Document 3QLmJm4yR82NZZ2ZnkxG3dBQJ

Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation rj 1 -f Cattle Team Report i ? . S t a h l A r S.SL.C - !Alf3> Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report ? ro O jO 30 05 13 p i ---otron zx. O pt 0 o rroo EPA/DuPont Cattle Team Dr. Perry L. Habecker Dr. Lisa A. Davis-Heller Dr. Peter G. Moisan Dr. Robert J. Munson Dr. Robert H. Poppenga Dr. Greg P. Sykes December 23. 1999 OR! 000765 EID151682 R 6S000885 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1.0. 1. 1. SUMMARY Signatures 2.0. INTRODUCTION 3.0. 3.1. 3.1.1. 3.1.2. 3.2. 3.2.1. 3.2.2. 3.2.3. 3.2.4. 3.2.5. METHODS Cattle Team members meetings Animal Data videotapes diagnostic pathology reports April 1999 site visit data miscellaneous data wildlife 4.0. 4.1. 4.1.1. 4.1.2. 4.1.3. RESULTS Cattle videotapes diagnostic pathology reports April 1999 site visit data a. herd historv (4/8/99 interview) b. physical examination of cattle (4/7/99) - age. pregnancy status - bodv condition scores, girth - Clinical signs c. clinical pathology - hematology - clinical chemistry - special chemistry - serology ! - parasitology d. hav and grain analysis 4.2 4.3. 4.3.1. 4.3.2. 4.3.3. Miscellaneous Data Wildlife videotapes small mammal data deer studies 5.0. DISCUSSION - endophyte toxicity - pinkeye - malnutrition Cattle Team Repon Page 4 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 11 12 12 12 12 14 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 22 23 000766 ----------------- 2 EID151683 R G S000886 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Section 5.0. TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) DISCUSSION (continued) - copper deficiency - toxicology issues 6.0. RECOMMENDATIONS 7.0 CONCLUSION 8.0 REFERENCES ' ' ' .............. " '' ----- 9.0 GRAPHS Graph I: Individual Prolactin Values 10.0 FIGURES Figures 1 and 2: Face flies Figure 3: Corneal opacity Figure 4: Delayed shedding Figures 5 and 6: Coronitis Figures 7 and 8: Cattle standing in water 11.0 TABLES Table 1: Review of Tennant Farm Videotapes Table 2: Individual Animal Data: Clinical Signs Table 3: Indivi_.tal Animal Data: Hematology (erythron, platelets) Table 4: Individual Animal Data Hematology (leukon), and Special Chemistry Table 5: Individual Animal Data: Clinical Chemistry Table 6: Individual Animal Data: Serology and Fecal Exam Table 7: Tennant Farm Grain and Hay: Nutritional Analysis 12.0 APPENDICES Appendix A: Abbreviated Curriculum Vitae of Cattle Team Members Appendix B: Diagnostic Pathology Reports (Ohio Dept. Agric.: #497797; Michigan Animal Health Diagnostic Lab.: #1792571; Univ. Penn. Lab. of Large Animal Pathol, and Toxicol.: #UP9902702, #9901437) Appendix C: Dry Run Safety Plan Appendix D: Figures 1-42 : Photographs of the 42 adult cattle Figures 43-66 : Miscellaneous photographs of the Tennant Farm and cattle. Appendix E: Herd Health History (April 8, 1999 interview) Appendix F: Diet Analysis: Computer Software Simulation Page 23 24 24 26 26 29 30 31 32 33 33 34 35 36 37 44 46 48 50 52 54 55 56 58 70 71 106 109 000767 3 EID151684 R G S000887 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report 1.0 SUMMARY Introduction: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the health status of Mr. Earl Tennant's cattle herd and determine possible causes of any problems. The investigation included an examination of relevant historical data as well as the collection and evaluation of new data. The investigation terminated in the production of this report, which outlines study findings and makes recommendations to improve herd health. Methods: The Tennant farm herd health investigation was conducted by a team of six veterinarians with collective experience in bovine diseases, herd health management, toxicology, pathology, and wildlife diseases. In addition to numerous meetings and discussions, the cattle team visited the Tennant Farm on April 7-8, 1999 in order to collect relevant data. The cattle team reviewed historical data (e.g., videotapes, diagnostic laboratory reports) and contemporary data (e.g., clinical examinations, blood tests). Diagnoses and recommendations were based upon the data collected. Results: The multifaceted disease investigation of the adult cattle in the Tennant beef herd revealed health problems that were related to endophyte toxicity, infectious keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye), malnutrition, and copper deficiency. Clinical and historical data, with prolactin values of some animals, were consistent with endophyte mycotoxicosis. An examination of videotapes made during the summer months and clinical examinations of previously affected adult animals during the herd visit indicated prolonged severe enzootics of facefly {Musca uutumnalis) infestation and concomitant pinkeye. Hay analysis, cattle body condition scoring, and an evaluation of the mineral and grain rations fed were consistent with protein-energy malnutrition and macromineral/trace nutrient deficiencies. Earlier laboratory data, clinical signs, and serum testing at the time of the herd visit were indicative of severe copper deficiency in the cattle. Conclusion: There was conclusive evidence that the Tennant cattle herd was. and continues to be. suffering from four major disease entities, some of which were potentially interrelated: endophyte toxicity (fescue mycotoxicosis), pinkeye, malnutrition, and copper deficiency. As substantiated by the clinical and laboratoryfindings. and historical data, these four conditions readily account for the chronic herd health problems on the Tennant farm. The herd health investigation revealed deficiencies in herd management, including poor nutrition, inadequate veterinary care, and lack of fly control. The lack of vaccination and internal parasite control programs did not appear to have a substantial impact on this relatively isolated herd. Despite an exhaustive review of historical and contemporary herd data, there was no evidence of toxicitv associated with chemical contamination of the environment. 000768 ____ ______________ 4 EID151685 R 6S000888 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation 1.1 Signatures Perry<C^jabecker, VMD, Dipl. ACVP , j k tK J Lisa 2}. Davis-Heller, DVM Cattle Team Report /Z /2 3 ^ ? 9 Date 9 Peter G. Moisan, DVM, Dipl. ACVP, ABVP Date ^ (Zrl~J^ Robert J. Munson, VMD (Jbj 0 Date obert H. Poppenga, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ABVT / - } -oo Date Greg P , Dipl. ACVP, ABT Date O007GS 5 EID151686 R G S000889 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report 2.0 INTRODUCTION The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the health status of Mr. Earl Tennant's cattle herd and determine possible causes of any problems. The investigation included an examination of relevant historical data as well as the collection and evaluation of new data. The investigation terminated in the production of this report, which outlines study findings and makes recommendations to improve herd health 3.0 METHODS 3.1. Cattle Team 3.1.1. Members The Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation was assigned to a team of six veterinarians ("cattle team"). The team was constituted to include expertise in bovine diseases, herd health management, toxicology, pathology, and wildlife diseases. Representatives of the DuPont Company (DuPont) selected three members (Drs. Sykes, Davis-Heller, Moisan); representatives of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) selected three members (Drs. Habecker, Poppenga. Munson). Abbreviated Curriculum Vitae of the cattle team members arc included in this report (Appendix A). Cattle Team Members Assoctaiions Perry Habecker. VMD. Dipl. ACVP Chief. Large Animal Pathology. Laboratory of Pathology and Toxicology. Univ. of Penn. School of Veterinary Medicine. N<. Bolton Center, Kennett Square. PA. Lisa Davis-Heller. DVM Private Practitioner. St. Mary's Veterinary Clinic, St. M ary's, wv Peter Moisan. DVM. Dipl. ACVP. Dipl. Veterinary Pathologisi, Rollins Animal Disease Diagnostic ABVP Laboratorv (state laboratory), Raleigh, NC Robert Munson. VMD Field Investigator. Center for Animal Health and Productivity. Univ. of Penn. School of Veterinary Medicine. Kennett Square. PA. Robert Poppenga. DVM. PhD. Dipl. ABVT Chief. Toxicology. Laboratory of Pathology and Toxicology. Univ. of Penn. School of Veterinary Medicine. New Bolton Center, Kennett Square. PA. Greg Sykes. VMD. Dtpl. ACVP, Dipl. ABT Pathologist, Safety Assessment, DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company. Stine Research Center, Newark. DE. DVM. VMD = Doctor of Veterinary Medicine Dipl. ACVP = Diplomate. American College of Veterinary Pathologists Dipl ABVP = Diplomate. American Board of Veterinary Practice (Food Animal and Beef Cattle Specialist ) Dtpl. ACVT = Diplomate. American College of Veterinary Toxicologists Dipl. ABT = Diplomate. American Board of Toxicology At the first meeting of the cattle team (March 9. 1999), Perry Habecker was elected Scientific Leader (i.e., chairman) and Greg Sykes was elected Coordinator. The V 000776-- 6 EID151687 R G S000890 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report chairman and coordinator were instructed to communicate with the "steering committee" leaders, Drs. Sarah Caspar (EPA, Region III) and Ralph Stahl (DuPont Corporate Remediation Group), as needed. This "steering committee" included Drs. Caspar, Stahl, Mike Horne (USFWS), Mark Sprenger (EPA-OERR), and Rudy Valentine (DuPont Specialities Chemicals toxicologist). 3.1.2. Cattle Team Meetings The cattle team met formally on four occasions, including the Tennant Farm site visit. Cattle Team Meetings Date Location March 9. 1999 New Bolton Center, Kennen Square, PA March 23. 1999 New Bolton Center, Kenne Square, PA April 7-8, 1999 Tennant Farm, Wood County. WV* July 28-29, 1999 New Bolton Center, Kenne Square. PA * including pre-meeting planning session at Holiday Inn. Parkersburg. WV In addition, several in-person discussions took place at New Bolton Center between and among Drs. Habecker, Munson, Poppenga, and Sykes between March 1999 and the issuance of this report. All cattle team members utilized the telephone, internet email, and US postal systems for pair and group discussions and information sharing. 3.2. Animal Data 3.2.1. Videotapes Two videotapes were supplied to the cattle team by the steering committee. Each of the tapes was a collection of videotapes made, and narrated, by Mr. Earl Tennant on his farm and the adjacent landfill area. Although the tapes were edited and include material from different seasons, it appeared that these tapes were all produced between 1995 and 1997. Tennant Farm Videotapes Tape Title #i "Tennant Farm: New England. Wood County, WVa - January and February, 1997" #2 "Dry Run: Harris PC. Wood Co.; Off North Fork of Lee Creek. New England. WVa" Animal Case Numbers I - 18 19-60 Both of these tapes were viewed, in their entirety, by the cattle team members individually. They were also reviewed at a cattle team meeting on July 28,h (Dr. DavisHeller not present). A total of 60 animal cases, ranging from a dead crayfish to groups of sick cows, were evaluated. Items on the tapes that were not animal related (e.g., water treatment) were noted but not evaluated, Table 1 is a compilation of the relevant animal health data derived from these tapes. This table does not include many assertions and 000771 7 EID151688 R G S000891 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report interpretations, made by the narrator in the tapes, which the team members considered to be incomplete or erroneous. 3.2.2. Diagnostic Pathology Reports Two pathology reports (Appendix B) were supplied to the cattle team by the steering committee. Both were issued by state animal diagnostic laboratories in response to the submission of dead animals or tissues from the Tennant Farm. These reports were reviewed by the cattle team. A third pathology report (Appendix B) was produced subsequent to the elective sacrifice of one animal (# 37) on June 10, 1999. The cattle committee decided, at a meeting on May 28, 1999, that it would be informative to have a toxicology screen on tissues from one or two older cows. Mr. Tennant was asked to select one or two of the cattle that he considered to be in the worst condition. He chose to sacrifice cow # 37, a 7-year old red cow that had freshened a few months earlier. This animal was euthanized by gunshot by Mr. Tennant on the farm on June 10, 1999. Mr. Tennant performed the dissection in the presence of Dr. Davis-Heller. Tissues were collected (Dr. Davis-Heller) for histopathologv and analytical toxicology. Individual Animal Pathology Reports Pathology Report Date Name of Diagnostic Laboratory March IO. 1997 Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory. Ohio Department of Agriculture. Reynoldsburg. OH March I2. 1997 Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory. College of Veterinary Medicine. Michigan Slate University. Lansing MI July 5. 1999 Laboratory of Large Animal Pathology and Toxicology. New Bolton Center. University of Pennsylvania. Kenneii Square. PA Case Material (case number) dead 6-month-old bull calf (#4977-97) tissues 4-year-old Holstein cow' (#1792571) tissues 9-year old Holstein cow r !792571 l tissues 7-vear-old cow (#UP9902702: UP9901437) 3.2.3. April 1999 Site Visit Data The cattle team visited the Tennant Farm and adjacent Dry Run landfill site on April 7 and 8, 1999 in order to collect data and biological samples relevant to the herd health investigation. Before proceeding to the site on April 7th, a brief safety meeting was held at the Parkersburg Holiday Inn during which the Dry Run Safety Plan (Appendix C) was reviewed. The 6 cattle team members, 2 of the steering committee members (Caspar, Horne) and 2 USFWS employees were present. April 7. 1999 The cattle team had planned to inspect the farm and adjacent landfill, view the herd grazing, and interview Mr. Tennant on the afternoon of Wednesday April 7,h. However, 000772 g EID151689 R G S000892 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report due to a misunderstanding, Mr. Tennant had corralled his entire herd on Wednesday morning. When the cattle team and EPA/USFWS personnel arrived at approximately 3:15 PM. the herd had been contained in a small enclosure, without food or water, for several hours. The team therefore elected to conduct the individual animal examinations and specimen collections immediately. A new head-hold restraint device had been installed next to the enclosure to facilitate animal handling. Mr. Earl Tennant and his brother were very helpful in handling the cattle and moving them into the restraint device. The 41 adult cattle were individually run into the chute, secured with the head hold and a halter, and examined. Each adult (38 cows, 2 bulls, and 1 steer) was given a general physical examination including observation of gross abnormalities, grading of body condition, and estimation of age based on the incisors. Blood was collected by jugular venipuncture (2 red top, 1 green top, and 1 lavender top tubes) from each cow and fecal samples were rectally collected from each adult. Cows were rectally palpated to determine their pregnancy status. All examined adult animals received two ear tags, one with an identification number and one with an impregnated insecticide. One Hereford cow (i.e.. the 39thcow. 42nd adult) escaped the chute prior to examination, aging, uterine palpation, blood collection, and ear tagging. Each adult bovine was individually photographed and identified (Appendix D. photographs 1-42). Only 1 cow (animal #22) received treatment - a mass, most consistent with a dermoid cyst, was incised and drained (Appendix D, photographs 49-51). Additional photographs of the farm (Appendix D, photographs 43, 54-58), individual animal "lesions" observed on April 7, 1999 (Appendix D, photographs 4 y 48, 52, 53), photographs supplied to the team by Mr. Tennant (Appendix D, photographs 60-65), and a photograph of cattle team and steering committee members (Appendix D, photograph 66) are also included in this report. Adult Cattle Procedures phvsical examination body condition scored ase estimation rectal pregnancy examination girth measurement fecal sample collection blood collection ear tagged: animal identification ear tagged: insecticide photographed Twelve calves were examined as a group. The smaller seven received insecticidal ear tags; the larger five received no ear tags as Mr. Tennant indicated that they were to be sold in the very near future. Although the cattle team was prepared to do a post-mortem examination on one or more cattle, the team decided that there was no animal sufficiently ill to justify euthanasia and necropsy at the time of the visit. 000773 9 EID151690 R 6S000893 Tennant Farrr. Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report All animal biological samples (blood and feces) were taken back to New Bolton Center by Dr. Habecker. Blood samples were subjected to hematology, serum chemistry, and serology. Randomly selected fecal samples were subjected to fecal flotation. The following clinical pathology parameters were evaluated: Hematology leukocyte (total and differential) count hematocrit erythrocyte count mean corpuscular hemoglobin hemoglobin concentration mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration mean corpuscular volume *rcd cell distribution width platelet count platelet distribution width mean platelet volume These parameters were calculated using the measured data. Se-r-um C--hemistry aspartate aminotransferase potassium gamma glutamvl transferase calcium creatine kinase chloride blood urea nitrogen magnesium creatinine phosphorus total protein copper albumin selenium globulin pepsinogen sodium prolactin * globulin was calculated from the measured albumin and total protein data. ** prolactin was measured from blood plasma derived from EDTA tubes (lavender top). Serology bovine leukemia virus lei epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer (agid) bovine virus diarrhea virus isni M \co b a cteriu m para tu b ercu la sis iJohne'sl (el bovine virus diarrhea virus (mp) leptospirosis (sn) blue toneue virus iagidi brucellosis (sn) (ci = elisa lest: tsr.) = serum neutralization test: tmpi = microplate assay; (agid) = agarose gei immunodiffusion test April 8. 1999 Three members of the cattle team (Drs. Moisan, Munson, and Davis-Heller) met with Mr. Earl Tennant and recorded his recollection of the 1998-1999 herd health history (Appendix E). Drs. Caspar and Home gave all of the cattle team members a driving tour of the property between the Tennant barn and the Dry Run landfill, including a drive within the landfill. During those two trips, the team members were able to see the connecting pastures. 000774 EID151691 R G S000894 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report adjacent creeks, neighboring cattle grazing, and wildlife. The landfill was open and being utilized at the time of the site visit. While on site, the cattle team made general observations regarding the environment, including the flora, fauna, and man-made structures. Core samples of three large round hay bales were collected (3 samples/bale) from bales in the bam yard. Mr. Tennant gave the team some receipts (dates ranged from 2/98 to 12/98) from complete, mixed feed, and mineral supplement he had purchased. All plant biological samples (bailed hay core samples and grain sample) were subjected to nutritional analysis by the Forage Testing Laboratory of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture (Table 7). These data were used in an Excel spreadsheet program (CNCPS v 3.1) from Cornell University to evaluate the diets in two cow models under two feeding situations (Appendix F, models 1-4). The following nutritional parameters were evaluated: Hay and Grain Analysis drv matter crude protein unavailable protein adjusted crude protein acid detergem fiber total digestible nitrogen NE (lactation) calcium phosphorus sodium magnesium sulphur potassium copper iron manganese zinc nurate ion selenium 3.2.4. Miscellaneous Data During the site visit in April. Mr Tennant was asked to notify Dr. Lisa Davis-Heller or Dr. Sarah Caspar if there w-ere any future signs of disease problems in his herd. The team wished to collect whatever data might be relevant to their assessment of the health status of the Tennant herd. Between April 8 and December 23, 1999, Mr. Tennant consulted twice with Dr. DavisHeller. Subsequent to notifying Dr. Caspar of a newborn calf which was born with a `cloudy eye", Mr. Tennant brought the calf to Dr. Davis-Heller's clinic (April 21, 1999). Dr. Davis-Heller examined the calf and made a diagnosis. Mr. Tennant left with the calf. On May 26, 1999, Dr. Davis-Heller examined cow #30 for a lump under the right mandible. 000775 11 EID151692 R G S000895 Tennant Farm Herd Hejlth Investigation Cattle Team Report 3.2.5. Wildlife EPA and DuPont each sponsored environmental studies that included the trapping of small mammals in the grazing fields of Mr. Tennant's cattle. These reports were supplied to the cattle team by the steering committee. The data included in these reports, as it relates to small mammal pathology, were evaluated by the cattle team. Small Mammal Studies Report Date Report Title November, 1997 (draft) Dry Run Creek: Washington. Wood County, West Virginia. USEPA Environmental Response Team December 3. 1998 (letter) Small Mammal Trapping Effort; Dry Run Landfill, Washington. WV (URS Greiner Woodward Clyde study) Animal Data Section Table 39: Results of Histopathology for the Meadow Vole Table 1: Data Summary. Small Mammal Investigation The cattle team was also made aware of periodic deer reproduction surveys conducted by Dr. Crum and associates of the West Virginia Department of Natural Resources (WV DNR) in the Dry Run area, however no reports were available. 4.0 RESULTS 4.1. Cattle 4.1.1. Videotapes (Table 1) Two videotapes of several hours duration were reviewed. Forty cattle scenes and 20 wildlife scenes were presented, depicting numerous lesions. The individual scenes (i.e.. cases), along with the cattle team's diagnosis/comment. are presented in Table 1 in the order in which they were presented in the videotapes. The herd health problems identified in these videos were summarized as follows: 1. Keratitis: Corneal ulcers, scars and opacities, as well as blepharospasm, were observed in many cattle. These were all considered to be manifestations of "pinkeye", an infectious keratoconjunctivitis caused by bacteria such as Morexella bovis. The facefly (Musca autumnalis) problem observed in these videos and the lack of effective fly control were consistent with the diagnosis of severe "pinkeye" in these cattle. Affected young and adult cattle were observed to have 2-3 to 25-50 or more faceflies feeding at the medial canthus of each eye and on the lacrimal secretions. Figures 1 and 2 are prints from videotape #2, illustrating the facefly problem on a calf and her dam, respectively. Both of these animals were blind from chronic keratoconjunctivitis. Figure 3 (videotape #2) demonstrates an early central corneal ulcer on the left eye of a calf; faceflies are seen by the lower eyelid. 000776 12 EID151693 R G S000896 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report 2. Hair loss, neck and tail: The cervical alopecia was most consistent with a lice problem. The alopecia observed on the tails of some cattle (e.g., loss of "switch") may also have been due to lice, or may have been related to fescue mycotoxicity. 3. Poor shedding of hair coats: This clinical sign, most prominent in the late spring and summer segments of the videotapes, is consistent with multiple nutritional deficiencies as well as fescue mycotoxicosis. Figure 4 demonstrates a cow from videotape #2 that was described by Mr. Tennant as having delayed shedding of the winter coat. 4. Hair depigmentation: The discoloration of the cattle hair coats is a change most often associated with a nutritional deficiency, and is especially common in cases of copper deficiency. 5. Coronitis: Alopecia and erythema above the coronary band may be seen with fescue mycotoxicosis, mechanical trauma, or as a non-specific dermatitis. Figures 5 and 6 (videotape #2) are representative of the erythematous foot lesions observed by Mr. Tennant in many of his cattle. Figures 7 and 8 (videotape #2)) demonstrate the cattle's preference for standing in the water when these lesions were present. Fescue mycotoxicosis ("fescue foot") was considered the most likely diagnosis of this condition. 6. "Hunched un" or painful stance: This is a clinical sign often associated with abdominal or foot pain, but has been specifically described as a manifestation of the fescue endophyte toxicity complex. 7. Thin body condition: Poor body condition is a non-specific finding and the cases presented most likely represented different etiologies. The emaciated dead calf with serous atrophy appears to have starved while others appear to have had diarrhea or mastication problems. Considering the other findings in this herd (e g., feed analysis), nutritional insufficiency (protein-energy malnutrition) was also a likely contributing factor to poor body condition. Some findings described in these tapes were difficult to evaluate by video although they probably u'ere real. For example, the described "lumps" in a cow udder (case # 54) was difficult to see but would be considered an incidental finding in any case. A few cattle were described as "hunched-up" or "humped-up" (cases # 1 ,5 , 17) --these may have been related to lameness, hardware disease (traumatic reticulopericarditis), fescue mycotoxicosis, or other condition. An individual cow that was slobbering, losing cud, and urinating (case # 13) may also have had hardware disease, although the diagnosis was not clear. Another individual cow (case # 45) which was panting was consistent with fescue mycotoxicosis (i.e., "summer fescue" hyperthermia), although this presentation was certainly non-specific. 000777 13 EID151694 R G S000897 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report 4.1.2. Diagnostic Pathology Reports (Appendix B) Only four of Mr. Tennant's cattle were submitted for post-mortem diagnostic evaluation of some type. The most significant finding was moderate to marked copper deficiency in the three cows analyzed for heavy metals. Keratitis was observed in the only animal that was formally necropsied. This 6-month old bull calf apparently died from winter starvation (i.e., negative energy balance or protein-energy malnutrition) complicated by untreated intestinal coccidiosis. These reports are included in Appendix B; summaries are presented below: a. Dead 6-month old bull calf submitted to the Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg. OH on 2/27/97; Laboratory report dated 3-10-97 (Appendix B) History: Gross diagnosis: Histopathologic diagnosis: 6-month old bull calf; underweight; diarrhea for one month; received no medication; corneal opacities; died. Emaciation with serous atrophy of fat Intestinal parasitism (trichuriasis) Enteric coccidiosis Keratitis, moderate, chronic, focally extensive b. Tissues from a 4-vear old Holstein cow submitted to the Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing MI on 3/4/97; Laboratory report dated 3-12-97 (Appendix B) History: 4-year old Holstein cow; died 2-18-97; dissected by owner; tissues submitted by EPA Heavy metal screen. Copper deficiency in liver (1.9 ppm vs. 25-150 reference range) and kidney (2.37 ppm vs. 4 - 6 ppm reference range). Manganese was marginally low in liver; cadmium was slightly increased in the kidney. No heavy metals found in urine (urine fluoride was 6.6 ug/ml)[reference range: toxic if 2 14 pg/mL] c. Tissues from a 9-year old Holstein cow submitted to the Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing MI on 3/4/97; Laboratory report dated 3-12-97 (Appendix B) History: 9-year old Holstein cow; died 3-2-97; dissected by owner; tissues submitted by EPA 000778 14 EID151695 R G S000898 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Histopathologic diagnosis: (only heart, liver, and kidneys submitted: autolysis and freeze/thaw artifact) Myocardial sarcocysts Heavy metal screen: Copper deficiency in liver (2.03 ppm vs. 25-150 reference range) and kidney (2.33 ppm vs. 4 - 6 ppm reference range). Manganese was marginally low in liver, iron was elevated in the liver; cadmium was slightly increased in the kidney. Urine heavy metals were normal (urine fluoride was 5.55 ug/ml)[reference range: toxic if 2 14 pg/mL] Clinical pathology: No significant findings d. Tissues from a 7-year old red cow (euthanized on 6/10/99 and dissected by Mr. Tennant) submitted to the Laboratory of Large Animal Pathology and Toxicology. School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA on 6/27/99; Laboratory report dated 7-5-99 (Appendix B) History: 7-year old red cow; euthanized 6-10-99: dissected by owner: tissues submitted by Dr Davis-Heller. Histopathologic diagnosis: Enteric lesions of minimal significance (forestomach abscesses; intestinal coccidiosis; myocardial sarcocysts). Heavy metal screen: Copper deficiency in liver (7.71 ppm vs. 25-150 reference range). 4.1.3. April 1999 Site Visit Data a. Herd History (Appendix E) The herd history (Appendix E) was based on Mr. Tennant's recollections during the interview on April 8, 1999. A written record of herd health was conspicuously absent. Much of this can be attributed to the lack of outside intervention. There is no record of veterinary care or consultation with an animal nutritionist. Minimal medications have been used on these animals, and there has been no use of vaccines or modern dewormers. Except for the few' animals noted in this document (see Diagnostic Pathology Reports, above), no diagnostic laboratory tests were done on dead animals. The level of cattle herd management has not changed since the installation of the landfill. 000779 15 EID151696 R G S000899 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report b. Physical Examination (Table 2) Age. Pregnancy Status On April 7, 1999, the cattle team examined 41 animals, including 38 adult cows, 2 adult bulls, and 1 adult steer (Table 2). Estimated ages for the adult cows ranged from 4 to greater than 9 years. This is a herd of aged cattle; 32 of the 38 cows were estimated to be older that 9 years. Twenty-seven (27/38) cows were pregnant. Body Condition Scores Body condition scores (BCS) were based on a 1-9 scale. Scores ranged from 2 to 7; the average score was 3.5 (3=thin, 4=borderline, 5-7 is considered optimum). Clinical Signs Haircoat abnormalities were evident in 9 of the 41 cattle. One animal had an epidermal inclusion cyst that was lanced and emptied. Mammary gland lumps, consistent with chronic mastitis, were interpreted as abscesses or accumulations of fibrous connective (scar) tissue. Rectal examination of one cow suggested the presence of intra-abdominal fat necrosis. c. Clinical Pathology (Tables 3 - 6; Graph 1) Hematology Erythron (Table 3): Red blood cell indices were generally in the low-normal range. No animals were considered anemic. Leukon (Table 4): The total white blood cell counts were within the normal range. Differential cell counts were considered invalid due to the 36 hour delay between collection and testing. Clinical chemistry (Table 5) Most electrolyte values were in the high-normal to slightly elevated range, consistent with mild dehydration. Since the cattle were penned during the daylight hours of April 7, which was unseasonably warm, and had no access to water, clinical dehydration was not unexpected. Dehydration is also the most likely explanation for the elevated creatinine in 40/41 cattle. Most (27/41) of the cattle had elevated total protein, which also correlates highly with a diagnosis of dehydration (total protein = globulin fraction + albumin fraction). In all cattle (41/41) the globulin fraction was elevated while the albumin fraction was within the reference range. 0007S0 16 EID151697 R G S000900 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), a sensitive indicator of active liver disease, was consistently within the normal reference range. Creatine kinase (CK), an indicator of muscle necrosis, was also normal in all of the cattle. However, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), a less sensitive indicator of liver and muscle degeneration, was minimally elevated in 33/41 cattle. This might be from leukocyte dissolution, the result of the 36 hour interval between blood collection and testing. Special chemistry Prolactin: Plasma prolactin levels (Table 4 and Graph 1) were significantly depressed. According to the testing laboratory (Dr. Neal Schrick, University of Tennessee), an average prolactin level for cattle on fescue-free pasture (for April) was 171.6 microgrdms/liter (ng/mL) (i.e., reference mean = 171.6 ng/mL). The average of the 41 Tennant samples was 110.1 ng/mL and 36/41 of the Tennant cattle were below the reference mean (171.6 ng/mL). In contrast, an average prolactin level for cattle on endophyte-infected fescue (simulated by ergotamine tartrate administration) was 105.8 ng/mL (data from Dr. Schrick). This average was similar to the Tennant herd average (110.1 ng/mL) and 24/41 of the cattle were below this reference level (105.8 ng/mL). According to Dr. Schrick, these findings were highly supportive of endophyte toxicity in the Tennant herd. Copper: Blood copper levels were in the deficient range for 26 of 41 animals; one copper assay was below the limit of detection. Selenium: Blood selenium levels were normal for 41 of 41 cattle. Pepsinogen: Pepsinogen, a blood enzyme indicator of parasite damage to the abomasum, was measured in 10 cows, one steer and one bull. All values were within the normal reference range. These data supported the conclusion that abomasal ostertagiasis was not a problem in adult cattle in this herd. Serology (Table 6) BLV (Bovine Leukemia Virus) Johne's (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis antigen; Brucella BVD (Bovine Virus Diarrhea antigen) BVD Microplate Assay (viremia detection) Bluetongue Leptospira interrogans (5 subvarieties) EHD type 2 (Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease of deer) l/41 positive 1/14 positive 0/41 2/41 positive 0/41 0/41 3/41 positive 2/12 positive None of the serology values suggested a herd-wide problem. Positive titers for BVD and Leptospira might reflect residual vaccination titers in purchased animals or natural exposure to these diseases. The discovery of two positive EHD titers was evidence that this disease has been in the local deer population. 000781 17 EID151698 R G S000901 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Parasitology Routine fecal flotation (Table 4) revealed parasite ova in 11 of 14 randomly selected fecal samples. The magnitude of ova shedding could be categorized as rare to moderate. Parasite groups included coccidia, tapeworms, and strongyle-type nematodes. Intestinal parasitism was not considered to be a major herd problem in the adult cattle. The shedding of small numbers of oocysts and helminth ova is expected of mature cattle. d. Hay and Grain Analysis (Table 7) During the cattle team's visit to the Tennant farm (4/8/99), Mr. Tennant was interviewed regarding herd feeding practices. Three large round bales of hay in the barnyard, identified as representative of the herd's forage, were visually inspected and core samples (3/bale) were collected for analysis. This forage (i.e., hay, grass/fescue) was fed ad libitum. During the site visit, forage quality was subjectively evaluated as poor. The fiber level of the hay appeared to be high and forage analysis (Table 7) later substantiated that observation. Fiber levels of forage play an important role in determining how much of a feed can be consumed. Dry matter intake (DMI) is inversely related to fiber levels. According to Mr. Tennant, mature animals, on the Tennant farm, were also fed five pounds per head per day of a grain mix composed of dry ear com, soybean meal, and minerals (rate could not be validated, despite the existence of grain receipts). A sample of this feed was taken and analyzed. An Excel spreadsheet program (CNCPS v 3.1) from Cornell University was used to evaluate the diets. Using the forage and grain nutritional analysis conducted by the Forage Testing Laboratory of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture (Table 7), two models for mature cows (early lactation and dry pregnant) were selected to examine the current feeding program (Appendix F). According to the computer models, a cow in early lactation (model #1) in the spring of 1999 fed five pounds of this grain and free choice hay was in severe negative energy balance (72.5% of requirement) and less severe protein deficiency (90.9% of requirement). The limited nutrients available would have a negative impact on milk production, persistency of production, and calf growth. A cow under this feeding system would require 2.4 times the corn currently being fed to be isocaloric (model #2). Similarly, a dry pregnant cow (model #3) in the same feeding system would also be in negative energy balance (75.2% of requirement) but not deficient in protein (125%). The same dry pregnant cow maximizing dry matter intake (model #4) would still be in negative energy balance (87.7%). 000782 EID151699 R G S000902 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report The body condition scores (BCSs) of the herd were consistent with the energy deficit of the diets. The impact of the poor quality forage on this farm and subsequent energy deficits were considered to have chronic effects well after the cows return to adequate pasture. 4.2. Miscellaneous Data Following the site visit, Mr. Tennant consulted with Dr. Davis-Heller regarding a suspected sick animal. Mr. Tennant brought a calf with a "cloudy eye" to Dr. DavisHeller's clinic (April 21, 1999). Dr. Davis-Heller examined the calf and determined that there was nothing wrong with the eye, except for a slight mucoid exudate on the cornea which was easily wiped away. On May 26, 1999, Dr. Davis-Heller examined cow #30 for a lump under the right mandible. The lesion was aspirated (pus) and subsequently lanced. 4.3. Wildlife 4.3.1. Videotapes (Table 1) The 20 wildlife cases presented in the videotapes were all dead and, except for one case (case # 49), of no diagnostic value. These were all considered to be incidental deaths since there did not appear to be any consistency in the species, location, or timing of the deaths. In fact, these deaths appeared to be most consistent with the random wildlife carcasses which would be found in a healthy ecosystem. The individual dead deer (case #49) which presented with hemorrhage from the nostrils may have died from epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD). This diagnosis would correspond with the known existence of this disease in local deer (personal communication: Dr. Crum to Dr. Sykes) and the finding of some EHD seropositive cattle in the Tennant herd. 4.3.2. Small Mammal Data Two pathologists reviewed the liver and kidney histology from 45 small rodents (voles, shrews, and mice) captured on the Tennant property in 1997 (USEPA Environmental Response Team draft report: Dry Run Creek, Washington, Wood County, West Virginia; Table 39). No lesions characteristic of hepatotoxicitv or nephrotoxicity were evident. Although several anomalies were identified, none were considered suggestive of toxic teratogenesis The 1998 small mammal trapping (URS Greiner Woodward Clyde study, December 3, 1998) observed no gross abnormalities in the captured animals (voles, shrews, and mice). 4.3.3. Deer Studies The cattle team was made aware of the periodic deer reproduction surveys conducted by the West Virginia Department of Natural Resources (WV DNR) in the Dry Run area. Although the team reviewed some of the data sheets from these studies, no reports were available. One team member (Sykes) had a telephone conversation with Dr. Crum of the 000783 EID151700 R 6S000903 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report WV DNR regarding deer herd health in the Dry Run area in order to acquire some additional information. From this conversation, it was the cattle team's understanding that: - evidence of low fertility rates in young does was probably attributable to deer overpopulation; - epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) has been diagnosed clinically and serologically in dead and captured deer, respectively; - bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) has been diagnosed serologically in deer not far from Dry Run; In addition, the team has learned that outbreaks of EHD in West Virginia deer were reported between 1980 and 1989 [Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study publication, Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases in the Southeastern U.S., 2nd ed.]. Since there was no evidence of an EHD or BVD outbreak in the Tennant herd, the deer population was not considered to be a contributing factor in the cattle herd health problems. Also, there was no evidence that the deer herd was a useful sentinel species for any of the disease entities identified in the Tennant herd. 5.0 DISCUSSION The six veterinarians comprising the cattle team agreed that there was conclusive evidence that the Tennant herd was suffering from four major disease entities: endophyte toxicity, pinkeye, malnutrition, and copper deficiency. The clinical, laboratory, and historical data substantiate that these four conditions can readily account for the chronic herd health problems on the Tennant farm. Endophyte toxicity According to the history acquired on April 8. 1999. the herd has been fed a diet of KY31 fescue hay in the winter and pasture that approaches 100% KY31 fescue during the summer. There has been no supplemental pasture or other forage fed to these animals. The clinical signs in the Tennant herd that highly suggest endophyte toxicity (fescue mycotoxicosis) include: swelling and pain at the coronary band (coronitis) and above, with cattle that stand in the creek during hot weather (Figures 5-8); poor shedding of winter coats (Figure 4); patchy tail alopecia with loss of tail switch; birth of undersized calves; poor conception and calving rates; numerous vague diseases suggestive of immune dysfunction; 000.784 20 EID151701 R G S000904 Termanl Farm Herd Healih Investigation Cattle Team Report Other clinical signs that are consistent with endophyte toxicity include: fat necrosis, presumptive, as diagnosed by rectal palpation in cow #15; concomitant presence of copper deficiency; panting in cow #45, suggestive of hyperthermia; general failure of the cattle to thrive. Vasoconstriction is seen as a result of ingestion of a number of ergot-like alkaloids. The endophyte fungus associated with fescue mycotoxicosis is Acremonium coenophialum which produces perloline, perlolidine, N-acetyl loline, and N-formyl loline (Stuedemann, et al., 1985). These alkaloids accumulate in the fescue grass seed during growth, acquiring the highest concentrations at the greatest maturity of the grass. Additionally, the alkaloids may be found in stored hay. The coronitis problem observed in the videotapes (Figures 5 and 6) was typical of that produced by endophyte toxicity in the "fescue foot" syndrome. Signs of fescue foot generally start with reduced weight gain, or loss of weight, rough hair coat, arched back, and soreness in one or both rear limbs. Hyperemia of the coronary band occurs between the dewclaws and hooves and is generally accompanied by some swelling (Hemken, et al., 1984). Arching of the back was reported by the owner in the videotapes as "hunched" and "humped" posture in some cattle. Peripheral vasoconstriction from these vasoactive alkaloids results in decreased ability to dissipate heat during hot weather. This phenomenon is known as "summer slump" (Osborne, et al.. 1992). The panting and drooling by a red cow (#45) in videotape #2 was suggestive of the summer slump syndrome. T' e birth of undersized calves to dams ingesting a diet high in endophyte-infested fescue has also been documented iBolt, et al., 1986). This may be by a mechanism similar to the vasoconstriction caused by the ergot-like alkaloids. Vasoconstriction of the uterine blood vessels may result in decreased circulation to the growing fetus. The effect has been documented in mice that were exposed to the endophyte during gestation. Mouse pups from females fed the material during gestation were a lighter birth weight, were delayed in post-partum development, and grew slower than control mice (Varney, et al.. 1991). Evidence that endophyte toxicity in fescue grazing cattle may be responsible for the loss of the tail switch is largely anecdotal, from veterinary practitioners that have experience with similarly affected cattle. The most severe forms of endophyte-induced vasoconstriction result in dry gangrene of the tail and digits (Radostits, et al., 1994; Hemken. et al.. 1984). Reproductive effects from the ingestion of endophyte-infested fescue include incrementally depressed conception rates in cattle grazing infected pasture (Paterson, et al., 1995). In the Tennant herd, the grazing of pastures with 100% KY31 fescue could potentially play a major role in the unacceptable conception rate. A poor conception rate 000785 21 EID151702 R G S000905 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report could also be secondary to a lack of intensive breeding management at the Tennant farm, where breeding occurs year round. The advanced age of most animals in the breeding herd could also be expected to be a cause for depressed fertility and an extended calving interval. Likely , a combination of all three factors have contributed to suboptimal fertility. The poor growth of the nursing calves could be multifactorial as well. The advanced age of the cows or a limited genetic potential in the herd could lead to poor milk production and poor calf growth. Similarly, lack of proper nutrition or a lack of a balanced diet among the brood cows could depress calf growth. The ingestion of endophyte-infested fescue could lead to depressed milk production due to prolactin inhibition (Hurley, et al., 1980; Paterson, et al., 1995). The mechanism is considered to be due to the dopaminergic effects of the endophyte ergopeptides on prolactin production in the bovine pituitary gland (Schultze, et al.. 1999). Endophyte intoxication is also considered to have an immunosuppresive effect by an apparently indirect route. Although anecdotal evidence exists to suggest that fescue intoxication is responsible for depressed immune function, there appears to be no apparent lack of immune response to vaccinations of cattle fed diets high in fescue (Rice, et al.. 1997). Indirectly, however, there is a relationship between immune function, endophyte intoxication and copper status of cattle on a high fescue diet (Dennis, et al., 1998; Saker. et al.. 1998). Steers grazing endophyte-infested tall fescue have lower serum copper concentrations than those not on a high-endophyte tall fescue diet, resulting in depressed monocyte-macrophage functions. This is apparently an effect of the decreased uptake of copper by the infected tall fescue plants. Another source has recorded depressed globulin levels in animals grazing infected pastures (Schultze, et al., 1999). Fat necrosis is a herd problem of cattle grazing tall fescue with high endophyte levels. The necrotic fat accumulations are mostly within the omental and retroperitoneal fat depots, and consist of hard masses of partly mineralized fat. Cow #15 had palpable masses within the abdominal cavity that were identified during the herd exam on April 7. 1999. These masses were most suggestive of masses of necrotic fat. The biochemical reaction causing the fat necrosis is unclear, however, in affected animals that are on a diet high in N-formyl and N-acetyl loline, there is a consistent reduction of circulating levels of cholesterol iStuedemann. et al., 1985). Animals with increased dietary levels of endophyte-infected fescue had decreased body condition and increased fat necrosis. Pinkeye Faceflies were a serious problem in the cattle in the videotaped recordings taken on the Tennant farm (Figures 1 and 2). Additionally, they have also been a problem in other years, according to the history provided by Mr. Tennant during the April 8, 1999 interview. Faceflies were seen in small numbers at the eyes of the cattle during the April 7, 1999 herd visit, representing an early spring infestation. The facefly, Musca autumnalis. is a vector for Moraxella bovis, the etiology of most bovine pinkeye. Control 000786 22 EID151703 R G S000906 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report of these insects is based on preventing the flies from feeding on the lacrimal secretions of the cattle. Insecticides and insecticidal ear tags, as applied during the visit, are effective controls. Secondarily, the insecticides tend to limit the spread of M. bovis between susceptible cattle during outbreaks of pinkeye. Severe facefly infestations can result in poor feed consumption and conversion among affected cattle. Some of the poor weight gain described in the history of the herd and the videos may be due to "fly worry" The manic stampeding of the cattle, that was described in one of the videotapes, was likely due to the large number of flies. Malnutrition Malnutrition was considered to be a significant problem in the Tennant herd. The owner had identified poor growth rates and infertility as specific problems among his cattle. This was considered a manifestation of protein-energy insufficiency and was reflected in the low body condition scores. Dietary requirements of beef cattle change dramatically during the life cycle of the animals and during the year, particularly with respect to such environmental and physiological stressors as fluctuating ambient temperatures and moisture conditions, lactation, growth, and breeding (Rice, 1991). The clinical impression of malnutrition that followed the visits of April 7 and 8 were confirmed by the results of the feed analysis of the hay and grain mix rations taken during the visits. Copper deficiency As indicated bv the heavy metal analysis performed by two laboratories, on tissues from three animals, copper deficiency is a problem in the Tennant herd (Appendix B). In 1997, copper deficiency was diagnosed in a 4-year old Holstein cow and a 9-year old Holstein cow by the Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory of Michigan State University in East Lansing. Michigan. In 1999, copper deficiency was revealed in tissues from a sacrificed 7-vear old red cow- by the Laboratory of Large Animal Pathology and Toxicology of the University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. Furthermore, serum samples taken from 41 adult animals at the farm on April 7. 1999 revealed that 26 of the 41 (63%) had serum copper levels below that considered deficient at the reference laboratory (Table 4). Clinical signs of copper deficiency seen on the Tennant farm were lightening of the hair coats, poor quality hair on the cows, and overgrown hooves. This wras reported by Mr. Tennant and shown in videotapes made of the herd. The clinical effects of copper deficiency are multiple, and the clinical and physiological effects of such deficiency are well documented (NRC, 1996). The effects include immune deficiencies, poor quality hair coats, increased fragility of bone and sudden death in extreme cases. During disease, copper deficiency can result in depressed levels of tumor necrosis factor (a cytokine) with resulting abnormal temperature responses to infections and depressed feed intake (Gengelbach, et al., 1997). 000787 23 EID151704 R G S000907 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Immune deficiencies related to copper deficiency are multiple and include depressed acute phase protein response and lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogen stimulation (Arthington, et al.. 1996: Gengelbach. et al., 1997). As there has been no documentation of any copper supplementation of the herd, the deficiency is expected to be present at this time and to continue. The relationship between high endophyte fescue grazing and copper status in the feed has been described (Dennis, et al., 1998). Copper deficiency is widespread throughout the United States (Dargatz. et al., 1999). Toxicology issues Based upon the draft report entitled Dry Run Creek, 1997 from the Environmental Response Team of the US EPA, carnivorous, piscivorous, omnivorous, insectivorous and herbivorous mammals in the Dry Run Creek study area are at increased health risk due to exposure to metals, fluoride and trichlorofluoromethane. At least with regard to metals of concern, diagnostic evaluation of tissue and fluids collected from three animals from the Tennant farm (two submitted to Michigan State University and one submitted to New Bolton Center) do not suggest elevated concentrations of any metal. In addition, urine (two samples submitted to Michigan State University) and bone (one sample submitted to Michigan State University from the cow evaluated at New Bolton Center) samples for fluoride analysis did not measure concentrations above expected or "background" values. The urinary fluoride values were 6.60 ppm and 5.55 ppm and one bone fluoride value was 1090 ppm (expressed on a fat free, dry weight basis). Urine and bone fluoride concentrations in adult cattle consistent with fluorosis are 15 to 20 ppm or greater and 3000 ppm or greater (expressed on a fat free, dry weight basis), respectively (Osweiler et al.. 1985). In addition, there was no clinical evidence of chronic fluorosis in the Tennant herd. Exposure to trichlorofluoromethane was considered to be a default risk factor based upon a lack of toxicologic benchmarks for this compound. However, available toxicity data derived from inhalation studies using common laboratory animals indicate that chlorofluorocarbons such as trichlorofluoromethane have low acute and chronic toxicity (Magda. 1999). Signs associated with acute toxicity are reversible effects on the central nervous system such as lethargy and incoordination. Chlorofluorocarbons are not developmental toxicants, do not affect reproductive performance and are not genotoxic. 6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS The most important general recommendation from the cattle team, after completion of the herd visit and review of the investigatory data, would be for the owner of the Tennant herd to engage veterinary and nutritional consultants in the design of a herd health program. > 000788 24 __________ EID151705 R G S000908 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Endophyte toxicity. With dietary forage that contains nearly 100% KY31 fescue, fed during ail seasons, the immediate goal would be for the dilution of the endophyte in the diet by mixing the hay and pasture with either non-endophyte infested fescue or another different forage source. A short-term goal would be to reduce the content of endophyteinfested hay and pasture to 50% or less of the diet, primarily by supplementing the diet with higher quality forage. An acceptable long-term plan would be to replace the fescue pasture and hay fields with a non-endophyte-infested forage crop or crops over time, again with the goal of diluting the dietary endophyte consumption. Crop management should be attempted under the supervision of specialists in forage and grazing management. Pinkeye: Prevention of pinkeye (keratoconjunctivitis) in the immediate future should be attempted by an approach that limits the spread of the infectious organism, Moraxella bovis, from carrier cattle to susceptible cattle. Effective fly control, through the use of insecticide-impregnated eartags or some other proven method, is perhaps the most effective control method that should be practiced during the warm months. The insecticide-laden eartags should be rotated every year in order to circumvent the development of insecticide resistance by the local facefly population. An additional long-term approach that may be employed is the breeding for cattle that have dark faces. By selecting for dark-faced cattle, the corneal damage that is caused by the ultraviolet light of the sun is minimized. However, while minimizing the damage to the corneas of the cattle may prevent overt lesions of keratoconjunctivitis, the loss of condition from severe fly infestations will not be avoided by selecting for face color in cattle. Thus regardless of the type of cattle in the herd, insecticide flv repellants should be used every year. Malnutrition: Rations and pasture nutrition should be planned with the assistance of a specialist in beef cattle nutrition. In the Tennant herd, there was evidence of gross protein-energy malnutrition, as well as concerns about macromineral (calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium) nutrition. Trace mineral and vitamin deficiencies are common to many beef herds and should also be addressed. In the development of a ration for this herd, particular attention should be paid by the nutritionist to the local trace mineral and macromineral deficiencies. Copper deficiency: Copper is a trace mineral that is crucial to the health of cattle yet is missing from the diet of cattle in many areas of the North America. As copper deficiency was suspected clinically and confirmed biochemically in the Tennant herd, the provision of a high copper trace mineral supplement, again under the supervision of a beef cattle nutritionist, should be a priority year round. This is especially critical considering the prevalence of endophyte-infested fescue on the Tennant farm. 000789___ 25 EID151706 R G S000909 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report 7.0 CONCLUSION There was conclusive evidence that the Tennant cattle herd was, and continues to be, suffering from four major disease entities, some of which were potentially interrelated: endophyte toxicity (fescue mycotoxicosis), pinkeye, malnutrition, and copper deficiency. As substantiated by the clinical and laboratory findings, and historical data, these four conditions readily account for the chronic herd health problems on the Tennant farm. The herd health investigation revealed deficiencies in herd management, including poor nutrition, inadequate veterinary care, and lack of fly control. The lack of vaccination and internal parasite control programs did not appear to have a substantial impact on this relatively isolated herd. Despite an exhaustive review of historical and contemporary herd data, there was no evidence of toxicity associated with chemical contamination of the environment. 8.0 REFERENCES Endophvte Toxicity References 1. Bolt DJ, Bond J: Effects in pregnant beef heifers grazing fungus-infected tall fescue on calf birth weight, milk yield, and calf growth. J Anim Sci 63(suppl):297, 1986. 2. Dennis SB, Allen VG, Saker KE. Fontenot JP, Ayad JYM, Brown CP: Influence of Neot\phodiurn coenophiahtni^on copper concentration in tall fescue. J Anim Sci 76:2687-2693, 1998. 3. Hemken RW, Jackson JA, Boling JA: Toxic factors in tall fescue. J Anim Sci 58:1011-1016.1984. 4. Hurley WL, Convey EM. Leung K, Hemken RW: Bovine prolactin. TSH, T4 and T3 concentrations as affected by tall fescue summer toxicosis and temperature. J Anim Sci 51:374-379. 1980. 5. Osborne TG. Schmidt SP. Marpie DN, Rahe CH, Steenstra JR: Effect of consuming fungus-infected and fungus-free fescue and ergotamine tartrate on selected physiological variables of cattle in environmentally controlled conditions. J Anim Sci 70:2501-2509, 1992. 6. Paterson J, Forcherio C, Larson B, Samford M, Kerley M: The effects of fescue toxicosis on beef cattle productivity. J Anim Sci 73:889-898, 1995. 7. Radostits OM, Blood DC. Gay CC: Diseases caused by toxins in plants, fungi, cyanobacteria, clavibacteria, insects, and animals. In: Veterinary Medicine: A 000790 26 EID151707 R G S000910 * # Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and horses, 8th ed., Radostits OM, Blood DC, Gay CC, editors. Baillire Tindall, Philadelphia 1532-1611, 1994. 8. Rice RL, Blodgett DJ, Schurig GG, Swecker WS, Fontenot JP, Allen VG, Akers RM: Evaluation of humoral immune responses in cattle grazing endophyte-infected or endophyte-free fescue. Vet Immun Immunopathol 59:285-291, 1997. 9. Saker KE. Allen VG, Kalnitsky J, Thatcher CD, Swecker, Jr. WS, Fontenot, JP: Monocyte immune cell response and copper status in beef steers that grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue. J Anim Sci 76:2694-2700, 1998. 10. Schultze AE, Rohrbach BW, Fribourg HA, Waller JC, Oliver JW: Alterations in bovine serum biochemistry profiles associated with prolonged consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue. Vet Human Toxicol 41:133-139, 1999. 11. Stuedemann JA, Rumsey TS, Bond J, Wilkinson SR, Bush LP, Williams DJ, Caudle AB: Association of blood cholesterol with occurrence of fat necrosis in cow's and tall fescue summer toxicosis in steers. Am J Vet Res 46:1990-1995, 1985. 12. Varney DR, Varney LA. Zavos PM. Wiglesworth MD, Siegei MR: Tall fescue endophyte: effect on congenital development and pup growth in mice. J Dairy Sci 74:460-466,1991. Malnutrition References 13. Rice LE: The effects of nutrition on reproductive performance in beef cattle Vet Clin North Amer - Food Anim Pract 7:1-26. 1991. Copper Deficiency References 14. Arthington JD. Corah LR, Blecha F: The effect of molybdenum-induced copper deficiency on acute-phase protein concentrations, superoxide dismutase activity, leukocyte numbers, and lymphocyte proliferation in beef heifers inoculated with bovine herpesvirus-1. J Anim Sci 74:211-217, 1996. 15. Dargatz DA, Garry FB, Clark GB: Serum copper concentrations in beef cows and heifers. JAVMA 215:1828-1832, 1999. 16. Dennis SB, Allen VG, Saker KE, Fontenot JP, Ayad JYM, Brown CP: Influence of Neothyphodium cotnophialumjon copper concentration in tall fescue. J Anim Sci 76:2687-2693, 1998. 000791 27 EID151708 R G S000911 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report 17. Gengelbach GP, Ward JD, Spears JW, Brown TT: Effects of copper deficiency and copper deficiency coupled with high dietary iron or molybdenum on phagocytic cell function and response of calves to a respiratory disease challenge. J Anim Sci 75:1112-1118, 1997. 18. National Research Council: Minerals, in: Nutrient Requirements of Beef. 7th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C. 54-74, 1996. Toxicology Issues References 19. Magda S: Fluorocarbons. In: Toxicology, 1st ed., Marquardt H, Schafer SG, McClellan R and Welsch F, editors.. Academic Press, San Diego, 659-662, 1999. 20. Osweiler GD, Carson TL, Buck WB, Van Gelder GA, editors: Fluoride. Clinical and Diagnostic Toxicology. Kendall/Hunt Publishing, Dubuque, IA, 183-188, 1985. 21. U.S.E.P.A. Environmental Response Team: Dry Run Creek. 1997 (draft). 000792 28 EID151709 R G S000912 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report 9.0 GRAPHS Graph 1: Individual Cattle Plasma Prolactin (April 7, 1999). Heparinized blood samples taken from 41 adult cattle during the cattle team's visit to the Tennant farm were analyzed for the endophyteresponsive hormone, prolactin. Graph illustrates the laboratory's reference means for endophyte-free (171.6 ng/mL) and endophyteinfested (105.8 ng/mL) April pasture. The average plasma prolactin value for the Tennant herd (110.1 ng/mL) was similar to the endophyte-infested reference. These results were highly supportive of the diagnosis of endophyte mycotoxicosis in the Tennant herd. (Testing laboratory: Dr. Neil Schrick, University of Tennessee) 000793 29 EID151710 R G S000913 600 550 500 450 400 E 350 cO_) 300 gO Q8. 250 200 oo 150 o 100 t 50 0 0o) o2 H Uj O Graph 1: Individual Cattle Plasma Prolactin (April 7, 1999) Animal Number k Prolactin] 171 6 110.1 105.8 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report 10.0 FIGURES Figure 1: Faceflies on the head of a calf. Facefly (Musca ciutumnalis) infestation was considered to be a major disease problem on the Tennant farm. In addition to the constant harassment by flies, this calf had severe bilateral keratoconjunctivitis and appeared to be clinically blind on the videotape (photo was taken from Tennant videotape # 2). Figure 2: Faceflies on the head of a cow. This cow was the dam of the calf in figure 1. Like her calf, she had severe bilateral keratoconjunctivitis, (photo was taken from Tennant videotape #2). Figure 3: Left eye of a calf with faceflies and central corneal opacity. Faceflies are a vector for the bacterial agents of pinkeye (keratoconjunctivitis) such as Moraxella bovis. Central corneal opacities may progress to diffuse corneal ulceration and clinical blindness, (photo was taken from Tennant videotape #2). Figure 4: Delayed shedding of the winter coat on a beef cow. The videotapes presented multiple cattle with delayed shedding of winter coats. This is a clinical sign often associated with endophyte toxicity as well as nutritional deficiencies, (photo was taken from Tennant videotape #2). Figure 5: Alopecia and erythema above the coronary band (coronitis). This lesion was present in several cattle in the videotapes. It is a common sign of endophyte toxicity and is generally referred to as "fescue foot", (photo was taken from Tennant videotape #2). Figure 6: Alopecia and erythema above the coronary band (coronitis). This example of "fescue foot" is similar to that presented in figure 5. (photo was taken from Tennant videotape #2). Figure 7: Three cattle standing in the creek. A unusual predilection for standing in water was described for the Tennant cattle in the summer. This behavior is known to be associated with endophyte toxicity as it provides some relief for both coronitis ("fescue fool") and hyperthermia ("summer fescue"), (photo was taken from Tennant videotape #2). Figure 8: Two cattle standing in a puddle. As described for figure 7. standing in water provides some clinical relief to cattle with coronitis. Although non-specific, a predilection for this behavior is associated with "fescue foot", (photo was taken from Tennant videotape # 2). 0007SS 31 EID151712 R G S000915 n- ? Figure 6 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report 11.0 TABLES Table l: Review of Tennant Farm Videotapes Table 2: Individual Animal Data: Clinical Signs Table 3: Individual Animal Data: Hematology (erythron, platelets) Table 4: Individual Animal Data: Hematology (leukon), and Special Chemistry Table 5: Individual Animal Data: Clinical Chemistry Table 6: Individual Animal Data: Serology and Fecal Exam Table 7: Tennant Farm Grain and Hay: Nutritional Analysis 3 1> OOO&OO ___________________________ EID151717 R 6S000920 Tennant Farm Herd Heslth Investigation Cattle Team Report Table 1: Review o f Tennant Farm Videotapes Tape #1 (cases 1 -1 8 ): Tennant Farm: N ew England, W ood Co., WVa - ______________ January & February, 1997______________________ # Subject Presentation Diagnosis/Commen t Animal(s) 1 Cow, Hereford neck: alopecia, scaling, probable lice, described as "humped- . "humped-up" difficult to appreciate up", on tape. (snowing) 2 Cow, Hereford corneal opacity, comeal scar, probably secondary to (snowing) pinkeye. 3 2 black bulls possible discoloration not clear from tape. of hair (not clear), (snowing) 4 Cow. Hereford thin, very thin, probably due to described as poor teeth, decreased food consumption and (snowing) mastication problem, although teeth not seen on video, . age unknown; cause of possible teeth problem unknown. S Cow, Hereford possible hunched back (not clear), (snowing) . not clear from tape. 6 Cow (tan) alopecia, tail switch, (snowing) tail hair loss differential diagnosis would include mechanical, lice, fescue toxicosis, and selenium toxicosis. 7 Cow alopecia, tail switch, . (snowing) tail hair loss differential diagnosis would include mechanical, lice, fescue toxicosis, and selenium toxicosis. 8 Calf, black dead (dated 2/9/97) in hooves a little longer than normal, snow, but not unusual, overgrown hooves, bilateral lens opacities, black/brown teeth, mucous on feces, . necropsy: no other lesions, . stated: had diarrhea "cold cataracts" (post mortem), teeth normal, fecal mucous normal for stagnant feces in rectum, necropsy: lack of fat; serous atrophy of fat: emaciation, probably due to starvation. Table 1: Review o f Tennant Farm Videotapes 000S01 EID151718 R G S000921 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Table 1 (continued): R eview o f Tennant Farm Videotapes Tape #1 (cases 1 - 18): Tennant Farm: N ew England, W ood Co., W Va -. January & February, 1997______________________ # Subject Animal(s) Presentation Diagnosis/Comment 9 Calf, black/white face neck: alopecia, diarrhea, . lens or comeal opacities probable lice, cause of diarrhea unknown, probable comeal scar (hard to tell). 10 C.ow, Hereford thin, comeal opacity, comeal opacity probably secondary to pinkeye, . above hooves: alopecia differential diagnosis of hoof and hyperemia, lesions include mechanical diarrhea dermatitis, fescue toxicosis, and moist dermatitis due to unknown cause of diarrhea and thinning unknown, 11 Cow, black . neck: alopecia probable lice. 12 Cow, red neck: alopecia probable lice. 13 Cow. red 14 Cow . red 15 Cow. red slobbering, losing cud (on ground), urinating, tail switch alopecia neck: alopecia, tail switch: short hair neck: alopecia . slobbering/urinating differential diagnosis includes hardware and cholinesterase inhibition (less likely due to individual cow affected), alopecia differential diagnosis includes mechanical, lice, and fescue or selenium toxicosis. neck: probable lice, tail hair differential diagnosis includes mechanical, lice, and fescue or selenium toxicosis. probable lice. 16 Cow , red odd chewing behavior not clear from tape. 17 Cow, Hereford possible hunched back . not clear from tape; differential diagnosis includes hardware disease (traumatic reticulopericarditis). Table I: Review of Tennant Farm Videotapes 000802 3& EID151719 R G S000922 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Table 1 (continued): R eview o f Tennant Farm Videotapes Tape #1 (cases I - 18): Tennant Farm: New England, W ood Co., W Va - ______________ January & February, 1997______________________ # Subject Animal(s) Presentation Diagnosis/Comment 18 Cow, red dead in bam, (same as #13) corneal opacity, (is this the 9-year-old cow submitted to Michigan?), necropsy: no other lesions corneal opacity may be postmortem artifact, necropsy: serous atrophy of fat, . noted: normal postmortem changes include moderate to severe autolysis, pseudomelanosis of intestines, interlobular emphysema (agonal), also noted: normal front teeth large gallbladder suggests period of anorexia, cause of death unknown. Table 1: Review o f Tennant Farm Videotapes 000803 39 EID151720 R G S000923 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Table 1 (continued): R eview o f Tennant Farm Videotapes Tape #2 (cases 19 - 60): Dry Run Harris PC. W ood Co. - O ff North Fork o f ______________ Lee Creek, N ew England, W VA____________________ # Subject Animal(s) 19 Calves, multiple Presentation Diagnosis/Comments comeal opacities of varying severity; some with exudate and/or blepharospasm, fly problem (summer), . some with poorly shedded and/or lightcolored coats fly problem with secondary pinkeye, hair coat shedding and coloring probably due to a nutritional problem. 20 Fish (sucker?) dead incidental death: no diagnosis possible. 21 Small mammal skeleton (raccoon?) incidental death: no diagnosis possible. 22 Cow comeal opacity comeal scar secondary to pinkeye. 23 Calf 24 Calf 25 Calf 26 Snake 27 Calf 28 Fish 29 Calf comeal opacities, possible head tilt (not clear) corneal opacities, flies dead (~i month-old), corneal opacity, (burning carcass) dead . corneal opacities. fly problem dead comeal opacity comeal scar secondary to pinkeye, head tilt not clear on tape. . comeal scar secondary to pinkeye. cause of death unknown. comeal scar secondary to pinkeye. incidental death: no diagnosis possible. fly problem with secondary pinkeye. incidental death: no diagnosis possible. comeal scar secondary to pinkeye. 30 Calf . comeal opacity corneal scar secondary to pinkeye. Table I: Review o f Tennant Farm Videotapes 000804 EID151721 R G S000924 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Table 1 (continued): R eview o f Tennant Farm Videotapes Tape #2 (cases 19 - 60): Dry Run Harris PC. W ood Co. - O ff North Fork o f ______________ Lee Creek, N ew England, W YA____________________ # Subject Animal(s) 31 Cow Presentation Diagnosis/Comments dead, cause of diarrhea, emaciation and . worn incisors. death unknown, diarrhea, worn incisors may be age or feed emaciated, sunken eyes related, (dehydrated?), serous lung emphysema was agonal and atrophy of fat (heart), insignificant. agonal lung emphysema 32 Crow dead incidental death: no diagnosis possible. 33 Crow dead incidental death: no diagnosis possible. 34 Calves. multiple 35 Cow . corneal opacity corneal opacity, thin comeal scar secondary to pinkeye. comeal scar secondary to pinkeye, diagnosis of the cause of thin condition not possible. 36 Fish dying incidental death: no diagnosis possible. 37 Crayfish . dead incidental death: no diagnosis possible. 38 Salamander 39 Toad dead . dead incidental death: no diagnosis possible. incidental death: no diagnosis possible. 40 Newborn calf 41 Deer contracted tendons, big hocks dead difficult to evaluate from tape; may be congenital contracted tendons. incidental death: no diagnosis possible. 42 Cow dead (rotten) no diagnosis possible. 43 Deer 44 Deer rotten carcass bones incidental death: no diagnosis possible. incidental death: no diagnosis possible. Table 1: Review o f Tennant Farm Videotapes 000805 __________ i/ EID151722 R G S000925 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Table 1 (continued): R eview o f Tennant Farm Videotapes Tape #2 (cases 19 - 60): Dry Run Harris PC. W ood Co. - O ff North Fork o f ______________ Lee Creek, N ew England, W VA____________________ # Subject Animal(s) 45 Cow Presentation panting; increased respiration 46 Cow diarrhea Diagnosis/Comments . differental diagnosis includes hyperthermia due to summer fescue toxicosis, diagnosis uncertain. cause of diarrhea unknown. 47 Raccoon 48 Deer 49 Deer 50 Rabbit 51 Turkey 52 Hawk 53 Fish 54 Cow skull skeleton dead (fresh), bloody nose dead dead dead dead lumpy udder incidental death: no diagnosis possible. incidental death: no diagnosis possible. death possibly due to epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer (EHD). incidental death: no diagnosis possible. incidental death: no diagnosis possible. incidental death: no diagnosis possible. incidental death: no diagnosis possible. * unclear from videotape. 55 Cows, multiple above hooves: alopecia, differential diagnosis includes possibly erythema, mechanical dermatitis, fescue overgrown hooves toxicosis, and moist dermatitis due to unknown. . hoof length not significant. 56 Bull, cows, corneal opacities, . corneal scar secondary to pinkeye, multiple alopecia and erythema hoof differential diagnosis includes above hooves mechanical dermatitis, fescue toxicosis, and moist dermatitis due to unknown. 57 Cow lumpy udder unclear from videotape. Table I: Review o f Tennant Farm Videotapes 000806 EID151723 R G S000926 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Table 1 (continued): Review o f Tennant Farm Videotapes Tape #2 (cases 19 - 60): Dry Run Harris PC. W ood Co. - O ff North Fork o f ______________ Lee Creek, N ew England, W V A ____________________ # Subject Presentation Diagnosis/Comments Animal(s) 58 Cows, multiple above hooves: alopecia, hoof differential diagnosis includes possibly erythema, mechanical dermatitis, fescue poor shedding of coat toxicosis, and moist dermatitis due in some animals to unknown, poor hair coat shedding suggests nutritional problem or fescue mycotoxicosis. 59 Cow (tan) unusual gait lame due to unknown cause. 60 Cows, heifers, thin. multiple . delayed shedding definitive diagnosis not possible from tape - probably a nutritional deficiency. Note: This table excludes many of the clinical signs and pathological conditions that were proposed by the videotapes' narrator but were considered by the cattle team to be inaccurate. For example, the team did not agree with the narrator's assertion that blackened teeth or patchy melanosis were abnormal. Also numerous speculative comments regarding normal organs, during the dissections shown in the videotapes, were not included in this table Table I: Review o f Tennant Farm Videotapes 000807 *3 EID151724 R G S000927 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation * Cattle Team Report QO 00 GCO s Individual Animal Data: Cattle from Tennant Farm (Washington, West Virginia) T able 2: C lin ical Sign s Animal A Pr. Number Status Description Bod) Condition Score (1 - 10) Clinical Slsns years I 1 >9 4m 2 open 3 >9 1 open 4 >9 7m 5 >9 6m 6 >9 3m 7 >9 6m 8 >9 open 9 >9 open 10 >9 term 11 >9 8.5 m 12 >9 term 13 >9 open 14 >9 calf 15 >9 open 16 6 open 17 >9 4 m 18 >9 4m 19 >9 Calf 20 >9 6m 21 >9 5 in 22 >9 5m 23 bull 24 >9 6 m yellow red, white face yellow, white face red, white face red, white face red, white face red, white face red, white face red, white face red, white face red, white face red, white face red, white face red, while face yellow black red, white face red, white face red, brockleface red, white face red, white face red, brockleface black red, white face Girth BCS (in.) (MO) 3 - possible lice 3 lice, corneal scar (r) 3 (large uterus) 70 4 lice 75 4 corneal scar (1) 471 4 hair loss (switch) 4 70 4 (nm/.zle: melanin considered normal) 70 3 - 372 3 light coat color; small corneal scar (r) 66 2 slight corneal scar (1), 78 4 alopecia (brisket) 71 2 palpation difficult (fat necrosis?) 68 ~ ...__3..... .... 7--8~ 1 7 ! 7 ~1 mammary gland lumps (right front)(abscesses ?) 68 3 slight corneal scars (I and r) 74 J ..^...A... . .j 69 small corneal scar (l)(5 mm) 76 _ ___ 4__i mass (12 cm) prescap. neck (r) - lanced: brown serum + hair - 4- 78 4 hair loss (neck) Photo ft 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 j 17 18,53 19 20 21 22. 49-51 23 24 Data Tables EID151725 Tennani Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report ooo QC O I WQ(0 Individual Animal Data: Cattle from Tennant Farm (Washington, West Virginia) T able 2: C lin ica l S ig n s (co n tin u ed ) Animal Ago Preg. Number Status Description llody Condition Score (1 - 10) Clinical Signs Photo n yean I Girth BCS (in.) (1-10) 25 4 5 m black 72 4 corneal scar (1) 25.44 26 6 bull black 5 corneal opacity (1) 26,45 27 >9 8 m red, brockleface 64 3- 27 28 7 8 m black, white face 74 4- 28 29 >9 term red, brockleface 77 2 mammary gland lumps (left rear) (abscesses?) 29 30 >9 8 m red, white face 72 3 lice, hair loss (abd.), extra teat, corneal opacity (l=3mm; r=5mm) ~30' 46 31 8 6 m red, white face 77 5 corneal scar (r) (2 mm); (tongue; melanin considered normal) 31,52 32 >9 33 >9 34 >9 35 >9 6 in black, white face 7(1 3 8 m red, white face 8 m red, brockleface 72 ___ 3 ~ 73 ' i 5 m red, white face 72 "3 lice 32 1 33 34 1 35 36 >9 8 m red, white face >5 3 corneal scar (1), severe 36 37 7 calf red, brockleface 77 4 corneal scar (r) (1 cm) ' 37,47 38 >9 7 in red, white face 73 4 - 38 39 >9 calf red, while face 68 2 39 40 4 6 m black __ 7 5 __ 4 light hair color, corneal opacity (1) (2mm) 40,48 41 4 steer black, white face __ 71___ i lame (Ir), corneal opacity (r) severe; phthysical eye (1) 41 1cow - - red, whileface - - cow escaped run before being tagged or examined calves < 6 m - 12 mist, calves - - 5 bigger calves not tagged; 7 smaller calves tagged 42 - Cattle examinations conducted on April 7, 1999. Age determined by teeth examination (Dr. Moisan); Pregnancy Status determined by rectal palpation (Dr. Munson); Girth measured by tape (Dr Habecker); BCS assigned by Drs. Moisan and Munson; Clinical Signs identified by cattle team (Drs. Davis-Heller, Habecker, Moisan, Munson, Poppenga, Sykes); Photos taken by Dr. Sykes. Cow #22: Gross diagnosis (no histology) of skin lesion: epidermal inclusion cyst (incidental lesion of no significance). Data Tables EID151726 Teniiani Farm Herd Healih Investigation Caule Team Report oO o 00 o QW Individual Animal Data: Cattle from Tennant Farm (Washington, West Virginia) table 3' Hemati>lovy (Frytliron, Plalelehl Animal Number Preg. Statu* RKC Hgb Hct MCV VICH MC'HC ROW PLT years | xl0`/ul . Bfdl % ft pe K/dl % 103/ul Reference 5-10 8-15 24- 40-60 Range: 46 1 4 4 m 5.85 9.91 28.8 49.3 16.9 34.4 18.3 378 2 3 open 4.68 8.82 26.0 55.6 18.8 33.8 19.5 186 3 >9 open 6.22 12 0 34.8 55.9 19.3 34.6 17.8 233 4 >9 7m 5.81 10.4 29.7 51.1 17.9 35.1 19.3 259 5 >9 6 m 5.86 9.87 29.2 49.8 16.9 33.8 18.6 142 6 >9 3 m 5.21 10.1 28.8 55.2 19.4 35.1 19.3 201 7 >9 6m 5.06 , 10.6 29.3 58.0 21.0 36.1 17.8 378 8 >9 open 4.44 9.58 26.6 59.9 21.6 36.0 19.2 448 9 >9 open 4.48 8.66 25.2 56.3 19.3 34.3 20.2 184 10 >9 term 5.23 10.5 29.7 56.9 20.1 35.3 17.1 369 11 >9 8.5 m 4.81 9.84 28.2 58.6 20.4 34.9_ _ 17.8 142 12 >9 term 4.99 9.41 27.9 55.9 18.9 _ 33.7 "" i "9.0" "~~ 113 13 >9 open 4.29 8.62 23.7 55.2 20.1 36.4 20.4 595 14 >9 calf ' 6.04 ~ l 12.0 33.7 55.8 19.9 35.7 18.8 361 15 >9 pregn. 4.65 8.41 24.9 53.6 18.1 33.7 20.6 238 16 6 17 >9 open 4m 5.47 9.58 28.2 51.5 17.S_; 34.0 6.16 3T "1 37.7 61 T .."2 2 "1 __34.7 20.0 284 19-2... " 87.4 18 >9 4 m 6.30 12.5 35.2 55.9 19.9 35.6 : 19.4 368 19 >9 20 >9 21 >9 22 >9 23 24 >9 calf 4.92 9.98 J9-JJ 59.2 20.3 34.3 17.3 6 m 4.85 9.51 28.0 57.7 19.6 34.(1__| 18.0 5 m 5.80 10.7 30.9 ' 53.2 _ 18.5 _ 34.8 1 190 5 m ^ 5.55 _10 5 1' 30 3' 54.7 18.9 '""34.6...! 19J bull 6.13 12 4 34.8 " 56.7 20.3 35.7 19.0 6 m 6.02 11.8 33.5 55.7 i 19.6 35.2 21.8 317 275 320 391 283 ~270 MPV PCT a 7.04 .266 9.10 .170 8.50 .198 8.08 .209 8.82 .126 8.98 .180 6.49 .246 6.42 .287 13.1 .240 8.02 .296 .- 10.9 ! .123 6.73 .400 8.91 .321 7.73 ! .184 8.27 .235 -- 7.71 .283 5.75 .182 7.55 .207 8.30 1 .266 7.24 .283 8.74 .248 8.23 .222 p im % 15.9 19.0 18.9 18.4 19.7 18.7 16.9 17.2 23.4 18.1 - 21.8 17.7 19.2 19.2 18.3 . 17.2 16.1 18.6 19.4 18.2 20.9 17.9 Data Tables EID151727 Tennant Farm Herd Health'Investigation Cattle Team Report :1 1 : i 1 ' i i o W w on Individual Animal Data: Catoe from Tennant Farm (Washington, West Virginia) Table ? Ilemalnlovx (Erythron. 1`laieleix) (continued) Animal Age I'rcg. RltC Hgb H it MCV MCH MCHC RDW PLT MPV P I T PD3V Number Status years ! xlO^ul K/d! % n Reference 5-10 P m 5 24- 40-60 PB g/dl % xl03/ul n % Range: 46 25 4 5 m 6.93 12.5 35.9 518 18.0 34.8 18.8 231 8.33 .193 18.1 26 6 bull 6.13 11.4 33.1 54.0 185 34.3 18 4 278 7.71 .215 18.2 27 >9 8 m 4.90 9.88 28.3 57.8 20.1 34 9 18.3 406 7.05 286 17.8 28 7 8 m 6.12 117 34.1 55.7 19.2 34.4 17.8 180 7.18 .129 17.6 29 >9 term 5.37 9.93 _28T 53.4 18.5 34.6 19.2 220 9.57 .211 24.4 30 >9 8 m 5.08' 0 .2 "' 28'6 56.3 " .200 " 35.6 20.1 407__ 7.09 .288 16.9 31 8 6 m 6.03 12.6 363) ... 59.7 ..20.9 ' 35 l 19.5 217 " '8.07 " .175 18.2 32 >9 6 m 6.17 11.3 '3 2 .4 52.5 18.2 34.7 19.2 138 7.33 .101 19.5 33 >9 8 m 5.42 10. t 30.1 55.5 __ 18.7 _ 33.6 17.8 186 7.77 .145 20.2 34 >9 8 m 5.41 11.6 310_ 60.9 21.4 _ 3 5 .l_ __ [8.2__ 361 7.20 .260 17.8 35 i>9 5 m _ 5.86 111" 32.2 55.0 ' 19.0 34.6 21.2 246 6.33 .156 16.8 36 >9 8 m 434 9.44 i 26.3 606 !....21.7.." 35.9 18.1 35 8.00 .252' 18.0 37 7 calf 5.48 10.9 30.9 56.4 19.8 35.1 18.8 363 8.56 .310 19.5 38 >9 7 m 5.88 11.5 32.2 54 8 19 6 35.7 18.3 397 5.82 .231 16.7 39 >9 calf 4.68 8.34 24.5 52.4 17 8 34.1 18.5 345 6.28 .217 16.4 40 4 6m 6.94 12.4 34.4 49.6 I7_9 36.1 19.1 449 665 .298 17.4 4 P 4 steer 6.78 " 12.2 34.7 ' 51.1 18.0 ' "35.2 " ' 20.0 298 6.94 .207 17.6 Blood collected by jugular venipuncture during examination while cattle restrained in a head-hold device. Blood refrigerated for approximately 36 hours before hematology was run on an Abbott Cell-Dyne 3500 Reference values are for cattle (New Bolton Center), but not from the Cell-Dyne 3500. EID151728 OCO 5 Data Tables Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Individual Animal Data: Cattle from Tennant Farm (Washington, West Virginia) T a b l e . 4 : H e m a t o l o g y ( l e u k o n J, S' n e e i n ! C h r m i s i r v , u n t i E e t a ! E x a m Anlnitil Age P r e WIIC Number stali!'. Neut l.vmph .\lEmo Kos Huso years I Reference Range: 14 4m 2 3 open 3 >9 open 4 >9 7 m 5 >9 6 m 6 >9 3 m 7 >9 6 m 8 >9 open 9 >9 open 10 >9 term 11 >9 8.5 m 12 >9 term 13 >9 open 14 >9 calf IS >9 pregn. 16 6 open 17 >9 4m 18 >9 4 m 19 >9 calf 20 >9 6m 21 >9 5 m 22 >9 5 m 23 - bull 24 >9. 6 m xIO'/uI 4-12 8.74 8.46 7.10 6.32 669 8.48 6.80 7.38 4.81 6.54 6.25 6.13 5.37 5.21 4.29 7.38 6.83 8.44 5.28 3.59 7.90 5.58 6.02 5.84 %%% %% 15-45 45-75 2-7 2-20 0-2 35.9 28.7 7.48 27.9 .016 32.0 44.2 9.36 14.4 .037 63.6 5,39 10,0 21.0 .024 42.5 28.9 7 39 21.1 .109 316 29.4 7 41 31.6 0 (X) 35.6 25.1 7 07 32.3 0.00 58.9 6.15 7 42 27.5 "1 .029 53.7 16.3 .207 29.8 OAK) 43.9 33.6 9.93 12.6 .054 62.2 15.3 10.5 11.8 .113 34.8 35.8 9 72 J_9.6_ _061 45.7 33.0*1 ~~7.75~" " ~037 61.4 i 18.0 lO.o' 10.4 .151 31.2 41.9 8 25 18.5 .137 56.5 25.0 12.1 5.89 .428 49.7 33.7 10.7 5 7 6 " .240 44.8 ' ." 27 76 ..^ 10 2 17.5 45.1 " 5.23~" 26.0 000 0.00 57.2 19.4 11.3 11.9 .058 53.4 19.2__ 8.19 19.2 0.00 32.0 227) 4.68 40 7 0.00 44.6 J 4 . 3 12.1 "28.9.... ..... 167 59.1 " 2 1 2 " 7 31 12.4 0.00 42.5 25.5 10.6 r . 2 u __ ! .028 -0C Prolactin Cu |.-I,IMCI iiK/ml nrum ppm 171.6 0.6- (mean) 1.20 58.70 .282 137.60 .305 124.68 .518 197.19 .593 48.34 .693 37.01 .667 51.61 .473 40.21 .633 113.08 .518 562.10 .525 10650 .344 124.43 ! .462 38.18 .586 1 5440 ! .549 141.36 .244 ! 32.04 487 92.87 .838 142.25 .773 42.28 .414 ! 3135 .205 ! 47.37 __ .623 '62.95" .415 89.60 .437 87.94 .649 Pips Ficai serum ppm 1 odu K\a in >0,080 0.0-0.3 i .121 i .091 ... 2 7 6 .120 .121 - - neg. - .091 c(r); t .110 .138 - .105 ! .105 .105 ! . - . .102 - - .104 - - .100 .304 s ( 0 .128 - - 115 .302 s (D 101 - s(f) .156 .334 .174 .390 .091 - .134 - _135 _ .151..... 1 S(f) - c(r);s(f) . . .121 ' [ c(r);s(m) .135 - - Data Tables 000812 EID151729 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Individual Animal Data: Cattle from Tennant Farm (Washington, West Virginia) T a b i c 4 : H e m a t o l o g y ( l e u k o n ), Soe< m l C h e m i s t r y , a n d F e c a l F .u m i ( c o n t i n u e d ) Animal Age Pri'ji. WBC Number Status years | xlVul Reference 4-12 Neuf Lymph Mono % 15-45 % 45-75 :'c 2-7 Los % 2-20 Buso % 0-2 Prolactin btitMILI ng/ml 171.6 Cu si rum ppm 0.6- Se-AA IVps hl'Miil PPm > 0.080 vennn odu 0.0-0.3 Fecal c\ain Range: (105.8) 1.20 25 4 5 m 8.98 54.8 6.61 7.76 30.8 .026 47.76 .643 .161 -. 26 6 bull 6.09 64 6 17.4 6.87 10.9 .168 68.95 .778 .142 .184 s (m) 27 >9 8 m 5.69 56.4 16.2 8.79 18.4 .160 122.27 .443 .116 -- 28 7 8m 5.92 69.9 19.1 .525 10.5 0.00 86.90 __ .396__ .114 -- 29 >9 term 5.49 53.5 13.7 7.72 25.1 0.00 106.37 <0.20 .146 .224 neg. 30 >9 8m 3.58 64.8 14.5 5.79~ 15.0 0.00 1 44.53 .289 .114 -- 31 8 32 >9 6m 6m 5.41 H 5 9 .2 ' - i Z Z 3.61 _ J 9 3 ) __ 0.00..... 6.86 " 59.0 19.8 ' 3 36' 17.8 0.00 157.00 .683 361.97 i .488 .139 1 .098 .132 - neg. 33 >9 8 m 6.76 70.4 4.69 6.72 18.2 .026 64 19 .533 105 -- 34 >9 8 m 5.19 _ 57.6 19.5 __ 9.81 __ 13.0__ .056 109.60 .434 .161 .324 - 35 >9 5 m 5.40 38.0 24.0 12.8 25.1 _.055 _ 47.45 .679 .140 -- 36 >9 8 m 4.39 ' 57.1 " 7.5 " 13.5 1T 9 " 0.00 37 7 calf 5.89 54.0 14.4 10.2 21.3 .090 306.10 43.89 .596 .732 .101 .142 - s (0 -- 38 >9 7 m 6.49 53.8 10.7 9.62 25.9 022 143.13 .681 .124 -- 39 >9 calf 4.72 35.5 35.5 7.47 21.5__ 0.00 48.70 .762 .109 qns - 40 4 6m 9.05 _ 2 6 .7 U -* L 7~ ._ 12.6 30.9 .055 207.43 .607 .146 - s(D 41 4 steer 9.57 52.3 ' i 31.3 " 2.73~ ' 13.7 0.00 m 80.12 .582 .143 .304 Blood collected by jugular venipuncture during examination while cattle restrained in a head-hold device. Blood refrigerated for approximately 36 hours before hematology was run on an Abbott Cell-Dyne 3500. WBC (WIC values) considered valid; WBC differential (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils) considered invalid due to 36-hour storage of blood. Hematology reference values are for cattle (New Bolton Center), but not from the Cell-Dyne 3500. Selenium values of 0.050 ppm are considered marginal; below 0.050 ppm are selenium deficient. Prolactin (heparin tubesXDtr- N. Schrick, Univ. ofTenn., Dept. An. Sci ). Ref. means: April non-fescue (171.6) and ergotamine tartrate (105.8 ng/ml). Cu = copper; Se-AA = selenium. (New Bolton Center) Peps = serum pepsinogen; odu = optical density units (Texas Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX) Fecal exam: c = coccidia oocysts; s - strongyle eggs; t - Monezia tapeworm eggs; (r) = rare; (f) - few; (m) - moderate. (New Bolton Center).______ 000813 Data Tables Tennanl Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report I ooo oc Qa $ to Individual Animai Data: Cattle from Tennant Farm (Washington, West Virginia) T a b l e 5: C l i n i c a l C h e m i s t r y Animal Ae Pr. HUN Creai Nu-i- K+ Cl- Ca Mb Phon Tot Alb Number Status Prot years | mg/dl mg/dl inmol/t mmol/! mmol/l nig/ill mg/dl mg/dl g/dl g/dl Reference 6 -2 2 0.5- 134 - 4.0- 96- 8 2 - 2 .0 - 1 4.7 - 5.8- 2.4- t Range: 1.1 144 5.7 104 10 2.8 9.0 7.5 3 5 l4 4 m 14.7 1.68 145 5.14 !02 9.8 2.3 5.73 7.2 2.79 23 open 10.5 1.23 143 4.95 106 8.75 1.9 7.02 7.6 2.70 3 >9 open 11.5 2.00 144 6.(8) 105 9.42 2.2 5 80 7.8 3.20 4 >9 7 m 10.8 1 59 144 4.78 106 9.21 2.1 7.24 7.3 2.92 5 >9 6 m 7.9 1.82 146 5.06 107 7.71 2.0 9 31 7.8 2.96 6 >9 3 m 8.1 1.73 145 4.55 107 9.87 2.2 5.09 7.6 3.17 7 >9 6 m 13.5 2.30 143 6.27 102 9.00 1.7 666 7.6 3.15 8 >9 open 10.0 1.47 145 6.13 106 9.58 1.9 5.30 8.0 3.03 9 >9 open 8.5 1.49 145 5.60 104 9.39 2.1 5.35 7.6 2.85 10 >9 term 17.0 2.15 150 4.91 109 9.93 2.2 6 11 7.0 3.04 11 >9 8.5 m 11.6 1 86 149 4.81 111 I0 24~1 2.3 5 02 7.1 2,86 12 >9 term 210 I 1.62 1 146 4.64 109 1 9.56 1.7 1 4.76 7.6 2.86 13 >9 open 15.9 ! 1.06 145 " 5.52 105 9.10 f.8 ' 5.20 "7.8 2.74 14 >9 calf 19.6 1 1.72 146 5.55 103 9.83 1.8 7 35 7.9 3.30 15 >9 pregn. 21.2 1.83 144 5.02 104 8.42 "1 2.0 637 7.0 2.46 16 6 open 17.8 1.78 140 5.44 101 _9_44 2.1 "i 5 49 J 6.8 2.82 17 >9 4 m 12.0 " 1.87 T s T 6.46 " 109 "T.29 "~TT 5 3 F 8.3 " 3.35 18 >9 4 m 8.2 1.73" 144 " 4.85 102 ' 9 52' 2.0 1_6.7fTl 7.9 3.42 19 >9 calf 14.3 1.69 147 4.72 105 1 9.34 1" z F " 1 5 07 T 7.1 3.01 20 >9 6 m 11.3 2.09 146 5.36 107 10.32 2.1 1 5.95 8.1 3.07 21 >9 5 m 17.4 1.47 ' 146 105 _10.25 2.3 ! 6 07" 7.9 3.06 22 >9 5 m 15.6 " 209 145 "'5.42 " J 0 K ' 10.40 2 ? " 4 93 7 8 ' 3.25 23 1 HI 8.5 2.55 _[43 4.55 102 ' 9.42" 1 2-2 5.55 7.6 3.08 24 __>9__ 6 m .. i ....; 1.98 j 148 4.67 110 8.19 ^ 2.1 ! 7 03 7.5 3.03 (ilob AST I K g/dl 1J/I. U/l. 3.0- 58- 3.5 100 4.41 126 89 4.90 98 77 4.60 138 110 4.38 84 57 4.84 98 71 4.43 126 181 4.45 109 155 4.97 141 187 4.75 111 83 3.96 99 1 49 4.24 101 ' 105 4.74 97 76 5.06 f t f 97 4.60 127 ' 86 4.54 106 52 3.98 96 85 4.95 109 87 4.48 141 ~1 298 4.09 126 79 5.03 113 92 4.84 103 96 4.55 101 90 4.52 109 97 4.47 109 116 t; T U/I. 2264 40 36 32 29 45 37 30 49 34 35 27 "37" 42 35 34 30 31 ' 39 28 35 30 34 33 37 Data Tables EID151731 (Q0 O O O m 5 to UUl -utoa 0008.15 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Individual Animal Data: CaL.e from Tennant Farm (Washington, West Virginia) T a b le y C lin ica l C hem i.sirv (c a n iu m e d l Animal Age Prog. nuN Creai Nu+ K+ Cl- Ca M Pltos Tut Alb (ilnh AST CK OCT Number Status Prot years 1 mg/dl mg/dl mmol/I mmot/1 romol/1 mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl g/dl g/dl g/dl U/L U/L U/L Reference 6 -2 2 0.5 - 134- 4.0- 96- 8.2- 2.0- 4.7 - 5.8- 2.4- 3.0- 58- 22- Range: 1.1 144 5.7 104 10 2.8 9.0 7.5 3.5 3.5 100 64 25 4 26 6 5 m 10.0 1.99 149 4 93 108 990 2.4 7.12 7.7 3.34 4.36 _ 122 138 ... 29 . bull 7.6 2.08 147 4.69 107 9.72 2.2 5.31 7.7 3.13 4.57 139 150 ""54 ... 27 >9 8 m 14.3 .72 149 4.97 113 10.18 1.8 3.67 7.4 2.94 4.46 138 " 133"! 39 " 28 7 8 m 14.7 2.07 147 5.44 110 9.83 2.4 5.04 7.6 3.20 4.40 102 123 33 29 >9 term 12.9 2.6 146 5 26 109 Oii^L _ 2 _ 2 ___ __5_J5_ 7.3 2.83 4,47 98 50 37 30 >9 8 m 14.1 164 " " 43 ; 5.42 , 103 8.80 2 3 6.77 _ 7.5_ 299 4.51 132 90 35 31 8 6 m 11.3 1.66 148 4 55 ~ 109 10.33 2.2 5,24 ' ' 7.3 ; 3 25 4.05 111 99 29 32 >9 6 m 18.8 1.72 143" 4.36 i 106 9.80 2.2 472 7.3 2.98 4.32 89 126 43 33 >9 8 m 13.0 1.95 152 4.50 112 9.61 1.4 7.14 7.9 3.14 4.76 150 137 38 34 >9 8 m 19.6 2.56 149 6.27 ; 110 10.79 2.5 6.75 7.9 1 3.52 4.38 139 99 35 35 >9 5 m 7.9 J .81 148 5.77 j 107 9.82 ^ _2.3 _ 5.30 j 8.0 3.27 4.73 120 1 106 ! 30 36 >9 8 m 2 09 " 147 " 5 56.. 110 9.50 " 2 3 5 43 "1 77 j 305 4.65 112 92 29 37 7 calf 9.8 1.92 146 5.55 _ I06~! 9.43 ; 2.0 _ 4.12 8-2 ! 3.43 477 119 94 36 38 >9 7 m 133) 1.97 149 4.35 1 112 ! 9 65 ! 2 l" 5.34 * 8.2 3.47 4.73 206 173 ! 39 39 >9 calf 6.4 2.03 145 4 90 ! 102 9.44 ' 1.9 5.31 8.1 ' 3.01 5.09 135 79 33 40 4 6m 15.0 1.94 147 _ 5.05 108 _10.20_ 2.2 6.28 7.6 3.12 4.48 ' 147 79 37 41 4 steer 8.3 1 7 2 '"! ' I d T ! 637 106 *9 95" 2 3 699 7.4 3.10 4.30 n o 192 26 Blood collected by jugular venipuncture during examination while cattle restrained in a head-hold device. Blood refrigerated for approximately 36 hours before serum chemistry was run on a Kodak Ektachem. Cattle were corailed for several hours on a warm day, without water, before blood samples were collected. Reference values are for cattle (New Bolton Center, Kodak Ektachem), except for globulin (Duncan and Prasse). Data Tables Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Repon O oO 00 <r> W tGn 'S Individual Animal Data: Cattle from Tennant Farm (Washington, West Virginia) Table 6 Serology Animili Age Pre. Number Status HI.V ,lohnt'* Brucella BVD BVD Blue Tongue t.eplo ivrsl scrum test: elisa elisa sn sn microplate ACID sn scrum Reference samples Range: 14 4m neg neg neg neg neg neg neg 2 3 open neg neg ne___ eg neg neg 3 >9 open neg neg neg neg..... ___ "eg neg neg 4 >9 7m neg neg neg neg neg neg neg 5 >9 6m neg neg neg neg neg neg neg 6 >9 3 m neg neg 1 neg neg neg neg neg 7 >9 6m neg neg neg neg neg neg "eg 8 >9 open neg neg neg neg neg neg neg 9 >9 open neg neg neg neg neg ....._neg_ neg 10 >9 term neg neg neg neg neg neg neg 11 >9 12 >9 13 >9 14 >9 15 >9 16 6 8.5 m term open calf pregn. open neg neg neg i... "eg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg ___ neg neg neg neg neg neg neg ___ "eg___ neg "eg ! neg ___ neg.__ i neg neg neg neg E m neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg 17 >9 4 oi neg neg neg neg neg neg neg 18 >9 19 >9 20 >9 21 >9 22 >9 23 24 _ >9_ 4 m neg __neg ....."eg ___neg___! nep neg neg calf __ _peg__,. _.....neg neg .... neg ... neg...... "eg 6 m neB .... neg .... neg neg___ ; nep neg 1:1 (in 5 m nee neg neg neg nep neg "eg 5m bull neg "eg nJ ___ ... neg . ___ neg neg___ "eg .....-ne 1------n-e-g----___1 __neg 1 i neg neg neg __neg___ 6m neg...... ... neg..... .....neg .... neg L ... neg...... . neg ... neg___ i:hd (t>pc 2i AGID neg neg - - - - - neg >1 St) - neg neg - - - - 1 --------- 1 1 L ... Data Tables EID151733 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Individuili Animai Data: Cattle from Tennant Farm (Washington, West Virginia) T able 6: S ero lo g y (co n tin u ed ) Animal Age Number it rs) Pris. Status IU.V .Johne's Hnni'lhi H vn r) v n Blue l.epto LIU) Tongue (type 2 serum test: elisa elisa sn sn microplate ACID sn AG1D serum Reference samples Range: 25 4 5m neg ....{eg)' ... "eg neg neg neg neg . 26 6 bull ne*> CJ neg neg neg neg neg neg 27 >9 8m I'OS neg neg 1:256 neg neg neg - 28 7 29 >9 30 >9 8m term 8m ne8 __ __ neg___ "e8 .... ......neg neg ___ ! "eg. . ___neg.__ neg^ neg . eg . - neg .... ......neg___ neg___ ___ neg___ neg ___neg___ ___ neg___ . .. e g ___ 1 401> si sn neg 1 --------- 1 I! 31 8 6m lle . eg__ ; neg neg neg neg neg neg 32 >9 6m neg _ "__ neg neg neg neg neg 33 >9 8m neg ___neg____ neg neg neg neg 1:100 - 1 34 >9 35 >9 8m 5m e g __ .neg.__ eg neg neg ___ neg ___" e g .__ ___ fieg___ neg__ ___ neg___ neg neg neg neg neg . ! 36 >9 37 7 38 >9 8m neg calf .. eg 7m neg neg . "eg neg neg ___neg ...... neg neg neg neg neg neg neg ....neg___ --.. ___ , - neg neg ----------------1 neg neg \ O 39 >9 40 4 calf 6m neg neg neg __ neg___ ___ neg___ ___neg..... ___ neg.... I'OS neg ___neg ___ neg___ neg neg neg neg ! i oo 41 4 s te e r neg 1___ g___:... eg___ ___ neg___ 1 neg neg neg oo HLV s bovine leukemia virus antibody H1 si Johne's = Mycobacterium paratuberculosis antibody (technique has a 1% false positive error rate) Brucella = Brucella abortus antibody Lepto = antibody to Leptospira spp. (L p o m o n a , L icterohem orrhagiae, L hardjo, L g rip p o typ h o sa , L canicola). BLV, Johne's, Brucella, and Lepto assays conducted by the Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Penn. State Univ., University Park, PA. EHD = 2 of 12 tested cattle were "positive'' for HHD-type 2 (Alberta strain); (Texas Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX), WO In Data Tables EID151734 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report ! 0 CoO o o m 5 to uCO u(n 000818 Tennant Farm (Washington, West Virginia): Grain and Hay Analysis Table 7. Nutritional Anahsis Hny Grain Analyte Dry Matter Crude Protein units % % as sampled dry matter basis basis -- 86.34 -- ........6.77....... '~.....7.84...... as sampled basis 89.66 10.21....... dry mailer basis 11.39 . --1 Unavailable Protein % 1.90 2.20 - - Adj. Crude Protein % 5.55 6.42 - - Acid Detergent Fiber % 40.44 46.84 7.59 8.46 TDN NE (Lactation) % Mcal./lb 47.67 0.33 .. 55.21 .38 69.35_ _ _ _ _ j i 0.72 77.35 0.81 Calcium Phosphorus Sodium ppm _ 0 4 0 ___ 0.46 0.95 ---- ^ 1.07 ppm 0.10 0.12 0.30 ! 0.33 % i 0.02 0.02 i J7 0.48 Magnesium Sulfur %. 0.13 0.15 1 0.30 ___ %_ ~ ~ 0d 8 " 0.21 0.13 0.34 0.14 Potassium % 0.87 1.01 0.60 0.67 Copper Iron Manganese PPm i 5 6 ppm 206 239 PPm 331 j 384 67 305 340 22 ! 24 Zinc Nitrate Ion ppm .. 43 ~ '"j" " ....50..... ' 1 % 0.00 `____ 0.00___ 39 ! 43 Selenium ppm 1_ j 0.12 1 1 0.19 Hay and grain feed analysis performed by NC Dept. Agric., Food and Drug Protection Division, Forage Testing Laboratory, 4000 Reedy Creek Rd, Raleigh, NC 27607. Hay and grain samples collected by cattle team during April 1999 site visit to Tennant Farm. Hay sample consisted of 3 i _ core samples each front 3 large round bales of 1998 cm hay. U\ ........... ' ' ...... ............ ............................... ' ....... ' ..... ................ Data Tables Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report 12.0 APPENDICES Appendix A: Abbreviated Curriculum Vitae of Cattle Team Members Appendix B: Diagnostic Pathology Reports Ohio Department of Agriculture: #4977-97 Michigan Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory: #1792571 University of Pennsylvania Laboratory of Large Animal Pathology and Toxicology: #UP9902702, #9901437 Appendix C: Dry Run Safety Plan Appendix D: Figures 1-42 : Photographs of the 42 adult cattle; Figures 43-66 : Miscellaneous photographs of the Tennant Farm and cattle Appendix E: Herd Health History (April 8, 1999 interview) Appendix F: Diet Analysis: Computer Software Modelling 000819 sr EID151736 R G S000939 9 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Appendix A: Abbreviated Curriculum Vitae o f the Cattle Team Members Name: Degrees, Certifications: Employment: Education: Dr. Perry L. Habecker VMD. Diplomate ACVP Chief. Large Animal Pathology. Laboratory of Pathology and Toxicology. Univ. of Penn School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton CenteT. Kennett Square, PA. Juniata College (BS. 1972-1976) University of Pennsylvania. School of Veterinary Medicine (VMD 1969-1973) University of Pennsylvania. School of Veterinary Medicine (resident, 1989-1992) Affiliations: American College of Veterinary Pathologists Pennsylvania Veterinary Medical Association American Association of Veterinary Laboratorv Diagnosticians Name: Degrees. Certifications: Employment: Education: Affiliations: Dr. Lisa Davis-Heller DV.M Private Practitioner. St. Mary's Veterinary Clinic. St. Mary's. WV. Ohio Stale University Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine (DVM. 1979-1983) American Veterinary Medical Association Ohio Veterinary Medical Association West Virginia Veterinary Medical Association International Veterinary Acupuncture Society Holistic Veterinary Society Name: Dr. Peter G. Moisan ~ Degrees. DVM. Diplomate ACVP.. Diplomate ABVP (food animal specialist: beef cattle Certifications: specialist! Employment: Veterinary Pathologist and Field Investigator. Rollins Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory. North Carolina Department of Agriculture. Raleigh. NC Education: Cleveland State Community College (AS. 197-1) 1 East Tennessee State University (BS, Microbiology, 1975) East Tennessee State University (MS, Microbiology, 1978) 1 University ofTennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine (DVM, 1981) Michigan State University (Resident, Veterinary Pathology, 1995) Kansas Srate University (Research. Veterinary Pathology, 1995-1998 Affiliations. American Board of Veterinary Practitioners 1 American College of Veterinary Pathologists American Association of Bovine Practitioners t American Association of Swine Practitioners Academy of Veterinary Consultants American Veterinary Medical Association American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Appendix A: Abbreviated C urriculum Vitae of Cattle Team Members 000820 S EID151737 R G S000940 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Name: Degrees. Certifications: Employment: Education: Affiliations: Dr. Robert J. Munson VMD Field Investigator. Center for Animal Health and Productivity. Univ. of Penn. School of Veterinary Medicine. Kennctt Square, PA. Dickinson College (BS. (963-1967) University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine (VMD 1969-1973) American Veterinary Medical Association American Association of Bovine Practitioners American Dairy Science Association Name: Degrees. Certifications: Employment: Education: Affiliations: Dr. Robert H. Poppenga DVM, PhD, Diplomate, ABVT Chief, Toxicology, Laboratory of Pathology and Toxicology, Univ. of Penn. School of Veterinary Medicine. New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, PA. Western Illinois University (biological sciences, pre-vet medicine, 1971-1974) University of Illinois. College of Veterinary Medicine (DVM, 1974-1978) University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine (PhD, 1983-1987) American Veterinary Medical Association Pennsylvania Veterinary Medical Association American Academy of Veterinary and Comparative Toxicology American Academy of Clinical Toxicology Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Society of Toxicologic Pathologists Society of Toxicology American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Name: Degrees, Certifications: Employment. Education: Affiliations: Dr. Gree P. Sykes VMD, Diplomate ACVP. Diplomate ABT Pathologist. Safety Assessment, DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company (wholly- owned subsidiary of the DuPont Co.). Stine Research Center. Newark. DE. Cornell University: (biological sciences; 1968-1971); University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine (VMD 1971-1975) Cornell University. NYS College of Vet Medicine (resident/fellow, 1979-1983) American Veterinary Medical Association American College of Veterinary Pathologists International Academy of Pathology C.L.Davis Foundation for the Advancement of Veterinary Pathology Royal Microscopical Society American Board of Toxicology American Association of Laboratory Animal Science Association of Wildlife Veterinarians ; Appendix A: Abbreviated C urriculum Vitae of Cattle Team Members 000821 EID151738 R G S000941 REPORT OF LABORATORY EXAMINATION A N IM A L HEALTH D IA G N O S TIC LABO RATO RY P .O . Box 3 0 0 7 6 Lansing. M l. 4 8 9 0 9 Phono {5171 3 5 3 -5 2 7 5 PRIVILEGED INFORMA TtON NOT FOR PUBLICA TtON Client Account: 258989 Clinic: CASPAR, SARAH O.S. SPA RSG. 3 841 CHESTNUT BUILDING PHILADELPHIA PA 19107 PAGE 1 OP GROSS NECROPSY S (1) Caao Number: Reported Rocoivod Pathologist: Caso Origin: 1792571 03/12/97 03/04/97 jsp N8CROPSY HISTORY : M a n y cattle on one farm (over ISO out of 200) have died o v e r the past year. Clinical signs include blackened teeth, patchy ha i r loss and graying of the hair coat, loss of hair in the tail, overgrowth of the hooves, and weight loss. Necropsy findings included patchy, black discoloration of the ruminal mucosa and possible abnormalities in the kidneys. Clinical signs and necropsy findings were described in a video tape which was s ubmitted with the tissues. Tiss u e s from a 4year-old cow (AHDL 1792571-1) which died on 2/18/97 and tissues from a 9 -year-old cow (AHDL 1792571-2) which died on 3/2/97 were submitted. Exposure to an environmental contaminant is suspected. Anim. 8: 1 Name: 2/18 Breed: HOLSTEIN Age: 4y Sex: FEMALE LABORATORY FINDINGS TOXICOLOGY RESULTS AND CCMMBNTS SPECIMEN: LIVER Test: TISSUE MINERAL ANALYSIS (values in ppm ) B ( <1.00 Co ( <0.100 Mo ( 0.886 As ( <0.500 Pb ( <0.500 K ( 2070 ) Ba ( <0.100 ) Pe < 170 ) P ( 2850 ) Cr ( <0.200 ) Sa ( <2.00 ) I Ca < 51.7 ) Mg ( 1SS ) Zn ( 43.2 ) Cd 1 0.130 ) Tl ( <2.50 I Cu ( 1.90 ) Mn ( 1.53 ) Sb ( <1.00 ) Hg ( <2.00 ) Ha ( 1360 ) ) ) ) ) Test Coasnenc: Copper is within deficient range. Copper deficiency causes acute death and discoloration of hair. Manganese is marginally low. other tissue element concentrations are within e j e c t e d ranges. WXS 03/07/97 * DENOTES ADDITIONAL TEST RESULTS MSU IS AN AFFIRMATIVE ACTION(EQUAL OPPORTUNITY INSTITUTION 000822 58 EID151739 R G S000942 FIN A L PAG* a OF Caee Number: 1792571 5 U) SPECIMEN : KIDNEY Teat: TISSUE MINERAL ANALYSIS (valuaa in ppm ) B ( <1.00 Co ( <0.100 MO < 0.334 As < <0.500 Pb ( <0.500 K ( 2040 ) Ba ( 0.281 ) Fe ( n a ) P ( 2230 ) Cr ( <0.200 ) 5e ( <2.00 ) ) Ca ( 93.5 ) ) MZng ( ( 169 19.8 ) Cd < 0.838 ) T1 < <2.50 ) Cu ( 2.37 ) Kn ( 0.605 ) Sb l <1.00 ) Hg C<2.00 ) Na c 18S0 ) ) ) ) ) Teat ComtnC: Copper ia below normal range (0.5 p p m ) . WKR 03/07/97 range (4-6 ppm) and cadmium ia above normal SPECIMEN: URINE Teat: TISSUE MINERAL ANALYSIS (valuaa in ppm ) B ( 2.97 Co ( <0.0500 Mo < <0.100 AS ( <0.250 Pb ( <0.250 K ( 6430 ) Ba ( 0.956 ) Fe ( 0.523 ) P < 76.2 ) Cr l <0.100 ) Se ( <1.00 ) ) Ca ( 409 ) Mg ( 428 ) Z ( 0.636 ) Cd ( <0.0500 ) T1 ( <1.25 ) Cu ( 0.0650 ) Mn ( <0.0250 ) Sb ( <0.500 ) Hg ( <1.00 ) Na ( 240 ) ) ) ) ) Teat Comment: No heavy metal found in the urine at the reported detection limita. WKR 03/07/97 Both livera and kidneye had low copper. Thia ia the major finding ao far. Reported adequate liver mineral rangee for cattle are: calcium 30 to 200 ppm; copper, 25 to ISO ppm; iron, 45 Co 300 ppm; magneaium, loo to 200 ppm; manganaee, 2.5 to 4.0 ppm; molybdenum, 0.14 to 1.40 ppm; phoaphorua, 1500 to 4100 ppm; sine, 25 to 200 ppm; eodium, 600 to 1900 ppm; and potassium, 1200 to 3300 ppm. Toxicant screen by GC/MS on the liver is in progress and will be reported out in a supplemental report when available. Nutritional examination; Urine fluoride concentration was 6.6 ug/ml. Anitn. H: 2 Name: 3/2 Breed: HOLSTEIN Age: 9y Sex: FEMALE * DENOTES A O P m O N A l TEST RESULTS 000823 57 EID151740 R G S000943 PIN A L PAO* 3 OF Case Rumbar: 1792571 5 (1) SPECIMEN: FIXED TISSUES HISTOPATHOLOGIC EXAMINATION Sections of heart, liver, and kidney were examined. In sections of liver, there was advanced postmortem autolysla, with freexe/thaw artifacts in one section. Moat hepatocytes contained single, small, round, clear, intracytoplasmic vacuoles, indicating sdld, diffuse hepatic lipidosis. In sections of kidnsy, most glomeruli contained slightly increased quantities of eosinophilic mesangial matrix. The significance of this finding is unknown, and it may be a postmortem artifact. In sections of heart, small numbers of myofibers contained Sarcoeyatia cysts. LABORATORY FINDINGS TOXICOLOGY RESULTS AND COMMENTS SPECIMEN: LIVER Test TISSUE MINERAL ANALYSIS (values in pp m ) B ( <1.00 Co ( 0.141 MO ( 0.758 As ( <0.500 Pb ( <0.500 K < 2670 ) Ba ( <0.100 ) Fe ( 356 ) P ( 2810 ) Cr ( <0.200 ) Se ( <2.00 ) ) Ca ( 32.7 ) Mg ( 149 ) Zn ( 83.6 ) cd ( 0.219 ) T1 ( <2.50 ) Cu ) Mn ) Sb ) Hg ) Na 2.03 1.76 <1.00 <2.00 1040 ) ) ) ) ) Test Comment : C o p p e r is within deficient range. below normal range(s): manganese. a b o v e normal range (a) : Iron . WKR 03/07/97 The The following following element(a) element(a) is/are is/are SPECIMEN: KIDNEY Test TISSUE MINERAL ANALYSIS (values in PP ) B ( <1.00 CO ( <0.100 MO ( 0.388 As ( <0.500 Pb ( <0.500 K { 2100 ) Ba { 0.327 ) Fe < 71.5 ) P ( 1880 ) Cr ( <0.200 ) Se ( <2.00 ) ) Ca ( 63.7 ) Mg ( 126 ) Zn ( 26.5 ) Cd ( 1.76 ) Tl ( <2.50 ) Cu > Mn > Sb > Hg ) Na 2.33 0.595 <1.00 <2.00 2020 ) ) > ) ) * DENOTES ADOfTlONAL TEST RESULTS MSU IS AN AFFERMATIVE ACTION/EQUAL OPPORTUNITY MSTTTUTION 000824 60 EID151741 R G S000944 PINAL PACS OP C*s* Number: 1792571 5 U) SPECIMEN: HAIR Tese: GENERAL MINERAL ANALYSIS (values in ppm ) 8 ( <4.00 CO ( 0.517 MO ( <0.800 As ( <2.00 Pb < <2.00 K ( 973 ) Be ( 9.37 ) Fe ( 263 ) P { 288 ) Cr ( <0.800 ) Se < <8.00 ) ) Ca ( 1740 ) Mg ( 1090 ) Zn ( 71.8 ) Cd ( <0.400 ) T1 < <10.0 SPECIMEN: ORINE Tese: FLUID MINERAL ANALYSIS (values a ppm ) B ( 2.70 Co ( <0.0500 Mo ( <0.100 As < <0.250 Pb ( <0.250 K < 9400 ) Be ( 0.328 ) Fs < <0.250 ) P ( 131 ) Cr ( <0.100 ) Se ( ) o O H V ) Ca ( 19.2 ) Mg ( 188 ) Zn ( 0.101 ) Cd ( <0.0500 ) Tl ( <1.25 ) Cu ( 7.23 ) Mn ( 29.9 ) Sb ( <4.00 ) Hg ( <8.00 ) Na ( 68.4 ) Cu ( <0.0250 ) Mn < <0.0250 ) Sb ( <0.500 ) Hg < <1.00 ) Na ( 231 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Both livers and kidneys had lav copper. This is che maj a r finding so far. Reported adequate liver mineral ranges for cattle are: calcium 30 to 200 ppm,- capper, 2S to ISO ppm; iron, 45 to 300 ppm; magnesium, 100 to 200 ppm; manganese, 2.5 to 4.0 ppm; molybdenum, 0.14 to 1.40 ppm; phosphorus, 1500 to 4100 ppm; tine, 25 to 200 ppm; sodium, 600 to 1900 ppm; and potassium, 1200 to 3300 ppm. T o x i c a n t screen by GC/HS on the liver is in p r o g r e s s and results will be reported in a supplemental report vhen available. Nutritional examination: Urine fluoride concentration vas S.S5 ug/ml. SPECIMEN: SERUM CLINICAL PATHOLOGY Serum chemistry profils vas run on a sample submitted from cov *2. Abnormalities includsd slightly lov sodium concentration (137.6 mmol/L; reference range a 139-145), slightly lov sodium to potassium rat i o (24; rafsrance range 25-35), low aer u m albu m i n concentration (2.9 g/dl; reference range 3.S-5.0), slightly low albumin to globulin ratio (0.81; reference range 1.01-3.39), slightly slevated total b i l i r u b i n (0.4 mg/dl; refsrsnes range <0.3), slightly e l s v a t s d ersatinins (1.7 mg/dl; reference range - 0.6-1.3), lo v cal c i u m concentration (6.5 mg/dl; rafarence range a 7.9-10.7), slightly lov sorbitol dehydrogenase activity (9.6 UL; refsrsnes range a 13.4-70.7), slightly slsvated serum iron c o n centration (138 ug/dl; r eference range a 40-136), a n d slig h t l y lov o s m o l a l i t y <283 nOs/kg; reference range 286-302). hi DENOTES ADDITIONAL TEST RESULTS MSU IS AN AFFIRMATIVE ACDONQUAL OPPORTUNITY INSTITUTION 000825 EID151742 R G S000945 FINAL PACT 5 OF Caae Number: 1792571 5 ( l) COMMENTS: No significant pathologic findings. (Toxicologic analyses ara in prograaa and a supplemental report will be aant wh e n reaulta are available. R. Pula in Mineral Levels in Animal Health gives the normal levels of fluoride in cattle urine as ' 0.7 to 5.0 ppm, the high levels aa 5.0 to 15.0 ppm. and the toxic levels aa 14.0 * 120.0 ppm.] Jon S . Patterson Pathologist 3ma (517) 353-5275 000826 MSU IS ANAFDFIERNMOATTEIVSEAADCOTmIOONN/EAQiUTAELSTOPRPEOSURLTTUSNITY MSTm/TION 2- EID151743 R G S000946 FR C n : BQ-F-RE f w l r w . CLINIC R O N E NO. 614 423 1750 -- pgo 3 ,R m - 1 3 .3 0 4 Z A n im a lD ise a se Dragr* ?, v *.*' ''* to r y A io tm o n : Report d ata: Own*: C e w ^ ln i : 4 3 7 7 -8 7 3-10-97/SG C u ti , Korin 0 M 7 -8 1 3 S Or. S h tla Grin M BELPRE. OH 46714 Ohio O apartm ont o l Agrlovihura S99S Can Main St. Reynold*burg. OH < BOSS 8 1 4 -7 2 8 -6 2 2 0 FAX: 72 8-0 310 S U aW S S JO ff SUMMARY Token; n o t g lv *n Rooaiwod: 2 2 8 8 7 S p o o l* B ovin* Animalo T o rta C om pleted 18 6 PATHOLOGY aooNO0 m ertm r A N I M A L IO: t: (net provided). Bovina. Mixed Brood Boof Sampl: Dood Animal N E C R O P S Y 4 H ' S T O P A T H O L O O Y 3 -2 7 -9 7 /1 1 :24 I N ecropsy: H laxary: Cp MO A daad. t i w w u h - n W hu# call woe submitted. T h t calf m unainifk< and Kaa had dii. rhea for on month. According to tha history. tHa calf ho n e t boon dewormed ltd haa not raco /d aiy medication. Tha eyee of tha cow war* ebaarvad to hv cloudy cantero. Grot* examination: T ha mal oalf waa presented daad. Tha carco watgt>4M (o"ib^. Tha nutritional ta tt vac poor. Minimo) body fat ras prosarti on th a ca rc a se an d roue atrophy ol fat w aa praaarrt an und the h e a rt and kidnayo. The state ot hydration w aa fair. A tow TncTiurn w ere prooont in the c u m . Hay. b u t no grain wac p ra c a n t In th fo ra rto m a c lw . Form ed faeal balia w ra p u a n t in t h a ra o lu m . Fooos w ar* m an ad aro u n d th a a n u c . M id to a m w a a proaont In th a tr*oh.i No additional gro ta lesiona were obaervad. M orphologic diagnosis: E m aciation w ith aaroua atrophy of fat In testin al parasitism (tnchuriaaial C om m enta: T he calf w as in an extremely poor nutritional sta lo . D uring inolomont w aothor oondhlor i c o ld oaaaelato d wbh w inter) nutritional ropirltom onto o f anim als Ineraeae and it is aretrorr Jy im p o rta n t tn itv.rw isa th e tead intalia a t th a anim ala. H ay. b u t a grain, w as ab so lv ed in tha f o r o s to m a d tc . Supplom antatian of th a h a y w ith a d d itio n a l fo o d aureo m ay b a faery*fic >I. A dditionally, aversi parseli* ovs w ar* o b serv ed h th a facac and w hfpworm s w sra obos v ed in th a c e c u m . A parasitic burden reduce the th e nutritianal intake e f tn animat, c r n y i u s d r ; th a 000827 EID151744 R G S000947 FRQ-I : BELPRE RNIHPL Q .IH IC PM>C NO. : 614 423 1750 A eeeeeien: 4A T 747 (continued) = = = = = VaWrtoarim: ASoway. Ctyda H. Jr. O w ner Custer. K n h Page: 2 previously p eer nulrnienel Male. HiatepathoWgie. bactriologie a r i vboMglc aaam m atiena w e c u rre n tly in pro g ress. le sio n s ob aetv ed In th e k u lfa a y e a n w y have b e e n re s u lt ef-lh e s o ld , b u t e histopathologic examination e l th e eyes hi cu rren tly in pro g ress. S h eite Grimes. OVM. PhO. Oiplonrwe a. ACVP V eterinary P rtho legist Pathology Section Histopathologic etam inaben: S eetien e e f eerebnon. esrebeSum brainstem . Hmg, lym ph neda. I n t , kMney. adrenal, duodenum , jejunum , bum , aelon. heart and abaiatai muerda w ere exam ined. M oderate te aavere peatm ortem a u te ly a la w aa pra a m h th e aaatlana e f Im eed n e. S everal ooooldb l e e h fc e n ts. ran g in g In size Ire m 3 0 0 te 3 0 0 mMrons In A am ater, w are p re v e n t In th e a m a l Imertbval m u a e c a . W ithin th e aa c tio n e f eaten, varim atagan nf m n e id t, including e e eeidiol eeayat, g am en ta and prrm etee. ' w e re ereaen t within arypt ep hhelel eelte. Crypt ebaaaaaee w ere present w hM n eem e a- lenle e ry p ta . T he a ry p u war* sta tic and frie d b y a tte n u a te d sp lth e iu m . The a e a tle n o f Kver had mild I s m oderate, diffuse mierouaaieuier vaeueletien e f hepetecytee. H epateoytee eenteined m ultiple, poorly delneetod vacuoles w hhln their eytoplaem e. S h e .le O rim ea. O VM . PhO. D iplom ete. A c v r V e te rin a ry Pethelegiet P a th o lo g y Section H latopethelegic examinatlen: T w o a e c tlo n e o f eye w ere exam ined. The ey e h a d a chrenM kerathie (a a m e e l eaar) aha ra a tarlted b y th e praaanca e f a M ealy axtanaiva area ef fibre pleala aenaletJng e f relptlwely leeaalt a rra n g e d fibrableete nrtmiend w ith a few ly m p h o cy tes and p laam o aaha in th e e e m a e . 4Md v secularization and adoma waa praaant in th e areae e f fibrosis. The aam e el epithelium evertymg th e area ef fibreelt waa hyperptaada and undergoing epidermal mataplaaia with th e form etien of ra te ridge. O exeem et'a mem brane w aa cut and retracted IceSed). Morphologic diagnosis: M o d rais, chronic. M ealy exieoahre fibroeing haratki* Slieita C rim es. OVM. PhO. Diplomats. ACVP V eterinary Pathslogrit P athology Section 000828 if EID151745 R G S000948 FROM : B8LPRE flNlHRL CLINIC P K > NO. : 6X4 4Z3 1750 A i m U n : 4 1 7 7 4 7 V i t t w l i : A h w Y . C tyd* M. J r , O w n it C u n i r , K*wbi Fa*a: 3 P03 FECAL FLOTATION 2 27 *7/11:34a ICandnuad) F1CAL FLOTATION 2-27 7/11.24a Aaauha: Num arovia avongyla typa agga. m a d a m * nom baia *1 anaaldtal aaayata and a la w w h ip w o rm agga w ata abaarvad. MICROBIOLOGY - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------- ANIMAL 10: t : (not pravM ad). Basina. M bwd *raad |a * f SAL MON FI I A CtH TURF 3-S-B7/11:24a ' F aiu lu : Nagadva DIAGNOSTIC VIROLOGY------------------------ -- - - A N I M A L IO: 1: inoc pravMad). avion. M U a d Brand Baal . FA-CORONA VIRUS 2-27-7/4.B 1p R asu lta: Nngstiaa fam pli; Raalad TtaauaCultura Pamela: Intaatlna A N I M A L IO: 1: (not pravidad). Bavin, Misad Brand Baal FA-CORONA VIRUS 2-27-B 7/4:Stp R aaulii: N agsUva FA-OIAROtA 2 -2 7 -0 7 /4 .S I p Aaauha: Negativa FA-CRYPT OSPORIDIA 2 -2 7 A 7 /4 .5 1p R asulta: Nagabvf Bamplat ilaum 000829 s EID151746 R G S000949  FROM : BELPtE BNIHRL CLINIC P K K M3. : 61 4 4Z3 17 50 Aoooaeion: * 6 7 7-67 Voewtnartan: A lo w ay . C M * H. Jr. Oywiar. C u rw r. Kevin Page?* FIN A L S IA O N O S IE * COMMENTS V *-S 7 /*:4 0 p (Continued) PATHOLOGY A N IM A L 10: 1: (n et prodded). ta v in a . Mbcad Breed ta a f FINAL DIAGNOSIS * COMMENTS l~ 4-S 7/i*0p D IA G N O S IS Em aciation A tro p h y . SarovM C oeeldloele. Entaria T rieh u riasia K arathla Bam pU : Oaad Anim al Cam m anta: F laaaa olar to th a prevfeus com m ents. T he scour obcenrod in th e anim al w aa probably a raault o f a n lc rie co ccidiosie. H istopathologic an am in atio n o f th a a y s ia curren tly in progr a n d ractilra w it ba ro o o rtad in an ad d en d u m . PB3 Sheila Crlm aa. DVM. FhO. Olplomata. ACVP V eterinary Pathologist Pathology Saction Addandum: P * `ho h istopathologic a s c r ip ti o n o f t i n ay a. Laaiene In th a oya w a rs W\d* a t o f a prior oornoal Injury Cornaal Injury m ay reach from phyaioai or ohomlool traum a, m icrobial aganta. Ino/aaaad ocular praacura and rarely. Inborn error of m etabolism . * h a a s s e t c a u s e o l th a keratitis or coroaal w ound in thia c m w aa not determ ined. Lem ons n th e oyo w are a o g g s tiv a o f theca associated w hh Uawma. but a traum atic Injury in b o th aya w ould b a unuaual. Tha ulcerating and euppurstfvo kerathh aaaaoiatad with M eraaede w aa not o b a a rv a d In thia c a ta . H o aav ar, fibrosis m ay o c c u r w ith healing su b seq u en t to th a in fse tie n . SheB e C rlm aa. DVM. PhD . Dipk>m a te . ACVP V eterinary Pathologist Pathology Sactian 000830 U EID151747 R G S000950 NEW BOLTON CENTER University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Laboratory of Large Animal Pathology and Toxicology 382 W. Street Road Kenne Square, PA 19348 Phone: (610)444-5800 Fax: (610)925-8110 FINAL REPORT Accession No.: UP 9902707 Submitter Dr. Perry Habecker Pg#: 1 Report Address: Dry Run Investigation Team Case Tracking #: N o p. Case Coordinator: Perry L. Habecker, VMD Date Submitted: 6/27/99 Report Date: 7/5/99 TA(D). 8 Species: Bovine Production type: Breed: Sex: F Age:..... .7. y Animal I.D. #37 S am p le: .... 14..... Fixed Tissue Date obtained: Reference Lab: m w d Adult O Fetus G Juvenile ( j Unknown HISTORY SUMMARY: Killed and nccropsied lor Dr Lisa Heller on June 10, 1999. Tissues also submitted to toxicology (ADDENDUM: tissues for toxicologic assay were received 7/28 and accessioned as 9903263.) DIAGNOSIS: Entehc lesions of minimal significance. COMMENTS: The gastrointestinal eosinophilia is attributed to previous and current bouts of endoparasitism. Epithelial abscessation in the foresiomachs is associated with acidosis due to excessive carbohydrate ingestion. LABORATORY -FINDINGS: H1STOPATHOLOGY EXAMINATION I) Heart, 2 pieces'. Minimal, focal lymphocytic myocarditis, focal Sarcocyst spp.. 21 Lung, 2 pieces: Normal 3) Liver, 2 pieces Normal 4) Spleen: Normal 5) Kidney: Normal 6) Teat Normal 7) Adrenal, 2 pieces: Normal 8) Lymph node, 2 pieces Normal 9&10) Small intestine, 4 pieces: Mucosa--moderately severe, diffuse eosinophilia: focal coccidian parasite. II) Abomasum. 2 pieces: Mucosa-mild, multifocal eosinophilia 12) Omasum: Epithelium-abscesses, moderately severe, acute, multifocal. 13) Reticulum: Epithelium-abscesses, mild, acute, multifocal; tunica muscularis-grannloma, minimal, focal with intralesional plant foreign body. 14) Thymus. Normal Perry L Habecker. VMD 000831 6? EID151748 R G S000951 NEW BOLTON CENTER University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Laboratory of Large Animal Pathology and Toxicology 382 W. Street Road Kennet! Square, PA 19348 Phone: (610)444-5800 Fax: (610)925-8110 FINAL REPORT Accession No.: UP 9903263 Vet: Dr. Lisa Davis-Hellcr Submitter Dr. Perry Habecker Pg#: 1 Report Address: jjy ,, investigation Case Tracking #- Toxicology Case Coordinator: Robert H. Poppenga, DVM, PhD Date Submitted: 7/29/99 Report Date: 8/19/99 TA(D): 21 Species: Bovine Production type: Beef Breed: Sex: F Age: Animal I D. #37 Sample .....6....... Frozen Tissue y Date obtained: Reference Lab: m w d Adult O Fetus O Juvenile O Unknown HISTORY SUMMARY: Killed and necropsied for Dr Lisa Heller on June 10. 1999. Tissues also submitted to histology (see 9902707) DIAGNOSIS: Copper deficiency COMMENTS: The following bovine liver mineral ranges can be utilized for the interpretation of the analytical results contained in this report The indicated ranges are only guidelines and the results need to be interpreted in conjunction with management dietary and clinical variables Herd evablations should be based upon analysis of samples from an adequate number of animals Mineral Calcium Cobalt Copper Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Selenium Zinc Deficient < 40 ppm < 0 005 ppm < 25 ppm < 30 ppm < 1 00 ppm 0 02 to 0.17 ppm < 20 ppm Marginal 0 005 to 0 017 ppm 1.50 to 3 00 ppm 0.12 to 0 25 ppm 25 to 40 ppm Adequate 30 to 200 ppm 0 020 to 0.085 ppm 25 to 150 ppm 45 to 300 ppm 100 to 200 ppm 0.14 to 1 40 ppm 0 25 to 0.50 ppm 25 to 200 ppm Ranges obtained from Puls' Mineral Levels in Animal Health. LABORATORY FINDINGS: TOXICOLOGY RESULTS: Sample: Liver and kidney T est Complete Metal Screen Liver Kidney Arsenic < 0.50 < 0.50 000832 46 EID151749 R 6S000952 NEW BOLTON CENTER University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Laboratory of Large Animal Pathology and Toxicology 382 W. Street Road Kennet! Square, PA 19348 Phone: (610)444-5800 Fax: (610)925-8110 FINAL REPORT Accession No.: UP 9903263 V et Dr. Lisa Davis-Heller Sahmitier Dr Perry Habecker Pg#: 2 Cadmium Chromium Mercury Lead Selenium Thallium Calcium Cobalt Copper Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Selenium Zinc <0.10 <0.20 < 1.00 < 0 50 < 1.00 < 2 00 424 <0.10 7.71 67.0 178 4.97 1.09 0.236 39.4 0.555 < 0 20 < 1.00 <0.50 < 1.00 <2.00 70.9 <0.10 4.29 93 9 148 1.66 <0.30 19.0 Beryllium Nickel Vanadium < 0 02 <0.30 < 0 30 < 0 02 <0.30 < 0 30 All meial results are reported as ppm on a tissue wei weight basis. Beryllium, vanadium and nickel axe pending Sample: Liver and fat Test: Organic Chemical Screen by GC/MS No toxic compounds were detected in the submitted sample by our gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy organic chemical screen Both conventional extraction and SPVCE were used on the liver and fat samples. Sample: Rib Bone Test Fluoride Fluoride was detected in (he submitted bone sample at 1009 ppm (expressed on a fai free, dry bone basis). Robert H. Poppcnga, DVM, PhD 000833 vt EID151750 R G S000953 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Pry Run Safety Plan Hazard Plan 1. Physical injury from cattle ! The team will follow the direction of the 3 most ! experienced cattle handlers (Bob M., Lisa, and Pete). Mr. Tennant and his brother will help with the handling i of the cattle (note: added during 4/7/99 safety meeting). . Rectal palpations will be performed only by I j veterinarians. i | A1J members of the cattle team will be responsible for their personal safety, the safety of the team, and the j safety of other personnel in the animal handling area. I ! All persons in the animal-handling area will be expected to abide by these safe practices, i Physical restraint devices (corral, headgate, halters) will I i be examined for adequacy before use. i j Chemical restraint (e.g., sedatives) will be used on individual cattle if needed.________________________ I j 2. Physical injury from devices (e.g.. knives. All members of the cattle team are experienced in the iI handling of veterinary tools. Necropsies, phlebotomies, I needles) ear tagging, and similar procedures will be conducted i only by the veterinarians. i ; Disposable sharps (e.g., blades, needles) will be placed tn an approved sharps container and returned to New ItIi ! 3. Biological safety I jI Bolton Center.__________________________________ -j ; The cattle team will be appropriately dressed (coveralls and boots) when working with the livestock. IIij Soapy water, scrub brush, and paper towels will be Ii available. Rectal sleeves will be used for rectal palpations. iI Latex gloves will be used for necropsies and when otherwise considered appropriate. i (For the biosafety of the cattle, "single use" collection dev ices will be used.) l If clinical signs warrant, the cattle team may implement additional biological safety measures.______________ i 4. Chemical safetv Formalin will be used as a preservative during the I i collection of necropsy tissues. All personnel will avoid skin contact with formalin. Notes: This Safety Plan will be reviewed by all members of the cattle team prior to their arrival at Mr. Tennant's Farm in the Dry Run area, (note: plan was reviewed and accepted during safety meetingon 4/7/98 at the Parkersburg Holiday Inn. Cattle team and 4 EPAAJSFWS persons present) The cattle team consists of six veterinarians: Drs. Lisa Davis-Helter, Perry Habecker, Peter Moisan, Bob Munson. Bob Poppenga. and Greg Sykes.________________________________________ __ Appendix C Dry Run Safety Plan 000834 10 EID151751 R G S000954 r Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Photo P h otograph Legend ___# ___________________________________________________________________ _ 1-41 Cattle 1 -4 1 . respectively. Each photo number corresponds to the ear tag number (placed following examination) of the cow, bull, or steer and the animal number tn Table 1 of this report. 42 Cow # 42: The individual cow which escaped the run and was therefore not ear tagged or examined. 43 Livestock in corral. The 42 adult cattle (39 cows, 2 bulls, 1 steer) and 12 calves were held in this corral for several hours prior to examination in the late afternoon of April 7, 1999. 44 Cow # 25: Corneal scar 45 Cow # 26: Corneal opacity 46 Cow # 30: Corneal opacity 47 Cow # 37: Corneal scar 48 Cow- # 40: Corneal opacity 49 Cow # 22: Mass (12 cm diameter), prescapular, subcutaneous, neck, right. 50 Cow # 22: Scalpel puncture and drainage of mass during examination. Brown-red fluid contents drained. 51 Cow # 22: Manual exploration of cystic cavity revealed a large mass of red hair within the cyst Diagnosis was "epidermal inclusion cyst" of spontaneous origin which was of no significance to herd health. 52 Cow #31: Tongue with spotty melanosis. This was an incidental finding of no pathological significance. Melanosis of epidermal tissues, as seen here, is normal. 53 Cow #18: Mammary gland lump adjacent to teat. This was considered to most likely be an abscess. 54 Group of cattle, owned by a neighbor of Mr. Tennant, grazing on an adjacent property. 55 Deer carcass on Tennant property. One of three deer carcasses observed by Mr. Tennant and Dr. Sykes, within 500 feet of the Tennant barn on April 8. 1999. All three appeared to have died in the past few months. 56 Tennant barn and barnyard adjacent to the corral where the cattle examinations were conducted. 57 Grazing pasture along the Dry Run Creek between the landfill site and the Tennant barn. 58 Grazing pasture along the Dry Run Creek between the landfill site and the Tennant bam. 59 Group of 16 cow skulls (photo supplied by Mr. Tennant) 60 Worn incisors of an unidentified cow, bull, or steer (photo supplied by Mr. Tennant). Appendix D: Phoios 1-66 7/ 000835 R G S000955 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Photo # 61 62 63 64 65 66 Photograph Legend (continued) Neck alopecia in an unidentified animal (photo supplied by Mr. Tennant). The cattle team considered this most likely due to lice. Neck alopecia in an unidentified animal (photo supplied by Mr. Tennant). The cattle team considered this most likely due to lice. Nose with spotty melanosis (photo supplied by Mr. Tennant). The cattle team considered this pigmentation to be normal. Nose with diffuse melanosis (photo supplied by Mr. Tennant). The cattle team considered this pigmentation to be normal. Hard palate with spotty melanosis (photo supplied by Mr. Tennant). The cattle team considered this pigmentation to be normal. Cattle team (CT) and steering committee (SC) members at the Tennant Farm during the April 7-8 1999 site visit. From left to right: Dr. Robert Poppenga (CT: veterinary toxicologist). Dr. Robert Munson (CT: veterinary' clinician): Dr. Peter Moisan (CT: veterinary clinician/pathologist), Sarah Caspar (SC: EPA On-Scene Coordinator), Dr. Perry Habecker (CT: veterinary pathologist), Dr. Lisa Davis-Heller (CT: veterinary clinician). Dr. Michael Home (SC: USFWS, Environmental Response Team). Not shown: Dr. Greg Sykes (CT: veterinary pathologistAoxicologist; taking picture); Dr. Ralph Stahl (SC: DuPont biologist; not present) and Dr. Rudolph Valentine (SC: DuPont toxicologist; not present). Appendix D: Photos 1-66 000836 72- EID151753 R G S000956  V if {b ..i t 'mmumm- *i X p R i BGS000988 RG Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Herd Investigation - Beef Cattle - Date: April 8. 1999_______ Name: Wilbur Earl Tennant Address: Route 3 Box 17, Washington. WV 26181_________ [Derived from interview of Mr. Earl Tennant by Drs. Peter Moisan, Lisa Heller, and Robert Munson on 4/8/99] PARTI: 1998 A. History from last calvine season Months during which cows calved: All year. 1998. Number of cows in herd, 1998 calving season: 40 . Number of calves born: 35 live. Number of cows calved 35_ or 87.5 % of cows exposed. Abortions/Stillborn in 1998: 5 - 6 Other calving problems in 1998: None . Sick calves in 1998: Scours: About 6 (No deaths') . Weak calves in 1998: Several were weak and had enlarged joints. Other illness in unweaned calves in 1998: Most calves were slow-growing and underweight during nursing period. Birth weight was low in the calves born in 1998 . Age at weaning in 1998: 5 m os.. Number of calves weaned: 30 or % of cows exposed: 75%. Illness in weaned calves in 1998: All calves were sold at weaning time. A few calves (5). born in 1998 (fall) are still nursing the cows. B. Cows Illness in cows in 1998: I cow disappeared in 1998. Ocular disease: Some cattle have darker eves when put in the hollow during the summer. The darker eves resolve when they are kept away from the creek. Skin disease: Some with lesions around the coronary bands. Thought to be "mild". Diarrhea: A few cows had diarrhea when calves were 3 - 4 weeks old. Lameness: Cows seem lame in cold damp weather (arthritis?). Respiratory disease: 3 cows had a transient epistaxis in 1998. Other disease in 1998: Cows and calves seem more healthy than in earlier years. Treatments for disease in 1998: Alum to cows for calf scours. Treated cows with ground garlic for worms. Vaccinations in herd in 1998: None. Brucellosis vaccinations are not done in WV. Diagnostic work performed in herd in 1998: Include necropsy or blood sampling: None. (4 years ago. 12 blood samples were taken and paired serology was inconclusive for brucellosis and leptospirosis). Estimated body condition score (BCS range 1-9) of cows in 1998 calving season: Same as 1999 May have been slightly better BCS than 1999. Appendix E: Herd Health History /e>L 000870 EID151787 R G S000990 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation C Feedine History Cattle Team Report Feed to cows during calving season 1998 (Include minerals): Com silage. Ground com with supplement. Orchard grass/timothv/brome/KY31 fescue hav. Fairly high percentage fescue. 5 pounds of grain per cow per dav. with slightly more during cold weather. Feed to cows in winter before calving season in 1998 (Include minerals): Same as during calving season with higher mineral. 5 pounds of grain per cow per day, with slightly more during cold weather. Feed to nursing cows during grazing season 1998 (Include minerals): Trace mineral salt (TDN salt). Feed Test Results for 1998: None. D. Other Other comments for 1998: Since the problems first started in 1988. the acreage grazed has decreased from 514 acres in 1988 to 196 acres now. In 1988 there were 200 cows. Silage was fed to these cows in the winter. Since 1988 there have been 176 dead cows and about 200 calves. The first to die appeared to have pneumonia, with shivering, fever, and foaming from the mouth. Other cows (15-20) were circling, then died.__________________ i PART II: 1999 A. History from current calving season First calving: About March 1, 1999 . Length of breeding season 1998: year long. 1998. Anticipated last calving date in 1999: About October 1999 or later. Number of cow s in herd. 1999 calving season: 39_. Number of calves born so far: 7_. Number of cows calved so far: 7_ or IS % of cows exposed. Abortions/stillbirths so far in 1999: 1 Other calving problems in 1999: X stillborn in 1999 and 1 placenta found without a dead c a lf. Sick calves in 1999: Scours None . Weak calves in 1999: None . Other illness in unweaned calves in 1999: A few of last fall's calves, still nursing cows on pasture: are loose. Birth weights are around 35 pounds and appear lower than normal. Calves are fairly thin but otherwise healthy in 1999. B. Cous Illness in cows in 1999: None . Ocular disease:____________ . Skin disease: ____________. Diarrhea: ____________ . Lameness: ______ Appendix E: Herd Healih History /o7 000871 EID151788 RG S000991 Tennant Farm Herd Health Investigation Cattle Team Report Respiratory disease: None . Other disease in 1999: Cows are healthy in 1999. so far. Owner notices that the cows are fairly thin . Treatments for disease in 1999: None . Vaccinations in herd in 1999: None . Diagnostic work performed in herd in 1999: Include necropsy or blood sampling: None . Owner estimated body condition score (BCS range 1-9) of cows in 1998 breeding season:_____ . Clinical BCS of cows (average) on day of herd visit: 3 - 3.5 (Range BCS 2 - 7 ) . C. Feeding History Feed to cows during calving season 1999 (Include minerals): Hay and ground feed as in 1998. No silage . Feed to cows in winter before calving season 1999 (Include minerals): Ground feed, same as in 1998. with higher mineral mix . Feed to cows during grazing season 1999 (Include minerals):_____ . Feed Test Results for 1999: None . D. Other Other comments for 1999 to date: It seems that problems with cows and calves have decreased by 75 - 80% since the water from the landfill was hauled awav for treatment. No new cows have been purchased in past 5 years. Bulls were purchased in 1996, estimated, but could have been in 1995. Bulls haven't been sick or poor breeders. There are reports of 2 neighbors with premature calves born, for total of 6 calves . Appendix E: Herd Health History 000872 /o a EID1S1789,........ R G S000992 Results for: Tennant Lactating b eef r^ooeu l 12/15/99 Ration Nutrients SuDDlied and Reauired ME Avail ME Reqd Mcal/d Mcal/d Totals 16 23 Percent difference Maintenance 16 15.1 Pregnancy 10 Lactation 17 Gain -6 0 Reserves 06 Difference Mcal/d -6 72.5% 1 1 6 -6 -6 MP Avail g/d 639 639 320 320 -43 0 MP Reqd Difference ____ 9/d____ 702 9*1 -64 90.9% 318 320 0 320 363 -43 21 -64 64 -64 Intake and Performance Predictions DM I predicted DMI entered-% predicted: 66% Relative DMI Target ADG w/conceptus ME Allowable Gain MP Allowable Gain AA Allowable Gain 23.3 Ibs/d 15.3 Ibs/d 100% 0 2 4 Ibs/d 0.11 Ibs/d -0.17 Ibs/d 0.02 Ibs/d Pred. Max Forage Intake Entered Forage Intake ME Allowable Milk MP Allowable Milk AA Allowable Milk Days to lose 1 CS 12 0 Ibs/d 12.0 Ibs/d 13.7 Ibs/d 11.3 Ibs/d 13.9 Ibs/d 43 Diet Concentrations and Rumen Balances Effective NDF required 3.1 Ibs/d Effective NDF supplied 8.7 Ibs/d NDF in ration 61% DM Diet ME 1.07 MCAL/LB DM Diet NEI 0.69 MCAL/LB DM Diet NEm 0.67 MCAL/LB DM Diet NEg 0.41 MCAL/LB DM Pred. Ruminal pH 6.46 Q/d % of reauirements Ruminal N Balance -26 79% Pept Bal. 22 177% First limiting AA: MET 1.19 109% 2nd limiting AA: LYS 2.29 106% MP from bacteria MP from undeg feed Diet CP DIP Soluble Protein Total NFC in ration Fat in ration (total): Total N balance Predicted MUN Urea cost % Forage in ration Ration DM DMI/Maint DMI Predicted Excretion N excretion: Fecal Urinary Total P excretion: Fecal Urinary Total Ration Costs Cost/day Cost/cwt. milk production ftppe.'Jt)Iy F 0.17 $/day 1.27 $/cwt Cost/cwt. ME allow, milk Cost/cwt. MP allow, milk Cost/cwt. AA allow, milk 467 g/d 172 g/d 8.6% DM 61% CP 23% CP 18% DM 4.7% DM 0 g/d 0.00 Mcal/d 71% DM 90% 1.1 X Maint. 0.2 lbs/hd/d 0.1 lbs/hd/d 0 3 lbs/hd/d 37.2 g/hd/d 0.9 g/hd/d 38.1 g/hd/d 1.27 $/cwt 1.54 S/cwt 1.25 S/cwt i* f 000873 EID151790 RGS000993 Ration for Tennant Lactating beef cow Enter amt. fed in blue cells: As-fed Lbs Forage Pasture Rel DMI * Pounds % of ration Home grown As-fed as fed As-fed Fescue, K31 Corn Dry Soybean Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Dry Cow Min Blank Blank Total DMI Predicted Entered DM - Predicted Relative DMI % MP Balance ME Balance Rumen N Balance Peptide Balance Hay, F. bloom Ear45 12.00 4.20 Meal - 44 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 17 00 23 28 -7.98 100.0% -63.8 g/d -6,2 mcal/d -26.5 g/d 21.7 g/d yn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn y y n n n n n n n n n n n n DMI Entered: 91% Pred DMI 73% Actual DMI -21% Effective NDF Balance 77% Days to lose 1 CS 12 00 4.20 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 17.00 12.00 4.20 .30 00 .00 .00 .00 00 .00 .00 .00 .50 .00 00 17.00 15.30 23 3 Ibs/d 15.3 Ibs/d 5 6 Ibs/d 43 70.6% 24.7% 1.8% 00% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.9% 0.0% 0.0% 100% Cost : $./day $ 0.17 000874 EID151791 Q Page 1 General Factors Farm Name: Diet Number in group: Days to feed NDF capacity Units Feed Entry Basis L8/Head/Day Milk Price Feed Losses File Name Animal Factors Grade Animal Type Age Sex Body Weight Breed Type Mature Weight Condition Score Breeding System Dam breed Dam's maternal Dam's paternal Days Pregnant Days Since Calving Lactation # Rolling Herd Average (dairy) Milk Production (dairy) Milk Fat (dairy) Milk Protein (dairy) assume CP Relative Milk Prod'n (beef) Expected Calf Birth Weight Management Factors Additive Grazing Unit Size Daily pasture allowance Initial pasture mass Selection-Pressure for growth/milk Feeding Frequency Feeding Method Calf Implanted Environmental Factors Wind Speed Previous Temperature Previous RH Current Temperature Tennant Lactating ibeef cow 1 365 1 % of BW 1 English 1 As-Fed $ /cwt 0% % dry matter C:\casestudy\test 5 5 Enter 1 to FALSE 0 Lactating beef cow (predicted milk 70 Months 4 Cow 9 00 Lb 1 Beef Maturity 900 Lb 3 1=v thin - 9=v.fleshy 2 2way cross 17 #N/A Hereford 1 1 Angus 17 17 Hereford 18 18 0 Days 30 Days DLW 4 0=dry or heifer 0 Lb Predicted values 0 .0 0 Lb 7.0 0.00 % 3.S 0% 3.8 2 1-9 16.53 45 Lb 73.8 0 1 none 0 .00 Acres 0 DM Ib/PDMI 1847 lb DM/acre 0 1-5 Scale 2 # of Times Fed Daily 2 1=forage&grain separate, 2=TMR 1 1=no,2=yes 0 5 mph 40 Degrees F 30 % 40 Degrees F Page 1 -000875 12/15/99 3:28 PM /// EID151792 R G S000995 Current RH Storm Exposure Night Cooling Hair Depth Hide Hair Coat Cattle Panting (Heat Stress) DMI Scaler In summer, cattle are exposed to: Rectal Temperature (optional) Animal Activity Functions Time spent standing Number of body position changes Distance walked Flat SloDed Mud Depth Feedbunk Characteristics Bunk level Bunk Surface Target Growth Age at 1st calving Herd Calving Interval 30 % 1 1=no,2=yes 1 1=none,2=with night cooling 1 tn 2 1=thin,2=avg,3=thick 1 1=no mud,2=some mud on lower b 2 1=no,2=rapid shallow,3=open mout 1 % (110=+10%; 90= -10%) 12 1=No direct sunlight, 2=direct sunlig 101.5 Degrees F 0 18 hrs per day 6 (lying down and standing again) 6562 feet/d feet/d 0 inches 6 inches (distance between cow floor 1 see codes-- > 24 months 16 months Page 2 000876 12/15/99 3:28 PM U>- EID151793 R 6S000996 Results for: Tennant Lactating b e e f MODEL X Ration Nutrients SuDDlied and Required ME Avail ME Reqd Mcal/d Mcal/d Totals 23 23 Percent difference Maintenance 23 15.0 Pregnancy 80 Lactation 87 Gain 00 Reserves 00 Difference Mcal/d 0 100.2% 8 8 0 0 0 MP Avail 9/d 883 883 508 507 144 123 Intake and Performance Predictions DMI predicted DMI entered-% predicted: 85% Relative DMI Target ADG w/conceptus ME Allowable Gain MP Allowable Gain AA Allowable Gain 23.9 Ibs/d 20.3 Ibs/d 100% 1.26 Ibs/d 0.11 Ibs/d 0.65 Ibs/d 0.02 Ibs/d Pred. Max Forage Intake Entered Forage Intake ME Allowable Milk MP Allowable Milk AA Allowable Milk Days to gain 1 CS 12/15/99 MP Reqd Difference g/d g/d 759 123 116.3% 375 508 0 507 363 144 21 123 0 123 12.0 Ibs/d 12.0 Ibs/d 13.7 18.3 22.8 7586 Ibs/d Ibs/d Ibs/d Diet Concentrations and Rumen Balances Effective NDF required 4.1 Ibs/d Effective NDF supplied 9.5 Ibs/d NDF in ration 54% DM Diet ME Diet NEI 1.11 MCAL' 3D M 0 72 MCAL/LB DM Diet NEm Diet NEg Pred. Ruminal pH 0.71 MCAL/LB DM 0.44 MCAL/LB DM 6.46 Ruminal N Balance Pept Bal. First limiting AA: MET a/d % of reauirements -40 76% 13 124% 5 45 139% 2nd limiting AA: LYS 13.80 131% MP from bacteria MP from undeg feed Diet CP DIP Soluble Protein Total NFC in ration Fat in ration (total): Total N balance Predicted MUN Urea cost % Forage in ration Ration DM DMI/Maint DMI Predicted Excretion N excretion: Fecal Urinary Total P excretion: Fecal Urinary Total Ration Costs Cost/day Cost/cwt. milk production fipevtJiy F 0.17 $/day 1.27 $/cwt Cost/cwt. ME allow, milk Cost/cwt. MP allow, milk Cost/cwt. AA allow, milk 636 g/d 246 g/d 8.7% DM 60% CP 21% CP 28% DM 4 4% DM 20 g/d 0 22 Mcal/d 53% DM 89% 1.5 X Maint. 0.2 lbs/hd/d 0.1 lbs/hd/d 0.4 lbs/hd/d 43.2 g/hd/d 0.9 g/hd/d 44.2 g/hd/d 1.27 S/cwt 0.95 $/cwt 0.76 S/cwt U3 000877 .EID151794. RGS000997 Ration for Tennant Lactating beef cow Enter amt. fed in blue cells: As-fed Lbs Forage Pasture Rei DMI * Pounds % o f ration Home grown As-fed as fed As-fed Fescue, K31 Corn Dry Soybean Hay, F. bloom Ear45 Meal - 44 12.00 10.00 0.30 y n n n n n y 12.00 12.00 52.6% y 10.00 10.00 43.9% n 0.30 .30 1.3% Blank 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% Blank Blank 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% 0.00 n n n 0.00 00 0.0% Blank 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% Blank 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% Blank Blank Blank Dry Cow Min Blank Blank 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% 0.50 n n n 0.50 .50 2.2% 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% Total 22.80 22.80 22.80 100% DMI Predicted 23.86 Entered DM - Predicted Relative DMI % -3.57 100.0%| DMI Entered: 20.29 MP Balance ME Balance Rumen N Balance Peptide Balance oc ti OD 123.5 g/d 0.0 mcal/d -39.9 g/d 12.6 g/d 116% Pred DMI 100% Actual DMI -24% Effective NDF Balance 24% Days to gain 1 CS Cost : S./day 23.9 Ibs/d 20.3 Ibs/d 5.5 Ibs/d 7586 $ 0.17 QCoO o o m 5 <n to oe <a*o Page 1 Results for: Tennant Dry pregnant MODEL 3 Ration Nutrients Supplied and Required ME Avail ME Reqd Mcal/d Mcal/d Totals 16 22 Percent difference Maintenance 16 15.3 Pregnancy 13 Lactation -1 0 Gain -1 4 Reserves 05 Difference Mcal/d -5 75.2% 1 -1 -1 -5 -5 12/15/99 1/3/W6 f= o *A 4e paeoicrioN E Q uA r/ftN MP Avail g/d 639 639 320 235 235 113 MP Reqd Difference g/d g/d 526 113 121.4% 318 320 85 235 0 235 122 113 0 113 Intake and Performance Predictions DMI predicted DMI entered-% predicted: 83% Relative DMI Target ADG w/conceptus ME Allowable Gain MP Allowable Gain AA Allowable Gain ADGpreg Conceptus Weight & Tissue 18.5 Ibs/d 15.3 Ibs/d 100% 0.24 Ibs/d 1.23 Ibs/d 1.82 Ibs/d 0.58 Ibs/d 0.58 Ibs/day 43.86 lbs DMI predicted (Chase) Pred. Max Forage Intake Entered Forage Intake ME Allowable Milk MP Allowable Milk AA Allowable Milk Days to lose 1 CS 12.0 Ibs/d 12.0 Ibs/d 0.0 Ibs/d 0.0 Ibs/d 0.0 Ibs/d 49 Diet Concentrations and Rumen Balances Effective NDF required 3.1 Ibs/d Effective NDF supplied 8.7 Ibs/d NDF in ration 61% DM Diet ME 1.07 MCAL/LB DM Diet NEl 0.69 MCAL/LB DM Diet NEm 0.67 MCAL/LB DM Diet NEg 0.41 MCAL/LB DM Pred. Ruminal pH 6.46 a/d % of reauirements Ruminal N Balance -26 79% Pept Bal. 22 177% First limiting AA: MET 4.59 149% 2nd limiting AA: LYS 12.59 142% MP from bacteria MP from undeg feed Diet CP DIP Soluble Protein Total NFC in ration Fat in ration (total): Total N balance Predicted MUN Urea cost % Forage in ration Ration DM DMI/Maint DMI 467 g/d 172 g/d 8.6% DM 61% CP 23% CP 18% DM 4.7% DM 18 g/d 0.20 Mcal/d 71% DM 90% 1.1 X Maint. Predicted Excretion N excretion: Fecal Urinary Total P excretion: Fecal Urinary Total 0.2 lbs/hd/d 0.1 lbs/hd/d 0.3 lbs/hd/d 30.3 g/hd/d 0.8 g/hd/d 31.1 g/hd/d Ration Costs Cost/day Cost/cwt. milk production 0.17 $/day #N/A $/cwt Cost/cwt. ME allow, milk Cost/cwt. MP allow, milk Cost/cwt. AA allow, milk #N/A #N/A #N/A $/cwt $/cwt S/cwt 000873 US - EID151796 R G S000998.0 1 Ration for Tennant Dry pregnant cow Enter amt. fed in blue cells: As-fed Lbs Forage Pasture Rel DMI * Pounds % of ration Home grown As-fed as fed As-fed Fescue, K31 Corn Dry Soybean Blank Hay, F. bloom Ear45 Meal - 44 12.00 4.20 0.30 0.00 y n n n n n n n y 12.00 12.00 70.6% y 4.20 4.20 24.7% n 0.30 .30 1.8% n 0.00 .00 0.0% Blank Blank Blank 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% Blank Blank Blank Blank l Dry Cow Min Blank Blank 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% 0,50 n n n 0.50 .50 2.9% 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% Total 17.00 17.00 17.00 100% DMI Predicted 18.46 Entered DM - Predicted Relative DMI % -3.16 100.0% DMI Entered: 15.30 MP Balance ME Balance O Rumen N Balance O O' Peptide Balance oc 05 O 112.7 g/d -5.4 mcal/d -26.5 g/d 21.7 g/d 121% Pred DMI 75% Actual DMI -21% Effective NDF Balance 77% Days to lose 1 CS Cost : $./day 18.5 Ibs/d 15.3 Ibs/d 5.6 Ibs/d 49 $ 0.17 EID151797 5d G to Page 1 General Factors Farm Name: Diet Number in group: Days to feed NDF capacity Units Feed Entry Basis LB/Head/Day Milk Price Feed Losses File Name Anim al Factors Grade Animal Type Age Sex Body Weight Breed Type Mature Weight Condition Score Breeding System Dam breed Dam's maternal Dam's paternal Days Pregnant Days Since Calving Lactation # Rolling Herd Average (dairy) Milk Production (dairy) Milk Fat (dairy) Milk Protein (dairy) assume CP Relative Milk Prod'n (beef) Expected Calf Birth Weight Management Factors Additive Grazing Unit Size Daily pasture allowance Initial pasture mass Selection-Pressure for growth/milk Feeding Frequency Feeding Method Calf Implanted Environm ental Factors Wind Speed Previous Temperature Previous RH Current Temperature Tennant Dry pregnant cow 1 pc P R 365 1 % of BW Q uQ T tow 1 English 1 As-Fed $ /cwt 0 % % dry matter C:\casestudy\test 5 5 Enter 1 to FALSE 3 Dry Cow 70 Months 4 Cow 900 Lb 1 Beef Maturity 900 Lb 3 1=v thin - 9:=v.fleshy 2 2way cross 17 #N/A Hereford 1 1 Angus 17 17 Hereford 18 18 240 Days 360 Days DLW C 4 0=dry or heifer 0 Lb Predicted values 4 5.4 0 Lb 1.2 3.70 % 6.8 3% 1 1-9 4.5 16.53 45 Lb 73.8 0 1 none 0 .00 Acres 0 DM Ib/PDMI 1847 lb DM/acre 0 1-5 Scale 2 # of Times Fed Daily 2 1=forage&grain separate 2=TMR 1 1=no.2=yes 0 5 mph 40 Degrees F 30 % 40 Degrees F Page 1 12/15/99 1:25 PM //7 000881 EID151798 R 6S001000 Current RH Storm Exposure Night Cooling Hair Depth Hide Hair Coat Cattle Panting (Heat Stress) DMI Scaler In summer, cattle are exposed to: Rectal Temperature (optional) Anim al Activity Functions Time spent standing Number of body position changes Distance walked Flat Sloped Mud Depth Feedbunk Characteristics Bunk level Bunk Surface Target Growth Age at 1st calving Herd Calving Interval 30 % 1 1=no,2=yes 1 1=none,2=with night cooling 1 in 2 1=thin,2=avg,3=thick 1 l=no mud,2=some mud on lower b 1 1=no,2=rapid shallow,3=open mout 1 % (110=+10%, 90= -10%) 12 1=No direct sunlight, 2=direct sunlig 1 0 1 . 5 Degrees F 0 18 hrs per day 6 (lying down and standing again) 6 5 6 2 feet/d feet/d 0 inches 6 inches (distance between cow floor 1 see codes-- > 24 months 16 months Page 2 ____ 000SS2 12/15/99 1:16 PM H& EID151799 R G S001001 Results for: Tennant Dry pregnant UiiW6 /aanli\ojvv _____________________ XHTAfcC Ration Nutrients Supplied and Reauired ME Avail ME Reqd Mcal/d Mcal/d Difference Mcal/d MP Avail g/d Totals Percent difference Maintenance Pregnancy Lactation Gain Reserves 19 22 19 15.5 43 10 14 03 -3 87.7% 4 1 1 -3 -3 762 762 385 300 300 177 12/15/99 /viATre^ MP Reqd Difference g/d g/d 584 177 130.3% 377 385 85 300 0 300 122 177 0 177 Intake and Performance Predictions DMI predicted DMI entered-% predicted: 100% Relative DMI Target ADG w/conceptus ME Allowable Gain MP Allowable Gain AA Allowable Gain ADGpreg Conceptus Weight & Tissue 18.5 Ibs/d 18.5 Ibs/d 100% 0.68 Ibs/d 1.23 Ibs/d 2.17 Ibs/d 0.58 Ibs/d 0.58 Ibs/day 43.86 lbs DMI predicted (Chase) Pred Max Forage Intake Entered Forage Intake ME Allowable Milk MP Allowable Milk AA Allowable Milk Days to lose 1 CS 12.0 Ibs/d 15.5 Ibs/d 0.0 Ibs/d 0.0 Ibs/d 0.0 Ibs/d 97 Diet Concentrations and Rumen Balances Effective NDF required 3.7 Ibs/d Effective NDF supplied 11.0 Ibs/d NDF in ration 63% DM Diet ME 1.05 MCAL/LB DM Diet NEI 0.68 MCAL/LB DM Diet NEm 0.65 MCAL/LB DM Diet NEg 0.39 MCAL/LB DM Pred. Ruminal pH 6.46 a i d % o f reauirements Ruminal N Balance -31 79% Pept Bal. 27 190% First limiting AA: MET 5.90 156% 2nd limiting AA: LYS 16.66 149% MP from bacteria MP from undeg feed Diet CP DIP Soluble Protein Total NFC in ration Fat in ration (total): Total N balance Predicted MUN Urea cost % Forage in ration Ration DM DMI/Maint DMI Predicted Excretion N excretion: Fecal Urinary Total P excretion: Fecal Urinary Total Ration Costs Cost/day Cost/cwt. milk production App**/J,fL 0.17 $/day #N/A $/cwt Cost/cwt. ME allow, milk Cost/cwt. MP allow, milk Cost/cwt. AA allow, milk 548 g/d 214 g/d 8 4% DM 30% CP 23% CP 16% DM 4 8% DM 28 g/d 0.32 Mcal/d 76% DM 90% 1.3 X Maint 0.2 lbs/hd/d 0.1 lbs/hd/d 0.3 lbs/hd/d 32.2 g/hd/d 0.8 g/hd/d 33.0 g/hd/d #N/A #N/A #N/A $/cwt $/cwt $/cwt n? OOOS80 EID151800 R G S001002 Ration for Tennant Dry pregnant cow Enter ami. fed in blue cells: As-fed Lbs Forage Pasture Rei DMI * Pounds % of ration Home grown As-fed as fed As-fed Fescue, K31 Corn Dry Soybean Hay, F. bloom Ear45 Meal - 44 15.50 4.20 0.30 y n n n n n y 15.50 15.50 75.6% y 4 20 4.20 20.5% n 0.30 .30 1.5% Blank 0.00 n n n 0 0 0 .00 0.0% Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Dry Cow Min Blank Blank 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% 0.00 n n n 0 0 0 00 0.0% 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% 0.50 n n n 0.50 .50 2 4% 0.00 n n n 0 00 .00 0.0% 0.00 n n n 0.00 .00 0.0% Total 20.50 20.50 20.50 100% DMI Predicted 18.46 Entered DM - Predicted Relative DMI % 0.02" | 100.0% DMI Entered: 18.49 MP Balance ME Balance O Rumen N Balance O Peptide Balance O 177.2 -2.7 -30,5 27.2 gi mcal/d gi gi 130% Pred DMI 88% Actual DMI -21% Effective NDF Balance 90% Days to lose 1 CS 18.5 IbS/d 18 5 Ibs/d 7.3 Ibs/d 97 00 GO Cost : $./day $ 0.17 EID151801 tOo c Page 1 *?* Tennani Farm Herd Health In v en tio n Cattle Team Report (blank page) 000&&5 -- .......EID151802. RG S001004