Document 6B4v166zYwqNK7bYevQZpBZe1

rltlOn!ty for tinted I.',9. ,'IEM'S ION improved .Eitnhginseheeer-t Eight shimmering peels will reflect the sleek, graceful lines shewn in this aerial view of the new Time and Life building in New York, (story on page 4) u V`"'V- Vr"' l' .M-AllA U44 ( v ':-^V:v l i A Z6196 1 ii / ;V &**- Speed, Ease of Use Make Diverse Friendfor First produced back in the 1930's for electroplating, seif-adhesive lead tape has graduated into a host of other jobs. It is still used in this original niche where dissolved lead can be tolerated in the electrolyte. And it fills a similar role, in mask ing off areas to be protected in the new chemical milling process. Here, the speed with which it can be ap plied and trimmed to a sharp, clean outline and its resistance to the chemi cal bath make it a handy adjunct to other masking materials in use. Its principal function in this process is edge masking and pinhole protection. Because lead tape has the excellent corrosion resistance needed for expo sure to powerful chemical etch solu tions. it boasts a long service life in outdoor applications. One example of this is its use for "leaded'' glass windows. The quiet elegance of real leaded glass requires hours of skilled work to produce, but it's now used in aircraft antennas for balancing rotating equipment in radio-active material handling and even for do-it-yourself leaded glass windows. Operator (below) lowers a masked metal biani ft etching solution to start the chemical milling :y part. Lead tape pro'll edges and guards pinholes in the *ncs'|p areas. At left, Manue l Sam, inventor of the p> ess, and S. G. Tharnc.f President of Turco Proc.n Inc., inspect some of r parts produced by t company's chemical ml * techniques. tion i today any do-it-yourself enthusiast can achieve the decorative effect of a lozenge pane leaded window in a few minutes. And the only skills he re quires are the ability to read a ruler and use a knife or a pair of scissors. During the Korean war this same weathering resistance was put to good use when lead tape radio antennas were used on rescue helicopters. The austere ration of surface space of a helicopter had designers stumped for an antenna location until they thought of sticking lead tape to any conve nient member. A single bolt through the tape and its supporting surface (insulated from any underlying metal) brings pressure to bear on a standard electrical lug to complete the installation. Since lead is commonly used as a shielding material in working with radioactive materials, its use in pack- The call far help that brought this rescue helicopter to the scene was received on a radio with a lead tape antenna. The technique was used on Bell Helicopters so renowned for their work in Korea. aging of these may seem common place. Interestingly, though, lead tape is not usually used for its shielding ability in this application. Its thick ness -- normally 4 mills, 5 to 20 mills on order -- is insufficient to stop "beamed" radiation. The AEC does report its use in three types of appli cation: To seal joints in small shipping containers so as to prevent the spread of radioactive contamination in the event of a rupture of the inner container. In laboratories as a temporary [ ^ ' VVM,-' h A**. 4^wa: -. nd or Lead Tape mean# "f sealing joints in exhaust ducts from hoods or glove boxes. To sea! joints between removable nttoi Won* ;a( tope prr* guards a; metal clad panels used in the con struction of some radioisotope laboratories This is for decontamina tion purposes only and not for- n the ir;. shielding. eft, Mon.*! tor of tfte: One of the things you notice im- . G. Thor: f Turco fr.t. rt some : duced fco chemicol *i mcdiateh in working with lead tape is die characteristic "heft'' of dense metal. Though the tape is thin, it can ailil appreciable weight to any area to which it is applied. This has been of help to the Hainan Aircraft Corpora- i bon iii expeiimental work to find the balance point of helicopter rotor blades at various pitch angles. Though the tape is replaced by metal struc tural members before any aircraft is used or sold, this method is a timesaver in making quick weight changes in the exact increments required. Depending on the application, most of these users choose tape of l/b, 1. or 2 inch width. It can be supplied, however, in widths up to 18 inches in any thickness up to 20 mils. Principal manufacturers include Permacel Di vision of Johnson and Johnson, and Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company. ' ^-ORGANIC IV1IXTURES IMPROVE REACTOR DESIGfv common .. lead tap , shieldin- Its thick to 20 mile nt to stb AEC es of aPl'1 all shippi'-prevent ' containin' jpture of'' 1 tempo*3' Wlwie it is desirable to have a Imlrogenous material for neutron at tenuation and a heavy material with a high neutron inelastic cross section hut low gamma ray production effi1 imr\ as the gamma attenuator, org.mii -ItM'l mixtures are advantageous. I lie L-77 solution type reactor uses 'hi- conrept in its multi-region priniar\. an improved version of L-47, the first nuclear reactor employing lead as the onlv reflector material 'I.k u i. Yol. 22. No. 1). Built lu Atomics International, a diUMon of North American Aviation. Ini., fur educational and industrial api'liealioiij. the laboratory reactor is ""l\ ft. in diameter and 8 ft. high, eid ran he installed without adding ial facilities. Unique in its field, its primary shield comprises three concentric re gions separated by aluminum and makes extensive use of lead pellets. The innermost region, composed of a mixture of lead pellets and diphenyl, surrounds a stainless steel sphere con taining 20 per cent enriched uranyl sulphate. It acts primarily to attenu ate gamma radiation, reduce neutron leakage, making use of lead's reflector characteristics, and moderate escap ing neutrons. The central region is composed of borated paraffin which further moder ates, capturing a significant portion of thermalized nuetrons. The third re gion features a mixture of lead pellets and paraffin and functions as a neu tron-gamma shield. LIA26198 REACTOR ASSEMBLY LINE -- Atomies International's L-77 Laboratory Reactors are manufactured at this assembly line. Technicians lower top on an L-77 tank while others (background) prepare core vessels for insertion into core shield amplifiers. To compensate for a relatively high radiation absorption in organics and to improve neutron economy, mixing with a good reflector-shield is desira ble. The rate of radiation damage would be reduced since it is propor tional to the energy absorption in the organic and dilution by other materi als. Decomposition, primarily due to (continued on next page) REACTOR rantinucl Inna prrceiltng page gamma ra\s anil epithermal neutrons. would he reduced by fractional absorption in lead. Also since carbon is a good source of hard gammas when bombarded by high energy neutrons, distribution of lead throughout the ' ; , ` 1-77 PRIMARY SHIELD AND SHIELD TANK shield volume makes mixing even more desirable. Laminated layers of lead and paraffin are difficult to work with from a construction viewpoint and also not as effective as the homogenous mixture easily cast into shapes. In addition, by intimately mixing, the thermal conduc tivity and specific heat are increased thus allowing for higher temperature operation, elimination of hot spots. etc. And by combining lead's reflector function with its use as a gamma shield, important savings in weight and costs are achieved. The L-77 carries dual or multi-func tion concepts further than the L-47 by utilizing intimate mixing of lead and diphenyl in the innermost region of the three-region primary, effecting neutron shielding or moderation in combination with gamma shielding or reflection; and as indicated, by in creasing resistance to radiation dam age or degradation in the case of the organics and in heat tolerance and elimination properties in the composites. > ; 1 t < ; j j i Completed 8-lb. sheet lead pool lining (above) is tested by filling it with water. When this test shows absolute water tightness, the pool is drained, and after drying is swabbed with asphaltum (right). After this coating has been applied -- it protects the lead from free lime present in cement or mortar until curing is com plete-- the stone work trim of the pool is set in place (bottom). Detail drawing (lower rig ht) sh ows the method used in installing the lead membrane in ail of the seven ground level pools. Also shown is the method used to flash all piping pro* truding through the lead pan. --4-- L IA 2619 9 j.:. ..* .a *'. i Elf Shimmering Pools Accent Straight Line Design Eight lead-lined pools, reflecting llic lean, graceful beauty of the newest nf New ' ink's Rockefeller Center skv<Tapers, the Time & Life Building, are a major design feature of this most recent addition to the imposing array of structures that make up the "Center. \> de-igned by Harrison & Abram ov itz k Harris, the Time & Life Build ing is a -It'.-torv, free standing tower without setbacks. Abutting on the nmlh and west of the rectangular lower is an L-shaped base of seven lories mi top of which there is an auditorium and terraced roof designed In the Italian architect-designer. Gia ih'liti. The l-a race roof has been land~.i|d at il- borders and punctuated with a 2tt ft. by 40 ft. lead-lined relid ting pool, sculptured standards and '.irirnlored triangles formed in the |'.n ing. The plaza on the east side of the tower, an or n ail area of 170 ft. by id ft., will bare another of the leadl"icd |....Is. 1111 ft. long bv 30 ft. wide ! ' il in. deep, one of the largest of its each measuring 37 ft. long by 9 ft. 4 in. wide by 18 in. deep, will grace the 380 ft. long by 42 ft. wide promenade located on the south side of the tower. Because all of the pools are located over income producing areas or un derground passageways, the selection of a permanent waterproofing mate rial, such as sheet lead, was of para mount importance. The accompanying drawing illus trates the construction details followed in preparing the pools and the method used in installing the 8-lb. sheet lead membrane. Joints in the lead were kept to a minimum and where it was necessary to make them, they were made by lead burning. As can also be noted in the drawing, the sheet lead was placed over 65 lb. felt paper and covered with the same material mopped on top of the lead pan. This asphaltum coating is neces sary to protect the lead during the curing stage of the cement. After the free lime in the cement has completely carbonated, the interim protection provided by the asphaltum is no longer important. Contractor for the sheet lead pool linings was C. H. Cronin. Inc., plumb ing contractors of New York and Bos ton and these were installed by the John F. Abernethy Co., Brooklyn. N. Y., under a subcontract. The exten sive and complex plumbing system re quired bv a building of this magnitude was also installed by the Cronin or ganization. Lead had a part in this phase of the project with flexible lead stubs used to connect the water closets to the waste piping. General contractor for the Time & Life Building was a joint venture of the George A. Fuller Company, and John Lowry, Incorporated, both of New York. Lead burner forming a corner seam near a drain in the Plaia pool, the largest of its kind in New York. The area ! is covered by a temporary roof. , --5-- LIa ?62q o ^.jr. Permanent COLOR for Lightweight Building Block i PL Frit A Frit B Frit C Lundoy Whiting Superpax Flint Stain Water CMC Low Vis. Glaze Formulations for Clay-bonded Vermiculite Block Pink lb. Blue lb. Tan Red-Brown Frit A lb. lb. Frit B 0.40 0.40 0.40 1.00 K20 0.3% PbO 61% 1.40 1.40 1.40 0.79 NajO 8.5% Al203 7% 0.70 0.53 0.35 -- CaO 17.0% Si02 32% 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 a i2o 3 5-0% 0.17 0.80 -- 0.30 908a 5.5 g. 0.17 0.80 0.18 0.30 908cc 5.5 g. 0.17 0.80 0.35 0.15 908cc 5.5 g. 0.17 0.80 0.70 0.20 800cc 5.5 g. b203 18.7% Si02 50.5% * Frit C CaO 3.3% MgO 16.1% Al203 19.6% Si02 61.0% A le< rial cal the mr Corp.. of 94 ] Lightweight structural blocks with permanent weatherproof color are now a reality and will soon be an im portant new product in the architect's bag of tricks. Developed by the Zonolite Company, blocks are made light by the inclusion of up to 12 per cent of expanded vermiculite in a clay matrix. The product is now in pilot plant pro duction. Successful pilot production runs have been completed using con crete block machines and "soft mud" brick molding machines. Lightweight blocks will offer a num ber of economies which can materially reduce the cost of constructing a build ing. Delivered costs of the blocks are anticipated to be competitive with con crete block because of significant sav ings in shipping and handling. The reduced dead weight means that struc tural supporting requirements, partic ularly for multistory buildings, would be considerably lower. Labor costs on site are also expected to be lower. An additional advantage is the extremely high insulating quality of these blocks -- with a U-factor* of one half that of the dense blocks -- which means lower heat losses from the building. The architectural design potential of these blocks has been enormously in- to 45 lb. The 20 and 30-lb. block types creased by the development of color have high strength and, in this regard, ful, permanent glazes. An exhaustive meet the A.S.T.M. specifications for development program was carried out class A concrete block (A.S.T.M. COO- by Zonolite to find glaze formulations 52 -- 1000 psi compression strength that would yield glazes with the de over gross area). sired textures and colors. Of all the The 10-lb. block is lower in strength compositions that were tested, only the and is not designed for structural ap lead glazes gave consistently good plications. It will be ideal for unloaded results. interior walls, in hospitals, schools, The ability of lead to promote glaze- industrial plants, etc., where its per body reactions, coupled with a con manent ceramic color will provide an trollable viscosity and low surface easily cleaned, colorful finished inte tension made it possible to formulate rior surface without the necessity of glazes with varying textures -- from a an additional finishing operation. rough to a smooth, high gloss texture Vermiculite is a lightweight aggre -- despite the relatively rough texture gate material weighing only 7-lb. per of the fired block. cu. ft. after being expanded. It is com Glazing can be accomplished during patible with clay materials and can the firing of the block--called "single withstand firing temperatures up to fire" glazing in the structural clay in 2100 deg. F. Above this temperature, dustry. Or, the fired blocks can be the vermiculite begins to melt. The ground to precision dimensions -- the block manufacturer will be able to ex block grinds easily -- and "double pand this material himself and the clay fire" glazed at a lower temperature. matrix can be any raw material that Three general grades of lightweight is suitable for structural clay products. block can be produced--10-lb., 20-lb., and 30-lb. -- depending on the per centage of vermiculite included in the r mixture. Standard concrete blocks, on the other hand, with a nominal block size of 8 x 8 x 16 in. weigh about 40 l ook *U is the overall heat transfer coefficient (Btu/hr./sq. ft./"F) 6-- -- LI A26201 agent. tough. or flar The has gc minun porcel he usi mater in the Oni sawed lar to with , almo: age mate! store< come not c solve By calle ular rial exan weig flexi tire, ther into E dete Dev PLASTIC LEAD Cast it without heat c 3.3% 16.1% 19.6% 61.0% A lead and plastic putty-like mate rial tailed Devcon L has been put on the market recently by the Devcon (airp.. of Danvers. Mass. Consisting 'if 94 pen out lead powder and 6 per- eeni special epoxy resins. Devcon L an be ea~dv formed to any shape be- fwe curing. Three hours after tne ad- diti.m of a "catalyst" or hardening .il 'c iiI. the mixture becomes a rigid. 1'itich. itrui g mass. No heat, pressure block t> [w- r ll.ime arc required. .his regard I lie Dow mi Corp. reports that it cations f.i- guild adherence to lead, steel, alu 4.T.M. 0* minum. bn i;/e. brass, wood, cast iron. on slrensll p'Tirlain. concrete, and can therefore i ' ii-cd to I .ml lead to a variety of ; in st rengl* ructural a) null-rials, standing up to temperatures in tin1 range , f 250: F. or unloadt" als, school- hue haul. ned. Devcon L can be '.O'cl. drilled nr machined with regu- lere its P1" 1 provide a' u l""k It caii lie pounded or shaped "id; a luuiiini : and has a malleability inished ini' 1 H"'t idonlic.il to lead's. The shrink- nece-sit' 1 during hardening is approxi- peration- ii'h ti.nun , 'M1, per in. It can be veight aggr' n d aliiin't indefinitely, will not be- inly 7-lb. Y cmhrittlcd on aging and does ed. It is wr ials and ra ' ' "main any flammable or volatile ni., atures up : I" using a special curing agent tempera,ll! j to melt. Tt i lb \oi.ii Fli-x in place of the regh.trdoning agont. a flexible mate- be able to o pr.'ducod. One part of Flex, for If and the d material tk clav produ* ' ' ' H"- I" h\o parts of Devcon L by "dl yield a material with a ' l>!l' >iniilur to an automobile b'U'ni or final casting can o ho shaped or bent bv hand P i!;' c\art oi.nti.ur required. *' has run a test program to ! the iwrii.-ion resistance of 1 1 ho resuit- s(l far are faVor- able showing good resistance against acids and alkalis as well as organic solvents. The attached table gives the results of this program by comparing weight change of specimens exposed to a variety of chemicals for 14 days and for two months. A number of companies have alreadv found uses for this material. Several companies, including the Carr Leather Company of Peabody, Mass., producers of high quality suede, calf skin, and side leather, have constructed processing tanks of sheet lead bonded to wood with Devcon L. Another com pany has used Devcon L to bond lead sheet to the inside of a cast iron and steel cylinder. This company also made a useful corrosion resistant tank by simply trowelling the putty onto the inside surfaces. The Lynn Gas & Electric Company has used this putty for sealing new connections on lead cable as well as for making repairs on damaged cable. The Marriner Combing Co., of Law rence, Mass., accomplished the repair of a large lead lined cast iron scouring tank, damaged by its agitator, by simplv trowelling the lead-plastic putty over the damaged areas. Other applications suggested by the manufacturer include building up lead castings or shapes to desired dimen sions, lining sinks, weighting wheels that are off balance, and sealing under ground boxes. And to finish up with a note from the atomic age, lead plastic mixes haxe proved of value for shield ing against radioactive materials. Sev eral companies report that it is highly effective, is easy to use. and can be shaped to the exact form required. Mixing with occelerator readies lead-plastic for use Corrosion Resistance of Lead-Plastic Putty (Oata from Devcon Corp.) Immersion in 1" Cube 1 " Cube 14 days 60 days % wt. % wf. change Rating change Rating 50% sulphuric acid 0.41 E. 0.36 E. 5% sulphuric acid 2 E. 1.8 E. 50% nitric acid 1.2 G. 3.6 F. 5% nitric acid 2 G. 2.1 G. 50% hydrochloric acid 0.55 E. 0.63 E. 5% hydrochloric acid 2 G. 1.4 G. Saturated sodium hydroxide 10% sodium hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide Water Gasoline Toluol 0.7 0.12 0.09 0.3 0.005 0.89 E. E. E. E. E. . 0.68 0.09 0.10 0.32 0.009 0.75 E. E. E. E. E. E. Textile spirits Mineral spirits Isopropyl alcohol Denatured alcohol Ethylene dichloride Carbon tetrachloride 0.003 0.002 0.010 1.9 3.0 1.1 E. E. E. G. G. G. 0.002 0.002 0.011 1.75 2.9 1.3 E. E. E. G. G. G. NOTE: Corrosion Rating E = excellent, G = good, F = fair. Ratings given are based on weight change plus analysis of any dimensional changes as well as the presence of obvious corrosion products. Ten Silent Miles a Day At ,-t'i ludfil Ocean Reef at Ninth kc\ [.arsio. Fla., lead-acid hatter\ pow ered carts help the ^taff to provide the quick. courteous and quiet service ex pected by the discriminating clien tele. Ocean Reef, with its cottages, hotel, club house, varht basin and golf course, covers hundreds of acres. The dock master, chamber maids, main tenance men and maitre d'hotel could not possible perform their duties sat isfactorily on foot. Three service carts are used constantlv. traveling an average of some 10 miles a dav each. Manufactured hv Cushman Motor W orks. Inc., of Lincoln. Neb., each is powered hv four 6-volt lead acid batteries which maintain full speed and power for the whole day. The batteries are placed on charge each night. The maitre d'hotel travels in one from cottage to cottage and yacht to vacht to take dinner orders. Maids use them to carry their linen and other supplies from cottage to cottage. The dock master employs one in his busy travels to and from the yachts -- as many as a hundred at busy times -- tied up in the yacht basin. Beds, fur niture and baggage are often delivered in them. Using no fuel and economical to operate despite frequent stops, these carts serve in silence that offers no annoyance to the guests, vet they en able the staff to cover a large area quickly and efficiently. THEJki LIBRARY of Technical Information The following articles and reprints contain information, drawings and specifications on the use of lead products helpful to architects, engineers and others interested. They are available free of charge except where otherwise indicated, upon request to the LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION. 60 East 42nd STREET, NEW YORK 17, N. Y,, until May 1, 292 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK 17. N. Y. thereafter. THE MATERIALS YOU BUY -- LEAD Descriptive information about lead from mine to finished products. Reprinted from `'New York Purchasing Review," January, 1959. USE LEAD TO CONTROL CORROSION Latest practices in lead construction for the petroleum refining industry are described. How to avoid the difficulties sometimes ex perienced with lead-lined equipment. Re printed from "Petroleum Refiner," April. 1958. MATERIALS of CONSTRUCTION REVIEWS Lead and lead alloys in design and construc tion research, engineering and technological applications. With bibliography, 1959, 1958, 1957 and 195G reviews leditions are not cu mulative) are available. Reprinted from "Indus-trial and Engineering Chemistry." September, 1959, 1958. 1957 and 1956. CORROSION DATA --LEAD & ALLOYS Chart form presentation of the corrosion re sistance of lead and its alloys to 188 common chemical materials over the normal tempera ture range. Reprinted from ``Chemical Engi neering." February 1953. BEST DESIGNS FOR LEAD INSTALLATIONS A special report on the applications of lead and lead alloys in the chemical and metallur gical industries. Recommended practice for joining lead sheets, and the construction of wood stave tanks, launders, towers and flues where lead is involved are included. Reprinted from "Chemical Engineering," March, April and May, 1956. BETTER LEAD TANK LININGS Sketch and description of an improved method for lining wooden tanks with sheet lead. Reprinted from "Chemical Engineer ing," September 1959. LEAD-ASBESTOS PAD FOR VIBRATION Gives specification, drawings, and reviews re cent applications of lead-asbestos anti-vibra tion pads for buildings. LEAD WORK FOR MODERN PLUMBING $1.50 Postpaid. $1.00 per copy in quanti ties of 10 or more Profusely illustrated with over 140 photo graphs and drawings, the textbook presents clearly to the plumbing student the necessary tools, procedures and the methods required for lead work. LEAD IN MODERN INDUSTRY $1.00 Postpaid A fully illustrated 230 page, cloth bound book describing all phases of the production and use of lead, lead alloys and lead compounds. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION WW-P325 For Pipe, Bends and Traps: Lead Dimensions and weights of lead products used in the plumbing and water works fields are given. Published by the Government Printing Office. RED LEAD TECHNICAL LETTERS No. 12 Seven formulations and schedules for painting highway structural steel. No. 13 L.I.A. Formula 9-2. A single Red Lead Primer for Rusted, Weathered or New Galva nized Steel. No. 14 Describes the formulation of red leadcoumarone primer for seawater immersion -- ship hulls, fixed marine installations. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PAINT: RED-LEAD-BASE, READY-MIXED TTP-S6a Covers four tvpes of red-lead-base paints in cluding two fast drying formulations. Many intended applications listed. N. Y. TRANSIT AUTHORITY PAINTS Evaluates experiences and best formulations found by the New York Transit Authority for maintaining subways, elevateds. Reprinted from "Mass Transportation," March 1959. RADIOISOTOPE CONTAINERS Twelve-page booklet illustrates and describes eight shipping containers evolved at Oak Ridge for small quantities of radioisotopes. NEW LITERATURE LEAD DOME'S SILVER ANNIVERSARY The excellent maintenance and service re cords of the lead dome at New Jersey's peni tentiary in Rahway are reviewed after 25 years. Shows construction method. Reprinted from "Heating & Air Conditioning Contrac tor," January 1960. TRUCK COSTS IN A JIFFY Three nomographs permit estimation of costs for gas or battery powered industrial trucks in two or three minutes. Depreciation, operat ing costs, and maintenance are appraised sep arately for all unusual types of operation. ULTRA LOW LOSS CERAMICS Technical discussion of new formulations for ultra low loss ceramics together with possible mechanisms of behavior. Reprinted from "Jour. Amer. Ceramic Soc.," September 1959. ANODES FOR SHIP PROTECTION Results of a detailed examination of leadsilver anodes for corrosion protection of ships. Operating efficiency and behavior are given. Other anodes are compared. Reprinted from "Corrosion," November 1959. UPON REQUEST. THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS. LIA26203 PRINTED IN U. S. A. GOLDMAN DIVISION INC -- ROGERS KELLOGG CORP. AND CITY l. N. Y.