Document 1Jm8p53VYRkJjVENMrZ89r0Z

REPORT SURGEON GENERAL'S AO HOC CCMHITTEE ON TETRABTHTL LEAD January S-9, 1959 Washington, D. C. U. 8. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Public Health Service Division of Special Health Services Occupational Health Program Washington, D. C. KE 0009343 CONTENTS 1 Cccraittee' a latter of recommendation to Surgeon General, USPH3 5 Report of Committee 5 Introduction. Presented by Public Health Service 5 Purpose of Committee. Presented by Public Health Service 12 Consumption of tetraethyl lead. Presented by Public Health Service 19 Health and environmental data. Presented by Public Health Service 22 Technical aspects of Increasing the limit on tetraethyl lead concentration. Presented by tetraethyl lead industry 42 Additional technical data. Furnished by Ethyl Corporation 47 Hygienic aspects of proposed increase of tetraethyl lead. Prepared by tetraethyl lead industry. Abstract by Public Health Service 61 Abstracts of special reports. Furnished by Ethyl Corporation 65 Bibliography 66 Appendix A - Agenda followed by Committee 68 Appendix B - List of materials furnished Committoe prior to meeting 70 Appendix C - Proposed regulations from Public Health Bulletin 163 (1926) 77 Appendix D - Abstracts of three reprints furnished by Kthyl Corporation Supplement - Hygienic aspects of proposed increase of tetraethyl lead. A memorandum prepared by tetraethyl lead industry ii KE 0008344 SSsrch 30, 1559 Surgeon General Leroy 8. Burney United States Public Health Service Washington, D. C. Sir: the Committee appointed at your request to consider the public health harard resulting fron the proposed Increase of tetraethyl l**d from a maximum of three to a -e****-- of four cc per gallon of motor fuel mat in Washington on January 8 and 9, 1959. Dr. 3. J. Kegnuson, Chief, Occupational Health Program, Public Health Service, served as chairman. Ur. Henry N. Doyle, Assistant Chief, Occupational Health Program, acted as reporter. Prior to the seeting, the Committee raembers reviewed Public Health Bulletin 158 "Proceedings of a Conference to Doterrains Whether or Not There Is a Public Health Question in the Manufacture, Distrifes* tion or Use of Tetraethyl Lead Gasoline" (1925), and Bulletin 183 "The Use of Tetraethyl Lead Gasoline in its Relation to Public Health" (1926) and other related scientific publications raade available by the Occupational Health Program. Additional background information was provided by one of the Committee members. Dr. William P. Teat, who had participated in the 1925 sad 1926 conferences called by the Public Health Service to consider the health problem related to tetraethyl lead. These two previous conferences had also bean attended by Dr. Robert A. Kahoe who participated in the first day of the present meeting as aedleal consultant to the Ethyl Corporation. On January 8, the Public Health Service representatives defined the scope of the Committee's responsibilities and reviewed the history KE 0003345 2 - of the taeraefchyl lead problem and the relationship of She Public Health Service to the manufacturers and distributors & tetraethyl lead. Representatives of the Ethyl Corporation and the K. I* duPont da Neseourr & Company presented technical and medical data relating to the proposed increase. The Ethyl Corporation estimates that should the recommended increase be effected, the concentration of tetraethyl lead in gasoline by 1963 would b* 0.4 cc per'gallon greater than would ha the concentration if the 3 cc Halt ware continued. 'Without the increase, it was estimated that the tetraethyl lmm$ in the U. S. pool gasoline would rise from 2.09 cc to 2.70 cc, and with the increase, to 3.07 cc per gallon. Estimates by the duPcrat Company were slightly lower then those offered by the Ethyl Corporation. On January 9, the Ccassittae sast in UKOcutiva session with tochnictil representative* of the Public Health Service. The proceedings of she meeting and a summary of the data presented to the Ccssslfctee are contained in the attached report. The CoBSiittea wishes to point out that a conclusive answer is impossible at the present time because of the lack of medical data. While the data available to the present Committee are far more complete than those on which the 1926 Coemi.ttea had to make its decision, the present group is concerned about the inadequacy of medical data on which to base e conclusive answer to the probiaa. It is regrettable that the investigations recommended by the Surgeon General's Committee in 1926 were not carried out. If data were now available on body lead KE 0009346 -3- burdena, with 1926 e.a a baseline, a more objective decision would have been possible. Such studies should be undertaken without further delay to assure the validity of the present decision and to guide future committees, particularly since some authorities believe that we are now close to the tolerable limits of lead absorption. The Committee recognises that the permissive amount of lead in drinking water may be lowered in the near future. Such action can be taken in view of the improvement in treatment methods for the removal of lead from water. The Committee would welcome similar efforts to reduce tha amounts of lead in the atmosphere and was particularly interested in the reported research on the filtration of lead compounds from automobile exhaust in connection with studies of catalytic oxidizers. Tha Committee condluded fchat (1) a change in the maximum con centration of tetraethyl lead in motor fuel from 3.0 to 4.00 cc would not increase tha hazards involved in tha manufacture and distribution of leaded gaooling and (2) available data do not indicate that such change would significantly increase the hazard to public health from air pollution. Should the industry Increase the concentration of TEL in gasoline, it is the recommendation of your Committee that: 1. The industry proceed cautiously with the increase so that the increase in any one year in the tetraethyl lead content of U. S. pool gasoline not exceed 0.25 cc, and the concentration of tetraethyl lead in U. S. pool 0003347 -4 gasoline not be more then 3.2 cc per gallon at the end of five years. 2. The industry supply annually to the Public Health Service the domestic consumption figures for tetraethyl lead. 3. The.Public Health Service, in collaboration with the manufacturers of tetraethyl lead, the petroleum Industry and other appropriate organisations conduct studies to provide more definitive data on levels and trends of atmospheric lead contamination in selected urban areas and of the body burden of lead of selected population groups. If these studies should bring to light new data of significance, you may wish to reconsider the recommendation of this Committee. Respectfully, Enclosure Leonard Greenburg, M.D. H. H. Schrenic, Ph.D. J. H. Sterner, M.D. W. P. Yant, D.Sc. S. H. Osborn, M.D, Henry N. Doyle, Recorder Harold J. Magnuson, M.D., Chairman KE 0093343 -5- REFOSX Of SURGEON GENERAL'S AD HOC COMMITTEE OH TETRAETHYL LEAD JANUARY 8 & 9, 1959 INTRODUCTION Early In 1923 tetraethyl lead (TEL) began to be used cosnercially as a gasoline additive to increase the efficiency of internal combustion motors. The possible dangers of such wide distribution of a very toxic lead compound aroused fear on the part of public health officials which was intensified when a number of fatal poisonings occurred in the taanufacture and mixing of TEL. At the suggestion of the Surgeon General the distribution of TEL and the sale of leaded gasoline was temporarily discontinued on May 5, 1925. On May 20, 1925, the Surgeon General called a conference of public health and interested authorities for "the determination of such facts and to the reporting of such investigations and experiences as may lead to a definite determination as to the hazards, if any, which follow tha manufacture, distribution, and use of TEL and similar substances, not only to those who are engaged in the manufacture and distribution of the compound, but more particularly to the public at large." (1) From reports given at the conference on research conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, Department of Interior, Department of Industrial Medicine, Columbia University, and the Medical College, University of Cincinnati as well as clinical observa tion it was concluded that TEL was a highly toxic industrial compound KE 0009343 6 bat that little or nothing was known of the public health hazard which would result from its use as a gasoline additive. In view of these findings the Conference Adopted the following resolution: "It is the sense of this conference that the Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service appoint a committee of seven recognised authorities in-clinical medicine, physiology, and Industrial hygiene, to present to him, if possible, by January next, a statement as to the health hazards involved in the retail distributlon and general use of TEL gasoline motor fluid; and that this con* ference indorse as wise the decision of the Ethyl Corporation to discontinue temporarily the sale of ethyl gas; that this investiga tion shall be paid for exclusively out of public funds; and the results of this investigation shall be reported back to a public conference called for the purpose by the United States Public Health Service, at which labor shall be represented." (2) To carry out the mandate of the conference the Surgeon General appointed a working committee consisting of the following persons: Dr. A. J, Chealey, Health Officer, Minnesota State Board of Health; Dr. William H. Howell, Professor of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University; Dr. Reid Hunt, Professor of Pharmacology, Harvard University; Dr. Walter S. Leathers, Professor of Preventive Medicine, Vanderbilt University; Dr. Julius Stieglits, Professor of Chemistry, University of Chicago; and Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, Professor of Public Health, Yale University. This committee met on June 15 and organized, with Dr. Howell as Chairman. Dr. L. P.. Thompson, Chief of the Office of Industrial Hygiene and K E 000S350 7- Sanitatlon acted as secretary to the committee. The general scope of the investigation was agreed upon, and at the second meeting of the committee of June 29, 1925, Dr. J. P. Leake was entrusted with direct charge of the investigation. On December 22, 1925, the committee net to consider the full report on the investigation which had been con ducted by the Office of Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation. (2) The last meeting of the committee was on January 17, 1926, when the final report was drafted and signed, and subsequently issued as Bulletin 163, "The Use of Tetraethyl Lead and Its Relation to Public Health." This bulletin gives the results of a clinical study of persons exposed to TEL, a study of laboratory methods, findings of atmospheric and dust studies, and suggested recoas&endations and regu lations. The clinical study did not give any decisive indication of lead poisoning among the chauffeurs or workers in garages where ethyl gasoline was used as a motor fuel. The proposed regulations included: I. Proposed regulations for the manufacture of TEL and the blending of the latter to make ethyl fluid. II. Proposed regulations for mixing. III. Proposed regulations for distribution of ethyl gasoline. IV. Proposed recommendations for automobile garages, repair shops, service stations, and filling stations. The complete regulations are contained in Appendix C of this report. These were presented to and approved by the Conference of State and Territorial Health Officers on May 25, 1926. It was K 0009351 8- prcposad that these regulations be adopted by the several states in order to secure uniformity of control. The restriction on the sale end distribution of ethyl gasoline was raooved shortly thereafter. Following the 1926 Conference of State and Territorial Health Officers, the President, Ethyl Corporation agreed voluntarily to manufacture, blend,and market TEL and leaded gasoline in accordance with the intsnt of the racoa&eaded regulations. Apparently, this * statement of intent removed the pressure for state regulations and established standardised nation-wide safety procedures. Ho state adopted these or modified regulations. In fact at the present there are no state or federal lews pertaining to the hygienic aspects of TEL. However, these recommended regulations were adopted os under standings by many national governments. Only one country, Venasuela, has adopted legislation regarding the safe handling of TEL. The recom mended regulations have, however, been the basis for world-wide health sad safety procedures on the part of TEL manufacturers and petroleum refiners. When the E. I. duPont de Nemours Company began marketing TEL in 1946 the company Indicated, by letter to the Surgeon General, its intention to abide by the Intent of the recommended regulations. Since 1926 it has been necessary to make several minor recom mended revisions to the recommended regulations. These have been published in public Health Reports. Vol. 43 (Nov. 1929, page 3147 and Yol. 61, Cct. 1946, page 1487). More recently a color system for avia tion gasoline of various octane ranges was recommended for the U. S. Mr Force. This system was adopted later as a standard by the H 0009352 -2- Assericas Petroleum Institute. In July end August, 1958, e representative of the Public Stealth Service (K. N. Doyle) visited the Baton Rouge plant of the Sthyl Corporation, the mixing plant of the Esso Standard Oil Company of Louisiana, and tha Deepwater, Delaware plant of the DuPont Company. From these visits and interviews with technical and medical officials of these companies it was apparent that very high hygienic standards were being used in the manufacture, transportation, adsing and marketing of T5L end leaded gasoline. In 1954 information furnished by the Bureau of Standards indicated that no sample of commercial gasoline analysed by tha Bureau during the 1953 calendar year contained TEL in excess of 3.0 ac per gallon. ggRPOSS OF 1959 &D EOC CCSSKimg The 1925 committee concluded "that there are at present no good grounds for prohibiting the use of ethyl gasoline of tha acspositlca specified as a motor fuel provided that its distribution and uses ore controlled by proper regulations." This conclusion was qualified by stating that although the study was a most careful and conscientious investigation it was subject to criticism because cf the relatively snail number of individuals exposed to the effects of ethyl gasoline for a comparatively brief period of time. The committee also noted "It remains possible that, if the use of leaded gasoline becomes wide spread, conditions may arise very different from those studied by us which would render its use more of e Howard then would appear to be KE 0009353 the case trow r.kl 3 investigation," (2) In view ol rhlu - lit; ocsard.tf^a trftcoanier.dcd Us sc *: he *tvdy be continued to determine nhvt.h Sr C's VSOC us of tetraethyl lead It ; wtntc-r fuel constitute & .t v s t ;*, CO iv Khs Ii&itlts. of r .-vr gssne cal public sfr.er 'iroicnged use or under conditions not. new Til rc-cestoendanlon of the cosaoittae that the. amount of TEL b. Iiadted to i. part in 1260 part;-; of gasoline (approximately 3 cc per gallon of gasoline) was not b&oeii 011 hygienic considerations hut on th* bisis of: ccKciftrcial. practice at the tin** of the study. This concentra tion :ih ; 3-sen adhered to by the Indus try. However, lr< L93A, after consultation with ch<? burgeon Generalf XU* XIX content of gasoline u<%! . nia.ly for aviation purposes ms Incresssrd to 4.3 cc p&r gallon, 3V, Kvvetihor 26, l`>58, Hr. 3, St Turner* President, Eibyi 3n;r?f'.rot lon, S.u * conference vi th itt Surgeon General, nought tnc or? vices and guidance le Public VLaaith Service relative to Inurcst- lug the mx.1ianer. concentration 01: tetraethyl I&ad .in euf.oeoi?.v,j ya^olino crera 3.0 to 6.0 cc per gallon. Although the public iiaah.th Service tv.a no lagai authority to control Use aasount of TEL in giisoline the burgeon General seated that ha wo-uld have an ad hoc ccaMtsee. appointed to advlo* if the proposed increase ai&ht revrenent c public hunltli Uanard. At the request of the Surgeon General the following specialises <n occupational health and toxicology v?#r appointed by the Chi * :, 1 v.cupationai Health Program as v-efti-erc of the bd Hoc Commit tee Tutraefchyl Lend; -Leonard Greenburg, K.D. . Cersaiat Loner. er..srtaient HE 0009354 -11- of Mr Pollution Control, City of Hew York; H. H. Schrenk, rh.D., Managing Director, Industrial Hygiene Foundation, Mellon Institute; J. H. Sterner, M.D., Medical Director, Eastman Kodak Company; W. ?. Yant, D.Sc., Director of Research, Mine Safety Appliances Co.; and Stanley H, Osborn, M.D., Commissioner of Health, Connecticut State Department of Health, representing the State and Territorial Health Officers* Associa tion. The Committee met on January 8 and 9, 1959, in Washington. The seating was chaired by Dr. H. J. Magnuson, Chief of the Occupational Health Program, PH3, and Mr. H. N. Doyle, Assistant Chief of the Occupa tional Health Program, PRS, acted as reporter. In a liaison or technical capacity, the following individuals attended the meeting, in whole or in part: Ethyl Corporation: Dr. George Kirby, Vice President for Research; Dr. Robert A. Kahoe, Medical Consultant; and Mr. Richard Scales, Director of Research, Detroit Laboratory. R. I. duPont de Nemours and Company: Mr, J. R. Sabina, Assistant Planning Manager, Division of Petroleum Chemicals and Dr. John A. Zapp, Director of Haskell Laboratory. Public Health Service: D. J. Birmingham, M.D., Chief, Clinical Services, Occupational Health Field Headquarters; H. E. Stokinger, Ph.D., Chief, Toxicologic Services, Occupational Health Field Headquarters; W. M. Gafafer, D.Sc., Technical Adviser, Occupational Health Program; V. G. MacKenzie, Assistant Chief, Division of Sanitary Engineering Services; H. E. Heimann, M.D., Assistant Chief, Air Pollu tion Medical Program. Department of Haalth, Education and Welfare: S. Edelman, Assistant Chief, Public Health Division, Office of the General Counsel. HE 0009355 `Ibn Ccaeaicts* was ia aaioa from 10:00 a .su to 4:30 p.s* on January 8, da*lag which tic** the his toxy of the rdleticnahip b^tawwo. the ?3S 4 tb.a manufacturers of TIL waa presented by ftfie ?U8 (coa.tind in rhc, Istrcduction); data on the technical reasons fox ':h lacrnstaa, ::h results of eartain research tudi*, the constant Sion of :OlL by year, and a review of she medical p rob lea wore presented by rape ssentativ# e r.ha Ethyl Corporation. Representatives of the SuPcat Company made no fora*l gvusetttation but did supply the eosasiittae vitli production figures end information ca actual end estimated Trx defend on U, 3. producera and aided in the clarification of technical point#. '('la Coweittee met in axacutive session with technical representa tives -f the 13S from 10:00 s.a* to 12:30 p.a, on January 9, 1959. 'ffett ?-:?c.edura* of cho Cosedttea were in accordance with a Department of Jufitice diractiv<? dated October 19, 1950 of which the participant# were ?-o advised by the chairman. The agenda of the Coaaoittae ia Appendix A. mmmmsi-mi l"Ue domstie consumption of SSL hn shown a dr&aatic increase since it was first introduced in 1923 from. 700,000 pounds to a high of 510,CCD,000 pounda in 1956 with a alight decrease in 1957 cad 19.50. The estimated domestic T2L consumption ie shown iu Table 1. Table 2 pV.c ms the average TEL content of domestic gasoline by year from 19241353. Tabic 3 gives the estimated projected consumption of T&L tlirough 1963 based on both a 3 and 4 cc limit and Table 4 *inc!3ucte the estimated TEL content of gasoline fer tha period 1959-1963 on ch* a.*ae X'lT 0009350 -13bsals. The projections offered by the DuPont Company are slightly lever than those sufcositted by the Ethyl Corporation both in total dswend for TEL And its concentration of gasoline. See Table 5 and Figure 1, Based on data supplied by the DuPont Company lead used in the production of TEL represents 15 percent of the over-ell U. S. lead consumption. K 0009357 FOR OFFICII USE ONLY -14- * Table 1. --Estimated domestic TEL consumption (M lbs.) Year 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 .1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1556 1957 1958 _ ... Automotive________ Aviation Total 0.7 0.7 0.3 - 0.3 1.0 1.9 3.1 8.5 14.5 15.8 10.2 19.1 34.0 38,2 1.0 1.9 3.1 - 3.5 14.5 1 0.2 16.0 0.3 10.5 G.4 19.5 0,6 34.6 0.3 39.0 45.2 56.6 59.4 79.8 113.6 0.7 45.9 1.2 57.8 1.5 60.9 1.5 31.3 3.1 116.7 138.0 77.3 90.5 92.7 126.6 7.4 25.2 62.5 129.6 91.6 145.4 102.5 153.0 222.3 213.2 134.8 154.7 191 210 285 6.4 13.9 24 24 27 141.2 168.6 215 234 312 261 43 304 305 52 357 365 58 423 388 51 439 432 55 487 451 59 510 440 58 493 396 59 455 ata supplied by Ethyl Corporation. Figures prior tc 1945 include oth domestic consusoption and export, aviation figures lucluda all U. S. military use regardlaGS of site of operation. rf fj KE 0009358 15 it Table 2.--Average TEL content of domestic automotive gasoline based on 3 cc limits Year 1924 1925 1926 1927 1923 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 ml/gal. 0.03 0.G1 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.15 0.25 0.26 0.18 0.33 0.55 0.58 0.62 0.72 0.76 0.96 1.30 1.40 0.92 1.25 1.25 1.48 1.25 1.34 1.53 1.59 2.00 1.69 1.09 2.15 2.02 2.20 2.32 2.22 1.93 Data furnished by the Ethyl Corporation. KE 0003359 -16- Tabic 2, -- T>o I'roiac cad av v?^a LEL content el doaatatlc auecucht/.ft reason no bae-sd ;ra 3 *nd 4 cc '.j/saits . ___ ______________ vnsr_____ i?.59 J960 } Shi 1962 1963 3 1, 2,09 .29 2.46 2.60 2.70 i ml. 2.19 2,40 2.62 2.84 3,07 'Zz.ta irurui.'jbed by Sfcbyl Corporation. .K: ;> A, -- 0 TEL f.onsuccioti oa 1559-63 in Vi lbs. for 3 *na 1 tsil C 3 'u;s-r ; "> K O i960 3 '.r 6 %. 1262 O -J> iV.s towocive 3 >ru., % ml, 423 9-43 477 500 330 563 3 76 &?.0 613 700 r*vi ffition 59 59 55 56 54 Totni 3 vl. 4 uol. 482 502 536 539 588 623 532 686 669 * v Y\ .^ /r.umishad by Ethyl Corporation. tfE" 0009360 17 * Table 5.--Tetraethyl lead demand on United States producers Year 1958 1959 i960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Domestic Motor Gasoline 3 cc Limit 4 cc Limit TEL Cone, TEL TEL Cone, TEL cc/gal. Demand cc/gal. Demand Pool . MM. lbs. Pool MM lbs. 2.00 2.10 2.10 2.20 2.20 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 376 413 436 473 492 524 543 560 530 601 2.00 2.10 2.13 2.23 2.26 2.30 2.39 2.42 2.52 2.55 3S3 418 Ul 480 505 532 577 605 650 680 Kote: 30% :Premium, 70% Regular ratio assumed. 1958 Premium Regular TEL Content ,, it 2.5 cc/gal. X.8 3 cc 1967 Prniura Limit Regular " M " 2.75 " 2.05 " 4 cc 1967 Premium Lia.it Regular* ' 3.6 n O0 * Data by S. I. du Pont-de Nemours & Co. (Inc.) KE 0008361 tjy "X oc -V O Q o a -\ - "\" CL \ C/) \\ \ 4.1. o f" o- 5 -g O~ \\ -% V -- -L.<U- u &'*JIW*yH ''N \ \\ O 1 C' - V"` <c v di* ~ \Ar- ..... -v - UJ o ;> f" Uj __tg K' o 0(4 4^*4 iy < \ o ~. ...... j~ i...-- /<,t;r sit: in o \. ..v "3 --^--sJr -r - - </) o / f"* ijJ << V Q p HN -l- - .,-,7 l' ''i *-1 iJ #*> KE 000936: V \ timman***1 iniifmnMWl4i o v* O OW -* /" :V'i} 11 /0O cl a; OA*- "** * *'% i ~N : iJ ** *i i\ i\ -fs}w` O1 \t - CO / ____f d> *3. O -.....h ; -i ] ii M 1 10 ~s -------------------;- O: u- ---------s a -a in -1 -i8 ^>8.3 i* 3 o 1 -iJ * jp Oa X 1 4 1 -19- DSA3LTB AS^EWTIRCMMEKTAL DATA. Tha Public Health Service has no knowledge of any cases of clinical I<a poisoning having occurred in tho manufacture, blanding, Mixing, or use c TKL end leaded gasoline since the adoption o the recommended regulations of the 1925 Coeaslttea. There heve been, however, oo&e dr>&ths and clinical cases reported due to tho cleaning of tank which contained leaded gasoline. Tank cleaning was outside the scop* of recceslanded regulations but safety procedure which heve bean taken by the s&anufacturars of TSl. and the petroleum companies should prevent further disability. There have been no studies on large population groups to follow .*? the 1925 investigation which would indicate the effect that the addi tion of TEL to gasoline has had on the total body burden of lead. This ia infonsetion which is vitally needed by the present consulttea. It in known, however, that in addition to lead discharged by motor vehicles the population is exposed to other sources of lead in the atmosphere and that the body accusajlates lead through food, water, aa& tobacco. Research has shown that for individuals with no Industrie! load posare blood lead concentrations range from 0.01 to C.CVS tog. per 100 gram* of whole blood fd urine lead ranges from 0.01 to 0.08 mg. per liter. It would ba fallacious to compere these values with similar values obtained before the widespread use of TEL because of the vastly isyroved Tslcroanalytlc&l methoda for determining lead. Kehoa reports hxviag found toe&surable amounts of lead in clinical spectoms of a rcTeots Central American tribe whose only source of lead was that inherent 0009363 co in tins feed -and vat or ^uppiy and that which ay have ben present in the trao*p!:-era, (3) Oh tba other hand a considerable body of inforaation is available cn the concentration of lead i the atmospheres of metropolitan &re&e, A 5- yaar stospheric pollution study of Cincinnati. Ohio found atmospheric lead values ranging from 0.1 to 11.5 icrograraa per cubic cetsr of air vif.h en average of 1.2 isicrogratas in rural area, 2.0 in reridential area, 3.2 in industrial *m ad an average of 2.7 astero- grssss for ail areas. (4) The aaoat comprehensive data coaei from the Mnti.cvial Air Sampling Network of the Public Health Service. (5) Frees '. feiuis ok rained in 15 IT, S. cities the atssospheric l^sasi values rangod iro-j s high oi $,? 'a.icrograas in Philadelphia to a 1cm of 0,5 oicxograais pur cubic rcetar in Hinnespolis, (Table ) These do not nsces3&rily T'-'p .? >;?ent rauresnua concentrations cr comparable values as the o-gas ling vi'.-i :1cc 1 -'r city co city anci "^cs se.U'ca in the heaviest traffic or ,;s , 'r., KE 0009364 Table 6,-"Particulate stino spheric 'and concentrations a a ad ect-ed r.) ties Average values, micrograsrs per cubic raster Over ?. ,000,000 population i.03 Angela.* Detroit ?h 11 addphia Chicago Net; York den 500,000 to 2,000,000 Cincinnati Kansas Clty drrland At'anta van francisco Minneapolis !-ms than 500.000 Tore Oorth Vt.'-r - X- iO-i:l du i 3VJ. 11 o 5.2 2.9 9.5 2.3 2.3 1-6 1.0 1*2 l. C 2.4 0.5 0,3 1,1 0,6 dluye obtained in nenurtan areas in tbs vicinity of certain cicine cargo !ccn 0,1 - 0,3 raicrogrwrp per cubic trste.r, A tors recent c eport Cl the Public denltA Service rives tftAXia'uin, rr.irixusa, average I'itti concentrations and nsnchiy everages ir 10 cities p<*rticiprtrn.c; in *nf national. air sampling outwork. Average values 'van'scd Iran 1 57 micrograras of lead per cubic sister aid pronounced .sac.son.sl variations are apparent, (G) Pha generally accepted Maximum Allowable Concentration for indue trial exposure cased on an C hour workday is 500 raicrogrnas per cubic t `a tec. KE 0003365 - Pages 22 to 47 and Pages 61 to 64 - The following reports and technical data were supplied by the Ethyl Corporation to the- Ad Hoc Committee. Since there are copies in the Ethyl Corporation's files, they are merely listed by name below and not reproduced in full. (1) "Technical Aspects of Increasing the Limit on Tetraethyl Lead Concentration", presented by Dr. George F. Kirby, Vice President, Research and Development, Ethyl Corporation, January 8, 1959. (2) Ethyl Corporation Research Laboratories memorandum, January 14, 1959, Subject: "Lead Concentration in Undiluted Exhaust Gas", by D. A. Hirschlcr. (3) Ethyl Corporation Research Laboratories memorandum, January 14, 1959, Subject: "Lead Retained by Automobiles", by D. A. Hirschler. (4) Ethyl Corporation Research Laboratories memorandum, January 14, 1959, Subject: "The Influence of Compression Ratio and Fuel Tetraethyllead Content on Oxides of Nitrogen Concentration in Automotive Exhaust", by H. E. Hesselberg. (5) Ethyl Corporation Research Laboratories memorandum, January 14, 1959, Subject: "The Influence of Tetraethyllead Concentration on Catalytic Converters", by H. E. Hesselberg. (6) Abstracts of Special Reports Furnished by Ethyl Corporation (a) "Oxides of Nitrogen in Engine Exhaust Gas", by Gilbert, Hirschler and Getoor. Presented at 132nd meeting, A. C. S. , September 9, 1957. (b) "Particulate Lead Compounds in Automobile Exhaust Gas", by Hirschler, Gilbert, Lamb and Niebylski. Reprinted from IJtEC, July 1957. k 000836B -2(c) "Filtration of Particulate Lead Compounds from Automobile Exhaust Gas", by Gilbert. Project No. 8TJ5-M, Research Memorandum No. 209. January 13, 1959. Restricted Release. (d) "Catalytic Oxidation of Automobile Exhaust Gases--An Evaluation of the Houdry Catalyst", by Nebel and Bishop. Preprint of paper for presentation at SAE Annual Meeting, Detroit, Michigan, January 12-16, 19 59. K 0009367 - 47 - The Hygienic Aspects of a Proposed Increase in the Kaxirg.ro Limit of the Concentration of Tetraethyl Lead in Motor Gasoline to Four Milliliters per American Gallon, A memorandum prepared by Robert A. Keho, M.D., Medical Consultant, Ethyl Corporation. (Abstracted by H. H. Doyla. Full Ewsaoranduas issued as a supplement to this report). Dr. I'ehc'i's report, an expansion or his remarks to the corned, tt a*, is divided into two sections: -- (1) the consideration of health hazard: involved, under present conditions and under those projected on the basis of an elevated limit; end (2) consideration of the public health hazard involved under present conditions and under those projected on the basis of an elevated concentration of TEL gesolina. In Section 1, Dr,, Kehoe treats, in considerable detail, the hazard to workers involved in the manufacture, blending, transports* tion, storage and use of TEL end leaded gasoline. Ee points cut rather claaiiy that increasing the concentration of TEL from 3 to 4 milliliters per American gallon would not increase the hazard to the worker under any conditions of use or transportation of TEL or leaded gasoline. The hoiszrd due to manufacture and storage may be magnified clue to the larger amounts, of TEX involved, but there is no reason to accpcct that this could not be adequately controlled. Since adequate hygienic precautions were instituted in the manufacture,' transportation and use of TEL, there have bean no significant eacaa of load intoxication in exposed personnel. The first warning of the existence of a special problem in connection with the storage of leaded gnnoline came in 1928 when c small group of men registered certain unusual complaints of illness in connacrion with the cleaning of tanks that had Lean out of service for several months following a period of extended use for storage of leaded gasoline. 0009368 43 3y 1940, there uad been 80 wIl documented cafe-es of pciscning in i:.h3 continentd U, 3, in connection with tfea 'tank cleaning and repair operations, vifch about 15 fatalities. 1? w a* apparent by this tia* that ei*ctlc measures had to be token to secure complete compliance with the precautions. Accordingly, the Ethyl Corporation (at that time the only distributor.of T?-L) decided to use the members of its technical and sales field staff for the supervision of all tank cleaving operations in tlve. TJ. 3. '.lnc the institution of these safety precautions (also adopted by the Dupont Company) the incidence of poisoning in the U 5. rasultiog from tank cluaaing operations, ha* been essentially nonesd-st-t-nt. Potential public health problems rasial c from the cats of tank s in which levied gssolin.* he.* bs-zn shipped for cargees of edible oils and other foodstuffs, the use of leaded gasoline ic gasoline lanterns, and d\@ practice, eopaciaily in foreign countries, of :ising small leaded gasoline containers for household purposes. Thera has been no evidence at this time to indicate that these procedures have represented any hazard to the general public, Should these in fact be problems, the increase of 1 rc per gallon of T2L would hardly intensify the public health problem due to tha mi ruse of leaded gasoline or the transp or tation of foodstuffs in tank care vh.ich have contained leaded gasoline. This latter practice is dis couraged but cannot be entirely prevented, especially in emergency periods vhea there is a shortage of tank carp, Section 2 of Dr. lichee's repot't dnls vl th tea not uncial hazard -o the general public .? sac l ring, from rh use of lead in - 49 - internal combustion engines and has a comprehensive diacuesior. of the metabolism of lead by the human body. (1) lead in the, atmosphere of American cities with special reference to that derived from the exhaust of motor vehicles.--TEL is decomposed to inorganic lead compounds in the combustion chambers of internal combustion engines. Under present conditions, & large proportion of the exhausted lead is the double salt J,cad chlor-brcmide. it is possible that minute quantity of TEL escapes combustion, but under ordinary circumstances, little opportunity is afforded for TEL to escape from the exhaust system. The metabolism of load in an interna! combustion angina has been thoroughly studied. It has been determined that a large percentage of the lead accumulates in the motor and exhaust system. Under conditions of high speed driving and rapid rccelsration. the internal cembusticn engine discharges -vora ] cad into the atfiaosphere than it accustulates. The lead discharged under these conditions is in the fora of scale .and shreds, . although rctaa of it is volitslisad, Under usual conditions of city driving, Cho discharge of lead into the air is ltw because of the raiativaly lew consumption of fuel, and the condensing effect of the exhaust sytsau The same is true to a greater or lesser degree when driving in congested areas of a city. Because of the prominence of small sirs load particles in the exhaust during slow speed driving, the lead so dischwrgad is readily dissipated by air currents. In whatever dilu tion it occurs in the breathing, sane of sian, the Teed Is respired -:nd dbaorbed readily. (1?) The source of 1 eari In urban ntiacspher&s.--It appasra to KE 0009370 - 50 -> nava teen susmed by many parsons Mrd even by soma investigators chat the lead found in the atmosphere of cicj.es and In the open countryside i.s derived from the combustion of leaded gasoline. There were few recorded detarminations of atmospheric lead concentrations prior to 1924 when TEL was introduced as a gasoline additive, k few early -observers, hewaver, found lead and many other elements In the atmosphere but these '-fere found in traces by the available methods. These values ware of scientific interest, but of little hygienic importance, accord ing to the usual view. These studies are complicated by the further fact that precise measurements of lead in the acmesphere have been possible only by the tachnicological developments of fairly cccent years and only since TEL esme into use as a motor fuel. There nre many sources of atmospheric lead contamination in addition to TEL. Thesa include the combustion of wood and other vegetation, the finely divided noil in the atmosphere as well as dust and fumes from a TAiltipixcity of sources, including the stacks of industry. The extent of the contribution trade to the lead content of the a-ttsosphere by the combustion of TEL in automotive fuels has been difficult to determine or even to approximate, lieasureoor.t of the lead in the air along the course of certain streets and highways has shown significant quantitative variation in correlation with wide variations in the density of sotor traffic, but the actual proportion or quantities derived from the exhaust of the motors cannot be estimated from the data so gathered. These statements are made not co rair.inise the importance of the problem but only to emphasise its complaxity and to direct the discussion to its essential point, namely. - 51 - that yfo are concerned how and in the future with the total quantity of derivad f:.*on sutcwofclla oshaust. (3) ?!~i& qugn fit-jag of lead in the urban a tec>gphar ^3., --Td a mosc comprehensive information on the quantity of lead in urban atmospheres has been obtained in Cincinnati and its environs* Data obtained in boa Angeles end Pasadena in 1954 as well as data gathered fc'rcta other cities, are e-ispeciaily useful in revealing maximum and taininvjra values. In Cincinnati, the concentration of lead in the atmosphere varies widely According to the sampling spot from somewhat less than one to sore than :tix irdcrograas per cubic raster of air. These values increase c, .'in on*s goes from rural rones outside the city to suburban, business :-.nc indust:rial areas. There were also variations according to the ;wiOu3, the lower values being obtained in warm weather, and the higher values in cold. The average concentration in Cincinnati wan sowev-hat less chan 2 taieeogratas per cubic meter. harrsony with observations tss.de in Cincinnati. Relatively lew but Louisville while higher but again not grossly divergent values have been observed in such areas as Los Angeles and Philadelphia. cities, as well as other variable circumstances, it is ittpossible to .rrlve at any precise estimate of the quantity of lead which is inhaled wore difficult to estimate cha largest quantity r which any person 52 siay be exposed in this manner over a period of mouths without sustain ing a significant increase in the lead content of the body. On the basis of certain assumptions, it is possible that the average nan may absorb & quantify of leiid in the order of 0,033 milligrams per day. Inasmuch as the assumption# made in this calculation are believed to err on the high side, this figure-should not be taken too literally. The quantity cay be nearer to half this value and other observations to bn discussed later indicated that it may not be far from 0.02 milligram* per day on the average over n period of years, (d) Tha general i?ouvees of human exposure to lead and the y.p-nroKigatR contribution made by each source to the total capoaura. * .'in uveraya adult North American takes in Apprc:-dsatoly 0.33 milligrams of lead per day in food and beverages. Xha quantities of lead in the daily food intake vary from somewhat Isas than 0.I .cliligrams to 4.0 milligreias, but the mean daily intake is quite stable -met tha pattern hsq repeated itself regularly over a considerable period of time. Of this quantify, 0,01 to 0,03 milligrams per day are derived from water used for cocking and as a beverage. The remainder is distributed in fairly small quantities over a wide variety of foods nrd beverages which contain lead from both natural and artificial sources. Tha quantities of lead evacuated in the feces of tha average North American adult are approximately equivalent to these ingested with his food and beverage. Hits information, gained in a variety of expe.rimur.tal approaches to the question, indicates that somewhat less then 10k of tha Lead ingested in these small quantities is absorbac. That seme alimentary absorption of lead occurs can be 0009373 - 53 - ilisaonstrated tssor readily end storm certainly through obearvatioas atdt sn the excretion of lead, in the urine frc day to day. It is evident that the daily urinary output of load v&rias with the aliaantary in take of. land *nd thus it nay be -iscartainod that lead is absorbed regularly trmi the aliaeactary tract; Such absorption under norssal conditions is siearsr to 5%. of the daily allsaontary Intake than it is to J.3&, but thera are variationa in this recpecf which would be extresMily difficult to describe or explain in detail* The excretion of lead in the urine of Cha average normal IJorth American adult amounts to about 0.03 milligrams per day when the "urinary output svaregaa about 1 liter par day. The lead content of blood of noreal healthy American adults is uch Its8 variable than that of the striae, ranging from 0.C2 milligrams to Q.C6 milligrams per ICO gsaaa os whole blood and averaging somewhat less then 0.03 milligrams. The aiean lead content of other body tissues varies widely front 0.01 ail digrams par 100 grass of fresh muscle tissue to 1.50 ssilligrssas per 1,00 gratas of rib and long bon. The variation from individual to individual Is appreciable but is not res&arkabla in view of the variations in height and weight, occupations, length of life and ia diet-ary habits. In balanced xparissenta ia which norranl healthy Morth American subjects were followed for 13 and 13 months respectively during which the daily intake of lead in food and beverages was determined by the analysis of duplicate samples of everything eaten md drunk .mid the dail output in the fee as and urine, it was .lateralnod th.,, .. put of lead was found to exceed th intake syateciaticolly by about 8 lailligzssns par year ox by calculation, about 0009374 34 0.02 raiiiigrsms par day. This catabolic discrepancy whereby the output of lead exceeded the intake can only be an expression of & source of lead absorption which was not accounted for in the design of the ba.lr.nca experiments, 3uch a source existed without doubt in the air inhaled by the experimental subject. The capacity of the tissues for accumulating lead 13 considerable, end if progressiva accumulation does not occur under normal conditions, it must be because the human body once in equillibrima with its environ* meat at a low level of lead intake and absorption is sola to maintain itself in an essentially steady state with reference to its lead content through excretionary loss. The excretionary procassas tra highly responsive to variations in the absorption of lead and they appear to h& entirely capable of eliminating the. revular stream of absorbed lead y to cay 00 long as this stream varies reasonably within normal f :^A r ?t . (5) The metabolism of lead under abnormal conditions.--Investlga~ tier,s of occupational conditions end personnel as well as experimental subjects hove provided evidence*as to the limits or safe levels of exposure on the bssis of physiologic criteria, Th general rata of urinary excretion of lead by workmen without renal impairment who have been exposed to lead under reasonably uniform occupational conditions for long periods of time gives a valid clue to the severity and i-vgier.ic si gnifieance of the exposure. ./hen the sued* 1 evel of -concentration of lead in tha urine does not exceed 0,1 milligrams per liter, cue c.or.di tionc of exposure are mts or have been within the limits of safe exposure during tha period preceding the tine ci ssapling, hlie-.i this value exceeds 0.13 milligrams KE 0009371) a la-ad a mi* liter, c.-ut&aional <\ >* .. awning 'iAsy *>:cur ia the v.rouf, As cite excretion exceed* 0.15 milligrams per sli-tx, cases of poisoning sasong the group increase both in number mi severity. The Mood ay also be used as sat index of exposure, but the blood level lags somewhat behind the eseretlonery level.' Experiments bsvc shewn that when blood levels do not exceed 0,07 milligram* per 100 grams of blood, the occupational conditions are slafe or have been within the limits of safety preceding the time of sampling. Blood lead concentrations in excess of 0.08 milligrams par 100 grace idicate* that the individual has sustained a dangerous level of lead absorption and retention and nay develop symptoms of lead intoxication. Ths extent that the level exceeds 0.08 mi Hi grass per 100 grass of blood svi fences an increasing incidence end severity of lead intoxication. Its rate of urinary excretion of lead increases stepwise over r. period of several months until it reaches a peak which then stabilises at a level characteristic of the level of lead exposure associated with the occupation. After this stabilisation, any significant trend either upward or downward any be regarded & rn expression of the deterioration or improvement in the occupational conditions. Load levels in the range 0.01 to 0.06 milligrams per 100 grata* of blood .ire indicative of safe occupational exposures. Levels between 0.06 and 0.08 per 100 grams are abnormal and Indicate definite ts*d absorption but within safe limits. Values above 0,03 milligrams par 100 gr.-aas. point to the necessity of terminating the occupational exposure to lead either temporarily or permanently as the circumstances rcay dictate. KH 0005176 -ossible t'? ore ; m* ton n>s.%-' '...- occuo.aclor.-ii exposure ;:o lead cospooads in tarw# or eev.. rcoBseutai sseasurewaa.'.o with, -mvcnirtg like the precision represented hr the physsiolc&ic .wAasurestanta referred to above. The daily addition of & soluble salt of lead in 6. /;i**ntity in the coder of 0.03 mi.:'' -ss {thareby doubtihg the daily aiisaentary intake of lead) over * p > -.? a y*.*v -. o!-.- ..-d in a slight but signifiisiat and progressive. increase in che retention of lead In tha body, .5 ->;rrry slight progressiva increase in tha urinary output of Iced *wc vo weafcura&Xe increase in the concentration of land in blood, The .'ioTitian of .larger quantities of soluble lead in tha diets of thrcse otha r-xparrsaca4.:;*! subjects in order to provide e total seen intake of lead la tho cedar of 1,3, 2.3 cad 3.3 ssilli grass par day resulted in a pres,-: ::nd progresnive increase in the output of urinary lead, sfcick vtried directly with the taagnitude of tha increased lsad .input. Tha racoa of accumulation of lend in tha bodies of the subjects es wall as tha rate of increase in tha concentration of load la their urine and blood did not diainish as tisaa passed. The iucreare persisted apparently at an und train! shed annual rate for as long as two years in one experiment and four years in another. Eowsver, none of the tasaan subjects sustained any injurious effects or any deviation from good health or well being during any part of tha <qt>eriiaanal raglawn. It vould appear that ths absorption of lead frees die elistentary tract is within the limits of safety -when the average- aaouat available Tor absorption is en tha order of 0.$ illigraMi par day. It seeas likeiy tuet an aiinentary iatska of about tsrien this sosxmt, while it - 57 - devoid of danger over a period at 4 or 5 years, would not b~a tolerated without significant probability of an injurious effect over a period of 10 or store years. It appears that about 60 ssicrograes of lead ea be absorbed daily from the alioentary tract with safety vhils the absorption of 120 micrograms par day. is potentially dangerous. If this fee a reasonably valid conclusion, it follows that an incrfiseental increase in any type of human exposure to lead that would result in the additional absorption of about 30 saicrograass of lead per day would be within the limits of safety, while an increase in absorption on the order of 90 or more microgrsas per day tssy be harmful. To detsmine Che response of human experimental subjects to the inhalation of abnormal quantities of lead, a series of balance ^xperiiaenta have been under way. Heal thy human subjects have been follooted feriorc, during and after prolonged periods (2 years or taora) f crposur-a in a chamber for 7.5 hours per day, 5 days par week, to iir containing dispersed lead sasquioxide in concentrations equivalent to 0.075 mi 111 grasis (one xpericssnt) and 0,15 milligrams {5 experiments) or lead per cubic meter. Kean diasset ors of tho particle site were 0.05, 0.75 and 1.2 microns. When the concentration of lead secquioxide in the chstjjsber was equivalent to C.075 sailligrama at i<sd per cubic aster of air, the blood stabilised in about six raonthc *t 0.04 aiiligrccas per 100 grans of whole blood. At the exposure level, equivalent of 0.15 milligrams of land per cubic mater, the stabilised level of-0.045 milligrams per 100 grams of whole bleed wea reached after about eight months. 7h* **n urinary excretion level paralleled that in tlie blood lave!ling off at about 0,06 milligrasss per liter in K oco A 378 tha first experiment and at abovt 0.08 ai'illgrans per liter in the second sxperinsant. Thus, it is e- idaat that ' . !<5.5 hour per day of freedom from experimental as aura v: .: ** 5 dayc .* c m weak together with the cc>aplte lack x -rijeantal asposMirs on 2 days was suf ficient after r.case lead tied accumulated ia the body to counterbalances tan effects of tha experimental' 'exposure. 'An approximate equillibrium vss established in the body between the weekly absorption and weekly RKcreticn of: lead. Tha breathing of air containing lead in tha concentration of 0,15 alliigrma par cubic tester with a aaaaa particle or 005 Kdcrccs did not indue a dangerous level of load absorption in tha body of the experimental subject after more than two yerxs cf exposure. In via* of tha mean coo cantrat ion of lead found ia tha urine' and blood of the subject at tha termination of the exoerient the aargia of safety of tha experimental condition wes large. Tha determination of the extant of the alveolar retention of 1 sad undav tha experimental conditions d^aecnstrated that this was ia 35 -o 5<"$. These 1avals would not simulate tha exposure of wn uroan population to load derived from the exhaust of satomobiles or ether sources of atmospheric pollution. The results, therefore, do not define the margin of safety of the general popula tion ia tarns of any presently known or calculable maximum allowable concentration of lead ia the general urban atmosphere, There can be little question, moreover, as to the adequacy of >.a ,,-*<s*ently accepted standard of safety for respiratory occupational exposure in. which the lead compounds ere dispersed ia & coitparafcla state of subdivision in uha atssosphure. K 000.9373 ; 59 (6) The significance of l&ad in the atmosphere of cities st the present tisja and ths outlook for the future frora toe csnect of an ir.creaaa in the discharge of load coaipotmda frost the exhaust of raotor vehicles.evidence demonstrates conclusively that the contribution oasis by the TSL contsseinatlcm of the atmosphere to ffe total absorption of lend by tbs American population has been remarkably email in either relative or absolute tersa and that it has been minute physiologically aad Insignificant hygienically, despite the gross inereaec in the use ox T%L fzcsx a few hundred thousand pounds in 1226 to four hundred million pounds In 1953. during the past eleven years, during which t'r.fi greatest expansion of TL has occurred, there has bean no sign A;it thn average individual in the U. S, has sustained any ejeesurabl increase in the concentration or lead in his blood or in the daily txtcpuz ot load in kin urine. In detailed and prolonged study of sspetissnntoX subjects within ths blattering Laboratory, no ev.ulstnca M3 be&n neon of sny quantitative alteration in the normal sKatsfeolism of lead nor has there bean any suggestion of an increase in tho 1avala of load ccncentretion in the urine and blood of normal individuals frcES many walks of Ufa md saany areas of the country. On Che other hand, tin is the important factor in tba davelcpijeat of a physiologic response to the absorption of minute quantities of lead. It tsey b that the influence of this factor is yet to be recognised fully in relation to this problem. Should this be true, further investigations will reveal its influence .long before sny harmful effects will have bean induced unless there is deleterious effect as yat unsuspected of prolonged exposure to slightly larger HE 0009330 wsntifcl i s of Je*-i zhsa Ziioza y-zasuw;. j 1 -,,hy a.:-.i:r.; .,. -mvi consent of ttsm. Car concern aver cha hygienic affect of n increase in the pcrd3sl.v .-ssROtmt of lead ia gasoline ha* been replaced by the assurance cVtfc the offsets ':c the proposed changes could be established in advance ef say h-raiul conaapwences by applying tha scathed s of investigation that have provided the present background of information. HE 0008381 PIBLIOCRAPtnr i. Proceedings of a conference to determine whether or not there is a public health question in the manufacture, distribution, or use of tetraethyllead gasoline. Public Health Bulletin No, 153, United State* Public H&alfch Service, Gcrvartaaenfc Printing Office, I/ashiogtcso 1925. 2. The uo of tetraethyllead gasoline in its relation to public health. Public Health Bulletin wo. 163, United States Public Health Service. Govarnssnt Printing Office, Washington, 1926 3. Kehoe, E. A., F. Theaann, and J, ChoXak: Normal absorption and se cretion of lead. J.A.M.A. 104: 90-92 (January 12} 1935. 4. Cholak, J., L. J. Schafer end B. F. Roffer: Results of'a five-year investigation of air pollution in Cincinnati. A.M.A. Arch. Indusc. 1'yg. end Gocup, Med. 6: 314-325 (October) 1952. Chambers, L. A,, K.. J. Fofcer and J. Cholak: A comparison of particu late loadings in the atmospheres of c artain American cities. Free. Third Hat. Air Poll. p.ysa., Pasadena, Calif., April 12-20, 1955. 5. Air pollution measurements of the national air sampling network, labile Wealth Service Publication Ho. 637, United States public Hselth Service. Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Coater, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1952, (Processed) R 000.9382 ^'o'> i. ^...m^.,,. .... w .-* .. t Department of Health, Sdu<,|*, and Wlatsr Public Health S'^PSKtssa B^roau of 3t*trr ol^Attas Division of Spc.tsi& Serv3 Occupational Sailtir Program Ad Hoc Coi3s:tt<! to the Surgeon CssSferai on Tof.rasp.tkyf Daod Janus, ry 3 and 9, 15 59 ?.UJK2 3552 General Services Administration Regional 0filet Building 7tk ,and nJv` Streets, 3.W. D-sshD, C. dub $set for di^cuasion: Doe* the increase from 3 mi to < ml of tetraethyl land per gallon of gasoiiu represent a public health heeard? Agenda 1. Snfmductioa 2. pacfcgs.t'und 3 Charge to too Ctsaaitto 4, A'cchaicfti and Seonoasic Developments r^craio'g Tetraethyl if. i-.orka for the DuPont Company 5. Jin-a 1-fcdical Problem regarding Tetraethyl Lend /. Ccaaslttse Discussion 3. Curasapry of Action Dr, M&gnueoa Mr. i-cyla Dr. Hagmi^an i>r Elroy dthyl Cc-rp. Mr, t'aLlua and Dr. Depp Dr. Kvthoa Dr. tiagnusca Participants and Observers Ccsnittee Dr. .lasses K. 3tamer, Hfcdical Director, Eastman 'toAsk Co. r>r L^-conrd Grasnburg, Commissioner, Department of Air Pollution Control, City of Hw York t;r. William. ?. Yaat, Director of Research, IHan Safety Applleacea Company Dr. ilalasuth a. Schrenk, Managing Director, Indue trial Hygiene roondaticn Ir. Stanley R. Osborn, Caasiaaioner of Health, Connecticut Department of Health 0009383 Cthyl Corporation - 57 - Dr. Robert A. Kehoe, Medical Consultant Dr. Georgs. Kirby, Vies President for Research fir, Richnvd Scales, General Manager, Detroit -Research ia'ooratoriiua E. 1. daPont &s Skmcurs 4- Co. (Inc.) Mr. J. H. Sabina, Assistant Planning Manager, Division of P-atroiaua Chemical* Dr. John A. Eepp, Director, Haskell laboratory Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Xr, Sidney Edelwan, Assistant Chief, Public Health Division, Office of tka General Counsel Public Health Service Dr. I,. Chopran, Chief, Division of Special Health Services vr, E, J. Magnuson, Chief, Occupational Health Program Hr. 'i. Pcyla, Assistant Chief, Occupational Health Program Or. D. J. SLrminghaa, Chief, Clinical Service*, Occupational health Pxogrm Dr. T~ Ctok2.ug<nr. Chief, Toxicologic. Services, Cccuvetxnsal i-sni tu Program hr, '.i If. Cafater, Technical Adviser, Occupational Health Program hr. 7, i.,`. iVJcKeaiia. Assistant Chief, Division of Sanitary .`Iraina-ariug Cervices Sr. 5. A, `".'vLirann, Assise suit. Chisf, Air Pollution nedics! Program Hr.- ,i. A. Huxitkamp, Chief, Special Services Brunch, bureau ox' State Server* KE" 0003384 list of Materials Furnished Commltfa-a Prior i;o Cogg8itt<ae Hoot las Proceeding# of a confarenca to determine whether or not chera is a public health question la the manufacture, distribution, or use of tatraethyl lead gasoline. Public Health Bulletin Mo. 150, United States Public Health Service. dkivernmant Print lag Office, Washington, 1925. The use of tetraethyl lead gasoline in its relation to public health. Public Health Bulletin Ho. 163, United States Public Health Service, doverossent Printing Office, Washington, 1926, Kahoe, R. A., F, Thaswnn, and J. Choiaic: An appraisal of the lead haserds associated with the distribution and use of gasoiina containing tetraethyl load. Turf I. J. Indust. Hyg. 16: 100-128 (March) 1934. ^choe, h,. A., ?, Thsmaaa, and J. Choleic; An appraisal of the lead hasarde associated vifch the distribution and uae of gaaolina coateioing tetr4*.thyl lead. II. Ilia occupational lead exposura of filling station attendants ned garage >achaniss. J. Indust, Eyg. & Toxicol,1C: 42-68 (Jan.) 1936. F.ahoe, 5,. A.,, J. Cholak, D. H. Hubbard, X. B*aabach, R. R. McKary, end 3.. V. t-tcry: Rxpcritaantal studies on the ingestion of lead compounds. J. Indust, .'.y-t. & Toxicol. 22: 3C1-400 (Xbv.) 1$40. iscaoa. R. A., ,1. Cholsk, D. M. Hubbard, R, E-ambach, sad &. R. idshery; Riftr^r.i'Beotal rtudies on lead nasorption end excretion And their rsletion to fan diagnosis and treatment of lead poiecniag, 0. Indust. Ryg. & Toxicol. 0sb.) 1243, uhoo, R, A.; Sxpnesaoh tt> lead, 'OseopaJfciafesA Wedicdna 3; lK*$?& i&h.) . 5?4?. Cholak, -I.: The nature of atmospheric pollution in a number of industrial cassauaitiea. ?roc. Second Hat, Mr Pali, Syep.y Seaadana, Calif., Hay 5-6, 1552. Uhol&k, J., L. J. Schafer, and S. F. Buffer; Results of a five-year investigation of ait pollution in Cincinnati. Adi.A. Arch, Indust. Ryg. had Occup. Hed. 6: 314-325 (Oct.) 1952. Abstracts from chc Bulletin of Hygiene, 1954-IS53, on the health aspects of tetraethyl lead, /distracts of the following papers ware ineludad: Savicavic, M. (Our first cases of poisoning with lead-tetrsathyl} Bull. Inst. Hyg. Belgrade. 2: 46-63, 1953. (In Serbian) Hessaex , 15. 2ur klinischen gagutechtucig gewerbllcher Eleivergiftungen. (Clinical assessment of industrial lead poisoning) Had. XIin. 49; 218223 (Feb. 5) 1954. - te'/ - Jecklia, L. Sleistaub in der tuft. (Lead dust in the aaecsphere) Schwsir. used. Koch. 20: 685-686 (July 3) 1955. .Battling, J. tux- hygisnisch-toxikologlschen Bedeutung von Blaistsiub sxiii dfm Auspuff von ait bleltatraethyihaltigea Beasia batriebenctt Kotorcn. - .Hygianic and toxicologics! iazportsnce of lead dust in exhausts of rrotors driven by tetraethyl lead patrol) Arch. f. Gawarbepath, u, Gacaarbehyg. 13: 624-636, 1955. Jack!is, L. Uatereuchungen uber den Bleigehalt dear Auapuffgase b*i jftaatiaiaotcr. (loveb eigaticraa of the laad content of csaeuat gate# frc patrol anginas) Arch, f. G*mrbpath. u. Gewerbebyg. 14: 626-820, 1956. Oiacsasrco, R. Iisportaasa dell 'awieendaaento maeile nei report i 4i produriona dal piojEbotatrcetila sttraverto 1'espsriansa di cinque eitai di sscrvazion* cllnica. (Importance of soothly shifts in land tetra ethyl production departments m seen after five year# of clinical rs.ettinacioa) Had, d. Lavoro. 47: 539-.547 s'Oct.) 1956. Chambers, L. A., 11. J* Fotaf, and J. Cholak: A comparison of particulate loadings in the atmospheres of certain Anar lean cities. Sroc. rhird fiat. Air Poll. yaq>., Pasadena, Calif., April 18-20, -1955. KE 0009386 - '7o - aeguSations frcs? Publ 1c Health Bulletin 163 (1926)- These regulations have been, formulated in accordance with she recom mendations of the Surgeon General 'a committee, under whose direction the investigation into the hazards from tetraethyl lead gasoline was conducted. Thay are proposed for adoption by the sever? 1 f-nted in order to secure uniformity of control and were the sub jet.. ideraticn at the meeting of the State and Territorial health author,j. - -ifch the Surgeon General on \=}&y 25, i'*'2b. These regulations are based upon present conditions and knowledge and it is appreciated that changes may be advisable from time to t iina. siy the tarns "tetraethyl lead" is meant the chemical substance l?b <2^5)4 of a or^assercfal grad* of purity or higher. Ethyl fluid ia the concentrated commercial fluid containing tetraethyl land and other ingredients, which is to oa mixed -with gasoline to make ethyl gasoline. The manufacture of ethyl fluid consists in adding these ether ingredients to tetraethyl lead and is called "blending." The process of adding the ethyl fluid to gaoo- line to fora ethyl gasoline is called ''mixing. " Xn the term "ethyl gaso line" r> herein used are included ail other motor fluids containing tetra ethyl Inad.I. I. Proposed Regulations for tho Manufacture of Tetraethyl Lead cad the Blending of the latter to Make Ethyl Fluid i. flo person .shall be emploved TJitheut adequate Instructions a to the nature oi the hazard- ana the precautions to be taken. Kg 0009387 -Hi - 1. Sach worker shall h*v a periodical physical examination, which shall consist of aueh physical and other teats as acre indicative of the absorption of tetraethyl lead and shall include, as a saiaievum, th follow1" ing Items: (a) Examination of blood for stippling by carefully trained workers, using positive and negative controls, without knowledge of the source of the slides; this examination shall be once a week for the first three weeks and biaenthlyithereafter. (b) Seantasonthly contact with pleat physician for informal c tat assent mi to general health. (c) Biaoothly weight, stripped. (d) Bimonthly systolic and diastolic blood pressure sstimtion thila sitting. (s') ciraonthly hemoglobin estimation by Dare's hmsaglcblncaater. 3. 'Exact rneortfe ** examination* shell bo kept, and persons showing gradually incr-rasing amounts of stippling, sudden development of stippling, or other aarksd deviation from normal shall be promptly excluded from tetraethyl lead work, irrespective of whether or not such finding may be indicative of lead poisoning. All parts of the plants there lead in any form is used shall be subject to sanitary measures to prevent collection and dissemination of lead dust. 4. Separate ventilation system* shall be provided for the manufacturing apparatus and for the air of the rooms, the outlet* of the latter being located near the floor of each room and all external inlets and outlets being o situated as to avoid dustiness and appreciable contamination of tha air around the plant. KE 00093-88 5. Daily inspection shall cover efficiency of ventilating systems, all joints, valves, and gaskets of manufacturing apparatus, end edequacy of pressure-hose respirators, 6. All containers of ethyl fluid or tetraethyl lead shall be Inhaled as to exact content and danger and shall conform to the regulations of the Interstate Commerce Commission. These containers shall be carefully tested for leaks and shall bear a plainly legible label stating that they are to be closed tight immediately when emptied, without cleansing, and sent back to the plant. 7. kerosene or other material used for cleansing the used containers of -rchyi fluid or tetraethyl land shall be placed in the containers by means of & closed system with air vents to outside air and with adequate' ventilation. u. The filling shall he performed by means of a closed system with eir writ from the container to the outside air, *nd with adequate vatre 11 At ion. '?. A dye shall be added to ethyl fluid in sufficient amount to give staining qualities to the ethyl gasoline to deter individuals from using it for cleansing or other similar purposes. 10. Reports shall be :aade monthly to the appropriate officer of the State concerned covering the following points: k umber of workers employed at beginning of month. Number of workers employed at close of month, cumber of ov workers. number of workers separated from tetraethyl lead work on account of results of examinations. Humber of definite cases of poisoning. Condition of cases of poisoning previously reported so far as known tfg 0008389 ' 13- II. Proposed Regulation for Mixing 1. The maxima* content of tahruechyl lead in commercial ethyl gasoline shall b in the proportion o 1: 1,260 by volume for cocsMercisi tetraethyl lead, or X: 1,200 for Pb (^2^5)4 C.P. 2. Mixing ethyl fluid with gasoline except for certain specific re quirements such as research, military and. naval use, and air-vwiil service shall be done only at the main distribution canters' and in not less than tsnk-car lots. Adequate provision shall be made at each such canter for thorough swciumicsl distribution of tha ethyl fluid throughout the gasoline aad the efficiency of such distribution shall be controlled by the analysis cr samples. 3. The locations of these canters and tha amt of persons engaged in nixing shall be rsported to the State department of health of tha State of eaplcynxeat. h, A:;- few persons at each center * practicable shall be employed for tain '<ork. 5. Ho person shall be engaged for mixing until adequately instructed ?.$ to tha mechanics of mixing, the dangers, and tha precautions to ba taken 6. The distributor of ethyl fluid shall provide a special corps of adequately trained instructors and service men. 7. All mixing shall be done with t.he Busximya ventilation practicable under rather conditions existing at the time. 3. Operation of tha pumps shall be instantly stopped at the appearance of a leak or other defect, and no attempt shall be rsada to repair or dis connect the system until a qualified man - takes personal charge of it. t 5. Floors o.C *11 places vhars tiy possibility of spilling is present fire to fee prcvid>d with 'drains and proper facilities for waking possible & csssplata flushing cut t-g ail spillad fluid, cr in thair absence provision snail b* sutde fcsr chemically neutralizing any spillage as it occurs. 10. No bulk wising station shell be dismantled or discenaactad for repairs except by a qualified oan, 11. Karosene or other efficient means of preventing akin sb&crpticn of tetraethyl laad and washing facilities shall always' be conveniently .wail able. 12. Tha rules aod instructions effecting the employees shall he posted in a conspicuous place where the ethyl fluid is belog handled. 13. The distributor of ethyl fluid shell, with ?ha adtric of the United Public Health t-arvice, select * representative group of at least 40 exposed to the hazard of mixing, representing the antire ares of .:4*f:rtbutica. This group shall serve as cn indax of the hazard of mixing, ionthly for eh* first three months and every four s'oaths thereafter this jrcup of sssnplojxes shall have an examination, ;.hica shall consist oik (i) Sxssnin&tion of blood for stippling, by carefully trained workers, using positive and negative controls, without knowledge of the source of the slides. 0-0 Examination of facal eamplaa of lead. (c) P.eport as to general state of health. (d) Uaight, stripped. () ?lend-pressura estimation, diastolic and systolic, when sitting. (f) Hemoglobin estiiaetion by Dare instrument, tkwit records of these examinations shall be kept, la. The results of tha exssainatio shall be reported promptly to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. K 0009391 lit. Propound Regulations far Distribution of Ethyl iJaaoiiw 1. Sseh station shall have pceminently displayed at tha puasp, or in other conspicuous place, the following warning or on of sisal Is? effectiveness: "fchyl gasoline containing tetraethyl lead, to be used as actor fuel only, 'sad not for cleaning or any other purpose." 2. Suitfeblo leaflets shall be available. at all filling stations Where ethyl gasoline is sold, for distribution on request. - These leaflets shall describe the possible dangers and precautions to be taken in the us* of ethyl gasoline. 3. Containers of ethyl gasoline sold to the general public shall be L-ibsled: ''Ethyl gasoline Containing tetraethyl load. To be used for sotor fnal only, sue not for classing or any other purpose." ?'V oroaed Hegulation* set Automobile Garages, Repair Shops, Service .afcicns aad billing Stations .1 `.c7J.'.Vx aciu .j u t ages or repair shop* holding rsore the five cars and .<* * v rl .L .*,1 ... ij ,, v i > *! .1 !. rf.> . S public."service stations and inclosed filling rtafcioos cr sutercobiies c 1.& be sgistsced with the local health departaaat. 2. Xn addition to doors and to window ventilation in. acansr, automobile {jsr.?.ges, repair chops, inclosed service stations, and Inclosed filling stations should have permanently operative ventilation at least equivalent to that given by an opening or openings at ceiling level free to the outside h, but protected frora down drafts, with cross-section of 0.2 percent of the fleet space available for cars, together with an opening or opening for inlet near floor leva! of corresponding affectiveness, both arranged to fjive .positive dilution of exhaust gases aa generated. This is to ha taken as a ninieaaa, special condition* requiring greater permanent \'<>.nellition. KH* 0009392 Tfe3. Autoosbil* garages, repair shops, inclosed srvica statlcas,, and inclosed filllug stations should bs kept reasonably clean and fire frc dust by sweats of flushing out and ssoist sleeping or vecuusj cleaning. d. Autortsobile garages, repair shops, service stations,, and filling stations should keep conspicuously posted a copy of these vegulatiaas with the following statements in large type: AXiramns e x h a u s t g a s is d a n g s r o o s . h d t g r s s h o u l d ' n o t r ib * l o s k s s bl t h an 30 SECONDS UNLESS THE CAS. IS 221 MOTION C& THE EXHAUST 13 DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO THE OUTSIDE AHi. LIQUIDS SOLD AS MOT FUEL, EXCEPT CSOESARY GASOLINE, SlfOUUJ BE VSi'D ONLY AS M0ICR FUEL, AND NOT FOR CLEANING CR OTHER TOUOSI8. 132 B!HS3 FBCM SUE SVAFCRATXON Of SVEN C3tDINARY GASOLINE ISAY BS INJURIOUS. K 0009393 Thrift Reyrints Furnished by ij-uhvl Corporation wmistin a i--i mifc c.-flie wniii' <r,w> Gilbert, L. F., D, A. Hirschlar, sad B. C. Getoor: Glides of nitrogen La engine erxfcgysr gca. FresMratad at ths 132nd mating sf the Asssriaan Casffislcal Society, Septcssfcer 9, 1957. (Sthyl Corporation) Hirschlar, D. A., L. F. Gilbert, ?. W. Ijasb, and L. K. Kiebylski: rarfciaul&te load cos^ounds in eutcsobila exhaust &aa. Indusfc. and 3ngiuesring Chscaistry (July)1957. (Ethyl Corporation) Berrios, F. V., C. SJolse, and J. T. Goodai.n, Jr.: Smg chamber studies . of urtlsedind vs. landed fuels. Xndust. sad Engineer lag Cfc.sod.stry 50: 673 (April) 1958, (The American Charades! Society) 0009394 r *: *a.: r . ... . Xurar . ... i'* iurby . arrca y-i^th :-/UUi u.r v'c . `Hast ; . .v4:ra \o-: I u-v- /orvarrooi;-; i`-:u Jm:rj>y`.s=.uo;i, -eva; ustcioa ci Uses fourth raiiliKiar, a.i-.i : i ;i;,rco saw * cat* s<;rv* aj a . iiuiio 'er . o. . .ao.-'j viih iir? 'ijry.-oa General, i'h t5r .if, ...aui.i.; rahis-fg asi ore ih& cocuir:c-nt&Uon 01 o : - r .a approach. v,t.L .. . --ioci.itf.itir....; ihl^ .e.or 'cc veta :.-r * .:, oio visit to ctititia*!sots. s.:iue Ut .ioc u^aaa * s or '-r. i.*.. '.., hov 1 . ... I. .. :. . aiv4