint, the use of textured walls precludes the need for sanding the finish coat of compound, thus eliminating sanding and sweeping as dust-generating operations. ,, A i o422 UCC 022737 113 No specific cleanup or dust-control procedures are followed. Waste materials, including empty asbestos-compound bags, are disposed of along with other construction wastes. Alternative materials are compounds that contain no asbestos. j. Millboard and Asbestos Insulating Board Millboard and insulating board are pulp products containing asbestos in the matrix. They are used primarily in manufactured products and are not used extensively in construction, according to EEH contacts. k. Drillinq Fluids In the oil industry, fibrous asbestos material is used as an addi tive to drilling muds to improve the carrying capacity of the mud for removal of drilling impurities. The materials used are essentially pure asbestos and may be added in a wetted granular form or a coarse ground form. The asbestos material is generally shipped in heavy sealed paper bags that are enclosed in a thick, plastic outer covering. During ship ment and handling by rail or truck, breakage of the bags can occur. The material is stored at the drilling site in trailers or sheds, or outdoors. The addition of the asbestos material to the drilling mud is accom plished using a mud hopper consisting of a drum or funnel connected to the intake line of the mud pump. The material is dumped into the hopper and is drawn into the fluid by the venturi action of the mud flowing by the intake to the pump. Generally, one worker wearing a respirator pours A 1 8423 UCC 022738 114 the material during the operation; however* in some cases, the worker is aided by an assistant. The quantity of asbestos product used will vary depending on the size of the drilling fluid system and the properties of the mud required. The mud hopper may be located in a shed or trailer, or in the open. Waste materials that contain asbestos from these operations are the empty asbestos bags and the drilling muds. Muds are usually disposed of by means of a landfill operation on the drilling site. In some cases, the muds are trucked out in tank trucks and pumped into disposal wells approved by regulatory authorities. The bags are disposed of either by burning or by landfill. 1. Value of Asbestos Materials in Various Structures Only limited data are available on the value of asbestos-containing materials used in various structures. A breakdown of product groups is presented in Tables 35 and 36 for single- and multiple-family dwellings. As can be seen from Table 35, for single-family dwellings, the amount of asbestos-containing materials is less than 3 percent of the cost of the structure, based on 1969 data. From Table 36, for apartment houses, the amount of asbestos-containing materials is less than 2 percent of the structure cost, based on 1971 data. There are no data presently available that provide a breakdown of asbestos and r.or.asbestos products in commer cial and industrial structures and in areas other than building construc tion, such as pipelines. A 18 4 2 4 UCC 022739 115 Table 35 Typical Amounts of Asbestos Products Contained in Single-family Housing Construction. 1962-1969 Material Stone, clay, glass products Cement, concrete, gypsum Structural clay products Others Cost per *1.000- of Construction Price 1962 W 116.60 95.30 76.70 54.50 19.70 22.00 20.20 18.90 Cost per 100 sq. ft. Livable Space 1562 T56jT 137.10 153.40 90.20 87.00 23.20 35.00 23.80 31.40 Percent Distribution 1962 1969 24.2 21.5 15.9 12.3 4.1 5.0 4.2 4.3 Material Total material Construction paper, fiberboard insulation, asbestos board insulation, acoustical tile Roof pitch, asphalt board Insu lation rolls, asphalt shingles * asphalt sheathing siding, building felts, composition, asphalt for mastics, and emulsions Stone, clay, glass, concrete products Plaster, wall board Asbestos-cement shingles, siding, asphalt floor tile, asbestos-cement pipe, vinyl asbestos tile, asbestoscement adhesives Asbestos (pipe) Insulation Value per *1,000 of Construction Price 434.02 1.91 7.07 94.45 13.54 2.76 0.59 Value per 100 sq. ft, of Livable Space 692.87 3.04 Percent Total Materials and Eouioment 98.00 0.43 11.30 1.60 ISO.55 21.59 4.40 0.94 21.33 3.06 0.62 0.13 UCC 022740 A 1842b T a b le 36 c o y 00 CM CO CM CM LA o 3 LA o o CM o CM oi jd v;rv *r- CO o CM o o o o o . o> CSJ o <y M Q. (/) Cost p 1 0 f0 t .sc U 3 s. aj " CM ai CM LA o CO 4-> o vr> CO CO CM V) c rs. o VO o o r-- o CO o LD M 0c) E 4-> L. 4-> 03 (/> a C_ >*" O < <=><-> CO LA CO CO vn CO FTM e -o -<-> CO LA o CM Ch* -r- u o u LA o LD O CO F-- o o y; o O X0?1 - s5*-- +J c -bO- c <r0* o u 4-> C o <_> VS cn 4-> V Uu 33 -o o o i- ot- Q_ CL to 01 o M CO 410-/111 a; 5V) O a -O a. VI *- U CL -a +J aj E o 33 cO 01 "O </> <0 3 U V> 4-> o i. T3 A -a o 01 1 CO 1/1 O c CL. &- Vf S- 4- C/S >-- 1p0- c o 0) r* lj U QU 3 L. 0 +J V) * 01 E O 4-1 So OJ C/1 O <0 u 01 A 4- O /l 01* c o 4-J l0/1l (C0/1 4J r--<0 >. jC C/1 fO ----- 0 *O 1 C/l Cl O -f- "O *<->0 >> r0 VI L* Cl 3 CL O c o +o4 A1/1 C a. .C VI *a CO CO H C_> VO c > < < >-- UCC 022741 A 18426 117 m. Alternative Materials to Asbestos A number of asbestos-containing materials used in construction have been or are being replaced due to government regulations and economics. The various types of asbestos containing materials used in construction and alternatives for each are listed in Table 37. Asbestos-cement pipe is used extensively in water and sewer work as the preferred material, one reason being that it is less costly than alternative materials offering similar properties. Asbestos-cement sheets and shingles seem to have a lesser cost advan tage over the alternatives than asbestos-cement pipe, and aesthetics is one of the main factors influencing the use of asbestos products. There are a number of alternative materials being used as foundation and roof compounds and as alternatives to asbestos felts. In the latter case, the alternatives do not possess the desirable properties of asbestos felts and are more difficult to work with. Asbestos insulation (both sprayed-on and block) has been essentially eliminated in construction by EPA regulations; it is of concern because it relates to demolition and renovation. A number of alternative materials are available for asbestos textiles and vinyl asbestos floor tiles. In the case of sheet floor coverings, manufacturers are actively pursuing development of suitable substitutes. 5. Exposure to Asbestos Asbestos-containing materials presently used in the construction UCC 022742 A 1 8 411 in <a r-- u 0J co 4-5 S a) s: ,0r-- 0) o 4P I-- <o c i. a> 4P < 1 \A O ir- 4J O 4) >* m o -- C Or**r f-DU-h > in C /l O) oi o cc 4-> *r-- *-- in ^t p- t, -M * o >, o OP -Qf-- -MCOT3CO CL i |/| *r- 0i *i-- f-- f- r- 'O ^ C (OP 01 >s-r- ><4-0 <T5 O - o O CJ Z l/) CO 3 <n I/I O 0) 4- r-- (A T #0 O #-- -r- 0> E sto 4> C. JO <V -iCJ Lu c s/I O O **" +J 4-5 0V) <TJ ) #-- .O 3 /l t/> cC C if\ O tn 4-> 4-5 in *-- op op J3 u_ (A 3C ci *-- o ai 4-i moo pL -- ai vi o 5 -i-o ETJgm ^^ r--0 3 <1)0 0 1-- r-- HP Cl 3 TJ C -- CPi-- -X OIC (OP*r C. CJ <4- *- *r- f- 3: s- in cn ai 4) 3 05-Q C o ez *r~ to C r- <4- o V- O i- *- 4U r-- 41 pr-- -Q 3g id vi c^p E O s/ *r* tn OP 4J U to CO 4- ro *- *-- C. 1-- CO (JO CL 1/5 tft T3 i- O C av d r (A o p ai a. O -Q E t/1 o <C CJ 1 i r- O 4P <4to ------ 3-Q --* a; a> V)4J 3o O p (A z in O <- -O c PT3V 3 <a c o o -a ns o o. c at 3O O <-> Ll_ c. P 41 -- -a JO - 3 CL U i/I <o (Or- X o 41 4P Q.4-* O >1 XI_1 1 V> (A o 4- a; 4-5 p-- in a> cn op e c 0J*rtn cj -C < <n E 3 4P "O i- U C r-- 1 i- 41 *r- O -r- IQ C- to ^ 1--` P r- 4) CP #-- E-OU4>OtO*(-- a3to4)CU>^*0 3 CL *r-- -Q^r0^-4-5f04)O3CO r- V) L'r r- 4) i-- 4-> -L> 4-> *-- O < < CO Ll co S4tomio>3 i (A O *J in 4-> 4-> (A 01 01 op op -a op -c m cj t/> < E 0) 3 4-> "O <J "O c 4-5 a> i s*. ^ o -r--x C L C It3r-P O a>*- EucjudiO'ovijwaj 3 *p- E C-0-04P <0 >s <0 41 r- C QJ O 4P r-- p-- r-- 4P <COUUU. Z44V5V) i (A O 4-5 4-> c ai IA 07 a <D E jj a; cl V) cj < il So, C -rm- >UP L. iQ 4) 3wiQCU,'*PO(U r-n3r-- 03 <U^4-l <UUUO Z CU/J UCC 022743 A18428 118 r-* f-- c' OP -Q E OP > o ir> z 2Ol 3 f--i r-- > | 4) to sf CC in * ai CO i ON r*" CO C o p r-- S/ 4-5 3U a> 3 3 C. C 4-> *> in ir--- ON 4) o r CJ tn > 3 SO OCT c U CJ 3 f-- 3 o &. 4-5 4J in s- C/1 c o4P C o mo 3 CJ 33 O' Cc --i f- in ~0 4P * 3 *-- 05 3 3 ON -o -O o O 4P CL t-- o -C Cn S/1 c O r- 4P o 4J z o 4-5 m 3 3) tn Cc o r* r* 4-* o C f S3 4) o.r^ "o g ON - u tn -- sn 3 3 4) j </> a;i/ O sn r-- s. OP r-- CO c s- r*- (S o 3 ON ai * 4-> r- r-- 4-5 CP U rO 3 4- . *3 3 LU LU Oc W to * 1CL Z U- U- 1 H- * cn O in sn O E +J >> 0 <o (A OP n-- OP > r-- .a C. i-- S/I 3 *r-- < W33 s/> 3 CP u o3 cn 119 Industry and those no longer used but encountered in demolition work and removals have been divided into 12 categories. Fiber counts have been obtained for these categories from a variety of sources including the published literature, government agencies, a survey of manufacturers, trade unions, and construction and manufacturing trade associations, as well as personal communications. These data are presented in Table 38 and discussed, by category, in the following sections. Observations made during site visits and from discussions with knowledgeable sources have been Included to aid in interpretation of these data and in applica tion to exposure estimates. Airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers are determined by col lecting a sample of airborne dust on a filter, counting asbestos fibers on the filter, and calculating the concentration of fibers per unit volume. A portable calibrated sampling pump is used to draw air through a membrane filter (pore size: 0.8 microns} at a known flow rate so that the sample volume is easily determined. Airborne fibers are collected on the filter, and the number of fibers is determined with an optical microscope using a phase-contrast procedure. Only those asbestos fibers that are more than 5 micrometers long and that have a length more than three times greater than the diameter are counted during this process. Concentrations of fibers are then expressed as the number of fibers per milliliter whose size is greater than 5 micrometers. This is the standard reference procedure used by OSHA. Time-weighted-average exposures are calculated estimates of the average asbestos concentration an individual is exposed to during the A I8429 UCC 022744 120 SuwMry o f A w lla b le Fiber Count Data and pasiagewayi ft w ft & a o ~ w* 3 t ft Co fac- V4>* u C ?^*o9> 0o ? a-- >& C y * a. 3 3 oc *5 O' V. C ft w Pi c pv* M at UJ oi 8 53 5 P P> QP ^ k Aftl o --O Pr W * * P Pw eo o -- p 4M S 5! 3vt IMt 2 UCC 022745 I 5 A 1843C 121 Cownentt Sam pling Tien Fiber Concentration {No./m l) *o A s^b v<o* li g. i A O > *W k M V >-* ? c C * ? 3 a-- C n uC S?I b--3 A O b U O 4 41 4 - sSaL:* 4 -- <4 XI * ** P Q o e- o -- cx o a. W >4 cv M* O O v* * art b *SI *b 4l0 O 41 b O w 8r> 9 L *0 i4 a*C* M 4 3Cl O *fc- -- C CT.O = N WHO** O C b ~S --2------- 'SO8O"SO *--'4 Ilbr : i Ji --a4 o^C v* 3s ^652 -1?a. I ii. > U4 4^ Waft M ift 4J S 4 S C C bo. 5*: ,, o _ * CW--- CO" -c c O O' Q c 'O 4 ^ C O <0 b C b. 19 9 I wt o 33 bf bs S++ ve Vou t =s * .* W art c u Uo4<w =8=8 O ** TO -- fbT --P C9 *<" T19* X "VC -- W.aaaptWiawOt-1^ VOJb* >h-> -b* Otj b-H OU .b* Ob = 8= 8= 8= 1= S 0 4*000 i ebeem sssss s Vo (A 8" sa 32 ?? *- 5P u a si 9 > 4* O Q j -M O 3! I Ji i I 3 M* Ws S SI U g= S u 3 2& 3? *4* 4 J|A = 5SU W MUOC *g-*-03*0f0i C P Cl iS:? ^ *4 0<M> A r- X l-?! w> v Nruoo O........................... P<j r* fsj <sa fb 36 a 4, S.*" Jo 3 : p o^ >--X*3/> 0*U I* *1 us 2 M w "5 ^3 w1 w3^ oO *> 3T *# 3 *P vt O *J 3 C37 - ^3^ *-- ----- cCl c*^ .5S J "O -- w* O * P ** O k- c b *e <3 * v* V *-- amc O^eO-^3 Ob~Oe'^** b-- W --1 V -* C 3* UI 3-------O O!J5 ^ Is *< W 3S 3 T* --3 w w* 33 2 J w jfi -< e 5 g,,- UO V** ti 9F-S 0e3bb3 I b e> UO M V A 1 6431 UCC 022746 O p e ra tio n Source o f fib e r 122 W HL * A a w >( - " c I- 5 t i a e 3uj >sS * < AW I * C A3 W I*t OAl X ^O>XOOk 4 Ml Ml Ml 3 fM 5- B= O C * a S PiAxiA 4V * ^ o a*** > --- Ec5o<OaQS4s ACal-iiW4XV*XAkJiaosc a ^i^-c saw i *3 * * VI A? v . k A A - A 3k'* ^ LA U " 90vc*.cc7' > x a a a a xl x * *v % -s >O >Oa'o V t A > 9* M A3 A W <S > Ml ~ .9 X W 3 t W Y U <J W (A k (A k. CMi O Ml kktk-fMI A LX --lA^9LA--3vlA^3 An*9 W v 0 k A L A Sa V 41-^ la u la : ---- L 4> >-- vl -- A at- t Cl U u -- CE > -- V* k 4A w u -- -- -- u --^ a a *5 x e -- a -r : w -r -- --wg-saao u> > > A ht t 4 W L. LA k C W LA WJ3 UA3 U 0U 3LA.M O 3* >s w a 4k4'3 l <o m ak ok c "O T3 .9 O V -- 41-- A- -- *- M (J B -- 4 -- *< 4l - 4A -- V --- k v- o XT l> a j a tiutie u a w -- w -- w -- x la r u fi i -- u o *o- --e wv <a> C0/w vtOCwv- a u o S Q J3 O .9 v%W i a k o w e i b v < ei o k k 0 w k o -c x > -- -- 3 -- - s* u /- A -- .C -- 41 -- " --* XX-- r- -- V* .A M c c w- *A .0 O l_t ~ C <4 -- 0 A O VI W <ALA=OCXLAMa 03 3 O ~O OO^ Si: k T> OW k "9 3w k O-- A A A1 X IA -9 -- 1 A-- 4) OO &1 -- tjv 3u MCdiaCvMuvvAia^tiCiLt^ti&btcta'A'^M v --i a 0. W W- 1 -- iko-- ok0 -- -=-=.-- k<r-v*k -- -= i -- -- a-- -- 5 -- -- -- -^ k k k -- if e 'a ^ I W Ofi i* O ? ?-*M&>0>-*0Cy*90"0C,a'C0Q,C-3.JkkO <*090 -o oC ^ -wC --; -wC -wC C q ^4> "3 -- Ck O3Q.'10n>'5C.C3V*C.C*3'3^04.'^^OftA'T'^L`t33^a. 0 0 k * -- >wO - 1 k = -W *3 >-- 0 -- = * * "S -- *V-- U X w --C -- -- -- -- LA -- 00--- *0k0>* -il>]AX)L Q ^ k *-- k "0kk~*-k *_-_ _ 3 * ^WCO--C-*^SCs-5CE-- C * c O *" LO X % o~ U *3 C- SO o k^0-O0`9i^0O&k'4>' 9->0&.<A0 3.Cr*73.C3-`3Z.Ca<?>4'ta<vtailAW. 4t r co 0 c -= ~ = c * g e *9 s a ass sea seccaec 9 w 9 O w A <o c o 1 O - C.0-""SO--3*A-*5C^-*O3-' *CtC<v,*k3Lv-*OOOOkOO^ A 41 * |OA* AOTAE S>:I J-O-' ffclj cI A 4 At S 4 >lA>- 0#-- LAC43CCJVl'-0-VOO'^*<V'4O'Bi/l`^';,3^MIMI^V'W>OeOLe9* kOkv-0-ak^0^k5A--90kkvAO^k>0>k>O>k>O>kkkwikk**7C0C b b Si k 4i k 4bS k 4a '- 4a k O k C k 099 4a4< 9 < <j <4 (k < a < o < ckC9. <a<&,<&.<e.^ a. c. a. a. a. Z a X a 1. i dkOWk4aT ZL 3 *r o VM- 9l eiftv o Na-O -- eewv n 40 V <9 odd oon - --O - r-- A -Js? 5 ^ =I -X ASBESTOS-CCHCNT SHEET MATERIALS (C oat.) UCC 022747 A 18432 123 o-- o ss s a k S--. -s. Uw l (I V - fe k E * -> F * W-* I. UW *> *A k k L. ww -- * i U3f e -- ** 4) W bM3 X. .4 -- *- c o 4 Cl <_* ^ 9 U O O 0 9 0 ww w 4 w C w V* b 9t o 9o o* w o* c* 33 = 3e e a e w c CC 040 k o a* 2c O h- s. c w * Ji ^ v 4 i o -- o -- --- - 11 Ow w 99 *> 9 9W C a* o 4; ^ **TJ V Wfl * 4i -* 9 -- 9 4> m * ?V k. k. O k 3 U 4< W U W Cl V 3 k * K -J X C ' -C -- -- C s- '- 3 3 O iC ^ 3C S1 k ^3 V* 4 <a l 3 * 4 ^ 3 4 C 3 3" !2 ! i 9, u.SS u jB ** tt : r -- - i*s ss g.-1 E = -4 O * ) *-- Z S' V -- O < * * V A 'O > * 44 S^: - -- -- w c -a - 7 &l E M M V* W --OCC:>,o2'- o V a/ a. i e*3a - si:a j & 4 4 - ti = *o -- *3 > O c 4 ` v* *--"O .C O ^ C! 5 J C C ^ C -4 I C**J0 - -- -- - k My4 _ 4(fI k 4 3-- VI <-- C w -o V* <-l-j O t -sS s sC <4 k. X u 2i "5 *5 & U JS f 3^ =O =o?r#'S5-52 8 * J A 5 5 3 8 it 9 u 4 JS oC e g *> S w* * w* <v n 00 eQ 0*0 tfk W1 & X Q. * k C 2 UCC 022748 A 18433 124 Commenta Sampling Tine Fiber Concentration [No,/ml) s 9k & 0.2 c Z c e e*oe*^3uvv.- 9e o w scs 2 2 9 o 9 36 5 OO E 1 & > ftp *> 4) a.~-- * eo w v * t9tXOOOhIH0lO hU 3? 9 2X ~ >i u w 9 9. V6a wf>te/ ^w4> > iff MM m--- 4a art 9 9 5 kL -ss 9 O iff C C c e cco --9 Vo.---9 ko ka 4f;f ^ T5V- fl e- .9 O LP 9C .--9 9C --9 0>w 9 **.*9 UUUUI^ ve uO aa w w w *a U i eeuiwe<in^inA ii ti t) ft m u te 9^ 9 ji w *-- -- V* M H Cr>**NMNMfaNIV 5 I r we k k kk k k k V X| ^ C T9 C io *3-C C= u ai TJ TJ CC v O E o o A 99990k&9u < JOklUCJCJLPr 9k kk kkkr 9 9 9* <> 9 M MM M *a CJ o 19 lO VS I/) V) irt Wt a/1 VS si ggsgggigggg oo 4* ma we *O# MMMM 32 M pm ftp aO - k 'O k* T9J -fQtp C ft) C C ^ C99M O K W *9 ft w CP 9 9 iff l* 0.9 * -- * 9 > >, >v-0 c k v Ml -- OW3 = < < W 9ft* TJl Mo oM - *- *p > 4k-- iffV-w- we W>b %ff V* O /< 099 a * *-+w we eff ftff 3 Wl 9 9 2 tfiMM we wt (NJ 6w dSH*U*oHei-> c e* w--w -- k u> iu.---i1k -- 4 ^ 4 7 n ti 9 -- 9 **- >e >* ftp .9 9 O jrf jg v> art S ip Maa ft* ft) g m *a SSi iA fP* 25 2! ) p> fta us ^wN CO >09- / 'Odd--ftJm. CO NPk^ <-> fw ^ ^ t* i Wl X A O o w~` o' om we o d CO K ^fy^0i9 -- 0-Cera> d *n ` ~ d d d 9 <-> d e 1O9 ? iff 3 iUP ? 9 * u x ?s oi- kCrtL o LP> &Iff f UCC 022749 CO O O p- P- ff edzK 91 ^ *9*9 ii M kk m oo ft) 41 4) <2 ~ 9 9 9 999CC C C CCO' O U O' O O' U OloePMpa k>,L XL >> k ^*>,555 ftft3ft3-`,-*-" --- kk V> VI we k vrt we VI wff ka/!ak/>a<afi<eaCk * 1 S. i 3 ?is 9U ? u* o 5 A 18434 Operation Source o f Fiber 125 C om cnti Soeiol I no Tim e Fiber C oncentration (M o ./n l) tS: Se l SC*- vjO i A w c ** C c t l tf tf K ~~-f *- v m a, >-- O e V M vie^ 4i at * o a j V) V> V) pK- <v > --Ntn5 *. %J> - *0. I ^ e> O* <9 i c --cn : MS fa*t>. ^o bt p. E W <mM-* >Mb u M u CO * 4M O-* *> 4f 3 e- U w *- 3 a*O 41 ^ s* C-- O * V ai a ^ b l. c. o -o u .0 -- &J s>; s 4(1 L -* L fl n _ O IS M --^<1--*4/ OEk. v ** OU * wOX v i< CM S. NI --* }p>wi O Cift 1 9/*o 57 55ae - occOb'mun a* a>at c ei 9 O * 4> kP CTV - C >' jw3 O ou>ut J O' 1-- v C 1 Cr e. 1 . Oo "S I l/ ts> s A o > X >V >S > O ** ><oM> A>.I~OS XKi 4.--aIJt T3 3 TJ "D T1 ^ T3 CM ^ b b v -- At 9j<---------- C.-- TJ -- T3 -- M < e cs 3 -- *#-- ( cC. -Ca_aC*rC. -Cq .sja^. wmaC-is>J&& >v< <<<< < v>< w< o " ^ ^ --r-<k -- ke>* tr ^0-a.=a.i9^^&.^c 3 fl 9 HeJ <9 . C.-1 T] VItVIMMMl>gFl3lAe 3 9 4 CM b b 41 b -- b c ccc c c 00900 O M e> c O lit g c O M 5 <fr- = S C I I ort s i < 1 s co 9 o VbbUvb^cn 333333434343439a3a3 3 3 3 5 Si JJ S -5 J * S. J 5* c 2 e e SS S fe +* *'* <- * *6ScE8 *E g fi fM wsts.i J<Si v* cm vs <M mm B * in S v^t s S I ftt I I J>Otlv S <n C4 <wp.N 9 itf e> 0 p-- nift cn r < os m OOMM>n ^ O O O O u*> O /I ift M iO O 3 |W g 19 (9 s- S B e "g 3 Os c SO i. C k. b h & ad. a a.1:o Vo. V& g *a> <c<U0k c o eUt lo_s abs bs ** <c 93 eg ? 9 OQOO c VJ 23 b Os ocs ncb cos ^? - 5 C "8 "Oc ^cr ^c c Ma* j < o. to Ift ift vl l/l < 1 3 I V UCC 022750 o saoo-^ "o tifl ie. * * f flk '1 8 A- 3 b O oeretlon Source o f fib e r 126 Table 38 b Sl-o Clt m o *om< Xk A83 ail 1 s c.&aaaa ^E5g5Su 0t.-2s^-2e^^Ce E >4 ( q 8 4 e. I 1 I M t ^ <s* i/i m ^ 32 ^ #n jr K b* O - 3, ** e V* _ O S5C ss S .1 V F-- I 5 % a c-* JH3 OW **- e k<* O i < W c * I J w )>4 41*0 <--M f- to fsl M *a tf* -- ^re -~> : O rf ** --o*- rvi ^ i v* 3 O *-- C3o > ^c3 ( k vr *oj w * E 38 V* *> 1 * a> s_ us o V t> la e O A I -- 3 C k ^ 13 O V ^ wt (J aoj . O C. A ( E <e > D = V* I -8. *9 . ** Co ** --> "3 -3 -C * tl l L I <9 V tkN M C f ry fv f >V . <-- 3 O *CM^ U Oi IM F~ as a *t -O y* JSU VI "9 I *410 V J> J I w% o w vu 4 rvi U n I' c* >v i a o -- --o c -- o c V- i 41 <* -- ~ - - --6-y O w w> u tf a. aE y ccn n i o --O W) v v/ uowii/tofi^uo * - a(i j S < ae*vEe* 3 V -- o r e 4 c -- 9 co3 m 5< t*i dSC vk c u> 4 rt 41V tl UW M c c 5 35 3 5 35 2 fc. f n ^ *4# */* -- V S N ? i o3 1m ? i I<eo e OS *32 2 Gu * 2 53 L. 2 4a/1 ? o S3 s 3 * E i f a o & ;? Ock-i L. u. 83 %- ? sat>. J Ml M UCC 022751 0,18436 127 T itle 18 (Cont.) 2 MO ? Jf !3 Ssl il I H# 33 w 5 Vd 3. c i3T3D jf td2w2c^ ft * -- e w * *Ck 5 *&= C -C *# J5S +C* So S** "S SS.8 ceu qS ft Ok -- 4S C r Ve. & %U 5 *o v W DW *- q ** O.C s S* * * t-fltvtce c o 5*s .ft 4rf ^ 3 3 a & ? l r 3 'i s a-fjt r I* 1 T 3 2 i 2 Ssasg; flft s ST w jt !>VK O e-- O iAO O to -f*-WO o^oooo c 3 ** Tft & ?t i ,, *4 ** < C * C I O' ee 2*^ r C 9 "5 j X X X X- : -c ft * ft c eft w* t/i V*ot Veft ll: "21SSS >35S /o !IS > a. a. cC1i CC-liyJ-" SV-i * -- -- xxvoftkww <C MOOO '''^fc.u.ftwuu ?*?oYof*1o1o1o 3 1 ** e 2 ft V UCC 022752 2 ? 1 S2 =x "0 > .S* o2 2* o ^18437 128 course of a working day or week, based on measured values. In order to accurately evaluate time-weighted-average exposures, asbestos concentra tions should be available for the following: (1) breathing zone air for each operation performed by a worker involving the use of asbestos mate rials, (2) general air in the areas where a worker is stationed throughout the working period, and (3) background air representative of the air breathed when an individual is not in the inmediate workplace atmosphere. In addition, the periods of time that a worker spends in each type of work environment must be known since asbestos fiber concentrations in the air will vary with location. Ceiling concentrations of asbestos fibers can be determined from air samples obtained during those operations that are suspected of contributing the largest exposures to the worker. General air and background air concentrations are also needed to evaluate the exposure to workers not directly involved in field fabrication operations. Some of the factors generally affecting airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers are the physical form of the material, the asbestos con tent of the material, and the nature and location (indoors/outdoors) of the field-fabrication/demolition techniques employed. Powders and friable asbestos materials will tend to produce higher fiber concentrations, for example, than will materials in which the asbestos is bound in a matrix composed of cement or bitumen. The influence of asbestos content is obvious. Techniques such as sanding and sawing will produce more airborne fibers than cutting with a knife; however, techniques are often directly UCC 022753 jX 1 8 4 3 8 129 related to the form of the material. Indoor operations without benefit of local exhaust tend to be conducive to higher fiber counts than opera tions performed outdoors. a. Asbestos Friction Materials While asbestos friction materials are not employed directly in the construction industry, repair and replacement of these materials in brake linings and clutch facings of heavy construction equipment is often neces sary on work sites. The available data are very limited, but fiber counts of four samples show <0.5 fibers per milliliter for repair of brake linings (type unknown) and <2 fibers per milliliter for replacement of brake linings on heavy construction equipment (type unknown, number of samples unknown). While these values are low, they are inadequate to determine time-weightedaverage exposure to laborers performing these operations. In addition, no celling concentrations or downwind concentrations are available. Recommendations As a minimum, site visits should be arranged to observe the above operations and to determine worker type performing the operation, dura tion of exposure, and frequency for different types of equipment. Personal and area samples and fiber counts should be obtained at at least one location. b. Siding and Shingles The single value for shearing of siding and shingles is <2 fibers per UCC 022754 18439 130 milliliter. Asbestos shingles are edge-wrapped and strapped during ship ment and have prepunched nail holes. The installation procedure described previously notes that shearing and punching are performed on shingles at the end of a course and on those fitted around doors, windows, louvers, etc. It is unlikely that concentrations away from the shingle cutter would be as high as that in the breathing zone during shearing and punch ing. Hence, the time-weighted average for the worker installing shingles, including punching and shearing, should be less than 2 fibers per milli liter. Exposure of other workers in the area should be significantly less than 2 fibers per milliliter. The one operation that is likely to result in a short-term ceiling concentration is cleaning off the crumbs that collect on and around the shingle cutter. No data are available for this operation. Recommendation Obtain fiber count data for one typical site where asbestos shingles are being installed. c. Vinyl Asbestos Floor Tile--Sheet Floor Material The installation of vinyl asbestos tile produces negligible airborne fiber concentrations since the asbestos fibers are encapsulated in vinyl and cutting with a knife is the only field fabrication technique. One practice employed prior to the installation of new sheet or tile floor covering was sanding to provide a suitable bonding surface. A pair of personal samples taken during belt sanding of a vinyl asbestos tile floor UCC 022755 131 resulted in fiber concentrations of 1.2 and 1.3 fibers per milliliter for a 20-minute sample. Since no general air samples or personal samples were taken during cleanup, the worker's time-weighted average-exposure cannot be determined. Although sheet floor coverings contain no asbestos in the wearing sur face, they are bonded to an asbestos felt backing. Installation of these materials is also expected to produce negligible airborne fiber concentra tions. Since new flooring would not bond properly to sheet materials, tear-off of old sheet flooring was practiced, with subsequent sanding to remove the asbestos felt that adhered to the floor. Sanding could result in significant exposures. Some changes by the manufacturers and contractors have been made to minimize exposures. Sheet material can be delaminated at the time of tear-off, i.e., the wearing surface can be removed, leaving most of the felt backing in place. With this practice, new sheet flooring can be bonded directly to the felt left in place. An alternative work practice that can be employed with either vinyl asbestos tile or sheet materials is to nail a nonasbestos-containing underlayment directly over the existing floor. New material is then bonded to the underlayment. When removal is necessary, the floor material is removed with the underlay ment, and new underlayment is installed. Recommendations Obtain fiber counts for tear-off and sanding to remove asbestos felt to determine worst-case exposure. Installation work practices UCC 022756 132 presently employed are not expected to result in significant exposures. Fiber counts could be obtained for the present practices to confirm negligible worker exposure. d. Asbestos Textiles The fiber count data for asbestos cloth and amosite rope are from shipbuilding applications. However, these data have been included because of their possible relevance to identified construction activities. Asbestos rope is used in the cadweldlng process for large reinforcing bars. Asbestos cloth is used for stress relief of large welds and as fire blankets. While marine application of amosite rope resulted in a mean concen tration of 112 fibers per milliliter, the construction application of asbestos rope resulted in less than 2 fibers per milliliter. The latter value is considered to be more representative of the construction indus try. Ripping and application of asbestos cloth in shipbuilding are areas where changes in work practices and manufacturers' treatment of materials have resulted in significant reductions in exposure. Ripping untreated cloth produced counts as high as 16.5 fibers per milliliter with a mean of 7 fibers per milliliter. Treating the cloth reduced the upper limit of the range as well as the mean concentration to less than 1 fiber per milliliter. Similarly, new process applications reduced fiber concentra tions to 0.2 to 1.5 fibers per milliliter compared with 5 to 10 fibers per milliliter for conventional application. No data are available for con UCC 022757 133 struction uses of asbestos textiles. However, acrylic-bonded asbestos blankets used for stress relief have been observed after repeated use to shed fibers. Insufficient data are available for estimates of construc tion worker exposure due to use of asbestos fire blankets for stress relief. Recommendations Conduct site visits to observe applications of asbestos rope and blankets in construction. Based on observation of operations, determine need for sampling and fiber counting. e. Insulation The removal of asbestos insulation from structures rather than its application, which has been restricted, is of present concern. Most of the available data are for removals from ships but may be relevant to land-based demolition. The shipboard removal of sprayed crocidolite asbestos and the subse quent sweeping and bagging of debris have resulted in ceiling fiber con centrations as high as 484 and 2,000 fibers per milliliter, respectively. Mean fiber counts over extended time periods are reported as high as 334 and 353 fibers per milliliter for removal and for sweeping and bagging, respectively. Shipboard removal of asbestos pipe lagging has been observed to result in a mean breathing zone concentration of 97 fibers per milliliter based on 20 full-shift samples. Other data show mean background counts in compart UCC 022758 134 ments where removals are being conducted as high as 171 fibers per milliliter (153 samples collected over workshift). While demolition data are limited, they indicate fiber concentrations considerably lower than shipboard removals, perhaps because generally less confining operating areas are involved. A single short-term concentration measurement for removal of boiler insulation was 5.2 fibers per milliliter. Four short-term samples for removal of insulated ductwork ranged from 1.3 fibers per milliliter up to 32.0 fibers per milliliter. Some data for pipe lagging removal indicate the importance of work practices. Dry removal results in concentrations greater than 20 fibers per milliliter. When water sprays were used, concentrations ranged from 5 to 40 fibers per milli liter. Removal after thorough soaking produced concentrations of 1 to 5 fibers per milliliter. Available data are incomplete in terms of estimating worker exposures. Recommendations Obtain fiber-count data for various types of asbestos insulation removals during demolition operations noting worker type, work practices, and duration of exposures relative to the overall demolition job. f. Asbestos-Cement Sheet and Pipe Available fiber-count data indicate that the uncontrolled sawing and, to a lesser degree, drilling of asbestos-cement sheet and pipe can produce significant exposure to the worker performing the operation. Background concentrations in the immediate vicinity of these operations \ 8444 UCC 022759 135 are also capable of producing significant exposure of nearby workers spending a long time in the area. The basic installation of these materials produces negligible exposure. In the case of asbestos-cement sheet, work practices are such that persons applying the material are also involved in the cutting operations when they are necessary. However, cutting operations are generally inter mittent either on a given workday or during the time spent at a job site; i.e,, sheet can be cut as needed on a particular day, or a day or more can be spent cutting all the sheets that will be needed for an extended period of installation. Thus, the intermittent nature of these operations would tend to reduce the long-term exposure of these workers. Further more, the application of control devices has shown that fiber concentra tions can be reduced to acceptable levels in the work area, and more importantly, in the worker breathing zone. Asbestos-cement pipe, as noted earlier, is provided in various pre cut, straight lengths, and there are a variety of couplings and connectors that can be used. These features tend to minimize field fabrication. In general, machine operations are performed in the yard. Salvaging damaged pipe by cutting off broken portions is a fairly common yard practice. The use of machine tools for cutting and drilling asbestos cement pipe pro duces fiber concentrations similar to those measured for the same opera tions using asbestos-cement sheet. The control devices used for sheet fabrication can probably be applied with similar benefit in asbestos cement pipe fabrication. UCC 022760 ft 1 8 A- 4 b 136 Recommendations Obtain samples for fiber counting for controlled and uncontrolled cutting and drilling operations on both pipe and sheet. Field fabrication of pipe should receive more emphasis than sheet because of the definitive data available for asbestos-cement sheet products. g. Asbestos Felts Review of the tabulated fiber counts for installation of asbestos roofing felts indicates negligible worker exposure. Tear-off operations, on the other hand, produced fiber concentrations ranging from 0.8 to 1.7 fibers per milliliter during one observed operation. Tear-off and instal lation are commonly performed by the same workers; hence, determinations of exposures would require weighting between installation and tear-off operations. Recommendations Obtain fiber-count data for tear-off of asbestos felt built up roofing, noting work practices. h. Paints, Coatings, and Sealants The dry mixing of asbestos containing texture coatings for walls and ceilings has produced measured fiber concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 4.4 fibers per milliliter over short time periods. Spraying walls and ceilings has resulted in airborne asbestos concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.6 fibers per milliliter, with most values reported being less M8446 UCC 022761 137 than 1 fiber per milliliter. Exterior application of asbestos-containing coatings resulted in concentrations lower than those measured indoors. Reported ranges are from 0.0 to 0.2 fibers per milliliter. Thus, the reported data indicate potential for minimal exposures during spraying and peak exposures during wet-out of dry materials of less than 5 fibers per milliliter. Limited data for products such as roofing and foundations cements, and roofing and sealing compounds indicate minimal release of asbestos during installation. This result is expected because of the nature of the product matrix. Recommendations Review practices for wet-out of dry materials. Obtain samples for fiber counts during interior applications emphasizing wet-out practices. i. Dry Wall Joint Compound Wet-out of powdered compound, sanding of dry compound, and sweeping of floors after sanding have all resulted in relatively high fiber counts. Wet-out of dry compound has resulted in short-term concentrations as high as 60 fibers per milliliter. Time-weighted-average exposures for taping and sanding have ranged from as low as 0.1 fibers per milliliter to 5.0 fibers per milliliter depending on the time distribution of the work. Short-term concentrations during sanding range from several tenths of a fiber per milliliter to 19.3 fibers per milliliter. Sweeping and cleanup after sanding have produced ceiling fiber counts as high as 41.4 fibers per milliliter 15 minutes after completion. A 18447 UCC 022762 138 Manufacturers are producing premixed compounds that eliminate wet-out of dry powders as a potential source of exposure. During one site visit, it was observed that asbestos-containing compound was used only for the actual taping, the finishing compounds being nonasbestos. Another practice involved no sanding because of the texture finish to be applied to the walls. In many conmercial and Industrial facilities, only spot sanding is necessary because of the smooth finish that can be achieved by the worker. There are some data that indicate how the use of modified practices during sweeping can reduce exposures. Dry sweeping resulted in 5.5 fibers per milliliter, while the addition of a sweeping compound reduced the count to 1.8 fibers per milliliter. Moist sweeping resulted in a further reduc tion to 0.3 fibers per milliliter, overall a factor of 18 lower than dry sweeping. Recommendations Additional site visits and discussions with workers are necessary to determine how widespread the use of premixed compound has become and what general work practices are with regard to finish coat sanding and cleanup. Sampling and fiber counting should be performed at at least one location. j. Asbestos Millboard/Incombustible Board Fiber concentrations are available for a variety of operations per formed on these materials including sawing by hand and machine, guillotining, and drilling. Power drilling has resulted in measured counts as high as 5.4 fibers per milliliter, although most of the values are less than 2 for UCC 022763 A 184 48 139 uncontrolled operations. The provision of dust extraction reduces these levels to less than 1 fiber per milliliter. Power sawing without dust extraction or local exhaust has produced levels in excess of 100 fibers per milliliter. Levels can be reduced to less than 5 fibers per milliliter with either type of control. In one series of tests, guillotining, as an alternative method to sawing, produced concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 0.5 fibers per milliliter with an average value of 0,1 fiber per milliliter. Recommendations There have been no visits to sites where millboard or incombustible board were employed. If extensive use of these materials is practiced in construction, such visits should be arranged. The technology appears to be available to effect significant reductions in fiber counts, and the site visit would be primarily for confirmatory data. k. Drilling Fluids Fiber-count data for the addition of asbestos to drilling fluids indi cate time-weighted-average exposures from less than 0.1 to 0.7 fibers per milliliter, with an average value of approximately 0.3 to 0.4 fibers per milliliter. During typical operations, a ceiling concentration of 1.9 fibers per milliliter has been measured. A set of measurements designed to simulate exposure under North Slope conditions resulted in a range of ceiling fiber concentrations of 0.4 to 5.5 fibers per milliliter. UCC 022764 A 18449 140 Recommendations Obtain samples and fiber counts for a typical site as confirmation of existing data. 1. Summary Considerable data on work area concentrations of airborne asbestos dust in the construction industry exist for operations involving some classes of materials but, in many cases, very limited data are available on the use and handling of other products. It is often found that where fiber count data do exist, the concentrations are presented in the form of a mean value or a range based on several samples, with insufficient descriptions of specific worker activities and times of exposure to esti mate time-weighted-average exposures. Very limited time-weighted-average data exist for exposures to asbestos in construction-related activities although some ranges and ceiling concentrations have been reported and are useful in determining which materials and operations may be contrir buting significant quantities of asbestos dust to the workplace atmosphere. Due to the limited quantity of worker exposure data, additional sam pling efforts are necessary tc determine time-weighted-average and ceiling exposures due to activities associated with the handling of asbestos pro ducts in various construction trades. Table 39 lists the recommendations that would be necessary to evaluate these data, and emphasizes those materials and associated operations that may prove to be problem areas from the standpoint of high exposure levels. In several cases, additional sampling is suggested as a means of confirming areas that may not be prob lem areas based on existing fiber counts. ^ 1 8 4 5C UCC 022765 141 . o VI e o o c * 3 40 y v| c o y 40 py c 3 8E SZ 40 ft. VI 03 0 3 *o c C VI 3 X? c y *o y 4-> ft) 40 VI jC CJIV Vi g ** 4J o y-- a yp > a. VI c ft. VI e > y* 40 00m C 3 y. o a. to >4. E > k u k-- C VI 40 C y oc Xo p. 1 40 O vl 40 >1 u y 3 k 40 40 to "O 40 O 3 L. 40 y o ft. ft. 3 40 40 tO kc 40 ft. c> lO o VI k- k 40 O ft. Q. VI co VI c ft) a> &. o> VI c ... o *o ow 3C y > 1 V) O c ft- *o v> 40 Oy CL VI y > E <a 0 0.40 E C 40 y J3 O O TJ 40 X o y a. -- E -- e r- 0y VI E 4- 40 d] 0 y g> ft. 40 40 E 40 ft. (O 40 VI O W 40 4-- ft- C 3 O 3 tO o 3 ft. 3 O VI v> u a> V) C <4- CL -a o viy C c 40 **" s- o C V o CO a. o o T3 a. -p- o. 4-- ay y CL O X3 ft- CV 40 O c Q4 C <J o C *y 3r 0 VI O U C Iftp y -O "3 Cl CW *y y yO O *-- ft-y- 40 ft. y COk o UT3 Oi CC O y 40 W O Dly a c vi y ttS 40 f y 40 Q. c. 3 E E40 u CO wo <4<4o 1 ft40 40 ft. O' 4. 3k C VI y 40 <*CO 3O O ft<J 40 ft. y bO" 0-- C~ *3 ft. ft. 3 > vi <o Oy 40 O vi Uy y 40 *y Cl ft. CL 40 40 o kE O Tk l. *3 4J C k* yO 3140 C3 y ft. i 3 40 XJ * VI 31 yC Q.y E NJ 40 y v> vi 40 C . y Q. OE 40 .a o *3 X? y 3 Xo y -C E vi k 31 C a. ^c Oof-- y 4> U . 40 yEO coo 2 VI y O * 4J -3 C 44 VI o 3 40 4Q 44 X k -3 40 w VI k 40 *3 O IQ C*L 31 3 k yO v o.a Vk O >0-0 c k VI IQ *k 40 to E VI -C 40 k. y >y VI 40 > *y v VI C4I yC > 40 X 40 y VI "O VI -X 3 4Q c o g o 40 "O *3. E d VI *o 3 5 VI 40 40 40 40 y *3 VI 31 yC 40 y U 40 y Vl fifty >1 x 40 < +0 ft) *3 1 1c g "O 1 i <M V cI 40 VI p-- 3 O >l y vi y - o w 40 k V) Xo y u 3 E O y. 4Q *y <*- 40 c ft. O. 3l fO y^ 40 13 VI to u ai 0) & ^ y 40 V) 40 ft. 40 C *- V> s-y y* > O 40 VI 4B E VI ci40 -n Ey E OQ VI VI 40O' 40-a -a CSI <0 VI V 1-- 3 k ft- 3 Cft. VI C o r * * C r-- W irt Ol (O >4- 0J y <Q 0C S >0 40 *a ft. o 31 C vi *y p" -o C VI VI y3 Q-X3 r-- -y ft- k k- ft. VI c O* o 40 y ch c y -o vi O g > 3 L VI oi k 40 3 3 0 2 3 k 40 ro VI 40 O Qtj3 C y vl O 3y O -3 > O to 0 C 4040 c 3 > S. 0 O <4- 0-4X w o cy S vi *y O v> W Q. 3 y y y 40 C yo 40 ft- 40 3 "3 "3 k *3 40 0 2 40 V) 40 VI 40 40 VI O 40 y y >k to a. 03 h* o y 0 o 0o c 0) f-- Q. 40 1 f* ft-- 40 VI p. 3 X o u c (0 oo yyy ft. y 40 T> 40 Vl O 3k Op C c *o = 5 VI O to >y > k -C k 10 *3 y o.x: vi x 2y k > *3 o 40 y 3 ok *F" <0 40 *0 E y 40 00 40 4- U VI fO O ft. vi y Xy 40 <- >, u i. 3 VI tA y *3 VI 2 y x: 4Q 31 g V) . c3 o u u c . C- o *3 u VI 40 o E c 3 * ^ u ft- C y ft. EO <4. *3 *o 40 X 40 k C 0 E y* O ft. 40"y O VI fO 5 c 40 o y ft- 3>.y <0 e 40 V) O k ft. 013 C vl 4. 40 2. 40 x a. VI y yX >0 VI C o "3 V> U k a. SOX V> 40 0 3-0 *0 y ^ C y y 40 3 k .C y O .2 2 c. 40 E rO c vi *3 O u k 40 40 VI 40 y y k VI VI y y 40 O ft. id c > E 40 yO y 2 40 T3 E y fO <40 40 C > --y <o 3 y >> Uo k 40 o 40 40 > k1 2 *Ey U y ft- 40 0J *.o y y y *0 E r-- C l/l 3 ft. 40 o pc-- ft. ft. 3 40 C E o. VI 40 O ft- o O u Cl 40 "3 C ft fQ Q y "3 sr O vi <c 3 ( 40 V 40 O o> a >3 IQ >v k VI y c *3 0 0 40 *3 Q. O y3 E V> .O k . - vi k 2O O *4- S3 40 >y V- y ^b o O > -- M- O *y X? 40 40 Q. y U 1X p-- y. * 03 >* X 40 * k- x vi X O vi y 3 40 *3 VI _c *3 > to ky 0) y >y 0) y 40 E o ft. ft. 0) s. -o > 40 O 40 C ft) O y *o -3 y ^3 > 40 s c W o E 40 s O ** v> i. y 40 40 c VI C Cly y *3 y to *0 ft- 3 3 y j3 rO VI 6 31 3 40 40 <0 VI py i 3CC k O <0 > a. O 4- vi 40 O- a 3 XC yC 40 40 k 40 *9 y 40 E >* Q. y Cft O 2 SL *3 *40 y B O <4. ft. 40 u O *y K U VI CL y C <9 e *<- Cy U * o 40 y -O o VI k 2 3 40 2 -O O a Oo 40 o O se 13 c => <3! a 2C o --J VI 40 k VI 40 2 k k- 40 O5 E VI VI Oy u 40 U y k Up VI 31 C VI * 31 -a i/i 40 k o o y VI k|W V> o 40 40 X VI 40 c 03 o VI VI y O 40 40 40 ^o. VI p. >1 3 c X3 VI VI < Cft a. 40 -C VI 40 E u i VI O 40 VI <VI VI 40 C VI vl 31 v C 40 y 40 tO k O g VI O 40 VI VI 40 c -0 <VI a. "3 C 3 O a. 6 o u 40 c o pp k o 3 k o 03 xa 40 t/> 3 t VI O "3 o c3 y kZ *3 k 31 C y. k z; o UCC 022766 M8451 142 IV. REFERENCES Brodeur, P. 1968. A reporter at large; the magic mineral. The New Yorker October 12. Congressional Information Service. 1972-1976. American Statistical Index. Congressional Information Service, Washington, D.C. Council of Planning Libraries. 1976. CPL Exchange Bibliography. Monti cello, Illinois. Cross, A. A. et al. 1971. Practical methods for protection of men working with asbestos materials in shipyards. Safety and Health in Shipbuilding and Ship Repairing. International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland. pp-._-Toi -------- Equitable Environmental Health, Inc. 1976a. Survey of Federal, State, and City Agencies. Unpublished data. Berkeley, California. Equitable Environmental Health, Inc. 1976b. Survey of Manufacturers. Unpublished data. Berkeley, California. Equitable Environmental Health, Inc. 1976c. Survey of Manufacturing Associations. Unpublished data. Berkeley, California. Equitable Environmental Health, Inc. 1976d. Survey of Trade Unions. Unpublished data. Berkeley, California. Equitable Environmental Health, Inc. 1976e. Survey of Trade Associations. Unpublished data. Berkeley, California. Godfrey, R. S. (ed.). 1973, 1975, 1976. Building Construction Cost Data. Robert Snow Mears Co., Inc., Duxbury, Massachusetts. Gordon, J. B., H. S. Winokur, Jr., D. G. Ogilvie, and C. D. Lester, Jr. 1973. Year-Round Employment in the Construction Industry: A Systems Analysis^ Praeger Publishers, New York. Harries, P. G. 1971a. A comparison of mass and fibre concentrations of asbestos dust in shipyard processes. Ann. Qccup. Hyq. 14: 235-240. Harries, P. G. 1971b. Asbestos dust concentrations in ship repairing: a practical approach to improving asbestos hygiene in naval dockyards. Ann. Qccup. Hyq. 14: 241-254. Harries, P. G. 1968. Asbestos hazards in naval dockyards. Ann. Occup. Hyq. 11: 135-145. UCC 022767 M8452 143 Industrial Minerals. 1975. Asbestos--production losses prolong the shortage. Industrial Minerals 93: 19-39, 55. Lockheed Information Systems. 1976. DIALOG. Palo Alto, California. McGraw-Hill Information Systems Co. 1975. 1976 Dodge Manual for Building Construction Pricing and Scheduling"! Annual edition ho. 11. New York. Myers, J. L. 1974. Chrysolite asbestos in plastics. Society of Plastics Engineers 32nd Ann. Tech. Conf., Greenwich, Connecticut, pp. 207-210. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. 1972. Criteria for a Recommended Standard-Occupational Exposure to Asbestos. Tables I-XXVI, pp. IV-1 to IV-4. National Library of Medicine. 1976. Toxline. Bethesda, Maryland. Nicholson, N. J. 1971. Proposed standard for workers is questioned. Insulation Hyg, Progress Repts. 3(2): 1, 3, 4. Rhodes, H. B. and B. L. Ingalls. 1976a. Asbestos and silica dust in the drywall industry. Business-Health-Life. Part 2. GDC I Drywall Jan./Feb.: 1-6. Rhodes, H. B. and B. L. Ingalls. 1976b. Airborne asbestos concentrations-- spraying and grinding of resin-based systems containing small quantities of asbestos as a thixotrope. Union Carbide Corporation, Metals Division, Niagara Falls, New York. Rhodes, H. B. and B. L. Ingalls. 1975. Comparison of airborne asbestos concentrations--Canadian and California asbestos-based ceiling texture sprays. Union Carbide Corporation, Metals Division, Niagara Falls, New York. Rohl, A. N., A. M. Langer, I. J. Selikoff, and W. J. Nicholson. 1975. Exposure to asbestos in the use of consumer spackling, patching and taping compounds. Science 189(4202): 551-553. Standard Industrial Classification Manual. 1972. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. pp. 47-218. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1974a. Census of Manufactures, 1972. Industry Series. Abrasive asbestos and miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products. (SIC industry group 329). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 2, 3, 6-10, 13, 15, 17-19, 21, 24-29. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1974b. Census of Manufactures, 1972. Industry Series. Miscellaneous chemical products. (SIC industry group 289). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 5, 6. 14. 17. 21. UCC 022768 144 U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975a. Census of Manufactures, 1972. Industry Series. Pulp, paper and board mills. (SIC industry groups 261, 262, 263, and 266). U.S. Dept, of Corrrnerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 5-7, 12-14, 16-18, 22, 26-28, 31-32. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975b. Census of Manufactures, 1972. Industry Series. Petroleum and coal products. (SIC industry groups 291, 295, and 299). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 6, 7, 14, 15, 18, 19, 24. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975c. Annual Survey of Manufacturers, 1973. General statistics for industry groups and industries. U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975d. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Water, sewer, pipeline communication and powerline construction contractors. (SIC code 1623). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975e. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Plumbing, heating (except electric), and air conditioning special trade contractors. (SIC code 1711). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975f. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Painting, paper hanging, and decorating special trade contractors. (SIC code 1721). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975g. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Electrical work special trade contractors. (SIC code 1731). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975h. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Plastering, dryv/all, acoustical and insulation work special trade contractors. (SIC code 1742). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975i. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Carpentering special trade contractors. (SIC code 1751). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975J. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Floor laying and other floorwork special trade contractors, not elsewhere classified. (SIC code 1752). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975k. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Concrete work special trade contractors. (SIC code 1771). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11. *1 8 4 5 4 UCC 022769 145 U.S. Bureau of the Census. 19751. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Roofing and sheet metal work special trade contractors. (SIC code 1761). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1976m. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. Special trade contractors, not elsewhere classified. (SIC code 1799). U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. pp. 4, 5, 9-11. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975n. Census of Construction Industries, 1972. Industry Series. U.S. summary--statisties for construction establishments with and without payroll. U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975o. Census of Manufactures, 1972. General summary. U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1976. Housing starts. Construction Reports. U.S. Dept, of Coimerce, Washington, D.C. Figures 1 and 2, pp. 3, 13. U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce. 1976a. Statistical series. Con struction Review 22(3). U.S. Bureau of Domestic Commerce. 1976b. Statistical series. Con struction Review 22(7). U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1976. Survey of Current Business, pp. S10-S11. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1970. Seasonality and Manpower in Construction. Bulletin 1642, p. 148. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. U.S. Bureau of Mines. 1975. Asbestos. Mineral Facts and Problems, Preprint from Bulletin 667. U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash ington, D.C. U.S. Bureau of Mines. 1973. Minerals Yearbook. Vol. 1. U.S. Bureau of Mines. 1976. Mineral Industry Surveys: Asbestos in 1975. U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents . 1976. Monthly Catalogue. U.S. Office of Management and Budget. 1975. Statistical Survey of the United States Government. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. UCC 022770 146 I Wegman, 0. H., P. T. Giles* and J. M. Peters. 1973. Worker-sponsored survey for asbestos. Arch. Environ. Health 27(2); 105-109. Williams, F. E. 1971. Residential siding products. Construction Review August :4-11. Williams, F. E. 1973. Thermal insulation in building construction. Construction Review November :4-11. UCC 022771 *18^ J <